Telugu Chandasu Basics - Grammer for Telugu Poems

zeb}Ún d{\{N{d{¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= Ho| ? ±vÞo¼ ! [¢*t B*t @ p²¨ztâQ² C zvb+ Þzed²Ôb+ _¼ f»Ð*t _¼ ûÇZ+ @ o¼=Q+ îp²¨ @Q¼. C ±t=_+ a¢*t _¼ Ûú Ûzgztb+ U¼b{p{m{ze¦ h»m+ ~v*t T¼p²¨Ù=_+â ~gÐm+â. ±v a²d+ h»m{ßÒm²b+ a¢*t _¼ Ûú ~gÞnnp{¨Ûm¢ F@p{¨ÛN¢zrÔ @=b+ B=h»m²Ùb+ p²¨ @jÀ_+ a² Hx¢Ð±t=T² K*g _²n¨u} @=b+ ~t=T² a{_+ îp²¨ C zvp² zvÒÞm+Ú Hp²m+ ø~t_²b+ ûÇZ+. C d²p²m+ b¢b+ f»Ð*t a¢*t Kd² !! q¼ ±vm² B*t p+¨Ú T{=T² _¼ o²_+ ±eKÞ±e N¼Ôp+ K*g p+¨Ú Hx²Õm¢H=T² Bd+ o¶m¢Ô=Q+ _¼ m¶b+ zeb{Ú=*t. ±v§±e l{¨À H=W¼l+¨ B_+ ! F@p{¨ÛN¢zrÔ

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------d{p{¨Ðµt ! d¶d{¨ SCIT ð follow @p{Zp+¨ p²¨¨b{n¨ ±eËZ¡d{ b{ÃQ{m{ d{¨=ç U{=b¾ iÓb{ N{ø_} m¥î zeÞZ ù¨o¾ Dd{Ô Ab{m{^ T{ªu}N{ Bb¢ m}l{¨|nð~e=ç=b¢. p{¨|N{¨ school o¾ 9, 10 ÞN}zt¨Þo¾ U{=b{zt¨â Q{¨m¢=ç T²~eÕd} zeb}Ún¨ T{b{p{Zp+¨, p}Z¡ d{\{N{ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{p+¨ d¶m{Õ o¶b{¨. C øzrl{¨|n¨ izv§q} I ztªÆo+ o¾d{© T²zeÕm¶p²©. @l¨_¶ zeb}Ún¨ m}l{¨|nð N{¨_{ªzvn ze\¶ p}m¢N¢ Q{^, l{¨î, Ûf}ztn¨ f}Z¡=T{\{p+¨ KN{ _{zeÕðztm¢ @p{m¾c{p+¨. D_}âzvp{=_{¨n¨ b}ðÔ b}ZZ|ðN¢ T}o| m{N}n¨Q} N{¬~r T¶Ðu}m{¨. N}ñ " Bze¦Õ\{¨ D_{Õnp{¨|n m}l{¨ j¾_{¨d}Ôd{¨ ... @=Z· k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ Q{^}n¨ ... 10 p{ @x{m{p+¨ _¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî ... " @ð Q{^}n¨ p{¨¨=b¶zt¨N¼ð m}l{¨|n=Z· T}o| N{Ëzrp+¨ ; @b¢ ztm¢ @l¨d{ zeÓb{î N{ª\} N}b{¨. So what is the way around this ?!!

zeb}Ún d{\{N{ ÛQ{~v=T{Zp+¨. zeb}Ún¨ j}Q} T{b{¨p{¦_{ª HN{Á\{ l{¨î p{Ðzt¨=b¾ @N{Á\{ øm{p{Zp+¨ T¶Ðztª (l{¨î @=Z· øm}p{¨= @ð N{b} @Óm{p+¨ !) practice T¶Ðµt ztß=_{=Q} zeb}Ún¨ m}µt d}Z¡N¢ N{ñztp+¨ Q{^}nN{¨ @d{¨Q{¨^=Q} zeb}n¨ ze\{_}l¨.

The following is the way, I stumbled upon, to do this :

KN{ d}\{¨ d}N{¨ p{¨| j}p{¨Ù C zeb{Úp+¨ øð~e=ç=b¢ :k{=\{d{ õp{¨¨\}Ðm{ Vd{ k}=c{p{¦\{¨Vßn j}^ _{ª^ N¾ b{=\{ N{w} ÛzeT{=\{ k{¨V _}=\{p{ N¥Ðm¢N¢ m}p{¨ p{¨©Ðm¢N¢d+ m²=\{p{ u}Z¡ ¹b²p{ø¨N{ o¶\{d{¨T{¨d+ N{\{ Q{ËZ¡ k¶m¢N} \{=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ ðd{b{=i¨ nW|=\{p{¨¨ ð=\{ p{¨Ð_{ p¶ b{=\{p{¨¨ d²N¢Á T}_²b{d{¨ b}q{m{c¥ N{m{¨^} zel²©ðc¥ !! (yes this IS an

D_{Õnp{¨|n zeb{Úp+¨ with

5 lines instead of 4)

B=b{¨o¾ d}n¨Q¾ f}b{p+¨ o¾ð \{=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ .... @d¶ pattern d{d{¨Ô AN{ám¢=ç=b¢. Suppose KN{ f}b{p+¨ p²¨¨Ð_{p+¨ @o| m}еt ? @ð try T¶u}d{¨ : \}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{p+¨ Actually I am cheating here. I did not make out this total pattern in one attempt.

p{¨¨=b{¨ k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ Q{^}n N¾ztp+¨ nzR¨p{¦N¢ \{ @ñ Q{¨m{¨p{¦N¢ \{p+¨ @ñ m}u}d{¨. A _{m{¨p}_{ T{b{¨p{Z|ðN¢ ù¹o²d{ ÛQÀ*eâ Q} T¶u}d{¨. k{ U

m{ I I

d{ U

I

k{ U

k{ I I I

m{

p{ U I I

U

I I

U

I U

I U

\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}d+ \{\{\{ \{=\{\{ \{=\{\{ \{=\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m}öâd{ Ñu}d}ðN¢ natural Q} break p{Ðzt¨=b¢. This is somewhat similar to the musician stressing a syllable at the beginning of a

_}w{p+¨ cycle.

Bze¦Õ\{¨ ¹±e zeb{Úp+¨ C pattern N¢ @^¨Q{¨^=Q} T{b¢ø T{ª\{=\¢ l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨

correct

Q} p{Ðzt¨=b¾ m}b¾!!

\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ k{=\{d{ õp{¨¨ \}Ðm{ Vd{ j}d+ c{p{¦ b{¨ÈW+ p{n j} ^ _{ª ^ N¾ b{=\{ N{ w} Ûze ze=T{ k{¨V _}d+ \{p{ N¥m+ îN¢ m} p{¨ p{¨© Ðm¢N¢d+ m²=\{p{ u}Z¡ ¹b²p{ ø¨N{ o¶ \{d{¨T{¨d+ N{\{ Q{Z+ Z¡ k¶ m¢N} \}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ ðd{b{p+¨ i¨ nW|p+¨ \{p{¨¨ ðp+¨ \{ p{¨_+ _{ p¶ b{=\{p{¨¨ d²N¢Á T}Z³ b{d{¨ b} q{m{a¥ N{m{¨^} zel²© ðc¥ zeb}ÚðÔ Bo| øm¢ç m}~td{=b{¨N{¨, T{b{p{ p{¨=Z¨d{Ô=b{¨N{¨ x{ø¨=T}ö. N}ñ KN{ u}m¢ d{\{N{ @np}Z¨ @l¨_¶ Bo| øm{p{N{¨=\}d¶ zgo|d} p{¬Ð_{p+¨ @ð Q{¨Ðm¢=T{ p{T{¨Æ. C pattern Bo|Q¶ D=\}nð N}ñ, "\}=\{\{" o¶ p}\}nð N}ñ Iù¨ o¶b{¨. ù¨N{¨ d{çÆd{ÞZ¨Q} m}zt¨N¼ð, zeb}ÚöÔ T{b{p{Zp+¨ practice T¶l{¨ p{T{¨Æ. Just make sure that you get a natural pause at the l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨. E.g. using

_{ d{ d{ ... D_{Õnp{¨|n

can also be written as

_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d} Bo| D_{Õnp{¨|n Ûp}~td{ _{m{¨p}_{ natural Q} T{=zeN{p{¨|n try T¶u}d{¨. And stumbled upon another interesting fact. There is NO difference between the two patterns, except for the initial

D_{Õnp{¨|n becoming

two

nzR¨p{¦n¨ (I

I) in

T{=zeN{p{¨|n.

Q{¨m{¨p{¦ (U)

T{=b{zt¨â have been grouped into pairs such that the beginning Q{¨m{¨p{¦ (U) is made into 2 nzR¨p{¦n¨ (II) in the other, the l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨ On further investigation I realized that the

remaining the same.

The co -

p{¬Ð_{p+¨

So while

D_{Õnp{¨|n

of

D_{Õnp{¨|n

is

T{=zeN{p{¨|n.

is

_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}

p{¬Ð_}n¨

of

of

of one

T{=zeN{p{¨|n ( d{ V k{ V V V m{ )is _{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d} | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{p+¨ (for the Doubting Thomases :-) :-

d{ V I I I

k{

V

I U I

V U I I

V m{ I U I

I U I

I U I

U I U

q}Òm{ªnp+¨

are :

_{d{d{ d{_}d{ _}d{_{ d{d}_{ d{d}_{ d{d}_{ d}_{d} | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{p+¨ ) the yati sthAnaM is not disturbed.

Similarly

the patterns for

u}Òm{ªnp+¨

p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{

:

p{¨Ð_¶k{p+¨

and

\{=\{=\{p+¨ \{\{ \{=\{ \{=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{=\{=\{ \{=\{=\{ \{p+¨ p{¨Ð_¶k{p+¨

:

zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{

\{\{ \{=\{p+¨ \{\{ \{=\{ \{=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{=\{=\{ \{=\{=\{ \{p+¨ Again the co-vRttAs

p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n

:

p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n

and

_{m{np+¨

are :

m{ zt V V k{ m{

p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n N¾N¢o| _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d} _{m{np+¨

:

d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{

_{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d}

So I made myself out these patterns and started reading poems

breaking the syllables according to these patterns I made. Thus I can now recognise whether or not a

zeb{Ú f}b{p+¨

is

"CandO" tically correct by testing it against the pattern as I read it.

I am not saying that this is the only method to gain mastery over padya naDaka but this is the one I discovered. I would like to know if anybody else made a conscious effort like I did (or were they fortunate enough to develop a feel for the poems without any such conscious effort ?) and if so what technique they used.

If you liked this I will write next time about the other metres -

£tzt, Q¥_{, @=b+ N{=b{ .

Thanks for y’alls attention.

-q{=N{m{p+¨ _²n¨Q{¨ U{=b{zt¨â - 101 N¼=_{ N{ø_}p¶q{= N{öQ¢, zeb}Ún¨ m}l{¨|nd{¨N¼=Z¨d{Ô p{¨| T²Þo²n¨, _{d{N{¨ _²n¨Q{¨ U{=b{zt¨â øp{m¢Ðztª DÐ_{m{= m}l{¨p{¨=b¢. d}N{¨ Q{¨Ðm{¨d{Ô=_{ p{m{N{¨ U{=b{zt¨â ztªÛ_}nð, d¶d{¨ zeb}Ún d{\{N{ d¶m{¨ÆN¼d{Ô ïm{¨d{©, ztø¨Ùý_{= T¶~t KN{ çd{Ô p}Úzt= m}l{¨|nd{Ô d} çm{N}n N¾m¢N{ Bo| ïm¢=b¢. Bb¢ m}l{¨Z=o¾ p²¨¨Ð_{=Q} d} ÊW|zeN{q{ÐN¢ ¹±ed¶ Ac}m{zeÍ\}d{¨. @=b{¨p{Þn B=b{¨o¾ N¼ðÔ _{ze¦Õn¨ b¼Þm¢ D=\{ p{T{¨Æ. @l¨d}, Dd{Ô _{ze¦Õn¨ "l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm}n¨", "N{=b{ zeb{Ú= ztªÛ_}n¨" @d¶ @=q}Þo¾d¶ @ð d} d{p{¨ÙN{=. ù¨N{¨ C p}Úzt=o¾ N{ð~e=çd{ b¾s}n¨, p{¨¨Ûb} m}x{u}n¨ ztzv¬b{l{¨_{_¾ d}N{¨ _²öl{¨ zem¢Ðµt, b¢Òb{¨N{¨=Z|d{¨. BÞZ¨ k{p{b¥l{¨¨\{¨, zt=N} m}p{¨N{¬Ïzr

(m{â=N{Dzt.d²_+)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------nzR¨p{¦: IN{ p{¨|Û_} N}n=o¾ DT{Æm¢=T{ i\¶b¢ nzR¨p{¦. b¥ð Q{¨Ðm{¨ "C". u}c}m{^=Q} Ûzvu}ßn¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_}l¨. C C C C Db}: _{, d{, b¢ß, ÞN{ Q{¨m{¨p{¦: b¢ß p{¨|Û_} N}n=o¾ DT{Æm¢=T{ i\¶b¢ Q{¨m{¨p{¦. b¥ð Q{¨Ðm{¨ "E". u}c}m{^=Q} b¥Äm}n¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦np{¦_}l¨. E E E E E Db}: N¾, zt=, ¹N², o|, l²¨o+ Q{¨m{¨, nzR¨ ðÏm{l{¨= T¶µtZze¦Õ\{¨ u}c}m{^=Q} ¹±e Db}zvm{^no¾ T{ª~eÕd{ËZ¨ @x{m}n ¹±ed{ p}Z¡ Q{¨Ðm{¨n¨=T{¨_}m{¨. zt=l{¨¨ÐN}x{m}n¨ (Db}: Û_{, ÞN{¨ p{=Z¡ø), b¢ß_}ßn¨ (Db}: Ð_{, ze¦Õ p{=Z¡ø) p{¨¨=b{¨ p{¦d{Ô @x{m}ðÔ Q{¨m{¨p{¦d{¨ T¶Ðu}l¨. Db}: "ø¨Û_{" @d¶ zeb{=o¾ ø\¢Q} T{ªÐµt "ø¨" ð nzR¨p{¦Q} Q{¨Ðm¢=çd} "Û_{" @d¶ zt= l{¨¨ÐN}x{m{= p{¨¨=b{¨ D=\{Z= p{nd{ @b¢ Q{¨m{¨p{p{¦_{¨=b¢. @o|Q¶ "_{ze¦Õ" @d¶ zeb{=o¾ "ze¦Õ" @d¶ b¢ß_}ßx{m{= p{¨¨=b{¨ D=\{Z= p{nd{ "_{" Q{¨m{¨p{¦ @p{¦_{¨=b¢. C ztªÛ_}ðN¢ N}m{^= "ø¨Û_{", "_{ze¦Õ" @d¶ zeb}nd{¨ DT{Æm¢=T¶Zze¦Õ\{¨ "ø¨_+ m{", "_{*e ze¦" Q} øð~e=T{Z= N}p{T{¨Æ. E C EC @=b{¨p{Þn ø¨Û_{ _{ze¦Õ @ð Q{¨Ðm¢=T}ö. Q{^}n¨: Ûzeî zeb{Ú m¥îN¥ KN{ øúËzr¹p²¨d{ nl{¨ p{¦=Z¨=b¢. A nl{¨d{¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, nzR¨p{¦n pattern _¾ ztªç=T{ p{T{¨Æ. @l¨_¶ C nl{¨d{¨ zt¨nk{=Q}

ztªç=T{Z= N¾zt= N¼ðÔ u}p{¨d{Ú¹p²¨d{ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, nzR¨p{¦ combinations ð "Q{^}n¨"Q} Im{Õm{T}m{¨. u}c}m{^=Q} KN{ Q{^=o¾ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨ p{¦=Z|l¨. l{¨: C E E m{: E C E _{: E E C p{¨: E E E

k{: E C C V: C E C zt: C C E d{: C C C

p{ : C E (b¥ðð nQ{= @ð N{ª\} @=Z|m{¨) zv : E C n:C Q{ : E

C Q{^}nð Q{¨Ðm{¨ ±eËZ¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ m²=\{¨ çZ|Án¨d}Ôl¨. 1. C d}n¨Q{¨ ztªÛ_}nð N{=[{Ñzt= T²l{¨Ú=\¢: @) Ab¢ p{¨c{Ú @=_{Ú nzR¨p{¦n¨ - l{¨ m{ _{ - n¨ A) Ab¢ p{¨c{Ú @=_{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ - k{ V zt - n¨ B) ztm{ß nzR¨p{¦ - d{ - Q{^= C) ztm{ß Q{¨m{¨p{¦ - p{¨ - Q{^= p²¨¨b{Z¡ m²=\{¨ ztªÛ_}nd{¨ Bo| @d{ßl¨=T{¨N¾p}ö: Ab¢ nzR¨p{¦ l{¨ Q{^= : C E E (@=Z· p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= nzR¨p{¦ - ø¨Q{_} m²=\{© Q{¨m{¨p{¦nð @Ñm{=) p{¨c{Ú nzR¨p{¦ m{ Q{^= : E C E @=_{Ú nzR¨p{¦ _{ Q{^= : E E C @o|Q¶ Ab¢ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ k{ Q{^= : E C C p{¨c{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦ V Q{^= : C E C @=_{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦ zt Q{^= : C C E 2. B=N¼N{ zeÓb{î Iø¨Z=Z· "l{¨ p{¨| _} m} V k} d{ zt n Q{=" @d¶ phrase ð N{=[{Ñzt= T²l{¨ÚZ=. B=b{¨o¾ Bze¦Õ\{¨ I Q{^= N}p}n=Z· A @x{m{= b{ÃQ{m{ p²¨¨b{n¨ ±eËZ¡ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}nd{¨ ïzt¨N¼ð nzR¨p{¦ Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T}ö. Db}: l{¨ Q{^= : "l{¨ p{¨| _}" @=Z· C E E @o|Q¶ zt Q{^= : "zt n Q{=" @=Z· C C E ù¨N{¨ I zeÓb{î _¶öN{Q} @ð~eеt A zeÓb{îð @d{¨ztm¢=T{ p{T{¨Æ.

l{¨î - Ûf}zt: _²n¨Q{¨ N}p}Úno¾ Dzel²©Q¢=T¶ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨Þo¾ T}o| p{m{N{¨ zt=ztÁ¬_{= d{¨=ç b¢Q{¨p{¨î T¶zt¨N¼d{Ô p{¬Ð_{ m¥_{¨o¶. "D_{Õnp{¨|n", "T{=zeN{p{¨|n", "p{¨Ð_¶k{=", "q}Òm{ªn=" ùZ¡o¾ Ûzep{¨¨O¹p²¨d{ø. @l¨_¶ _²n¨Q{¨N{¨ Ûze_¶ÚN{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨n¨ o¶N{ f½o¶b{¨. @T{Æ=Q} _²n¨Q{¨N{¨ T²=b¢d{ø "N{=b{=", "£tzt=", "Q¥_{ zeb}Ún¨ : _¶ZQ¥î - AZp²nb¢". @l¨_¶ Bo| zt=ztÁ¬_{= d{¨=\¢ ÛQ{~v=çd{ p{¬Ð_}nd{¨ N{ª\}, _²n¨Q{¨ _{d{ Ûze_¶ÚN{_{nd{¨ Af}b¢=T¶ £tßN{m¢=ç=b¢. zt=ztÁ¬_{ p{¬Ð_}nN{¨ _²n¨Q{¨ T¶m¢Æd{ øq¶s}n¨ "l{¨î", "Ûf}zt" ðl{¨p{¨|n¨. l{¨î: l{¨î @=Z· øm}p{¨= @ð @Ñm{=. nl{¨iÓb{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú d{\{N{o¾ ztzvV=Q} p{T¶Æ pause (øm}p{¨=) ð l{¨î Ñu}d{= @=Z|m{¨. _²n¨Q{¨ zeb}Úno¾ C l{¨î Ñu}d{=o¾ D=\¶ @x{m{= f}b{= p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾ "l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî" o¾ D=\}nd¶b¢ ðl{¨p{¨=. C ÛN¢=b¢ @x{m{ p{Ãm}no¾ KN{ p{Ãm{=o¾ð @ðÔ @x{m}nª zem{ztÕm{= l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûîo¾ D=Z|l¨. 1. @, A, J, M, zv, l{¨, @=, @> 2. B, C, H, I, F 3. D, E, K, L 4. N{, O, Q{, zR, Y, x{ 5. T{, U{, V, m{X, q{, zr, zt, S 6. Z, [{, \{, ]{, ^ 7. _{, a{, b{, c{, d{ 8. ze, zg, i, k{, p{¨, p{ 9. ^, d{ 10. m{, y, n, w{ zvÞn¨n l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî f}Z¡=T¶Zze¦Õ\{¨ p}Z¡_¾ N{ª\¢d{ @T{¨ÆnN{¨ N{ª\} l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî f}Z¡=T}ö. @=Z·: "T{", "V" KN¶ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm{=o¾ Dd}Ô "T{" N¢ "ë" _¾ ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m{b{¨. zt=l{¨¨ÐN}x{m}n¨ p{çÆd{ T¾Z, l{¨î N¾zt= I @x{m}¹d²Ôd} Q{^¡=T{p{T{¨Æ. Db}: "ÛN¼" p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= @d{¨N¾=\¢. l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî N¾zt= b¥ðÔ "N¼" Q} Q}ñ "m¼" Q} Q}ñ k}ø=T{ p{T{¨Æ. Ûf}zt:

zeb{Ú f}b{=o¾ð m²=\¾ @x{m}ðÔ Ûf}u}x{m{= @=Z|m{¨. _²n¨Q{¨o¾ p{¬Ð_}no¾, N{=b{ zeb{Ú=o¾ @ðÔ f}b}no¾ Ûf}u}x{m{= KN{ÁZ· D=\}nd¶b¢ ðl{¨p{¨=. Ûf}u}x{m{= @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© KN¶ Q{¨^¡=_{=o¾ D=\{d{N{Ám{o¶b{¨. p{¨¨=b{¨ p{¨¨=b{¨ øp{m¢=T{j¾l¶¨ zeb{Úm¥_{¨n Db}zvm{^no¾ C ðl{¨p{¨|nd{¨ Q{p{¨ð=T{ p{T{¨Æ.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------p{¬Ð_}n¨ D_{Õnp{¨|n C p{¬Ð_{= d{\{N{ Bo| D=Z¨=b¢: "_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{= _¾ b¥ðð p{¨©\{¨ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨Q} øk{ë=ç Q{^}n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢Ðµt k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ ECC EC E C C C E CC ECC EC E C E _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _} @=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|n p{¬Ð_{=o¾ "k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{" Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨ 10 p{ @x{m{= _¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî @ð T²zeÕp{T{¨Æ. Db}: (b¥ðð - ù¨N{¨ _²ö~td{ B_{m{ D_{Õnp{¨|n zeb}Únd{¨ - ¹±ed{ T²~eÕd{ d{\{N{ ïm{¨o¾ T{b{p{Z= @np}Z¨ T¶zt¨N¼=Z· zeb}Ún¨ I p{¬Ð_}ðN¢ T²=b¢d{p¾ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z=, zeb{Ú= N{=[{Ñzt= T¶l{¨Z=, m}l{¨Z= zt¨n¨p{p{¦_{¨=b¢) _¼=\{p{¨¨ d¶N{ b{=_{p{¨¨d{¨ _¾m{ze¦ j¼ÈVl{¨¨ p}p{¨ zvÐztp{¨¨d+ p²¨=\{¨Q{ Ûp²©l{¨¨ Q{ÈW³n¨d{¨ p²¨Þnð T{ªze¦n¨ p{¨=b{üztp{¨¨d+ N¼=\¼N{ Q{¨Èí m{ªzep{¨¨d{ N¾m¢d{ øb{ÚnN²Þn d¼ÈV¹p² l{¨¨=\²\¢ f}m{ßï _{d{l{¨ l²©l¨ Q{^}c¢ze ñN{¨ Ûp²¨¨N²Áb{d+ ¹±e zeb{Ú=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b}ðÔ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ ztªç=çd{ d{\{N{ ÛzeN}m{=

N¼=T²= ø\{ b¥~t m}еt: _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d} _¼=\{p{¨¨ d¶N{ b{=_{ p{¨¨d{¨ _¾m{ze¦ j¼ÈVl{¨¨ p}p{¨ zvÐzt p{¨¨d+ T{ªq}m} C zeb{Ú=o¾ zeb}n @ÞöN{ p{¨d{= m}zt¨N{¨d{Ô d{\{N{N¢ H=_{ b{ÃQ{m{Q} D=b¾?!(C zeb{Ú= Db}zvm{^Q} ïzt¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ Bb¼N{ N}m{^=!) @ðÔ zeb}ÚÞo¾ B=_{ b{ÃQ{m{ N{nl¨N{ D=\{N{f½p{T{¨Æ. C zeb{Ú=o¾d¶ d}n¨Q¾ f}b{= T{ª\{=\¢: _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d} l{¨¨=\²\¢ f}m{ß ï_{ d{l{¨ l²©l¨Q{ ^}c¢ze ñN{¨ Ûp²¨¨N²Á b{d+ zeb}n øm{¨ze¦ N¼=T²= @ztzvV=Q} D=Z¨=b¢. @l¨d} zeb}Ún d{\{N{ zeËZ¨i\}n=Z· N¼=_{ N}n= zeb}Únð Bo| T{b{p{N{ _{zeÕb{¨. d{\{N{ N¼=_{ zeËZ¨ çN}ÁN{ Bo| øm{p{N{¨=\}d¶ zeb}ÚðÔ T{b{p{T{¨Æ. B=N¾ Q{p{¨ð=T{ b{ÃQ{ øq¶zr= Iø¨Z=Z·, p{¨d{= m}zt¨N¼d{Ô d{\{N{o¾, m²=\¾ u}m¢ "_}d{d{" p{T¶Æ p{¨¨=b{¨ N¼=T²= pause p{çÆ "_}d{d{" _}w{=o¾ b²i× o|Q} p{¨=ç Eze¦_¾ p{Ðzt¨=b¢. C _}d{d{ o¾ "_}" l{¨î Ñu}d{= N}p{Z= l{¨|b{¬çÇN{= N}b{¨. T²f»ÕT¶Æb¶ø¨Z=Z· zeb}ÚðÔ p{¨d{= m}zt¨N{¨d{Ô d{\{N{o¾ T{b¢ø_¶ l{¨î Ñu}d{= b}d{=_{Zb¶ _²n¨Ðzt¨=b¢ - @x{m}n¨ o²N¶Ázt¨N¾p{n~td{ zeð o¶b{¨. Bze¦Õ\{¨ formal Q} Q{^øk{Vd{ T¶~t T{ªÒb}=: k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ E C C | E C E |C C C|E C C | E C C|E C E| C E N¼=\¼N{ Q{¨Èí m{ªzep{¨¨d{ N¾m¢d{ øb{ÚnN²Þn d¼ÈV¹p² "b¢ß_{ß= / zt= l{¨¨ÐN{= p{¨¨=b{m{ @x{m}nd{¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ T¶Ðu}l¨" @d¶ ztªÛ_{= p{Þn "Q{¨Èí", "øb{Ú", "N²Þn", "d¼ÈV" nd{¨ "E C" Q} Q{¨Ðm{¨ ±eËZ|p{¨¨. Ûf}zt @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© ò=b{¨ ze«m{ßN{ "\{" ztm¢f½l¨=b¢. l{¨î : 1p{ @x{m{= "N¼=" - "N¾" 10p{ @x{m{= ztm¢f½l¨=b¢. T{b{¨p{m{¨n¨ @ðÔ f}b}nd{© Bo|Q¶ øk{ë=ç ztm¢ T{ªzt¨N¾p{T{¨Æ. d{\{N{ ÛzeN}m{= T{b{¨p{¦_{ª l{¨î Ñu}d}ðÔ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{=, zeb{Ú=o¾

@ðÔ Q{^}nª ztm¢Q} N{¨b¢m¢=b¥ o¶ðb¥ N{ð±eËZZ= u}c{d{ T¶l{¨|ö. zeb{Ú=o¾ @N{Á\{N{Á\} @x{m}nð p{b¢ö HN{Á\{ zeb{Ú= d{\{N{ _{~eÕ=b¥ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{= zeb{Ú d{\{N{ @np{\{Z=o¾ p{¨=ç u}c{d{ðÐzt¨=b¢. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------T{=zeN{p{¨|n Bb¢ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ ztzv-p{¬Ð_{= @ð T²zeÕp{T{¨Æ. b¥ðN¥ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¥ Dd{Ô KN{ÁZ· _¶\} I=BZ=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|no¾ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, T{=zeN{p{¨|no¾ m²=\{¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_{¨=b¢. @=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|n d{\{N{ "_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" @l¨_¶ | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{= _¾ T{=zeN{p{¨|n d{\{N{ "_{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{= _¾ (zrm}: ù¨N¢Ëzr¹p²¨_¶ b¥d¶Ô "c¢m{d{d{ c¥= d{ _¾= d{ d{d{ c¥= _{N{ _¾= _{N{ c¢N{¨Á c¢N{¨Á c}" @ñ m}zt¨(d¶m{¨Æ)N¾p{T{¨Æ) C d{\{N{d{¨ N{ª\} p{¨©\{¨ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨Q} øk{ë=ç Q{^}n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢Ðµt d{ V k{ V V V m{ C CC CE C EC C C EC C EC C EC EC E _{d{d{ d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{ d{ _}d{ d{ _}d{ d{ _}d{ _}d{ d} Z©N¥Q} T²f}Õn=Z·: T{=zeN{p{¨|n o¾ 4 f}b}no¾d{© "d{ V k{ V V V m{" Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨, 11p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî. Db}: @n¨Q{¨Z l¶¨ l²¨y¨=Q{ð p{¨ü p{¨~v_}_{¨Ù\{W|_{ q{_{¬p¶ l{¨öQ¢d{ d}\{¨ u}Q{m{p{¨¨nðÔl{¨¨ d¶N{p{¨¨ N}N{ f½p{¦ N{ Ïm{¨n¨ zeb¢p¶p{¦¹m²d{ d{ð d¼Ð_{¨m{¨ T{Ð_{¨m{¨ m}V m}V d} zen¨N{¨n øq{ß~t=ze¦p{¨¨ øzed{¨Ôn d}Ðm{¨n Q}p{¦p²¨Þo²\{d+

(Bb¢ îm{¨zeî p¶=N{Z N{p{¦n "f}=\{p¾b¾ÚQ{ øVl{¨|n¨" o¾ðb¢. NÀm{p{ ztk{o¾ m}l{¨j}m{ zt=b{m{Ø=o¾ N{¬Ïzr¨\{¨ c{¬_{m}ËÛzr¨ð_¾ T²~eÕd{b¢.) ¹±e zeb}ÚðÔ T{=zeN{p{¨|nN¢ T²~eÕd{ d{\{N{o¾ T{b{¨p{¦N¼ð ztm¢Q} Dd{Ôb¾ o¶b¾ T{ªzt¨N¾=\¢. A _{m{¨p}_{ @ðÔ f}b}nd{© Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶~t Q{^}n¨ ztm¢f½l{¨|l²© o¶b¾ Q{p{¨ð=T{=\¢. Ûf}u}x{m{= : n (d}n¨Q{¨ f}b}no¾ p{m{¨ztQ} "n¨, ö, n¨, n¨") l{¨î: (p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¥ 11p{ @x{m}ðN¥ T{ªÐµt: ) 1. "@" -- "ü" 2. "l{¨" -- "n" Bø m²=\{¨ N{ª\} ðW|ðN¢ KN{ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm}ðN¢ T²=b¢d{ø N}p{¦. N}ñ Q{p{¨ð=ç T{ªÐµt Bø m²=\{© zt=c¢ p{Þn p{¨|m{¨m{ªze=o¾ Dd{Ô "@" n¨. "l{¨öQ¢d{" = "l+¨ + @öQ¢d{" , "nðÔl{¨¨" = "n¨ + @ðÔl{¨¨" N}iËZ¡ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî "@" -- "@" N¢ ztm¢f½l¨=b¢. 3. "Ïm{¨" -- "d¼" "Ïm{¨" o¾ð "^¨" ÛQ{~vеt l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî _¶öN{Q} N{ð~eÐzt¨=b¢. Q{p{¨ð=T{b{ÃQ{ øzrl{¨= Iø¨Z=Z· "^" N¢ "d{" N¢ ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m{Zp¶¨ N}N{, p}Z¡ð @=Z¡ Dd{Ô @T{¨Æn¨ "D" N¢ "K" N¥ N{ª\} ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b¢m¢=b¢. 4. "ze" -- "ze" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------q}Òm{ªn= b¥ð d{\{N{: "_}d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 13 p{ @x{m{= B=N¾ m{N{=Q} m}еt: "_{Ób¢Ð_¾= _{N{ _¾= d{ _¾= d{ c¢m{d} _{Ób¢N{¨Á _{Ób¢N{¨Á _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 13 p{ @x{m{= Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶Ðµt p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{ EE E CC E C EC C CE EEC EEC E _}d} _} d{d{ _} d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d} Z©N¥Q}: q}Òm{ªn= zeb{Ú= 4 f}b}no¾

"p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{" @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. 13p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî. Db}: V=\}¹±e N{~e m}í p{¨¨=b{¨ ~t_{ p}ëÛq¶^¡ðd+ Q{ªm¢Æ d¶ b{=\{=i¨d+ Q¼ð b¾n¨ ztÚ=b{d{p{¨¨ ù¨b{d+ d}m¢ u}m¢=T{¨T{¨d+ Q}=\¥p{p{¨¨Ù c{m¢=ç zgÃn¨^¨\{¨ p{¨©N{= W³=\{¨ T{¨d{Ôze¦Õ \¼ N{Á=\{¨ñÔ p²¨¨m{ d}nN¢=ze\{¨ N{¨m{¨x}Ù d}a{ zt=c¢=zeQ}d+ (C zeb{Ú= N{ª\} "f}=\{p¾b¾ÚQ{ øVl{¨|n¨" o¾ m}l{¨j}m{ zRËZ=o¾ðb¶) b¥ðð d{\{N{ d{d{¨ztm¢=ç T{b{p{Z=, Q{^ øk{Vd{, l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt= N¢=b{ p{b¢ö ±e\{¨_{¨d}Ôd{¨! Ûf}zt øzrl{¨=o¾ p{¨|Û_{= m²=\{¨ çd{Ô øzrl{¨|n¨ ztªçÐu}d{¨. 1. f}b{=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=o¾ Q{d{N{ zt¨d}Ô p{еt, b}ðN¢ N{ª\} Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨p+¨ p{Ðm¢Ðzt¨=b¢. @=Z· p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b{=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= Q{d{¨N{ ò=b{¨ ze«m{ßN{¹p²¨d{¹b²_¶ ø¨Q{_} p{¨©\{¨ f}b}no¾ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}n¨ N{ª\} ò=b{¨ l{¨¨ÐN{¹p²¨d{p¶ @l¨ D=\}ö. (C ztªÛ_{= D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ BçÆd{ Db}zvm{^o¾ T{ª\{ p{T{¨Æ.) 2. p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b{=o¾ Ûf}u}x{m{= Q{d{¨N{ zt= l{¨¨ÐN{=, b¢ß_{ß=, o¶N{ f»\¢ @x{m{¹p²¨_¶ @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© @o|Q¶ zt= l{¨¨ÐN{= , b¢ß_{ß=, f»\¢ @x{m{= Q}d¶ D=\}ö. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------p{¨Ð_¶k{= Bb¢ q}Òm{ªo|ðN¢ "ztzv-p{¬Ð_{=". ðW|ðN¢ T}o| p{¬Ð_}n¨ Bo| V=ZQ} D=Z|l¨. KN{ b}ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ m²=\¾ b}ðo¾ m²=\{¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_{¨=b¢. @=b{¨ p{Þn b¥ð d{\{N{: "_{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 14 p{ @x{m{= B=N¾ m{N{=Q} m}еt: "_{N{ c¢Ð_¾= _{N{ _¾= d{ _¾= d{ c¢m{d} _{Ób¢N{¨Á _{Ób¢N{¨Á _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 14 p{ @x{m{= Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶Ðµt tz k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{ CEE EC C EC E C C C E EE C EE C E

_{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _{d{ d} _}d} d{ _}d} d{ d} Z©N¥Q}: p{¨Ð_¶k{= zeb{Ú= 4 f}b}no¾ "zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{" @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. 14p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî. Db}: @n ¹p²N{¨=[{ ze¦m{=i¨o¾ d{Q{m¢o¾ d} p{¨©n u¿c{=i¨ b} zen p{¨=b}m{ p{d}_{m}p{¨¬_{ ztm{> Ûf}=_¶=b{¨ N}=_¾zeo¾ _{Õn zem{Ú=N{ m{p{¨| ød¾b¢ l{¨Q{¨ d}zed{Ô > Ûzeztd{¨Ô=\{¨ ø zvßn d}Q¶=Ûb{p{¨¨ f}~v f}~v l{¨d{ Q{¨l{¨|Úö=ç zt=m{=ô¹l²¨ (C zeb{Ú= f½_{d{ øm{ç_{ "Ûûp{¨b}=Ûc{ p{¨ük}Q{p{_{=" o¾ð Q{W·=Ûb{ p²©x{= zRËZ=o¾ðb¢) b¥ðð d{\{N{ d{d{¨ztm¢=ç T{b{p{Z=, Q{^ øk{Vd{, l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt= N¢=b{ p{b¢ö ±e\{¨_{¨d}Ôd{¨! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------B=N} T}o| m{N}n p{¬Ð_}n¨d}Ôl¨. N}ñ B=N¾ m²=\{¨ p{¨|Û_{= N¼=_{ Ûzep{¨¨O=Q} p}\{ iÍ\}l¨. Bø "p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n" , "_{m{np{¨¨" @d¶ V=Z p{¬Ð_}n¨. p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n d{\{N{ T}o| zt¨nk{=Q} p{¦=Z¨=b¢: "p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n N¾N¢o|" "_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{= b¥ðo¾ Q{^}n¨ : "m{ zt V V k{ m{" T{b{¨p{m{¨n¨ E~v=çd{ËZ· "_{m{np{¨¨" d{\{N{ "_{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 12 p{ @x{m{= b¥ðo¾ Q{^}n¨ : "d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{" p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n Q{^}n¨ m}~t T{ªÐµt @b¢ l²¨=_{ "symmetric" Q} D=b¾ @Ñm{p{¨p{¦_{¨=b¢. N¼=T²= d¶m{¨ÕQ} m}еt C p{¬Ð_{=o¾ "palindromes" m}l{¨ p{T{¨Æ!

p{¬Ð_}n d{\{N{, Q{^}n¨, l{¨î Ñu}d{= D_{Õnp{¨|n _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _} k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ 10 T{=zeN{p{¨|n _{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _} d{ V k{ V V V m{ 11 q}Òm{ªn= _}d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d} p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{ 13 p{¨Ð_¶k{= _{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d} zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{ 14 p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} m{ zt V V k{ m{ 11 _{m{np{¨¨ _{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{ 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------_²n¨Q{¨ zeb}Ún¨ BN{ @T{Æ _²n¨Q{¨ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨nN{¨ p{еt p{¨¨=b{¨Q} N¼ðÔ N¼Ð_{ Q{^}n¨ d¶m{¨ÆN¾p{n~t D=Z¨=b¢. k{l{¨ze\{N{=\¢, Bø p{¨d{N{¨ zem¢T{l{¨¹p²¨d{ f}_{ Q{^}n d{¨=T¶ Im{ÕÍ\}l¨. B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨: d{n, d{Q{, ztn, k{, m{, _{ d{n : C C C C d{Q{ : C C C E ztn : C C E C k{ : E C C m{ : E C E _{ : E E C ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨: Q{n, d{ Q{n : E C d{ : C C C -------------------------------------------------------------------------------£tzt zeb{Ú= £tzt zeb}ÚðÔ KN¶ o|Q} D=\¶ d}n¨Q{¨ ±eÒb{ f}b}n¨Q} N}ñ (1, 1, 1, 1), C KN¾Á ±eÒb{ f}b}ðÔ m²=\{¨ çd{Ô f}b}n¨Q} (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2) p²¨¨Ð_{= Hðø¨b¢ f}b}n¨Q} N}ñ øp{m¢=T{p{T{¨Æ. £tzt zeb{Ú=o¾ k}Q{= N}N{ f½l¨d} u}c}m{^=Q} £tzt zeb{Ú= _{m{¨p}_{ KN{ Q¥_{ zeb{Ú= ("AZp²nb¢" o¶b} "_¶ZQ¥î") p{Ðzt¨=b¢. 1. KN{ ±eÒb{ f}b{=o¾ p{m{¨ztQ} 6 B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨, 2 ztªm{Ú Q{^}nª p{Ðu}l¨. 2. Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= o¶b{¨. 3. l{¨î 1p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢ 3p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾d{©,

5p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢ 7p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾d{© ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m}ö. 4. Ûf}ztl{¨î D=\{ p{T{¨Æ. @=Z· ¹±e ztªÛ_{=o¾ T²~eÕd{ Q{^}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}nN{¨ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî ib{¨n¨ m²=\¾ @x{m}n¨ Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= f}Z¡Ðµt T}n¨ - @=Z· KN¶ @x{m{= @l¨ D=\}ö (I Q{¨^¡=_{¹p²¨d} ztm¶). C @T{Æ _²d{¨Q{¨ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨no¾ OçÆ_{¹p²¨d{ Q{^}n¨ T²zeÕN{ f½p{Z= p{Þn @ðÔ zeb}Ún¨ (@=_²=b{¨N{¨ KN{ zeb{Ú=o¾ð @ðÔ f}b}nª) KN¶ nl{¨o¾ D=\{d{p{ztm{= o¶b{¨. N}ñ ùZ¡ nl{¨d{¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{= @=_{ N{Ëzr= N}b{¨. zeb}Ún¨ ¹±eN¢ T{b{¨p{¦_{ª D=Z· nl{¨ b}d{=_{Z @b¶ @p{Q{_{= @p{¦_{¨=b¢. Db}: £t. o¾N}n èN{ÞZ¨ f½N}m{Õ m{øT{=Ûb{ b¥f}n¨ Q{Q{d}d{ ÛîzeÕo¶N{ VQ{î¹±e i\{p{T{¨Æ Vnm}ú N²m{Z|n¨ p{¨|p{¨©n¨ p¶¨m{N{¨ p{¨\{p{o¶N{ zeð p{¨|ö Ûzeîm¾í Ûf}^¡N¾Z¨n Q{¨=\² Q{\¢l{¨|m{p{¨¨n N¥n¨ N{b{zeo¶N{ @=b}n¨ ç=b{ ño|N}q{ p¶b¢¹±e T{¨N{Án Ûp{¨¨ÃQ{¨n¨ T²N{Áo¶N{ _¶.Q¥ H=_{ Ûq{p{¨ d¼=b{¨T{¨=Z¡p¾ l¶¨p²¨¨ u}ßø¨! @\{¨Q¢\¢î p²ÞZ¼ d¶\{¨ p{¨| Q{\{zeo¾d{; Q{¨=\² N{¨b¢ö=ç ñ p{¨¨=b{¨ N{¨zeÕp¾_{¨ @=b{¨N¾p{l{¨Ú zv¬b{l{¨ ze¦s}Õ=Vn¨nd{¨ (@ôd{p{ f½_{d{ - N{m{¨^Ûû - V=c}Ún f}zel{¨Ú q}#~t Q}m{¨ p{¨c{¨m{ p{¨c{¨m{=Q} k{Q{p{=_{¨ð N{m¢Õ=çd{ zv¬b{l{¨ ze¦s}Õ=Vö Bb¢!) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 _{ _{ _{ ztn _{ ztn Q{n Q{n EEC E EC EEC C CE C E EC C CEC E C EC o¾N}n èN{ÞZ¨ f½N}m{Õ m{øT{=Ûb{ b¥f}n¨ Q{Q{d}d{ ÛîzeÕo¶N{ |Ûf}ztl{¨î| | l{¨î| ¹±e Db}zvm{^o¾ Ûf}zt l{¨î Dd{Ô @x{m}nN{¨ Ûf}zt_¾ j}Z¨ l{¨î N{ª\} N{¨b¢m¢=b¢. Ûf}zt l{¨î @x{m}nN¢ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî @p{ztm{= o¶b{¨. B=N¼N{ Db}zvm{d+’@ T{ª\{=\¢.

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(Bb¢ ¹±e\¢f}Z¡ "Id{¨Q{¨" nx{Ù^ N{ø _²ðQ¢=çd{ k{Ðm{¬zvm¢ zt¨k}~r_}n o¾ðb¢) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------N{=b{ zeb{Ú= N{=b{ zeb{Ú= @=b{= B=_} @=_} N}b{¨. @î zt¨=b{m{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨no¾ N{=b{= KN{Z¡. 1. N{=b{ zeb{Ú=o¾ "Q{Q{"(EE), "k{" (E C C), "V" (C E C), "zt"(C C E), "d{n" (C C C C) @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. Q{p{¨ðеt @ñÔ 4 p{¨|Û_{n¨ N{n Q{^o¶! 2. N{=b{=o¾ 1,3 f}b}no¾ 3 Q{^}n¨, 2,4 f}b}no¾ 5 Q{^}nª p{¦=Z|l¨. 3. j¶~t (@=Z· odd number) Q{^= "V" Q{^= N}m}b{¨. @=Z· 1,3 f}b}no¾ 1,3 Q{^}n¨, 2,4 f}b}no¾ 2,4 Q{^}n¨ "V" Q{^= N}N{ª\{b{¨. 4. 2,4 f}b}n @=_{=o¾ "Q{¨m{¨p{¦" D=\}ö. @=Z· C f}b}no¾ 5p{ Q{^= "Q{Q{" o¶b} "zt" @l¨ D=\}ö. 5. Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= f}Z¡=T}ö. Ûf}ztl{¨î zeðN¢ m}b{¨. 6. l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî 2,4 f}b}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¥, d}n¨Q¾ Q{^= p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾ N{¨b{m}ö. 7. @ðÔ f}b}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}n¨ @ñÔ Ûzvu}ßn¨ Q}ð, @ñÔ b¥Äm}n¨ Q}ñ @l¨ D=\}ö. 8. 2,4 f}b}no¾ 3p{ Q{^= "V" N}ñ "d{n" N}ñ @l¨ D=\}ö. T{ª\{Z|ðN¢ T}o| strict Q} @ð~e=çd}, N{=b{=o¾ð Q{^}nñÔ d}n¨Q{¨ p{¨|Û_{n Q{^}n¨ N}p{Z= p{nd{ zeb{Ú= nl{¨ zeËZ¨N¾p{Z= T}o| _¶öN{. KN{ u}m¢ N{=b{ zeb{Ú= nl{¨ @np{\¢_¶ zeb}Ún¨ p}Z=_{Z @p¶ C ztªÛ_}nN{¨ @d{¨Q{¨^=Q}d¶ p{Ðu}l¨. zt¨p{¨ï q{_{N{ zeb}Ún¨ @ñÔ N{=b{ zeb}Úo¶. ù¨N{¨ p{çÆd{ zeb}Únd{¨ d²p{¨m{¨ p¶Ðztª nl{¨ iÓb{=Q} T{b{p{Z|ðN¢ ¹±eN¢ T{b{¨p{¦_{ª u}c{d{ T¶Ðµt zeb}Ún¨ T{b{p{Z=, m}l{¨Z=, Q{¨Ðm{¨=T{¨N¾p{Z= _¶öN{ @p{¦_}l¨!

Db}: inp{=_{¨\{ d}N¶p{¨ð zen¨p{¦m{_¾ ðÛQ{~v=ç zen¨N{¨Z p¶¨o| ?! inp{=_{¹p²¨d{ ztm{Õp{¨¨ T{ö èp{¨n T¶_{ çN¢Á T}p{b² zt¨p{¨ï ?! tz zt k{ C C E |C C E|E C C inp{=_{¨\{ d}N¶p{¨ð d{n Q{Q{ V d{n Q{Q{ C C C C|E E|C E C | C C C C | E E zen¨p{¦m{_¾ ðÛQ{~v=ç zen¨N{¨Z p¶¨o| ø¨Q¢öd{ m²=\{¨ f}b}n Q{^øk{Vd{ T¶l{¨\{=, @ðÔ ztªÛ_}nª ztm¢ T{ªzt¨N¾p{\{= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt=! =Km² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ h»m+ p{¬Ð_}n¨ [¢*t b¼T{¨p²¨=_+ B*t i±tb+ Kd+ @ f»Ð*t C m²ÛîHp²b+ Ûh»p+¨ a² _²n¨u} @m¢Æp²*t f»Ð±tb+ j+Ú Ûú Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn (@*t zeÐm+ K*g @ 3 f»Ð*t ±tm¢H*t Kd+ T{=b{zt¨â) öÐ~t=Q+ a² Q{^}n¨ K*g a² p{¨W¼m+ p{¬Ð_}n¨. C ÛîHb+ _¼ Bb²=î*gÚ a² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ K*g a¼±t p{¬Ð_}n¨ @=b+ p{¨m+Á a²p+¨ Bd+ I*tÚ _¼ m¶b+ ãÑm+ÚÙ Dð_+â. C @o¼â ÛîHb+ _¼ Q¢p² @_+ o¶Ð*t Kd² Hx{=Þ±e h»m+ IT+ - HBa²m+ @ f»ze¦nm+ zt=Û~tÁ_+/_²n¨Q{¨ p²m²â Km+ ~go+Ù u»=Q+ ò_+ Km+ @ öd²(*t) C p{¨b² D*e _¼ ~g_+ a¼±t zeÐ_²m+Ôâ. Ld+ p+¨Ú ~gÐm+â ze*tâ C p{¨b² a² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ B=_{¨Bîp²o+Ú; C a²d+ p{¨b² @ ±tT¼=b+ ze*tâ ÛaÀ*R _¼ £t B*g a² "l{¨î" Ñu}d{= B*t ÞT¶m+ Ûh»p+¨ a² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ô C p{¨b². C zvb+ _¼ m²Ûø_² a² zeÐ_²m+Ô Kd+ @ ±gp+ KT{Æ~tK=*t Kd+ a¢*t ±tT¼=b+ ze*tâ. [² Hx{=Þ±e*t b¼ d¼_+ d²T²ztâm¢o+Ú ztî*tÖÚ l{¨î. [² ¹p²¨d+ Jp+¨ K*g a¢*t Hx²m¢Æ±t B*t E^+ Bd+ Bb²=î~gÚ=Q+ @ zeÐ_²m+Ô M_+ K*g @Þo+ a¼±t l{¨-m{-_{-k{-V-zt-p{¨-d{ Q{^*t; Bb²=î~gÚ=Q+ a² d{p²¨*t K*g u»p²¨ p²Þo+ N¼Ôp+Ô zeÐ_²m+Ôâ @=b+ Bd+ T¼ø¨=Q+ D*e øa+ Hx{=Þ±e*t Ûh»p+¨ ~go+Ù u»=Q+â h»m+ u»p²¨ K*g a²±t zeÐ_²m+Ôâ. ±v§±e l{¨À zvp² @_+ o¶Ð*t zvo+Ö @*t p{¨¨T+ zg¦d+ øa+ a¢*t @*t C zvb+ Bd+ p{¨N¢=Q+ a²±t D*e. I=W¼l+¨,

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_{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} @p{ñ _{d{l{¨| N{p{¨ñl{¨ N{m{= / øVl¨|k{p{ p¶=N{Z ¹q²nze_¶ _¾b{N{p{¨¨ d{-V-V-l{¨ l{¨î: 8 I I I - I U I - I U I - I U U

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_}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ d} D=\{ p¾l¨ d}N{¨ d{¨p{¦ß @=\{Q} zt±v©b{m} ze=T{ T}p{¨m{p{¨¨ V-m{-V-m{-V-Q{ l{¨î: 10 I U I - U I U - I U I - U I U - I U I - U

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_{d{d} _}d} _{d}d} _{d{ d{d{ d{d{ _}d} _{d}d} _{d}d} Bb¢Q¾ B=b}N{ d}_¾ Bb¢ N{¨b{m{b{ñ Bze¦Õ\¶p²© Bo|Q} ?! p{¨|ðð 7 k{-Q{ l{¨î: 7, 13, 19

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C*g u» ãp{_+ B*t ’f½Û_+Ú’? h½Û_+Ú p{¨l+¨ j² b²Û~tÆj²b+ @*t a² ’p²¨¨òöB=Q+ ö_²m{_{¨m² ãøo² B_²âo+Ö N¥*eâ p²¨¨ø=Q+’. (N{b{n¨_{ª, N{b{ö=T¶ u}~v_{Úp¶¨ N{ø_{ßp{¨¨). \¾*tÔ’_+ ’Ûf»µt p²¨¨p²? U{d+’_+ B_+ p²¨¨òöH? q{¨m² B_+ b¾*t. k{¨_+, T²Ðºm²=o+Ú d¼_+ @*t ÛQ{T²zg¦Þo+Ú, @µeÕö=ÞQ+Ú, p²¨p²¨¨m{Þj+Ú @=b+ IѱtîT{Þo+Ú @*t ’f½Û_+Ú’ b¾*t @*t Hp²m¼Úd² N¼Ôp+â. C_+ B*t I*tÚ _¼ £go+ m{a²m+ a{d+ _¼ HÞºx²Õd+. zv_+ p{¨N²*t a¢*t b¢±gÖm²=T²? C*t B_+ ’T{=b{ztªâ? T{=b{ztªâ K=o+Ú b¶o+â øa+ a² #zt¨ÐT{¨m{o+ µg_{¨m²*t K*g f½Û_+Ú. Z¼ j² p²m+Ú ±tÕç~gT+ B_+ Q²d²m{_²*t a² ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ K*g a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ K=o+Ú. [Þµg±t BQ¼Ôm² a² _²m+Ù ’ãm¶ÚÙBd+ a¢*t T¼=_²Ðx+. #úÐÞT+Ú µtÕN¢=Q+, ’ãm¶ÚÙ s¿Òo+ j² T¼=~tb²m²b+ Bd+ ~gQ{¨m²*t K*g £tÕT²*t (Û±eç±to+Ú, q{Òj}n=N}m}*t) i¨_+ d¼_+ Bd+ ’T{=b{ztªâ.] ’T{=b{ztªâ s¿Òo+ d¼_+ j² ø¨zt¨=b²Ðm{ªâb+ @*t a² m²Û±e±t=_{îKd+ K*g ’f½Û_+Ú’ @*t p{¨d+Ú ±eKÞ±e _²=b+ _¼ b¼ u». T{=b{zt¨â B*t K=o+Ú @ b²~gd{Þj² @±tÕÐT+ K*g p{¨d+Ú b²~gd{Þj² @=b+ B=b²~gd{Þj² @±tÕÐT+â K*g f½Û_+Ú. ’

*vÚ B*t ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ u» B=f»Ðm{=_+ h»m+ ’f½Û_+Ú’? \¾*t a{_+ Ûò=Q+ a² Bðïo+ j¶D_+Ú _¼ ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶? U{d+’_+ a¢=Q+â Hx¢Ð*t øaÀ_+ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ @=b+ Ð~tÞo+ j² j¶Dîzg¦o+? C ø*r ±eKÞ±e p{¨l+¨ d¼_+ @*tÁ a¢*t DHÐ~tKd+. Km+, a² p²m+Ú Hx¢Ðzt=T² K*g a² Dðp²m²â B_²âo+Ö B*t b{¨H _¼ a² ’Ñm¢ÚÙU+ p²¨¨îKd+ K*g a² Þzed²_+â @mÀ=b+ a² q{¨d+. k+Ú a² p²m+Ú Ñm¢ÚÙT+ m¼_{îKd+ @mÀ=b+ B_²âo+Ö @=b+ a² q{¨d+, a² IÑm+ B*t m²zt¨Ðö=Q+ Bd+ a² b¢Ð~t=ÐçKd+ K*g îp²¨ B=_¼ b{l+¨â, ðÐ*Râ @=b+ l¶¨m+â. C*g a¢*t Ñm+ÚÙ Bd+ a² Dðp²m²â B*t @j²â=_+/b¢Ðzt¨m²×b+ h»m+ @d+Ú m¶u»d+, a² p¼ÞÒm+ p{¨l+¨ d¼_+ p{¨N² @d+Ú ±t=±t. Ip²d+ zv§p{¨=*t, h»m+ a{_+ p{¨Ð_²m+ @Þo+ a² öø=Q+ j²B=Q+â b¼ N¥*e ¹p²¨=¹_²ð=Q+ Ñm+ÚÙâ b{¨m¢=Q+ a² ¹b²o+Ú ö±g @*t p²Þo+ @*t a² ö±g ztÕd+ (ãøT+ @m² ’òo¼Q¢T{o+ Ñm+ÚÙà). AzeÕm²=Þ_+Ú, Hp²Ñm¢Ú=Q+ Bd+ a² Dðp²m²â B*t Ñm¢ÚÙT+, HBa²m+ Bd+ m²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² Km+ DÛd²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² p{¨d²Ôm+. U¼ø¨=Q+ _¼ ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶, Hp²d+ ’Ûf»µt B*t Ñm¢ÚÙT+ Bd+ @d+ B=ø~tÞj² p{¨d²Ôm+ b{¨H _¼ ÛQ{p{¨Ùm+, øaÀ_+

ãøT+ @ ±t=_²=T² j²T¼p²¨*t @ zvzg@ÒmÀ*t T¼Þo²ÐçKd+ K*g p¼Òm+â, ãøT+ b¾*tÔ’_+ p{¨N² @d+Ú ±t=±t. ±v§p²p²m+, a¢*t ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ j²B=Q+ p²m+Ú H±tâ=ïo+ (±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+ Km¢H=_²b+) B*t d²p²m+ T¼=~tb²m²b+ @*t @ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ @_+ @Þo+. Ûh»iÞj+Ú, ’T{=b{ztªâ p{¨l+¨ j² b²Û~tÆj²b+ @*t @ m²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ a{_+ B*t @Ûîi¨_²b+ _¼ ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶. Cd+ H±tâ=T², Kd² T{d+ ztl+¨ Kd² b¾*tÔ’_+ öN² @ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ Bd+ zeÐm¢T{¨nm+, @=b+ B_+ B*t D=ø±t _¼ ztl+¨ a{_+ Ñm+ÚÙ B*t Dd²ÔT²ztâm+Ú. zv§p{¨=*t ±em²ÆBp² B=h»m{ÙîKd+ ÛaÀ*R a² ~gp² ’±t=±tq+ (ø~tKd+, µvm¢=Q+, ±tÙÞo+, _{бt @=b+ _ÀT+), ãøT+ @m² @~tâø¨n_²b+ j+Ú Ûºj²d+ DÐöp{¨_²o+Ú. C_+ B*t Kбgd+ ¹±tb+ a{_+ ’ztm¶ß=Ûb¢l{¨|^}p+¨ d{l{¨d{p+¨ Ûzec}d{p+¨’ (Hl²¨/ø~tKd+ B*t a² j²Ð*t K*g @Þo+ a² ±t=±t*t.) ±v§p²p²m+, a²m² B*t d¼a¢=Q+ Bd+ a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ _¼ Þµe±t a² ~gÚâT{o+ ’Hl¶¨. ý_²m{_{¨m² B*t zg¦=b{p²¨=_{Þo+Ú ±em²ÆBp²b+ j+Ú öбtð=Q+ Km+ m¶b¢=Q+, ãp²m² a² ’IF @=b+ zt¨j²âDH=Þ_+Ú a² ’ø¨=\+ Þzel+¨ ÛçîT{o+ m¼o²*t Bd+ D=b²Ðm{â=b¢=Q+/@Û±eÕèî=Q+ B_+. Ûh»iÞj+Ú, b{¨H _¼ Bd²ø_{Þj² ~t_{ªîK=*t Bd+ a² zeÐ*t, ãp²m² m²ç_{îKd+ p{*t H±tâ=ïo+ j²TÀ±t K*g a² nT+Á K*g Û~e=î=Q+ @=b+ T¼~eÚ=Q+ zgçöîH*t, B_+ p{*t p²¨¨m² H±tâ=ïo+ _¼ p{¨N² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ p²¨¨m² @µeÕö=Q+ j+Ú ’~gÚâT{o+ p¶¨=q+. q¼, @*t @ p{¨Ð_²m+ K*g Û±eöø¨d{m+Ú @#_{ÐçKd+, a² #~tN¢=ÞQ+Ú Ñm¢ÚÙT+ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ a{_+ Jb+ a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ @m² Kбgd+ p²m+Ú zt¨T²Æzt¨âÖo+ Bd+ T{îÆ=Q+ a² Im+â K*g a² T¼p²¨¨Ùd+ ze¦ÞòT+. A*t a² ’Ñm¢ÚÙT+ ö_²m{_{¨m¶ u¿=b+â öN² p{¨¨~tT+, B_+ T{d+ Ûb{Q+ a² @Ð_²=îKd+ K*g Hp²d+ a² Dð=_²m²Ð±tb+ Km+ a² b¢~t=_²m²Ð±tb+ @o¼â @_+ îp²¨*t @=b+ p{¨N²*t B_+ o¼=Q+ nÐ~t=Q+ Bd+ a² ø¨=b+â _{ª. ±v§p²p²m+, @ Û_{¨o+Ú ±t=~tÞj², Bd{¨B~tîp², @Ð_²=îp², b²b¢T{_²b+ @=b+ Ûf»ò=Q+ u¿o+ @nßl+¨â ÛQ{*tÕâ a² p²¨ztâQ² HEÞo+Ú Ûh»p+¨ @ d¼d+/o²*tâ Ñm¢ÚÙT+ @=b+ @ p²¨¨m² Ñm¢ÚÙT+ ö_²m{_{¨m² Bd+ a² ztp²¨ p{¨d²Ôm+. h½Û_+Ú, KòßMÞ*tÚ, j²B=Q+ p{¨¨T+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ p²¨m² T{=b{zt¨â, @*t @ p{¨Ð_²m+ K*g zgÐT+, øa+ @Þo+ B_+â ø~tÞj+Ú Þh»ø=Q+ Þº±gm+ Kбgd+ Ðztl²¨b+ @j¼p¶Ûf»µtBd+ B_+â @µeÕö=Q+ d{_{¨m². (_¼ j² T¼=îd{¨Hb+) Ba+ m²Q{Òm+â, Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn U{=b{zt¨â (2 K*g 3) ±v§p+ B*t ’T{=b{ztªâ Ûzgp²¨b+ (Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨)? ±v§p+ p{¨d+Ú _²ÚÕ*t B_+ B*t? T{=b{ztªâ B*t Ûzgp²¨b+ i±tb+ Kd+ a² d{¨=j²m+ K*g ’@x{m}q+ (ÞÞztÚÞj²*t) Bd+ IT+ @=b+ Hp²m+Ú öd² (f}b{) K*g @ f½p+¨. A*t a² ztp²¨ öd²*t @m² m²µe_²b+ ’

(Ap{¬Ð_{), a²±t @m² T{Þo²b+ ’p{¬Ð_}q+. C*g @Þo+ a² öd²*t Bd+ @ f½p+¨ h»Þo¼p+ a² ztp²¨ ’_²ÚÕ*t K*g @x{m}q+, B_+ B*t T{Þo²b+ @ ’ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}. [²m² @m² 26 _²ÚÕ*t K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ. k²h»m² Q¼B=Q+ B=_¼ a² b¶îo+â K*g a²p+¨, ãp{_+ B*t @d+ ’@x{m}? [²m² @m² _¼ß ±tzem{_² ’_²n¨Q{ª HDBp{o²=_+â h»m+ I=ÞQ¢*r p¼Òm+â ’o²Ð_²F @=b+ ’ÞztÚÞj¶. [² ~gÐm+â Kd² B*t ’p{Ïm{p{¨© (o²Ð_²m+). [¢*t B*t a² i~tT+ ’o²Ð_²F K*g a² n=Q{ªQ² (_²n¨Q{¨) Bd+ a² @nÖj²_+â, ±v=T², a² d{p²¨ ’p{Ïm{ ztp{¨|p{¨|Ôl{¨p{¨©. [²±t @m² 56 Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨. ±v§p²p²m+, a² HDBp{o²=_+ h»m+ ’ÞztÚÞj¶ Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨ B*t ’@x{m{p{¨©. ’Þq{ÚÞj¶ B*t Kбgd+ b²~gd²b+ @*t a² ’Dð_+ K*g Ûf»dÀ=èîKd+ @_+ @ #±t_+Æ’ øa+ @ T¼Þo²ÐçKd+ K*g o²Ð_²m+â (p{Ïm}*t) Bd+ B_+. ±v§p²p²m+, a²m² B*t @ ÛçîT{o+ i¨_+ ÛzeÐçT{o+ b¢±gÖm²=T² Bd+ ’I=ÞQ¢*r’ @=b+ ’_²n¨Q{ª ±vm². Cd+ I=ÞQ¢*r @_+ o¶Ð*t Kd+ DB_² @ ±gp+ KT{Æ~tK=*t, @ ÞztÚÞj² p{¨l+¨ j² @ ’p¼Ím+ (B.H., Kd² ÞztÚÞj² p¼Òm+â, h»m+ HQ+., ±ed+, Q{¨d+, zg¦d+, zgd+, òÞo+, N¢Þo+, N¢T+Á, çT+Á, b{¨T+Á, ~eT+Á H_+Æ.) ±v=T², ±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+. k{¨_+ T²Ðºm²=o+Ú d¼_+ a{_+ Kбgd+, @d+ ’@x{m{p{¨© (ÞÞztÚÞj²) T{d+ j² ’±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+’ (p¼Òm+) Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨. Z¼ p+¨Ú N¼ÔÞp²Ãb², ’Ûû, #£t, o¶!, f½!, m}!,è!’ @=b+ @ ±gp+ Ka²m+â p{¨l+¨ j² a² K=o+Ú p²m+Ú ±gp+ Hx²ÆÐ~eK=*t f»~tâÞj². Ao¼â, Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨ , Hp²m+Ú p{Ïm{p{¨¨ (o²Ð_²m+) B*t @d+ @x{m{p{¨¨ (ÞÞztÚÞj²), i¨_+ Hp²m+Ú @x{m{p{¨¨ T{d+’_+ j² @ p{Ïm{p{¨¨. Km+ HQ+. ’@, A’ @m² j¼a+ p{m}Ô*t @=b+ a²m²j+Ú @x{m}*t @o¼â. ±vm¶*t, Bd+ @ p¼Òm+ öN² ’ztßzeÔp{¨©, ’u}ß B*t @d+ @x{m{p{¨¨ (ÞÞztÚÞj²), i¨_+ d¼_+ @ p{Ïm{p{¨¨ (o²Ð_²m+) @*t B_+ zv*t _¼ß ’p{Ïm}q+ (zt @=b+ p{) Bd+ B_+. [²±t ’@x{m}q+ (ÞÞztÚÞj²*t) @m² b¢øb²b+ B=_¼ ’nzR¨p{« @=b+ ’Q{¨m{¨p{« i±tb+ Kd+ a² îp²¨ ±em¢Kb+ K*g Ûf»dÀ=èîKd+. ([² u»Æ±e K*g a² b¢zt¨Æ~tâKd+ K*g ’nzR¨p{« @=b+ ’Q{¨m{¨p{« b¢Ð~tÐçKd+ B*t j²l²¨¨=b+ a¢*t @Ðm¢ÞT².) [²±t ’@x{m}q+ (ztÚÞnÞj²*t, ãøT+ p²m+Ú Kбgd+ b¼d+’_+ p{¨N² T¼=Þ±e_² ±t=±t Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨) @m² a² zg¦=b{p²¨=_{o+ @±tÕÐT+â Bd+ b²~tQ¢Ô=Q+ a² ’T{=b{ztªâ. ±v§p+ p{¨d+Ú _²ÚÕ*t K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ @m² a²m²? (T{=b{zt¨â K*g ’W|_{¨n¨ @=b+ DzeW|_{¨nª K*g _²n¨Q{¨ ö_²m{_{¨m² B*t j²l²¨¨=b+ a² u»Æ±e K*g a¢*t @Ðm¢ÞT². T{=b{zt¨â K*g ’p{¬Ð_}q+ B*t K=o+Ú _ÀT²b+ Df»d+ ±vm².) [²m² @m² 26 _²ÚÕ*t K*g T{=b{zt¨â. I@T+ ’T{=b{ztªâ B*t m²T¼Q¢ÔHb+ j+Ú a² d{¨=j²m+ K*g ’@x{m}q+ Û±e±t=_+ Bd+ IT+ öd² K*g a² f½p+¨. A*t @d+ ’@x{m} T{d+ j² HBa²m+ @ ’nzR¨p{« Km+ @ ’Q{¨m{¨p{«, a² d{¨=j²m+ K*g p{m¥îK=*t f»~tâÞj² Bd+ IT+ _²ÚÕ K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ h»Þo¼p+â @ ’òd{m+Ú Ð±tÚâp+¨’. [² d{p²¨*t /d{¨=j²m+â K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ @=b+ a² d{¨=j²m+â K*g ’ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}q+ a{_+ T{d+ j² Q²d²m{_²b+ Bd+ IT+

p{m¢H_+Ú @m² @*t h»Þo¼p+â. of chandassu

Name

K*g @x{m}*t

of sama vRttas

per each line

possible

_______________________________________________________________

1

ukta

1

2

2

atyukta

2

4

3

madhya

3

8

4

pratisTha

4

16

5

suprstisTha

5

32

6

gaayatri

6

64

7

ushTikku

7

128

8

anusThuppu

8

256

9

bRhati

9

512

10

paMkti

10

1,024

11

trishTuppu

11

2,048

12

jagati

12

4,096

13

atijagati

13

8,192

14

Sakvari

14

16,384

15

atiSakvari

15

32,768

16

ashTi

16

65,536

17

atyashTi

17

131,072

18

dhRti

18

262,144

19

atidhRti

19

524,288

20

kRti

20

1,048,576

21

prakRti

21

2,097,152

22

aakRti

22

4,194,304

23

vikRti

23

8,388,608

24

sukRti

24

16,777,216

25

abhikRti

25

33,554,432

26

utkRti

26

67,108,864

_____________________________________________________________

Total

K*g ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}*t Bd+ 26 T{=b{zt¨â*t B*t 134,217,726

qÀm²Æ h»m+ a² T{Ðm+: ’zt¨nx{^ u}m{p{¨© j+Ú ’ö=Q{p{¨Q{¨=Z îp{¨ÙN{ø. q{¨f»Õ±tÞb+Ú @ T¼=_²=f»m{m+Ú K*g ’_²d}ö m}p{¨N{¬Ïzr, u» j²o¼=Q+â _¼ 1550*t Km+ u».

[² @p{¨B=Q+ f»B=_+ B*t, B=~tÕ_² K*g a² f»~tâÞj² Q²d²m{îKd+ K*g ø¨ÞöK=*t K*g ’p{¬Ð_}q+ Bd+ 26 T{=b{zt¨â*t, a² T{=b}*v N{Ðm}*t b¢b+ d¼_+ b²~tQ{Ô_² p²¨¨m² a{d+ 200 p{¬Ð_}*t. [² m¶u»d+ B*t @d¼Úd¶*t Q{¨H*tâ. ^¼_+ a{_+ @Þo+ a² T¼=òd{îK=*t @x{m}*t øÞo+ Q²d²m{_² @ ±tÕç~gT+ Ñm+ÚÙ a{_+ zt¨B_+â @ p¶¨ð=Q{¨Öo+ b¢u»Õ~tîKd+ K*g a² ’n=Q{ªQ¶ _¼ h»m+Ù a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶. [¢*t Û_{¨o+Ú m²DBm²*t @ Q²ðD*t _¼ b²~tQ{Ô_² ãøT+ K*g a²±t h»m+Ùâ Km+ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ øÞo+ zt¨B_+ a{_+ zeÐm¢T{¨nm+ ’n=Q{ªQ¶ (_²n¨Q{¨). C_+ m²DBm²*t o¼_+â K*g a¼mÀ*R N¼ÔÞp²Ãb² K*g a² n=Q{ªQ² @=b+ p{¨¨T+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ a{_+. L*g TÀm²â. B_+ B*t d¼_+ N¼Ôp+Ô, ±v§p+ @=b+ ãp+Ú @ ÛîÞ±e_+ @x{m{ Dð_+ B*t T¼=~tb²m²b+ _¼ ±t_+ @ ’Q{^} _¼ b²~tQ+Ô a² ±tDH=T² K*g @ T¼±td+ ’p{¬Ð_}. C=~tÕ_² K*g 200 Û±eÛ~tÆj²b+ ’p{¬Ð_}q+, d¼_+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ 45-50 p²m² m²Q{¨nÞm+Ú D±tb+ Bd+ a² p{m¢M*t ’N}p}Úq+ Kp²m+ 1000 l¶¨m+â K*g _²n¨Q{¨ ö_²m{_{¨m².(_¼ j² T¼=îd{¨Hb+) Ba+ m²Q{Òm+â, Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn T{=b{zt¨â (3 K*g 3) ýÐ*t K*g ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}q+ of aksharaas

Names of vRttaas

gaNaas

yati

________________________________________________________________________ 8

vidyunmaala

ma-ma-ga-ga

bhadrakamu

ra-sa-va

10

maNi rangamu

ra-sa-sa-ga

6

11

indra vraja

ta-ta-ja-ga-ga

8

upEndra vraja

ja-ta-ja-ga-ga

8

rathOdhatamu

ra-na-ra-va

7

svaagatamu

ra-na-bha-ga-ga

7

tOvakamu

bha-bha-bha-ga-ga

7

bhujanga prayaatamu

4 ya

8

indra vaMSamu

ta-ta-ja-ra

8

vamSastamu

ja-ta-ja-ra

8

12

5 ....

sragviNi

4 ra

7

druta vilambitamu

na-bha-bha-ra

7

tOTakamu

4 sa

9

tOdakamu

na-ja-ja-ya

8

vana mayUramu

bha-ja-sa-na-ga-ga

9

vasanta tilaka

ta-bha-ja-ja-ga-ga

8

madana

-------do----------

9

maalini

na-na-ma-ya-ya

9

sarasaamkamu

sa-ja-sa-sa-ya

10

sugandhi

7 ha-ga

9

16

panca caamaramu

ja-ra-ja-ra-ja-ga

10

17

SikhriNi

ya-ma-na-sa-bha-va

13

pRdhvi

ja-sa-ja-sa-ya-va

9/12

mandaakraanta

ma-bha-na-ta-ta-ga-ga

11

matta kOkila

ra-sa-ja-ja-bha-ra

11

tarali

bha-sa-na-ja-na-ra

11

SaardUlamu

ma-sa-ja-sa-ta-ta-ga

13

taralamu

na-bha-ra-sa-ja-ja-ga

12

mEgha visphUrjitam

ya-ma-na-sa-ra-ra-ga

13

candrakaLa

ra-sa-sa-ta-ja-ja-ga

11

mattEbhamu

sa-bha-ra-na-ma-ya-va

14

utpalamaala

bha-ra-na-bha-bha-ra-va

10

amburuhamu

bha-bha-bha-bha-ra-sa-va

13

campaka maala

na-ja-bha-ja-ja-ja-ra

11

sragdhara

ma-ra-bha-na-ya-ya-ya

8,15

mahaa sragdhara

sa-ta-ta-na-sa-ra-ra-ga

9,16

maanini

7 bha-ga

7, 13, 19

taraLamu

7 na-ga

13

14

15

18

19

20

21

22

23

kaviraaja viraajitam na-6 ja-va

8, 14, 20

24

kraUnca pada

bha-ma-sa-bha-na-na-na-ya

11, 19

25

saadhvi

bha-na-ja-na-sa-na-na-bha-ga8, 15, 22

26

prabhu

3 na-5 ja-va

malayajamu

na-ja-na-sa-na-na-bha-na-va 8, 15, 22

mangaLa mahaaSree

bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ja-sa-na-ga-ga 9, 17

9, 15, 21

______________________________________________________________________

In addition to the above 45,

there are 5 more frequently used vRttaas.

______________________________________________________________________

27

laakshaNee vRtta

bha-na-na-na-na-bha-na-na-sa

16

29

ramaNaka vRtta

9 na-va

9,17,25

30

layagraahi

bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ya praasa yati at 9,18,27

34

layavibhaati

na-sa-na-na-sa-na-na-sa-na-na-sa-ga praasa yati at

danDakamu

10,20,30

sa-na-ha- n(ta)--------ga

or

n(ta)--------------------ga All of it is considered as one ’paada’ without praasa and yati _______________________________________________________________________

Merits and demerits of ’vRtta chandassu’:

While compilation of tremendous ’poetic’literature is the major merit, the usage of ’vyardha padaas’ to suit ’chandassu’ (filler words) is the major demerit. While ’chandO haters’ try to ’overplay’ this aspect, ’chandO lovers’ overlook this. Keeping this unresolvable issue aside, one got to accept that amazing skills of composing ’poetry’ were evident on quite a few occasions in the telugu literature, where unparallel talents were brought into existance to express human feelings comprising of ’nava rasaas’.

While ’chandO haters’ think that ’gaNa’ oriented ’vRtta’ chandassu is a hurdle, the ’chandO lovers’ feel that as a ’cherishable challenge’. While creating rythm in the literature is the major function

of ’chandassu’, a

maatraa chandassu, that is not bound by any ’sequences of gaNaas’ can also be rythmic, which is also chandassu. However, it is unfortunate that both the’chandO haters’ and ’chandO lovers’ totally ignore this aspect very often.

By all means, ’chandassu’ should aid and enhance the beauty of the ’language’ and ’literature’ as an undercurrent. Poetry (not chandassu) should reflect the brilliance and elegance of the poet, but not his/her labour in creating poetry. Afterall, poetry is for ’appealing’, so it shouldn’t created in an ’appaling’ manner.

With regards, Prabhakar Vissavajjhala