Tefnut

Egypt Exploration Society

The Greek Version of the Legend of Tefnut Author(s): Stephanie West Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 55 (Aug., 1969), pp. 161-183 Published by: Egypt Exploration Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3856010 . Accessed: 20/02/2014 18:04 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

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(i6i)

THE GREEK VERSION OF THE LEGEND OF TEFNUT' By STEPHANIE WEST

THE Greek version of the legend of Tefnut, preserved in a papyrus of the third century A.D. in the British Museum (Inv. no. 274), was identified and published by Reitzenstein, Die griechischeTefnutlegende,Sitzb. Heidel. Ak. 1923; he himself never saw the papyrus, but used a transcript made by Cronert. Such a method of publication is obviously imperfect, and the text presents so many oddities that the reader is reduced to the conclusion that the writer was simply baffled by much of the text which he was supposed to be translating. The papyrus has received little subsequent attention; a few revised readings were published by Milne in his Catalogue of the LiteraryPapyri in the British Museum(No. 192: pi. XII), but the text was not included in Manteuffel's collection of Greco-Egyptian works, De opusculis Graecis Aegypti e papyris ostracis lapidibusquecollectis, Warsaw, I930.2 On re-examining the papyrus I found that, apart from minor improvements, some further joins could be made, which not only result in a better text of the passages in question, but also show that the column length was about 70 lines, not 80 or more as Reitzenstein supposed. Though I am well aware of the temerity of attempting to revise the text without a knowledge of demotic, the more modest alternativeof a series of piecemeal notes on particular passages seems unlikely to render the text much more easily intelligible, not the least obstacle to clarity being the fact that Reitzenstein's line numbers will not provide a satisfactory frame of reference. The ideal would be a simultaneous revision of both texts: I offer what follows merely by way of a EevrEpos 7rAovs. Though we have several Greek texts which must be either translated from or substantially based on Egyptian works, this is the only one which can be compared with its original: the latter was published from a Leyden papyrus of the second century A.D. by Spiegelberg, Der dgyptische Mythus vom Sonnenauge, Leyden, I917. This is

much better preserved than the Greek text, though both beginning and end are lost; its date of composition appears to be quite uncertain. The legend on which it is based was reconstructed by H. Junker ('Der Auszug der Hathor-Tefnut aus Nubien', I In the preparation of this article I have incurred many debts; I should like to take this opportunity to thank Professor P. H. J. Lloyd-Jones, Dr. F. T. Gignac, S.J., Dr. J. R. Harris, Mr. P. J. Parsons, Dr. E. A. E. Reymond, Mr. T. C. Skeat, and, especially, Professor J. W. B. Barns, without whose unflagging encouragement and help it would have remained unwritten. 2 It is discussed by Rattenbury, New Chaptersin Greek Literature, III, ed. Powell and Barber (Oxford, I933), 226-9; von Bissing, Forschungen u. Fortschritte 25 (1949), 227 ff.; Barns, Akten des VIII. internationalen Kongressesf. Papyrologie, Wien, 1955, Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der 6sterreichischenNationalbibliothek 5 (I956), 34 n. 22; Brunner-Traut, Saeculum io (I959), 124-85; Gwyn Griffiths, Class. Quart., N.S. I5 (1965), 76 f. C 6475

M

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I62

STEPHANIE WEST

Abh. d. Kgl. Preufi. Ak. i9i i); its substance is the mission imposed by Re on Thoth and Shu to conciliate Tefnut, his daughter, who as a result of a quarrel has assumed the form of a lioness and withdrawn to the Nubian desert; the two gods transform themselves into apes, pacify the goddess by the magic and eloquence of Thoth, and return with her to Egypt. In the Leyden papyrus there are a few variations on this basic story. Tefnut appears as a cat, though she temporarily transforms herself into a lioness in order to terrify Thoth. Shu is absent and Thoth undertakesthe adventure alone, having apparently assumed the form of a wolf: though Spiegelberg translated the demotic term used to describe him as 'der kleine Hundsaffe' Dr. Reymond informs me that the only possible rendering is 'the small wolf (called) kwf', and this interpretation is confirmed by the word which the Greek translator uses, AvKo'Avy4,an ad hoc creation. It appears from the demotic text (col. XXII, I2) that Thoth has given the goddess the impression that he is not Thoth himself but his son; one naturally wonders whether the deception went further, whether the explanation of his presence which he must have given Tefnut was altogether true; certain oddities in the narrative might be accounted for by a carefullymanufacturedalias. This narrativeforms a framework for Thoth's philosophical reflections. In the Greek version Thoth is Hermes and Tefnut 7 Geo's:when Hermes has to address her he calls her Scr7roT or 8ca. R&eis generally equated with Zeus; in one place, however, he appears as Atosg. The papyrus is written in a clear literary hand and is comparatively free from errors; the scribe has usually inserted punctuation in the form of a high or double point; change of speaker is also generally marked by a paragraphos.In two places he has added accents, in order to avoid misinterpretation.There are between 20 and 25 letters to a line, and about 70 lines to a column. Reitzenstein's system of numbering the columns seems to me misleading, and I have abandoned it. Supplements, except where otherwise stated, are those of the editioprinceps;my own I have markedW. Fr. A: col. I 25

.....' ... r [

[......... [.....]

[.......

..........

r[ ]

voZv

'EppJLSJ[v

h [pLXap7sy, Cj]/toEv 8e avrnL

7e

[Oeos

[oVs 7PloVA]ETO OpKOVS!. O SE [Erf

30

[vatTlrr K]aol

[rdv

v aov 7rpo'coo[v, uJEy]aAoXovAov ov^v, vat

aov o/x/ar[a [ra aeAa]aYbodpa [.....].

LyvCva

vat

...

ElprKa[....

oralv avirov at olK[la tva aroA[1t... [otKoSao,L]ovrvTa

[..X.. 35

Xaptv NELAoS[... [mVrTOV]TOV [.......

] 7rE?TvosVS rat

a[vv

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THE GREEK VERSION OF THE LEGEND OF TEFNUT EVyEtuoa Xapts [..

[.......].* [.......]

40

[...... [.......]

KaO' ',pav vv.[.... .]yoS TaoSTrcv E0y [... E7TEAEF TOT7 [...

[........]

45

vrTpoo[ov

A9pa/{C}v,

[.. TpcoyAo]8vTraL,a3ro7r[ .... -advrwv [........].ac aKC[... aKovcraaa ]ov. [....... [Se Trav [ra

cKaL

[.......

rTA]AXw yEAaaaa .]a

[........]v [........]

[O1q

eVpev To[..

avty,uarTc68[ovs Aov E ,a,,yy[...

[. . o88kq-' ]-TpoS [......]

`

,u AVKoAvy[E....

[........]Avawv

50

I63

r-/

Tv'Xr

[...

(c7TOIkar[ .. ..]a EapTroS .[.

ELVEVT

[......]cKTros

yaA]aKTcos 7 Ka 70ovT[. .] Tpo ErLrv o/xuLC,oKa ot, [.....]

[.. 55

[ep7tIKa]

aoI.

eTreL&8 oV7Tw avv

[tjKas ovTco] o,LoaYOV(OL KaTra'ro [ovo4taTo]s Tovy aovu a8eoEAo Ape

60

u/E' E/O [wovo;toS' ] Eav sXArjLS [e,S- Aiy]vTrrov, OVKEaacoyaE a [vaurpcjpeai

els Tovs' TOrTovs 7ov^

[0,ov. 7' ] Se Erl avr&' [KWoaov JL]OL opKOV KaTa

65

[ ..... .] v dlos. El [8'] fOpKKl,ELS . .]' 6(07.r 8' [o]'T [......... [............. jo aSEAq,,ov [...... [............]

[...... 70

,LEOop T[. . .]

[............

E7raTaLu]aL OT 0ov

rapa

/Leya EaTLV

e oKov]oJOCasgOOV eK]YEYE[V]VI|| [Tat

Thoth has told Tefnut the fable of the vulture and the cat who exchanged oaths that neither would take advantage of the other's absence to harm her young; this agreement was violated, and though the details of the story are not altogether certain, the outcome evidently demonstrated the awful consequences of perjury. Tefnut takes an oath, the content of which is not clear; Spiegelberg supposed that she swore to spare Thoth's life. 26. p: only the foot remains. 27. Cf. Sp. III, 22-3: 'Da erhob sie ihr Antlitz zum Horizont vor dem Geier und leistete einen Eid, das seinem (d. i. des Affen) Herzen Wohlgefillige zu tun.'" Throughoutthis articleI have quoted Spiegelberg'srenderingof the demotictext freely, since the Greek

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STEPHANIE WEST

I64

to 7' 0ea of the ed. pr., since the writer normally uses 8eo'; fr. C, 1. 68, 28. I have preferred 4 8&eos

wherethe vocative0edoccurs, is exceptional,and accountedfor by the fact that the vocativewhich 08os acquiredin the Hellenisticperiod is used exclusivelyin addressesto male divinities. 30. Cf. Sp. III, 24-7: 'Bei deinem Antlitz mit seinen sch6nen Augen. Bei dem, welcher in deinem Leibe ist mit seinen guten ...? ..., bei deinen Blicken,welche von Gliick glanzen, bei deinem Antlitz, dessen Freude groB ist, von dem die ganze Erde lebt, gleich den Blicken der

grolen Sonnenscheibe!' 33. .: or Xqor v: the upper part of a vertical is clear. 33-7. Cf. Sp. III, 28-9: 'Die in der du bist (d. h. die Gottheit in der du bist) alle Hausersind gebaut um sie zu verbergen.Der Nil kommt, um sie zu bekleiden.' Milne: the singular, with 'the Nile' as subject, would correspond more closely 35. aroA[tXowatv here we should probably restore a parallel purpose clause in to the demotic; if we supply rToA[IS7Lt

33-4, tva acrycocaor somethingsimilar. are the usual verbs for the Nile flood. r1TAr)ve,dva/3alve& 36-7. a7rA7-J(/u)vpEL, Cf. 'Sie III, 29-30: fliegt jeden Tag zum Himmel mit den V6geln. Sie ist taglich in 37-40. Sp.

dem Wassermit den Fischen.' 38. The initial traces would suit, for example, the right foot of a. y: or

tured EVEca'Troa.

i;

Reitzenstein conjec-

39. Fishes were no doubt mentionedat the beginningof the line. r: or z; the right end of the cross-strokeis visible. [S&asoxas] would be nearerto E'CrTEAX

40-I.

the sense of the demotic than Reitzenstein's [eE&pyealas],but however we supplement the lacuna this is clearly a paraphrase of a passage where exact translation would have been bizarre: 'Sie laBt die Barke der Nachtsonne Siidwind machen, indem sie die Barke der Tagessonne Nordwind

machenlat.' 41-3. Cf. Sp. III, 32: 'Ihr Leben ist unter den Hgr-Volkern, ihre Speise ist in dem Lande Arabien.' I am responsible for the supplements in 42 and for the restoration of the Troglodytes

in 43; evrpojosa is a ratherpoetic word, but the sense is excellent and I do not think there is any alternative.

43-5. The demotictext elaboratesthis theme: 'Ihr Nachtlagerist in ..., sie verbringtden Tag unter den Athiopen, ihre Statte ist bei den Kefto-Leutenund dabei ist sie (auch) in Agypten zu jeder Zeit.' There is not room for all this in the Greektext. 43. The last letter is certainly 7r,not T as in the ed. pr. Mr. Parsons suggests avrorr[r;the sense

is no doubt 'all-seeingbut unmoving'.

ed. pr. 44. 7r]arat daEl,p]ov stood in the lacuna. In the demotic text Thoth 44-5. Perhaps something like caK[&[v-rov

apparentlymentions some sort of food which he wantsTefnut to eat; it seems to be a magic food, as its effects, which are later described,evidently go beyond mere nutrition.Nothing in 11.30-45 seems to refer to this, but the Greek text is so fragmentaryin 43-5 that we cannot definitelysay that it was absentfrom this version. Breadand milk are mentionedin Thoth's next speech, but the point is not clear.

47ff. The interpretationof the correspondingdemotic passage is evidently very uncertain: 'Das, woriiberdu so zornig bist, nachdemdu es nicht gel6st hast, das willst du (gewaltsam)zer-

reiBen.' Reitzenstein suggested the following restoration: TroLcrv 7reCp]a& UEAXvKOvy[el.) 8vvdYLMEvoS] Avatv E5peiv To[tVrov Aoyov ro]v3alvtytxaTa8[ovps rT EtpriqLv]ov Err' Z'LStyy[os;the association text is scarcely intelligible without it; I have used an underline to indicate places where he himself regarded the rendering as uncertain. On some passages where there were obvious discrepancies between the Greek text and Spiegelberg's translation I have consulted Professor Barns or Dr. Reymond, and included the information which they were good enough to give me.

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THE GREEK VERSION OF THE LEGEND OF TEFNUT

I65

of the sphinx with riddles is, as he himself observed, a purely Greek idea.' The conclusionthat the Greektranslatorhere introducedsomethingfor which there was no basis in his originalis not absolutely irresistible: we could instead restore some part of the verb e'rao'yyco. But in either case it is hardto detect any point of contactwith the versiongiven in the Leyden papyrus,which is perhapsthe less surprisingin that the latter is scarcelyappropriateas a comment on what Thoth has just said. 47. ]as: bases only; s might be i. 50. ]A: or or v.

51. The supplementis due to Milne. 51 ff. Cf. Sp. IV, 5-9: 'Ich bin in der Hand des Psais. Ich sehe, daB es der Eid eines Kindes ist. Du bist, wie wenn man sagt, du seiest ein Bettler,[wahrend]Milch und . . . dir als Speise sind. Du kennst nicht seine Hitze und seine Kalte, das heiBt sein Leben (und) seinen Tod, als ob du sagtest, du seiest arm. Das, was ihn erwarmenwird und erkaltenmacht, das ist die Furcht, die bei ihm [ist].' Reitzenstein's restoration of 52 ff. is scarcely satisfactory: [Tovro uot ] iv ev rkL ardaTar[& 71S]v' [ etva]KTOs aCpros earl, v[al] a[pTrosEvj]aKTro.

5 Kalt rovr[o] Tpo[0tluov] 'ortW.In 52 ]jqv is im-

possible; the papyrushas ]etv; we should probably articulate]ew ev, but ]ewEV (from the aorist of, e.g., ievcoor zTEvo) cannot be excluded. The trace of the last letter of 53 is very uncertain. is not attested; Dr. Reymondtells me that the demoticversion specifiesfresh bread, and EivCaKTros so we might restore vEouLhaA]Kros apros in 52/3: for vEoaLaK'rog, cf. Sch. Theocr. Iv, 34; the reference to milk in the demotic points to yaA]aKTosin 54. r or ? Professor Barns suggests X Kal Tror[o] Trpo[ aTov],but though this is attractivethere are apparentlyat least two letters missing between TovT and Tpo, and the supplement is on the short side for the initial lacuna in 55. But the sense is

so uncertainthat there is little point in trying to restorethese lines. 55 ff. Cf. Sp. IV, 9-I2: 'Ich leiste einen Eid vor dir. Ich habe es dir gesagt. Die kleinen . . . Seine Stimme ebenso. Nachdem du ihn nicht so gefunden hast, so nenne den Namen des Schu, deines befreundetenBruders.Wenn du nach Agypten, deinem Gebiet, zuriickkommst,werde ich dich nie wieder zu jenen Gotteslandernzuriickkehrenlassen.' 55-6. What has Thoth sworn? We can only speculate.The scribe has not inserted a stop after aot in 56, but the demotictext shows that 7TELt8startsa new sentence.The followingphrasein the demotictext, which Spiegelbergrenders'Seine Stimme ebenso', apparentlya directionfor reading aloud to indicatethat the readershould imitatethe character'svoice, normallymarksthe beginning of a new speech: cf. col. III, 23 f.; IV, 4, 22, 33; V, o1; X, I; XIII, I; XVI, 13; cf. V, 7 f.; there are, however, a few exceptions: V, 21; VI, 30; XVII, 7/8.

57. oivr Barns;,uoved.pr. 58-9. Aresnuphis-'the good comrade':'Von iigyptischenG6tternamenist in dem erhaltenen Stuck einzig ein Beiname des Gottes Schu beibehalten,vielleicht, weil der Verfassereinen entsprechendengriechischenNamen nicht finden konnte und durch eine irrefiihrendeBezeichnung des Brudersnicht falsche Vorstellungenvon der G6ttin erweckenwollte, die er namenloslassen muBte' (Reitzenstein). 59-62. Why does Thoth say this ? It seems undiplomaticto remindthe goddess at this moment that she is committingherselfirrevocablyto a course of actionwhich she may regret.On the other hand, we might expect the content of the oath to be specified:even if this had alreadybeen stated, it would be reasonablefor Thoth to repeat it here, since he cannot affordto take chances with Tefnut. Can this, then, be what the goddess is to swear:'If you, wolf-lynx, come with me, Tefnut, to Egypt, I shall not let you return to Nubia'? Odd though this seems, Thoth apparently has, as

Cf. Plut. De Iside 9 rrpOrwcvL(epv Tas ailyyas ETLEKWCS larvraes wS avLyFLaTwcSt)aoilav Trs EoXAoylas Clem. Str. A) 22;M. 9, 56 s; (p. 346, 5 5, 7rpOTV EV epv ras qlyyas ;lpvovraL, cs ALYVr7TroL eXov'n

av3rcv

alvyLars8ovs

ro7 rrprKat yovOo

daaouvs

OVTOS

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STEPHANIE WEST

i66

we have seen, an assumed personality to keep up; it requires no great exercise of the 'imagination to devise the sort of story he might have told Tefnut, in the light of which all this would be perfectly natural, and Tefnut might well prove more amenable if she were under the impression that she was in charge. But there can be no certainty here. 6i f. 7roD[OeoV-is nearer the demotic than Reitzenstein's -ToS[rovs!. 62 if. Cf. Sp. IV, 13-I4: 'Wilist du mir nicht einen Eid schw6renbei Phre, meinemVater,dem

Stier der Vulva, aus dem ich hervorgegangenbin?' ReitzensteinrestoredpEOo'pK[wcro'v pjo06pIov 4v4ooaTos!ro]v3 KaTaoi zlwso.r[ov363voLuaTos9 is slightlyuncertain:at the end of 1. 63 is a trace which would suit the right foot of a, and there seems to be roomfor only three letters between T[ and ]q; Mr. ParsonssuggestsKaTraT{oi_ 7r](4-[pdObto]v. But the restof the supplementis convincing.fLEGopK06c is otherwise attested only in Appian, B.C. 4, 62, where it means 'bind by a different oath': 0' Kuaaros-'rv TO VdoAoPe'AAa arpaTdav E's- avTOv ILEOO$pKov. If this is the sense it bears here, the Greek text does not correspond to Spiegelberg's rendering of the demotic; it is therefore sugmeans 'swear with me'; but why should the translator have gested in L.S.J. that LEOO'pKwCOV preferred this verb to the familiar avv4-tivvp? The interpretation of the demotic text is evidently uncertain, and as it stands Thoth and Tefnut appear to be talking at cross-purposes; if we give the sense the verb has in Appian, the Greek text is at all events coherent and clear: LEOO'pKcTaov Thoth says, 'Swear to me by Shu'; Tefnut replies, 'Make me swear instead by R&; and if you make me swear .. .', and Thoth answers, 'I know you will not violate an oath by Shu'. 64. There is no punctuation in the papyrus after AJ's, nor does anything in the demotic text

correspondto the sentence beginningEl [8']

JeOPKI1EL&.

65-if. Cf. Sp. IV, i4-16: 'Da sagte er: Meine Herrin, was Schu deinen befreundeten Bruder anlangt, so ist deine Liebe gr6l3er als er. Ich weiss, du willst ihn nicht kriinken. Grof ist der, welcher auf einen g6ttlichen Wink mit dir hervorgegangen ist.' Reitzenstein suggested the following c' 8' E'T a]i, [-Oa 4cOO-q, ] y8

otj at &r o iapa[ K]yEy'r[Ia. In 65 the traces before Uaron are very uncertain, but are probably the remains of a double point. rEn'7raCqL]a&

supplement:

V ]vEA9%V ri&S, [rEl 7TEPLQT2YOTEPO a Fdya aoe [VOJ77jaetSEgS avi3ov.] c'u1rv [I oa o.LKov]ouas. OEOIJ..

....

would be nearer the demotic than Reitzenstein's ot'ji]at; however, ]q is not entirely certain, and 6tonmight be restored instead. For another pagan example of this quasi-theological use of o1KOvo1.da in the sense of 'providence,divine dispensation'(L.S.J. i, 6) cf. Heliodorusiv, 9 r7)v JK CGEYjV o&KovoblLav.

Fr. A: col. II

50

e....

.]OYCp[.]a7rPO[

-rat

EK.CLPOVET[

1tc aEaVT)s'

9' aOE¶7TOT .' EP paq KEKpUYaaL I........

7Tav-ra 7TpoEV-qvEy)uL[EVa £'va El F~a OVaEV~ r rovrca e OTtL'-t T~7 O~7 TI laVy1yr 55

Jya7TiL (LELSOVOv 'Ey[YEYOVE EITt 7jq' t8taS' 7r[a-rp`oso

T07TOV'

laXVEL Kal EvITaaEt EtEKaaCrov. tva

Kai E[vpo 'I Iq 'AcYc [LIp'

8-qAOVaot yEv-lpat, aKOVu[OlV

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THE GREEK VERSION OF THE LEGEND OF TEFNUT

i67

j.ov-

6o

riTv opveov oIrov yE[yo VEVEAVAI4TSE'aLV Kat XI..... 7raLva~ypqLatov Ev 'r- g[LLasa

TaGav -d EvJaaPKECU votkL-qs yEyoVE 7sg

[0nrov

EKcaaTov EvXp[oEV

EV TOLS'I LOCS XWPWbLSKaG

65

EKaa'ov XatpEt Ta Edvv8[pa [O]v'K E'v 7TTavTtMaTt

LafijtL[....

;w

av [EXlrIL

]E ~CjAtu`77wvy[

TEpava[.

1.

EA[wpws4. XqLVW[SE.. .]ov Eb' Oi Kat .... 70

'

rar..[

[y]Evv'[......]at

47-9. The lines no doubt correspond to Sp. V, 8-io: 'Es sagte ihm die iithiopische Katze, "Bekanntlich ist der Ort, aus dem man hervorgegangen ist, auch der Leib, aus dem man geboren

ist. Der Gott hat nichts lieber auf der Welt als dieses."' 48-53. The reading of these lines was greatly improved by Milne, who joined to the main fragment a small piece which Reitzenstein had been unable to place (fr. A in ed. pr.). 49. After K is the foot of a vertical,y or t. q: or o. 50o/I Obscure, as is the corresponding demotic sentence: 'Du bist Sieger fiir dein eigenes Herz'; this seems to mean that Tefnut has reached this conclusion independently, without any prompting from Thoth. 51 f. Cf. Sp. V, II-12: 'Wahrlich, ich will die genannten Geschichten vor dir erz~ihlen, damit du sie kennst.' At the end of 5 i we might supply a&EpEtL&. 53-5. Cf. Sp. V, 12-I3: 'Denn was auch auf Erden ist, nichts liebt man mehr, als meine Geburtsstiitte, d. h. den Ort, an dem ich hier geboren bin.' The restoration I have suggested is slightly

closer to the demoticand palaeograpbically moresatisfactorythan Reitzenstein'sTa&rr[a'v]ra vrav&[Trs Tro'ov. fWtUa]a5yaiTaiFLE.OV0o fy[eYE'Ve0ro]

From this point onwardsthe way in which the theme is elaboratedis completely different in the two versions. 57. The scribe has not inserted any punctuation. 6o. X[aLPE& ed. pr.

64. The line was omitted in the ed. pr. but read by Milne. 66 f. E &W; Reitzensteinunnecessarilyconjectureddh for co;s'. is a more likely readingthan ]Kaqkof ed. pr., and (AqxL(a)'belonging to the sea' evi67. aA&u dently fits the context. 68 f. a'Apvpc^8,Eor a'ApvpdS8E&, or At(LVdSEt. AtuLV(0ES-

How much is lost between this and the next fragment is uncertain.

Fr. B

7paLfl[ ..U . 1.F

.

7TA,Evp[

a cov,rF

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I68

STEPHANIE WEST ao

o. [

TET. . [ favEpo[

IO

.

K7rlvoEfC[. ]a.

......

ECS At

yvrr'TTov rr

...'*arnaT[ [7Ta]rpt8a Ka[ . cv TOTrrCV Epa[ 15

?yts EaEpX[....... aXes 8t&iyr77ao[HLat evEraTcot OlK[

rpoa

XV' LKTElV7r[ [Ka]t [7r]Oo 20

aiV7ro[s

[.. E]rclaTa/pac [ [.. .]a -roVO paoov [ [. ]otl 7poaXu [ [... ]yoLS 86 EVE[

.8[ E,AAMEV

[...]. 25

[ .... .]KovTa

[...

t[

]v avrcv [

[......] .va TA[ avTov[

[...... [.....

30

[...... [......

[ ......]

]. ro rv[

] }

a[ v[

r a[

[....... ].~ The fragment was left unplaced by Reitzenstein. Cf. Sp. XII, I-2o: 'Du Edle, wende dein Antlitz (wieder)Agypten zu, laB Jubel bei dir und Jauchzenvor dir sein, sei heiter! M6ge man mit dir ein Fest feiern! Auch ich bleibe hier, bis die Vergeltungvon mir satt ist. Du liebst dein Land, wie auch ich mich nach dem meinigen sehne. M6gest du rufen: Komm mit mir nach Agypten! H6re eine Fabel! Ich will sie vor dir erziihlen, indemsie aufuns beide paBt.FreundschaftschloB(einst)derWeih mit dem Geier,indemderKukuk' sichzuihmgesellte. Ich weiB,daBdu es geh6rthast,wenn (du) dein Ohrmirzugewendethast, als ich mit dir kam. Du bist es, mit dem das H6ren von Anfang an festgesetztwordenist. Man hat nicht viel, o H6rvogel, zu einem anderenauBerdir gesagt. Es geschah, daB der kleine Hundsaffesein Gesicht erhebenwollte, um die iibrigen Geschichtenzu berichten,die er erziihlt hatte. Es wuBte die iithiopischeKatze, daBer alle Dinge erzahlthatte, um sie zur Reise zu bestimmen,weil sie in Professor Barns has pointed out to me that this is a mistranslation; the bird is in fact not a cuckoo but a hoopoe.

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THE GREEK VERSION OF THE LEGEND OF TEFNUT

I69

seiner Wiiste bleibenwollte. Da wollte meine Herrinihn in Furcht setzen. Ihre kleine Zaubereien. Sie verwandeltesich in ihre sch6ne Gestalt einer wiitenden L6win, die eine ebenmaBigeGestalt hatte, indem sie dazu stimmtean Breiteund Lange. Sie warfihre Mihne vor sich. Ihr Fell rauchte von Feuer. Ihr Riicken hatte die Farbe von Blut, ihr Antlitz glinzte wie die Sonnenscheibe,ihr Auge gliihte von Feuer. Ihre Blicke loderten, wie eine Flamme, indem sie Feuer auswarfen,wie die Sonne am Mittag ... Sie glinzte davon ganz. Alle, die in ihrer Nahe waren, fiirchtetensie wegen ihrer Kraft.' I. p is very uncertain. 4. v: only the foot remains. Io.

ab: or au.

There is more space than normalbetween ,1 and a: unless a is wrongly read,the only thing which would accountfor this would be a high point now rubbedaway. 'paivs,or something 14. The space and the vestigialtraces suggest acovratherthan rwv. epautat, similar. 19. The supplementis due to ProfessorBarns;o might be o. I2.

22. ]uL: or

A.

23. y: or T.

29 f. Very likely the sense of these lines was 'her eyes blazed with fire'--v[pl, o/qLa[ra.

There are two points which I find mysterious here. First, what does Thoth mean by the sentence which Spiegelberg renders 'Auch ich bleibe hier, bis die Vergeltung von mir satt ist' ? Secondly, though we expect Tefnut to be capricious and impatient, there seems no sufficient motivation for her horrendous fury. What apparently rouses her wrath is the realization that Thoth's edifying conversation has simply been intended to induce her to return home. But why does this strike her at this moment? Thoth has made no secret of his intentions, yet her reaction suggests that she has suddenly divined a trick. Both these puzzles would no doubt be solved if we had the beginning of the story. But at all events they point to a certain embellishment of the familiar pattern of the narrative. Comparison with the demotic text suggests that very little is missing between this and the next fragment, which comes from the bottom of a column; they must surely both belong to the same column. Fr. C ]a[ 55

KO]yVoprO[v

]XVEY[

8[ ]8[.]v ]oa7ro. [ ]vE7roa[ 60

o]virE E[ ]aKE.[

1. VEXOPLIEV To]vS

7ro8a[s

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STEPHANIE WEST

I70

]yraap[ 65

[. ]vycK[ ]vTas ayWcv[ 1*. oyiS TroArl[aas ag7rj

].yova.

E8]ov

aE, 0Ea, E18wo a[E,

e]!Sov

EaToAtUPe`[Vqv

o]lwopXop ,

70

Oea,

a. . [

54-67. Cf. Sp. XII, 20 ff.: 'Die Wiiste machte Staub, wenn sie mit ihrem Schweif wedelte. Der Sand wirbelteauf, wenn sie mit ihrem Maule knirschte.Die Wiiste warf Feuer aus, wenn sie ihre Krallen wetzte. Die Walder von huri-Baumenverdorrten,als ihre Nase Rauch ausblies. Sehr viele Fliegen kamenaus ihr (der Nase) hervor,und sie lieB ein briillendeStimme ert6nenmit der Kraftihrer Stimme. Da 6ffnete die Wiiste ihren Mund, (und) der Stein sprachmit dem Sand. Der Hiigel erbebte zwei Stunden. Der Hundsaffe geriet in eine grol3e, sehr starke Angst. In der Stunde, da er die Macht ihrer Worte sah, bedeckte die Wiiste ihr Antlitz, (und) die Berge wurden

schwarz.Die Sonne verfinstertesich am Mittag, (und) er erkannteden Himmel nicht (mehr). Er preBtesein Fleisch an sich wie der Fiebernde(und) er glich einem Frosch.Er sprangwie eine Heuschreckeund verschlangseine Kraft,indem sein Leib wie der des Zwergeswar. Er standauf seinen beiden Fiiuen und hatte die Gestalt eines Affen der (Sonnen)barke vor der G6ttin, indem er in

groBerAngst war und nicht (col. XIII) [irgendeinen Ort der] Welt kannte,in dem er war.' 55. Read and restored by Milne. 56. Perhaps OVKLa]XVEV. 57. ]8: there is a stroke ascending to left. If a letter is in fact lost between 8 and wv, space would allow only L; Siwcvwould neatly render'wie der Fiebernde'. 66. Tas aywvi[as ed. pr.; there are other possibilities.

68-70. Cf. Sp. XIII, 2 ff.: 'Siehe, [das sind die] Worte, welche er sprach: "Ich sehe dich, [ich] sehe dich, [ich] sehe dich (oder ich habe dich gesehen) Smithis-Sachmis. Ich sehe dich, du (G6ttin) des Sumpfesvon Jr.h- ..... Ich sehe dich in [deinerBarke]mit deinerLotusknospeund dei[nen

Blumen] der Zufriedenheit,indem du geschmiickt bist mit deinem Halskragenmit FayenceBesatz, indem dein Perlhalsbandaus Griinsteinist [und dein . . ] aus Fayence,indem ihr Kranz us [. . .] Blumen an deinem Hals ist mit seinem [. . .] und deinem . aus [. . ., indem] deine Stocke aus Ebenholz [gelegt sind] in die Hand deiner Aufseher mit [. . .]. Deine Rinderaufseher

habenihre [. . .] aus Gold. Deine Lautenspielerhaben [ihreLauten],indem ihre Krinze aus .., indem sie ein Fest veranstalten .. .".' Thoth elaborates his theme at some length. 70. o]volpEXni was suggested to me by Professor Barns. The word is attested in only two other places, A.P. 7, 428, i8 and Cyrill. Alex. ador. 17 (I. 623 B) (-/3paX-).

2dMp could be read, but the last two letters are very uncertain.

Probablyonly one columnis missingbetweenthis fragmentand the next. Fr. D: col. I [.... [aav [..

rv

a]a7rt8a Ets .A[Ea]a

E]XXWV KaTrevTr7. ETep

.].S

epov

MaAAOV o[..

[..]. . ]. O

Ta rT T fJv0U& ]ap ELE Kat [Eya AE'yeLS,[Ti] TrtLaarri [. ..].s LS [....

5

[8L Kal T]JiL aTeL&

EV [Tri]t

GaAaocr

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THE GREEK VERSION OF THE LEGEND OF TEFNUT ]E 'OpaatS' AEE[... ooaa [.... [aXAor)7A]cyes ELc'p]pcKas [...... TO[V aerov] Kat

[CrtLyyy]pvE

1o

aort]:Ja

[7,v

cry:ca[T-......]]

]X(QVS[.......

]TEV .. ... po. ]a ra . ]... ]paE

[........ [.......... [..........][.

5[ .

.......]

IxO.[ .. a

[TEp........]aaa. [......

.. .rv ]T

]tEKE[r

.[.

[ .

e

[. .]vav

[...........] 20

o

yIjv .. ]e o

.........]Ee ..].E

[

[.............. ] avE[

[.............

]TE op[

[............

. [F............]. 25

[.........

LETpoVv frua[

]y

[.......

]ed.r,A .

)avEpov F[ar

eTr[

.]Ev ovro[

[..........].

.-va o]V

[........

Kal rrpoa[ ...

8[ ...]. .a

(avrw [ ....]. A'ovoro[s...]ai .]T [.].aro.uvy[..... (I dX A, a;r0 AKOi] [.......

[.. .......] [........

r

[yetLg..... F[..

el a]yvarov eartv . ra -]ac vr rrav TO 7vrava 8aa

.........]

[7a .

40

avr[

[......'

[.........

35

Kar7[X0ov Kal-7[AGov

I Irpo

[.......]

30

3

' [r........]Il,rr[o]&raaA,

[A.............

]osgEa7tv a

. .T.......]s . [rF

vovs

F. VITO7TTEpOV -.3°oS Vpov [...........]9pS . .. [F. .]v .rcit aro'lar

[.

45

.........]. cotia7T,os

[Acat. ...

........]. [........

...

a

o

OC aros vcrt

vrTaVTv KVpiEV[Et

' ' T ' Urvo rov .r Ir'O7T rs

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I7I

STEPHANIE WEST

172

a [........ ] [· · · ··]?lpraapev 50

[p,eXpt 0o]v^ uTl [oVEovI ea

vrjs [a]s qs )uV[a]s ov AXovTos LE,O ovoE

vva1lLKW

ETbo [TEpo]y rETpadrovv. TrCav KalC StKa'CEL Kal o0 [paL -j]AXOS

[oev] AavO6avetavrov r,cv ov [TJ]C)V f

rC@V 7Tt rrS

y7jS YtVO

ayaOov^ Kal KaKov^av ra7ro8oMv &sloaMv. Kat vvv Eyco, 1LEyaLAOrq/E,EtKal TrrjL 7r

55

[/]E'vv.

60 6o

roL )aivo1LaL, p&oX, rotovtOTOSg cv Kal Tts1 ayeWVVs, daOEv7js a ' qAr / ' r7 0 ZV E \WS coeS er Ka/IZE ErrCPAE'rEL KaOopat.

ev 7rav-r

CcoLWLTrvev

/ta avrTov earTV Kal Ta evTro t Ttva TOv WOU

ErYTv E7ara&aT'

ov (Lov alvvTplf

65

av]To7a uS bOVEa /ETEpXETaL, 0 9o 8 rov alya rv[a 8e paKTaL. yvvsw els

EV&sa0a[, LOVCS

70

cEYKEX

?]7)SOK1TLSILE

fA&Er7E]ro'v

croAtcr

y[cKEXapa]KcraL.aaoE

f.i7 at [a ........ [T]Ctvr.[ .........

]E

oAcow

]ar'

EOA

Col. II /rla7aEvEK TWV P[pa]XEVT[wv AXlwv. LEra TeA[E]vTrv p[......

5

7ra alt$v[ca] TEpL.[... o7T(Ovres a Xapcaaovav. a c[v]oas J[r7ToKa Av7TrrE, arToOavovoa3vavg[iu vem avroiO. Oe&v oSv PE[A]T[lWVEaFTv

We have here three fragments: (i) contains the upper parts of the two columns; (ii) preserves the lower parts; (iii), a fragment which Reitzenstein left unplaced, joins on to the upper part of (ii) col. I; I have underlined the letters which it preserves. Reitzenstein did not see that (i) and (ii) can be fitted together; this placing is confirmed by a stain on the verso, and shows that the column was about 70 lines in height. The text begins half-way through Thoth's account of the philosophical conversation of AKO'7 and "Opaats, represented in the demotic version as two birds, on the subject of the lex talionis: every creature in turn falls victim to a stronger: the fly is eaten by the lizard, which is consumed by a bigger lizard; the latter is swallowed by a snake, which is then carried off by an eagle. i-6. Cf. Sp. XIV, Is ff.: 'Der Adler warf die Schlange in das Meer. Da sagte der H6r-Vogel zu dem Seh-Vogel: Wenn du in das Meer siehst, und das siehst, was in dem Wasser ist, was ist

der Schlangeund dem Adler geschehen?' i. o ae'os no doubt preceded. 2. lXcovW; PpeC]Xoved. pr. There is no punctuation after KareTrT in the papyrus. 2/3. [CvOSfeopKa]s ed. pr.

3. The trace before av suggests a or a. 4. ]ap is much more likely than ]at of ed. pr. wrap'ee, 'by comparisonwith me', would suit the

context.

5. o'p,]tsed. pr. 7. Does the sentence end with yEyovEvor with AEye?There is no punctuation;though only the left tip of r[ is visible, it is impossible to interpret this as a high point. I cannot think of anything better than Reitzenstein's suggestion that we should punctuate after yeyovev and assume that AEyer[at S]e was written by mistake for AEye&se. Alternatively, one might, I suppose, restore AEye--[a8]E "Opaola, assuming the omission of c y. AEy'- {[rj cannot be read.

8f. Cf. Sp. XIV, I7-19: 'In Wahrheit,alleDinge,welchedu gesagthastodervon welchendu erzihlthattest,die glaubeich. Sie sind allevormirwahr.' cf. D, I, 35 f.; II, 66; it is simply a formula of agreement, and need mean no For X-qOr8 AEXyets more than 'Yes indeed'. aca [fre av ef]p77Kas [7ravra ]aTLwved. pr. Instead of irrava we might consider qavepa or rrporqAa. 9-24. Cf. Sp. XIV, 19-28: 'Siehe, die Schlange und der Adler, welche in das Meer gefallen sind, die verschlang ein

7Tpo[s K]vvrLylav' EpXoteLov [o3

e[cu]p?71aTe.

it seems more likely that there was a dittography of pe than that E