Tefl 2.

 

O@QN ^dkt 1 O`ursn a``l Hmdbumbn _notk`d =3 Nhnjndtmry Brmjjmr Kdtr`guotk`d

Nhnjndtmry O`ursn a``ls Kd bndnrmh, o`ursn a``ls f`r Ndbhkse hmdbumbn tnmoekdb tndg t` an gkvkgng kdt` ten f`hh`wkdb hnvnhs3      

Anbkddnr / Kdtr` Nhnjndtmry Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn Kdtnrjngkmtn ^ppnr-Kdtnrjngkmtn Mgvmdong

 D`t mhh snts `f o`ursn a``ls a`` ls o`vnr nvnry hnvnh, wkte s` s`jn jn `f ten Bndnrmh Ndbhkse snrkns `dhy b`kdb up t` Kdtnrjngkmtn (anomusn jmdy hnmrdnrs oe``sn t` st`p hnmrdkdb any`dg temt hnvnh) mdg jmdy Auskdnss Ndbhkse snrkns emvkdb `dhy ten ternn ekbenst hnvnhs. Mhs`, wekhn o`ursn  a``ls f`r [`udb Hnmrdnrs tndg t` gkvkgn r`ubehy kdt` skjkhmr hnvnhs, jmdy `f tenj usn j`rn 'omtoey' dmjns f`r tenkr hnvnhs. Wen b``g dnws ks temt j`st o`ursn a``ls tndg t` kdtr`guon mdg  prmotksn ―dnw‛ brmjjmr kd m skjkhmr `rgnr mdg mt skjkhmr hnvnhs. Anbkddnr o`ursns tndg t` f`ous juoe j`rn `d aukhgkdb up v`omauhmry mdg m st`ol `f fkxng nxprnssk`ds mdg juoe `f ten brmjjmr kdtr`guong ks s``d rnpnmtng mt Nhnjndtmry hnvnh. Mt ^ppnr-Kdtnrjngkmtn mdg Mgvmdong fnw, kf mdy, brmjjmr p`kdts mrn kdtr`guong ms ―dnw‛. Mt tensn hnvnhs kt ks `ftnd j`rn ma`ut nxpmdgkdb `d mdg o`dtrmstkdb brmjjmr p`kdts temt wnrn kdtr`guong kd nmrhknr hnvnhs. Wenrnf`rn ten f`hh`wkdb ternn _notk`ds `d Brmjjmr wkhh f`ous `d s`jn `f ten j`st o`jj`d Nhnjndtmry, Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn mdg Kdtnrjngkmtn brmjjmr p`kdts. Mt Nhnjndtmry hnvnh jmdy o`ursn a``ls f`ous `d s`jn `f ten f`hh`wkdb brmjjmr p`kdts mdg `ftnd kd r`ubehy ten f`hh`wkdb `rgnr3          

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mj/ks/mrn - ‘K‛j m tnmoenr.‚ Yrnsndt _kjphn - ‘K wmhl t` w`rl.‚ hkln/g`d‛t hkln + 'kdb' `r kdfkdktkvn - ‘K hkln phmykdb amgjkdt`d.‚ omd/omd‛t t` tmhl ma`ut makhkty - ‘_en omd‛t swkj‚ Ymst _kjphn wkte rnbuhmr vnras - ‘Rn wmtoeng m j`vkn.‚ Ymst _kjphn wkte krrnbuhmr vnras - ‘Weny gr`vn t` Dnw [`rl.‚ O`jpmrmtkvn Mgcnotkvns - ‘En ks tmhhnr temd eks skstnr.‚ _upnrhmtkvn Mgcnotkvns - ‘Wen wektn g`b ks ten outnst `dn‚ Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us - ‘En‛s g`kdb eks e`jnw`rl.‚ omd/omd‛t/emvn t`/g`d‛t emvn t` tmhl ma`ut pnrjkssk`d mdg `ahkbmtk`d - ‘[`u omd‛t sj`ln kd enrn.‚ ―an b`kdb t`‛ Futurn - ‘Rn‛rn b`kdb t` snn m j`vkn.‚ Yrnsndt Ynrfnot - ‘Emvn y`u nvnr nmtnd fr`bs‛ hnbs0‚

 

* O`ursn a``ls vmry ms t` wentenr teny kdtr`guon ―an b`kdb t`‛ `r ―wkhh‛ f`r ten Futurn kd  Nhnjndtmry, wkte ten `tenr p`kdt ankdb kdtr`guong kdtr`guong mt Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn. Rn h``l mt ―an b`kdb t`‛ enrn mdg ―wkhh‛ kd _notk`d 1.

Yrnsndt _kjphn ks m sndtndon struoturn temt ks o`jj`dhy usng t` tmhl ma`ut ten f`hh`wkdb tekdbs3  

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M r`utkdn `r emakt3 K bnt up mt 2 `‛oh`ol. En grkvns t` w`rl. E`w `ftnd wn g` s`jntekdb3 K `ftnd jnnt frkndgs f`r o`ffnn. En phmys omrgs mhh ten tkjn. Ynrjmdndt stmtns3 K mj Mustrmhkmd. Jy pmrndts hkvn kd _ygdny. _ygdny. Kt rmkds kd wkdtnr.

Rn `ftnd mssujn temt Yrnsndt _kjphn rnfnrs t` ―ten prnsndt‛, mdg kd s`jn wmys temt ks trun f`r j`st `f kts usns. E`wnvnr, kf wn tekdl ma`ut kt m akt j`rn omrnfuhhy, kt‛s s`jntekdb j`rn temd temt. Qkbet d`w, kd ―ten prnsndt‛ K mj wrktkdb `d m o`jputnr aut kf mdy`dn msls jn e`w K bnt t` w`rl K omd e`dnsthy smy K tmln ten suawmy. K t``l ten suawmy teks j`rdkdb, wekoe wekoe ks kd ten  pmst, mdg K wkhh tmln suawmy t`j`rr`w t`j`rr` w mdg ten gmy mftnr temt, a`te `f wekoe mrn kd ten futurn. Hklnwksn, K emvn mhwmys annd mdg mhwmys wkhh an Mustrmhkmd. _` kd ten nxmjphns wn‛vn h``lng mt s` fmr, ten Yrnsndt _kjphn g`nsd‛t gnsorkan mdy skdbhn motk`d `r nvndt ms `oourrkdb rkbet d`w, rmtenr kt gnsorkans m rnbuhmr  `r  `r pnrjmdndt  r`utkdn,  r`utkdn, emakt `r stmtn temt ks bndnrmhhy trun d`w. Furtenr t` teks, tenrn mrn usns `f Yrnsndt _kjphn t` tmhl ma`ut motk`ds temt mrn ohnmrhy kd ten  pmst `r ten futurn3 

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Rend tnhhkdb frkndgs ma`ut s`jntekdb udanhknvmahn `r surprkskdb temt emppndng t` us kd ten pmst, ‘_`, mdywmy, sen wmhls rkbet up t` `ur tmahn mdg gr`ps ten omln, upskgng`wd, `d Ng‛s hmp!‚ Rkte motk`ds `r nvndts temt mrn soenguhng t` emppnd mt m spnokfko tkjn kd ten futurn, ‘Wen o`dfnrndon stmrts mt 5.?9mj mdg fkdksens mt 6pj‚< ‘@ur fhkbet hnmvns mt dkdn‚.

Mt Nhnjndtmry hnvnh, o`ursn a``ls usumhhy kdtr`guon ten ternn j`st o`jj`d usns temt wn jndtk`dng fkrst. Ms f`r ten f`rj mdg pr`dudokmtk`d, teny rnjmkd ten smjn rnbmrghnss `f ten usn, mdg wn wkhh h``l mt tensn d`w. Kf wn wmdt t` arnml g`wd `r o`gkfy ten brmjjmtkomh struoturn `f m d`rjmh Yrnsndt _kjphn sndtndon, y`u omd g` s` hkln teks3  D + V(s) Weks se`ws m hnmrdnr temt ten fkrst w`rg/permsn kd ten sndtndon ks m d`ud (usumhhy m pnrs`d `r m tekdb), temt ten sno`dg w`rg ks m vnra (m ―g`kdb‛ w`rg< md motk`d `r m stmtn), mdg temt ten vnra omd emvn md -s (kf ten d`ud ks tekrg pnrs`d skdbuhmr en/ sen  sen/kt ))..  D`tn3 Rn g`d‛t usumhhy dnng t` arnml g`wd ten we`hn sndtndon anomusn wemt o`jns mftnr  ten  ten vnra omd vmry wkgnhy. Ms h`db ms mhh ten o`jp`dndts up t` mdg kdohugkdb  ten  ten vnra mrn ohnmr kt se`uhg enhp ten stugndts m h`t.

 

Weks lkdg `f arnmlg`wd ks pmrtkouhmrhy kjp`rtmdt wend wn wmdt t` se`w hnmrdnrs e`w t` jmln sndtndons kd ten qunstk`d (0) `r dnbmtkvn (-) f`rjs, mdg e`w t` jmln j`rn o`jphkomtng sndtndons hkln ten `dns wkte hkln mdg omd kd ten hmst tmsl. Kt hnts us jmln kt ohnmr t` hnmrdnrs wend ten vnra omd emvn md -s mdg wend kt omd‛t. O`dskgnr ten sndtndon wkte kts arnmlg`wd3 En hkvns kd Ndbhmdg. D + V(s). Enrn, D rnprnsndts ten w`rg En mdg V(s) rnprnsndts ten w`rg hkvns. O`rn ^dkt 1 _notk`d = Ymbn 5 Brmjjmr mdg Yr`dudokmtk`d

_` ks pr`dudokmtk`d kjp`rtmdt wend kt o`jns t` brmjjmr0 Kf s`, wey mdg e`w0 _my ten f`hh`wkdb sndtndons `ut h`ug, sh`why, `dn w`rg mt m tkjn. m)

K mj m tnmoenr.

 a)

K omdd`t swkj.

o)

Remt g` y`u g` mt ten wnnlndg0

g)

W`j grkvns t` w`rl.

n)

Jmry h``ls hkln enr fmtenr.

Kt g`nsd‛t s`udg dmturmh, aut tenrn‛s j`rn t` kt temd temt. Rekoe w`rg `r w`rgs kd nmoe sndtndon o`dtmkd ten jmkd jnmdkdb temt ten spnmlnr wmdts t` nxprnss0 Remt mrn ten ―o`dtndt‛ w`rgs kd nmoe `dn0 Mdswnr

m)

K mj m tnmoenr.

 a)

K omdd`t swkj.

o)

Remt g` y`u g` mt ten wnnlndg0

g)

W`j grkvns t` w`rl .

n)

Jmry h``ls hkln enr fmtenr.

Fnmturns `f wemt ks ld`wd ms o`ddnotng spnnoe (spnmlkdb qukolhy, hkdlkdb w`rgs t`bntenr, nto.) g` d`t emppnd "cust anomusn", d`r mrn teny skbds `f m hmzy `r kdo`rrnot spnmlnr. Kd fmot, t` ten dmtkvn-spnmlnr's nmr, kt br`ups ten w`rgs jnmdkdbfuhhy mdg njpemsksns ten o`dtndt, mdg teks jmlns kt juoe nmsknr `d ten hkstndnr.

 

Kd ten sndtndons ma`vn ten w`rgs temt mrnd‛t  kd  kd a`hg mrn d`rjmhhy hkdlng t`bntenr, wnmlndng mdg sp`lnd quktn qukolhy. Wen w`rgs temt mrn kd a`hg mrn pr`d`udong wkte shkbethy j`rn njpemsks temd usumh. Weks omd pmrthy an gnj`dstrmtng kd wrktkdb ter`ube ten usn `f o`dtrmotk`ds3  K mj :4 K‛j< omd d`t  :4  :4 omdd`t  :4  :4 omd‛t , nto. J`rn kdf`rjmhhy wn snn wrkttnd nxprnssk`ds hkln ―wmddm‛ , ― b`ddm‛   f`r wmdt t`, b`kdb t` mdg oup `f , rnspnotkvnhy.  b`ddm‛ , mdg ―ouppm‛  f`r Rekhn tensn h``l pmrtkouhmrhy kdf`rjmh kd wrkttnd Ndbhkse, tensn lkdgs `f nxprnssk`ds omd an usng kd kdf`rjmh, dnutrmh mdg nvnd f`rjmh sktumtk`ds kd sp`lnd Ndbhkse. Kd nxtrnjnhy f`rjmh sktumtk`ds teny jkbet d`t an mppr`prkmtn, aut te`sn sktumtk`ds mrn vnry rmrn. J`st kjp`rtmdthy, ms jndtk`dng ma`vn, kt motumhhy jmlns `ur spnmlkdb ohnmrnr  mdg  mdg nmsknr t` pr`onss f`r ten Ndbhkse-spnmlkdb hkstndnr. _` ks pr`dudokmtk`d kjp`rtmdt wend kt o`jns t` brmjjmr0 Kf s`, wey mdg e`w0 Kd dmturmh spnnoe antwnnd frkndgs mdg w`rljmtns, ten nxmjphns wn‛vn h``lng mt ma`vn jkbet s`udg s`jntekdb hkln teks (d`tn temt kt ks kjp`sskahn t` truhy rnprnsndt sp`lnd Ndbhkse wkte ten Q`jmd mhpemant, s` wn emvn skjphy trkng t` gnj`dstrmtn mppr`xkjmtnhy e`w wn spnml kd dmturmh o`dvnrsmtk`d)3 m)

K‛j-m tnmoenr.

 a)

K omd‛t swkj.

o)

Remtoem g` 't ten wnnlndg0

g)

W`j grkvns t' w`rl.

n)

Jmry h``ls hkln-‛nr fmtenr.

[`u wkhh d`tn temt o`dtrmotk`ds mrn pmrtkouhmrhy rnhnvmdt wend kt o`jns t` tnmoekdb ten brmjjmr p`kdts wn gksoussng nmrhknr, wkte mj/ks/mrn mdg ten dnbmtkvn sndtndons wkte g`d‛t , g`nsd‛t  mdg  mdg omd‛t . [`u dnng t` j`gnh mdg grkhh ten pr`dudokmtk`d f`r tensn `rmhhy, ms wnhh ms usn `tenr tnoedkquns t` grmw mttndtk`d t` e`w ten o`dtrmotk`ds mrn f`rjng (`dn o`jj`d jnte`g ks t` e`hg up tw` fkdbnrs wkte m bmp antwnnd, smy nmoe w`rg `ut h`ug wekhn  p`kdtkdb t` `dn fkdbnr mt m tkjn ― K  K mj‛, tend c`kd ten tw` fkdbnrs t`bntenr mdg smy ten o`dtrmotk`d ― K‛j  K‛j‛). Ymst _kjphn mdg Yrnsndt Ynrfnot

Ymst _kjphn ks o`jj`dhy usng t` tmhl ma`ut ten f`hh`wkdb tekdbs3 

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Md motk`d o`jphntng/fkdkseng kd m fkdkseng tkjn pnrk`g kd ten pmst3  K emg hudoe md e`ur  e`ur  mb`. K brnw up kd Jnha`urdn. Qnpnmtng motk`ds kd m fkdkseng tkjn pnrk`g kd ten pmst3 Rn wndt `ut `d m o`uphn `f gmtns. Weny `ftnd vksktng us. _tmtns temt wnrn trun kd m fkdkseng tkjn pnrk`g kd ten pmst3 Rn ldnw ten h`omh g`ot`r quktn wnhh. K wms m Jmtes stugndt. _t`ry-tnhhkdb3 @don up`d m tkjn tenrn wms m fmkry prkdonss. _en hkvng kd ten w``gs.

Yrnsndt Ynrfnot ks o`jj`dhy usng t` tmhl ma`ut ten f`hh`wkdb tekdbs3

 

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Md motk`d snnd ms md ―nxpnrkndon‛3  K‛vn annd t` L`rnm. Emvn y`u nvnr emg fr`bs‛ hnbs0 Qnpnmtng motk`ds snnd ms md ―nxpnrkndon‛3 K‛vn annd tenrn snvnrmh tkjns. M fkdkseng motk`d kd m pnrk`g hnmgkdb up t` d`w3 K‛vn cust fkdkseng ten rnp`rt. Emvn y`u nmtnd ynt0 Md motk`d kd ten pmst wkte m prnsndt rnsuht3 En‛s ar`lnd eks hnb . Motk`ds `r stmtns temt stmrtng kd ten pmst mdg mrn stkhh trun3 K‛vn hkvng enrn f`r > ynmrs.

A`te struoturns usng ma`ut motk`ds mdg nvndts kd ten pmst, s`jn Ynrfnot omsns nktenr `dn omd an usngmrn wkte custt`m tmhl suathn oemdbn kd jnmdkdb. Bndnrmhhy, wn mdg usn kd Yrnsndt wend wn snn m o`ddnotk`d antwnnd ten pmst mdg ten prnsndt. Kd ten nxmjphns `f Yrnsndt Ynrfnot kdtr`guong ma`vn ten rnhmtk`dsekp t` d`w jkbet snnj m akt mastrmot, aut wend wn o`jpmrn ten f`hh`wkdb sndtndons ten gkffnrndon ano`jns ohnmrnr3 =. Rn wndt `d m o`uphn `f gmtns. : Rn mrnd‛t snnkdb nmoe `tenr mdyj`rn. Rn‛vn annd `d m o`uphn `f gmtns. : Ynremps wn mrn stkhh gmtkdb. 1.  En ar`ln eks hnb . : _kjphy _kjphy stmtkdb wemt emppndng.  En‛s ar`lnd eks hnb . : n.b. Wemt ks wey eks hnb ks d`w kd m omst. ?.  En wr`tn snvnrmh o`jngkns. : Ynremps en ks d` h`dbnr mhkvn.  En ems wrkttnd snvnrmh o`jngkns. : En ks stkhh mhkvn. @dn prmotkomh gkffnrndon (pnremps rnsuhtkdb fr`j teks o`donptumh gkffnrndon) ks temt tenrn mrn m h`t `f tkjn permsns temt wn omd‛t usn wkte ten Yrnsndt Ynrfnot, mdg s`jn tkjn permsns wekoe mrn juoe j`rn o`jj`d wkte ten Yrnsndt Yrnsndt Ynrfnot. O`jpmrn ten f`hh`wkdb3 7.  K‛vn annd t` Dnw Snmhmdg teks ynmr . vs K wndt hmst ynmr . >.  K‛vn snnd _tmr Rmrs ternn tkjns. vs K smw _tmr Rmrs wend K wms m lkg . 6.  K stmrtng tnmoekdb kd 1991. vs K‛vn annd m tnmoenr  skdon  skdon K hnft ^dkvnrskty. Md`tenr usnfuh bukgn f`r Nhnjndtmry hnvnh hnmrdnrs ks temt wend tmhlkdb ma`ut nxpnrkndons wn `ftnd kdtr`guon ten nxpnrkndon wkte Yrnsndt Ynrfnot aut mgg mggktk`dmh kdf`rjmtk`d uskdb Ymst _kjphn, f`r nxmjphn, 

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 K‛vn annd t` Dnw Snmhmdg. \Yrnsndt YnrfnotZ.  Jy wkfn mdg K wndt tenrn m o`uphn `f ynmrs mb`. mb`. \Ymst _kjphnZ. Rn emg m brnmt tkjn. \Ymst _kjphnZ. Rn nvnd smw m lkwk. \Ymst _kjphnZ.

Nhnjndtmry hnvnh o`ursn a``ls bndnrmhhy, mdg f`r b``g rnms`d, kdtr`guon (mdg spndg m h`t `f nxp`surn mdg prmotkon tkjn `d) ten Ymst _kjphn anf`rn o`dtrmstkdb kt wkte ten Yrnsndt Ynrfnot. Kf y`u try t` kdtr`guon a`te mt ten smjn tkjn, stugndts mrn vnry hklnhy t` ndg up j`rn o`dfusng temd mdytekdb nhsn. Rn emvn kdtr`guong tenj t`bntenr enrn anomusn ten o`dtrmst kd jnmdkdb omd enhp tnmoenrs t` ano`jn j`rn mwmrn `f ten suathntkns. O`jpmrmtkvn mdg _upnrhmtkvn Mgcnotkvns

O`jpmrmtkvn mgcnotkvns mrn usng t`3

 

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O`jpmrn `dn pnrs`d/tekdb wkte md`tenr kd rnhmtk`d t` `dn qumhkty temt teny semrn, f`r nxmjphn e`w fmst `dn ks kd rnhmtk`d t` ten `tenr3  Mddn ks fmstnr temd _usmd.  (DA O`jpmrmtkvns mrn d`t usumhhy usng t` o`jpmrn tekdbs wend ten gkffnrndon ks `avk`us3 Wen nhnpemdt ks akbbnr temd ten j`usn. Weks ks udhklnhy anomusn m j`rn moourmtn o`jpmrks`d omd an jmgn ay smykdb3 Wen nhnpemdt ks akb aut ten j`usn ks  sjmhh . )

_upnrhmtkvn mgcnotkvns mrn usng t`3 

O`jpmrn `dn pnrs`d/tekdb wkte m br`up `f skjkhmr pn`phn/tekdbs kd rnhmtk`d t` `dn qumhkty teny semrn3  Mddn ks ten fmstnst  (  (kd enr ohmss).

Rn mhs` usn O`jpmrmtkvn Mgvnras, wekoe mrn usng kd m skjkhmr wmy t` o`jpmrn motk`ds `r stmtns. F`r nxmjphn, wn o`uhg smy, ‘ Mddn ruds fmstnr temd _usmd‚ kd wekoe fmst  gnsorkans  gnsorkans ten motk`d rud. Weks struoturn ks usumhhy kdtr`guong mt m hmtnr stmbn, e`wnvnr. Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us

Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us ks j`st o`jj`dhy usng f`r `dn `f f`ur jmkd rnms`ds3 

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W` tmhl ma`ut md motk`d `r nvndt temt ks kd pr`brnss mt ten tkjn `f spnmlkdb3 M3 Renrn mrn ten lkgs0 A3 Weny mrn g`kdb tenkr e`jnw`rl. W` tmhl ma`ut md motk`d `r nvndt temt ks rnpnmtng `vnr m tnjp`rmry pnrk`g `f tkjn3  K‛j  stugykdb hmdbumbn tnmoekdb tnmoekdb wkte Hmdbumbn Hkdl.  W` tmhl ma`ut m stmtn temt ks snnd ms tnjp`rmry3  K‛j hkvkdb kd Ankckdb . W` tmhl ma`ut m phmddng `r fkxng mrrmdbnjndt kd ten futurn3 Rn‛rn hnmvkdb f`r _pmkd dnxt wnnl. 

Wen fkrst ternn mrn oh`snhy rnhmtng mdg omd an br`upng t`bntenr ms ―s`jntekdb temt ks tnjp`rmry mdg kd s`jn wmy kd pr`brnss mt ten tkjn `f spnmlkdb‛. Wen fkrst nxmjphn ks ten `dn j`st `ftnd kdtr`guong kd o`ursn a``ls mt Nhnjndtmry hnvnh, aut snnkdb ms mhh ternn mrn oh`snhy rnhmtng mdg omd an skjkhmrhy o`dtrmstng wkte Yrnsndt _kjphn, wn wkhh h``l mt tensn ternn. Rn wkhh h``l mt ten f`urte usn kd _notk`d 13 Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn. O`jpmrn tensn pmkrs `f sndtndons. Remt ks ten gkffnrndon kd jnmdkdb f`r nmoe0 =. Weny Weny g` tenkr tenkr e`jnw`r e`jnw`rl. l. 1. K tnmoe tnmoe Ndbhkse. Ndbhkse.

Weny Weny mrn g`kdb g`kdb tenkr tenkr e`jnw`r e`jnw`rl. l. K‛j tnmoekd tnmoekdb b Ndbhkse Ndbhkse..

Mdswnr

Kd ten fkrst pmkr `f sndtndons3 ten fkrst sndtndon subbnsts temt kt ks m rnbuhmr mdg o`dskstndt motk`d. J`st hklnhy teny gkg kt ynstnrgmy mdg ten gmy anf`rn temt, mdg teny wkhh g` kt t`j`rr`w mdg ten gmy mftnr temt. Wenrn ks mhs` d` kdgkomtk`d temt teks r`utkdn wkhh ndg kd ten dnmr futurn. Kd ten sno`dg sndtndon kt ks md motk`d temt ks kd pr`brnss mt ten j`jndt `f spnmlkdb. Wenrn ks d` kdgkomtk`d temt kt ks g`dn rnbuhmrhy, `dhy temt kt ks kd pr`brnss d`w. Wen motk`d ks mhs` snnd ms `db`kdb, ms kt ohnmrhy stmrtng s`jn tkjn kd ten (rnondt) pmst mdg wkhh hklnhy o`dtkdun f`r s`jn

 

tkjn kdt` ten (dnmr) futurn. Aut kt ks mhs` ohnmrhy tnjp`rmry. Rn mssujn temt kt wkhh ndg kd ten rnhmtkvnhy dnmr futurn (e`jnw`rl ks bndnrmhhy g`dn kd jkdutns `r e`urs, s` wn mssujn kt wkhh ndg kd m jmttnr `f jkdutns `r e`urs). Kd ten sno`dg pmkr `f sndtndons3 ten fkrst sndtndon mbmkd subbnsts m rnbuhmr mdg o`dskstndt motk`d mdg mbmkd tenrn ks d` kdgkomtk`d temt ten r`utkdn wkhh ndg kd ten dnmr futurn. Kd teks  pmrtkouhmr omsn wn mssujn temt te mt kt ks ten spnmlnr‛s h`dbh`db-tnrj tnrj omrnnr. Weks tkjn ten sno`dg sndtndon g`nsd‛t rnprnsndt md motk`d kd pr`brnss d`w (n.b. mt ten tkjn `f spnmlkdb ten pnrs`d o`uhg an kd m omfn oemttkdb wkte md `hg frkndg). Ms wkte ten fkrst sndtndon kd 1 kt subbnsts m rnpnmtng motk`d. Wen gkffnrndon enrn ks temt ten motk`d ks snnd ms mr`udg ten tkjn `f d`w mdg ms s`jntekdb tnjp`rmry. Rn mssujn temt kt wkhh ndg kd ten rnhmtkvnhy dnmr futurn (w`rl ks bndnrmhhy g`dn kd ynmrs, s` wn mssujn kt wkhh ndg kd m jmttnr `f ynmrs, pnremps). Kd o`dtrmst wkte ten fkrst sndtndon, wn g` d`t snn teks ms ten spnmlnr‛s h`db tnrj omrnnr< wn snn kt ms m tnjp`rmry c`a. Omd, Omd‛t (j`gmh vnras), Emvn t` mdg G`d‛t Emvn t` (snjk-j`gmh vnras)

Wensn j`gmh (mdg snjk-j`gmh) vnras mrn `ftnd usng3 

W` tmhl ma`ut pnrjkssk`d, `ahkbmtk`d mdg dnonsskty3  K emvn t` b` e`jn. [`u omd‛t  sj`ln kd enrn. [`u g`d‛t emvn t` g` ten `ptk`dmh nxnroksns.

 Emvn t` mdg omd‛t   mrn mrn skjkhmr kd temt teny a`te rnprnsndt m hmol `f oe`kon3 (D`tn temt 'omd' ks mhs` usng t` nxprnss makhkty, aut enrn wn mrn f`ouskdb `d kts usn t` nxprnss `ahkbmtk`d/pr`ekaktk`d)  

Kf m pnrs`d ems t` g` s`jntekdb, kt ks dnonssmry temt en/sen g`ns kt. Kf m pnrs`d omd‛t  g`  g` s`jntekdb, kt ks dnonssmry temt en/sen g`ns d`t  g`  g` kt.

Omd mdg g`d‛t emvn t` mrn skjkhmr kd temt teny a`te rnprnsndt m oe`kon3 

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Kf m pnrs`d omd g` s`jntekdb, teny jmy oe``sn t` g` `r d`t g` kt. Omd ks usng nktenr dnutrmhhy `r t` rnmssurn s`jn`dn we` wmdtng t` g` s`jntekdb aut te`ubet temt kt jkbet an d`t  mhh`wng.  mhh`wng. Kf m pnrs`d g`nsd‛t emvn t` g` s`jntekdb, teny jmy oe``sn t` g` `r g` kt.  G`d‛t emvn t` ks `ftnd usng t` rnmssurn s`jn`dn we` gkgd‛t  wmdt  wmdt t` d`t g` s`jntekdb aut te`ubet temt kt jkbet an dnonssmry.

Wen wmy temt tensn j`gmh mdg snjk-j`gmh vnras mrn usng kd dnbmtkvn sndtndons omd jmln tenj pmrtkouhmrhy o`dfuskdb f`r hnmrdnrs. O`jpmrn ten f`hh`wkdb3 =. K g`d‛t  hkln   hkln f``tamhh. (: kt ks trun temt f``tamhh ks s`jntekdb temt K g` d`t    hkl hk ln). 1. K g`d‛t emvn t` b` t` w`rl t`gmy. (: kt ks d`t trun temt w`rl ks s`jnwenrn temt K emvn t` b`) W` jmln m dnbmtkvn stmtnjndt wkte j`gmh vnras, ten w`rg "d`t" usumhhy b`ns antwnnd ten j`gmh vnra mdg ten jmkd vnra. F`r nxmjphn, kd ten sndtndon 'K omd d`t grkvn ten omr.' Renrn "omd" ks ten j`gmh vnra mdg "grkvn" ks ten jmkd vnra.

 

E`wnvnr t` jmln m dnbmtkvn stmtnjndt wkte ten snjk-j`gmh vnra "emvn t`" tend ten sndtndon  ano`jns 'K g`d't emvn t` grkvn ten omr.' Renrn ten dnbmtkvn w`rg "g` "g`d't" d't" b`ns anf`rn ten j`gmh vnra. O`jpmrn ten f`hh`wkdb3 (D`tn, 'g`' ks md muxkhkmry vnra. 'omd' ks m j`gmh vnra mdg 'emvn t`' ks m snjk-j`gmh vnra) Y`sktkvn stmtnjndts. D K K [`u [`u

mux/j`gmh V g` omd emvn t` omd

V hkln f``tamhh. grkvn t` w`rl. b` t` w`rl. sj`ln enrn.

 Dnbmtkvn stmtnjndts. D K K [`u

d`t

mux/j`gmh V g` omd g` d`t emvn t`

[`u

omd

d`t d`t d`t

V hkln f``tamhh. grkvn t` w`rl. b` t` w`rl.

d`t

sj`ln enrn.

 Emvn t` ks `ftnd tmubet mh`db wkte j`gmh vnras anomusn kts jnmdkdb/usn ks `ftnd oh`snhy rnhmtng. E`wnvnr, kt ks d`t motumhhy m j`gmh vnra (wekoe ks mppmrndt kd temt kt ks mhwmys f`hh`wng ay ―t`‛  wenrnms  wenrnms omd, omd‛t , mdg `tenr j`gmhs hkln just  mdg  mdg se`uhg , mrn dnvnr f`hh`wng ay ―t`‛ )).. Ms suoe teks lkdg `f pmttnrd ks j`rn `avk`us kd w`rgs w`rgs temt semrn m skjkhmr struoturn t` emvn t`3  K g`d‛t wmdt t` b`. K wmdt t` d`t b`. K g`d‛t phmd t` b`. K phmd t` d`t   b`.

Qnjnjanr temt typkomh j`gmh vnras mot gkffnrndthy t` `tenr vnras kd ten f`hh`wkdb wmys3 

Weny g` d`t tmln md ―s‛ wend usng wkte en/sen/kt (n.b.  K hkln mdg K omd< en hklns aut  D@W en omds)

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Kd qunstk`d f`rjsg`/g`ns ten j`gmh vnra j`vns t`(n.b. ten Kfr`dt `f ten sndtndon, rmtenr temdD@W mggkdb ten w`rg mt ten anbkddkdb hkln mdg  K omd .

Rn‛rn Rn‛rn b`kdb b`kdb t` vkskt vkskt s`jn s`jn `hg frkndgs frkndgs.. K‛j b`kdb b`kdb t` fkdkse fkdkse jy e`jnw`rl e`jnw`rl anf`rn anf`rn K b` `ut. En‛s En‛s b`kdb b`kdb t` tmln tmln ten aus. aus. Weny‛rn Weny‛rn b`kdb b`kdb t` spndg spndg m ynmr ynmr kd Frmdon. Frmdon. K‛j b`kdb b`kdb t` te tenn byj t`dkb t`dkbet. et.

Mhte`ube teny mrn mhh usng t` tmhl ma`ut futurn kdtndtk`ds `r mrrmdbnjndts ten fkrst 7 mrn ―An B`kdb t`‛ Futurn mdg ten hmst `dn ks Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us (―b`‛ ks ten jmkd vnra mdg cust emppnds t` an kd ten -kdb f`rj, wenrnms kd ten `tenrs ten jmkd vnra o`jns mftnr  ―b`kdb  ―b`kdb t`‛).  B. F`r nmoe `f ten ten f`hh`wkdb f`hh`wkdb gnokgn wentenr kt ks3 m. a.

M p`sktkvn stmtnjndt uskdb ―An B`kdb t`‛ Futurn M dnbmtkvn stmtnjndt uskdb ―An B`kdb t`‛ Futurn

o. M qunstk`d uskdb ―An B`kdb t`‛ Futurn g. M stmtnjndt D@W D@W uskdb ―An ―An B`kdb t`‛ t`‛ Futurn, aut uskdb m gkffnrndt struoturn. struoturn. Kdtr`guokdb mdg Yrmotkskdb m _truoturn

_` fmr wn emvn annd h``lkdb mt ten vmrk`us oemdbns kd vnra f`rj mdg sndtndon pmttnrds f`r tnmoenrs. Wemt ks, teks snotk`d, s` fmr ems annd kdtndgng t` enhp y`u pnrs`dmhhy t` bmkd m anttnr udgnrstmdgkdb `f Nhnjndtmry hnvnh brmjjmr kd rnhmtk`d t` ten jnmdkdb mdg usn, ten f`rj (vnra f`rjs mdg sndtndon struoturn), mdg ten pr`dudokmtk`d. Remt wn emvn d`t ynt h``lng mt ks e`w juoe m stugndt dnngs t` ld`w ma`ut nmoe, wemt ten stugndt dnngs t` g` wkte nmoe, mdg wemt r`hn m tnmoenr se`uhg phmy kd kdtr`guokdb tenj. Wypkomhhy kt omd an smkg temt m hmdbumbn hnmrdnr andnfkts anst fr`j m amhmdon `f ternn tekdbs3 

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 Nxp`surn Wemt ks, teny dnng t` snn, enmr, rnmg mdg hkstnd t` m h`t `f nxmjphns `f ten hmdbumbn.  Dmturmh hmdbumbn temt ks kd m rnmhkstko o`dtnxt ks pmrtkouhmrhy pmrtkou hmrhy kjp`rtmdt enrn (k.n. hkstndkdb t` m tnmoenr rnpnmt m sndtndon snvnrmh tkjns ks d`t nxp`surn, aut hkstndkdb t` m 6-hkdn o`dvnrsmtk`d kd wekoe ten sndtndon pmttnrd/struoturn ks usng twkon, ks usnfuh nxp`surn). Kt ks mhs` kjp`rtmdt temt teks nxp`surn ks jnmdkdbfuh mdg ms rnmhkstko mdg dmturmh ms p`sskahn (k.n. rnmg mdg udgnrhkdn mhh ten -kdb w`rgs ks d`t pmrtkouhmrhy nffnotkvn nxp`surn - teny dnng t` an rnmgkdb f`r ndc`yjndt, t` fkdg rnmh kdf`rjmtk`d, nto.). F`ous `d F`rj Wemt ks, kt enhps f`r tenkr mttndtk`d t` an f`ousng `d ten pmttnrds kdv`hvng. Kd teks omsn, hkstndkdb t` m tnmoenr rnpnmt m sndtndon snvnrmh tkjns jmy an enhpfuh - j`rn s` kf ten

tnmoenr rnpnmts snvnrmh gkffnrndt sndtndons temt emvn ten smjn pmttnrd/struoturn. @tenr tekdbs temt grmw mttndtk`d t` f`rj kdohugn uskdb a`xns hkln ten `dns wn emvn usng

 

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ter`ube`ut teks snotk`d ekbehkbetkdb pmttnrds, `r nvnd skjphy wrktkdb ―d + mj/ks/mrn + b`kdb t` + V‛ udgnrdnmte md nxmjphn sndtndon. Rend wn g` teks, wn just  `f  `f o`ursn, f`ous `d ten jnmdkdb fkrst s` temt stugndts udgnrstmdg wemt ten struoturn ks motumhhy f`r.  Yrmotksn Weks jnmds motumhhy uskdb ten hmdbumbn. Ymrr`tkdb ten tnmoenr mdg fkhhkdb kd bmps mrn d`t usnfuh prmotkon motkvktkns, e`wnvnr. Rekhn teny mrn usnfuh, teny mrn `dhy usnfuh kd temt teny enhp stugndts t` f`ous `d f`rj. Rend wn tmhl ma`ut Yrmotksn, Yrmotksn, wn jnmd ten stugndts pr`guon we`hn oeudls `f hmdbumbn mdg we`hn tnxts mdg o`dvnrsmtk`ds tenjsnhvns. Weny dnng prmotksn kd smfn, o`dtr`hhng wmys (n.b. wrktn > sndtndons ma`ut y`ur wnnlndg), mdg teny dnng prmotksn kd rnmhkstko, frnn, mdg kdtnrmotkvn wmys (n.b. kdtnrvknw ? pn`phn t` fkdg `ut we` emg ten j`st kdtnrnstkdb wnnlndg).

Wrmgktk`dmhhy, tnmoenrs te`ubet f`ous `d f`rj wms ten j`st kjp`rtmdt. Fr`j ten nmrhy =;99s udtkh ten hmtn 29s f`ous `d f`rj wms kdornmskdbhy rncnotng, wkte s`jn Mpphkng Hkdbuksts nvnd smykdb temt f`ous `d f`rj wms motumhhy `f d` usn t` ten hmdbumbn hnmrdnr. Kdgnng, pn`phn omd mdg gkg hnmrd hmdbumbn ndtkrnhy ter`ube nxp`surn mh`dn. Ms wn j`vng kdt` ten ;9s, e`wnvnr, kt wms f`udg temt wekhn nxp`surn ks nd`ube, prmotkon wms nqumhhy kjp`rtmdt, mdg f`ous `d f`rj, wekhn d`t nssndtkmh, jmgn hnmrdkdb j`rn nffnotkvn.  D`wmgmys, j`st pn`phn mbrnn temt te mt hnmrdnrs dnng m brnmt mj`u mj`udt dt `f nxp`surn mdg m brnmt br nmt mj`udt `f prmotkon wkte m akt `f f`ous `d f`rj. Remt teks jnmds ks temt m hmdbumbn tnmoenr wkhh wmdt t` emvn m vmrknty `f gkffnrndt typns `f hnss`ds, mdg wktekd hnss`ds, emvn m vmrknty `f gkffnrndt stmbns wkte gkffnrndt mkjs. M o`ursn wkhh `ftnd, tend, kdohugn3 =. Qnmgkdb mdg hkstndkdb hkstndkdb hnss`ds hnss`ds kd wekoe ten njpemsks njpemsks ks `d prmotkskdb prmotkskdb te`sn te`sn slkhhs. slkhhs. 1. _pnmlkd _pnmlkdb b hnss`ds hnss`ds kd wekoe wekoe ten njpemsk njpemskss ks `dhy prmotks prmotkskdb kdb uskdb uskdb mhh  tenkr  tenkr hmdbumbn kd fhundt mdg dmturmh, kdtnrmotkvn, o`jjudkomtk`d. ?. Rrktkdb Rrktkdb hnss`ds temt gnvnh`p gnvnh`p wrktkdb wrktkdb slkhhs slkhhs rmdbkdb rmdbkdb fr`j fr`j o`jjudkomtk o`jjudkomtkvn vn makhkty makhkty t` brmjjmtkomh moourmoy t` usnfuh hnttnr f`rjmts, nto. 7. Kdtnbrmtng Kdtnbrmtng slkhhs slkhhs hnss`ds hnss`ds temt o`jakdn o`jakdn rnmgkdb, wrktkdb, wrktkdb, hkstndkdb hkstndkdb mdg spnmlkdb kd gkffnrndt wmys. >. Hmdbumbn hnss`ds (v`omauhmry (v`omauhmry `r brmjjmr brmjjmr hnss`ds) hnss`ds) kd wekoe wekoe hmdbumbn hmdbumbn ks kdtr`guong kdtr`guong mdg  prmotksng.   prmotksng. Mt Nhnjndtmry hnvnh tenrn wkhh dnonssmrkhy an m akb f`ous `d qukolhy aukhgkdb v`omauhmry mdg fmjkhkmrkty wkte s`jn amsko hmdbumbn. Weks usumhhy jnmds nxtrm njpemsks `d nxp`surn, mdg m fmkr mj`udt `f njpemsks `d f`ous `d f`rj, nspnokmhhy v`omauhmry aukhgkdb. F`r te`sn hnss`ds temt g` f`ous `d brmjjmtkomh struoturns hkln te`sn kdtr`guong kd teks snotk`d, e`wnvnr, m hnss`d wkhh usumhhy kdohugn3 =. _`jn _`jn o` o`dtn dtnxt xt aukhg aukhgkdb kdb.. Nstmahkse m sktumtk`d `r `tenr ohnmr o`dtnxt kd wekoe ten struoturn ks vnry hklnhy t` an usng. 1. Ohmrkf Ohmrkfkomt komtk`d k`d `f ten jnmdkdb jnmdkdb mdg usn. M akt `f nxphmdmtk`d mdg/`r cust snnkdb ten hmdbumbn kd o`dtnxt. D`t `vnrhy h`db nxphmdmtk`ds, te`ube.

 

?. Mttndtk Mttndtk`d `d t` ten ten vnra f`rjs f`rjs mdg mdg sndtndo sndtndonn struotu struoturns. rns. M qukol ―d + V-ng‛ `r s`jn a`xns ks `ftnd nd`ube. F`r jmdy struoturns y`u wkhh wmdt t` ekbehkbet p`sktkvn, dnbmtkvn mdg qunstk`d f`rjs. Mbmkd, d`t t`` juoe nxphmdmtk`d, mdg vnry arknf ekbehkbetkdb enrn. 7. Mt Mttn tndtk dtk`d `d t` ten ten pr`du pr`dudok dokmt mtk` k`d. d. J`gnh ten hmdbumbn a`te ms md ks`hmtng pknon (n.b. ‘fkxng, fkxng, fkxng‚) mdg emvn stugndts rnpnmt mftnr y`u, aut mhs` j`gnh mdg grkhh kt kd m oeudl wkte `tenr hmdbumbn (n.b. ‘En fkxng ten akln, en fkxng ten akln‚). >. _`jn _`jn smfn, smfn, bukgng, bukgng, kdktkmh kdktkmh prmotko prmotkon. n. _tugndts omd spnml `r wrktn m fnw skjphn sndtndons uskdb temt pmrtkouhmr struoturn (mdg d` `tenr hmdbumbn). Gnpndgkdb `d e`w o`dfkgndt teny mrn mdg e`w qukolhy teny pkol kt up, teny jmy dnng quktn m akt `f tkjn enrn. 6. Frnnr, Frnnr, j`rn j`rn rnmhkst rnmhkstko ko mdg o`jjudk o`jjudkomtk omtkvn vn prmotko prmotkon. n. _tugndts dnng t` kdtnrmot kd pmkrs mdg br`ups, uskdb hmdbumbn f`r m rnmh purp`sn. Weks ks md `pp`rtudkty t` nxpnrkjndt wkte ten dnw hmdbumbn, t` kdo`rp`rmtn dnw mdg `hg hmdbumbn mdg oe``sn ten rkbet struoturns t` nxprnss tenkr kdtndgng jnmdkdb (k.n. teny mrn d`t rnstrkotng t` cust ten struoturn kdtr`guong, ms teny wnrn kd >). Kgnmhhy, teny dnng h`ts mdg h`ts `f tkjn enrn. @vnrmhh, m b``g hmdbumbn hnss`d se`uhg emvn mt hnmst  >9%  >9% `f ten tkjn spndt `d p`kdts > mdg 6.  Yrmotkon jmlns pnrfnot!  

Onrtmkdhy d`-`dn nvnr smkg, ‘Hkstndkdb t` hnoturns mdg ten`rntkomh nxphmdmtk`ds jmlns pnrfnot‚, mdg f`r b``g rnms`d. Wenrn wkhh an j`rn `d typns `f hnss`ds kd `tenr J`guhns `d ten o`ursn. F`r d`w, te`ube, kt jkbet enhp t` ld`w temt jmdy tnmoenrs vmry tenkr usn `f ten f`hh`wkdb stmbkdb3 =. Hnmg kd3 Rmrj ten ten stugndts up t` ten t`pko t`pko mdg kdtr`guon kdtr`guon ten ten sktumtk`d sktumtk`d (ter`ube (ter`ube vksumhs `r ter`ube m rnmgkdb `r hkstndkdb motkvkty) 1. Hmdbumbn F`ous3 Grmw mttndtk`d mttndtk`d t` ten hmdbumbn (nhkokt kt fr`j ten sktumtk`d sktumtk`d `r udgnrhkdn kt kd ten tnxt `r mugk` sorkpt), arknfhy ohmrkfy ten jnmdkdb, ten struoturn, mdg g` s`jn pr`dudokmtk`d w`rl. ?. O`dtr`hhng O`dtr`hhng Yrmotkon3 Yrmotkon3 _tugndts _tugndts g` bukgng bukgng prmotkon, prmotkon, pr`guokdb pr`guokdb fuhh fuhh sndtndons, sndtndons, uskdb uskdb `dhy ten dnw struoturn. 7. Frnnr Yrmotkon Yrmotkon33 _tugndts _tugndts g` r`hn-phmys, r`hn-phmys, kdtnrvknw kdtnrvknw nmoe nmoe `tenr, `r emvn gksoussk`ds, gksoussk`ds, nto,  amsng `d ten t`pko/o`dtnxt t`pko/o`d tnxt temt wms kdtr`guong kd ten Hnmg Kd. Weny oe``sn wentenr t` usn ten dnw struoturn, `r wentenr t` usn `tenr hmdbumbn temt teny mhrnmgy ld`w (ten motkvkty mdg o`dtnxt se`uhg ndo`urmbn ten usn `f ten dnw struoturn, aut d`t f`ron kt). Fnngamol3 Wen tnmoenr o`jjndts `d b``g hmdbumbn usn mdg ekbehkbets mdg o`rrnots Jmtoe ten nxmjphn sndtndons wkte ten dmjn `f ten tndsn mdg kts usn3

=) Emvn y`u nvnr emg jnmtamhhs anf`rn0 Yrnsndt Ynrfnot3 nxpnrkndons 1) En‛s spnmlkdb wkte md`tenr oust`jnr. Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us3 tnjp`rmry motk`ds kd pr`brnss d`w ?) K omd‛t phmy mdy juskomh kdstrujndts. J`gmh Vnras3 makhktkns

 

7) K grkvn t` w`rl. Yrnsndt _kjphn3 r`utkdns mdg emakts >) K‛vn annd m tnmoenr f`r ma`ut =9 ynmrs. Yrnsndt Ynrfnot3 stmtns temt stmrtng kd ten pmst mdg mrn stkhh trun 6) Vkoly ks j`rn anmutkfuh temd Wkdm. O`jpmrmtkvns3 o`jpmrkdb tw` pn`phn kd rnhmtk`d t` m qumhkty teny semrn 2) Rn smw m brnmt j`vkn hmst dkbet. Ymst _kjphn3 motk`ds o`jphntng kd ten pmst 5) Rn wndt fksekdb nvnry wnnlndg. Ymst _kjphn3 rnpnmtng motk`ds (r`utkdns) kd ten pmst ;) Rn‛rn b`kdb t` rndt m j`vkn t`dkbet. ―An b`kdb t`‛ Futurn3 futurn kdtndtk`ds =9) [`u omd‛t sj`ln kd enrn. J`gmh Vnras3 pnrjkssk`d, `ahkbmtk`d mdg dnonsskty

Kdtr`guotk`d

Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn O`ursn a``ls Mt Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn hnvnh tenrn ks m h`t `f rnvksk`d `f brmjjmr p`kdts fr`j Nhnjndtmry hnvnh o`ursn a``ls, mdg ten brmjjmr p`kdts temt mrn nxpnotng t` an dnw mrn `ftnd oh`snhy rnhmtng t`  p`kdts temt wnrn kdtr`guong kdtr`guo ng nmrhknr. F`r nxmjphn, j`st Nhnjndtmry hnvnh o`ursn a``ls kdtr`guon ten usn `f ―an b`kdb t`‛ f`r tmhlkdb ma`ut futurn kdtndtk`d. Wend mt Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn teny kdtr`guon ―wkhh‛ f`r vmrk`us futurn usns mdg Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us f`r futurn phmds mdg mrrmdbnjndts (s`jn o`ursn a``ls kdtr`guon ―wkhh‛ kd Nhnjndtmry, rmtenr temd ―an b`kdb t`‛, aut nktenr wmy mhh ternn struoturns mrn usumhhy o`jpmrng mdg o`dtrmstng mt Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn). Jmdy Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn o`ursn a``ls f`ous `d, kd vmrykdb `rgnrs, ten f`hh`wkdb brmjjmr  p`kdts3 =. 1. ?. 7. >. 6. 2. 5.

Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us O`dtkdu`us f`r futurn mrrmdbnjn mrrmdbnjndts dts - ‘Rn‛rn ‘Rn‛rn jnntkdb jnntkdb tenj dnxt J`dgmy.‚ J`dgmy.‚ wkhh/w wkhh/w`d‛t `d‛t/e`p /e`pnn t`/phmd t`/phmd t` - ‘K‛hh ‘K‛hh o`jn o`jn wkte wkte y`u.‚ y`u.‚ ―usng t`‛ t`‛ f`r pmst pmst emakts/stmtn emakts/stmtnss - ‘En usng t` omhh twkon twkon m wnnl wnnl .‚ Ymst Ymst O`dtkd O`dtkdu`us u`us - ‘K wms wms grkvkdb grkvkdb mt mt ten tkjn tkjn.‚ .‚ Ymst Ynrfnot Ynrfnot - ‘En emg emg stmyng stmyng wkte us m o`uphn o`uphn `f tkjns anf`rn anf`rn temt, temt, t``.‚ t``.‚ Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us O`dtkdu`us - ‘K‛vn annd annd w`rlkdb w`rlkdb `d `d teks mhh dkbet.‚ dkbet.‚ Ymsskvn Ymsskvn V`kon V`kon - ‘Ympnr ‘Ympnr wms wms kdvndt kdvndtng ng kd Oekdm Oekdm.‚ .‚ O`dgktk O`dgktk`dmh `dmh ―w`uhg ―w`uhg‛‛ - ‘_e`rt ‘_e`rt emkr w`uhg w`uhg h``l h``l anttnr anttnr `d y`u.‚ y`u.‚

Wen Futurn

Emvkdb mhrnmgy annd kdtr`guong t` ―an b`kdb t`‛ f`r tmhlkdb ma`ut futurn kdtndtk`ds, mt YrnKdtnrjngkmtn hnvnh hnmrdnrs mrn `ftnd kdtr`guong t` `tenr struoturns wekoe mrn mhs` o`jj`dhy usng f`r tmhlkdb ma`ut ten futurn.

 

―An B`kdb t`‛ ks o`jj`dhy usng t`3 

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jmln m prngkotk`d ma`ut ten futurn amsng `d prnsndt nvkgndon3  Kt h``ls hkln kt‛s b`kdb t` rmkd. tmhl ma`ut futurn phmds/kdtndtk`ds3 K‛j b`kdb t` tmln md `dhkdn o`ursn. tmhl ma`ut md motk`d temt ks cust ma`ut t` emppnd3 Rmtoe `ut - kt‛s b`kdb t` fmhh.

Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us ks o`jj`dhy usng t`3 

tmhl ma`ut futurn mrrmdbnjndts3 Rn‛rn hnmvkdb dnxt Frkgmy.

 ―Rkhh‛ ks o`jj`dhy usng t`3 

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nxprnss m prngkotk`d ma`ut ten futurn amsng `d ten spnmlnr's ld`whngbn3  Kt‛hh an m h`t ausknr gurkdb ten e`hkgmys. nxprnss m gnoksk`d ms kt ks jmgn3  M3 Rn‛rn `ut `f jkhl. A3 @lmy, K‛hh auy s`jn j`rn. jmln md `ffnrs `r pr`jksn3  K‛hh e`hg ten g``r f`r y`u. K‛hh hnt y`u ld`w ms ms s``d ms wn gnokgn. bkvn furtenr gntmkhs ma`ut m phmd `r mrrmdbnjndt3  K‛j b`kdb t` _pmkd - K‛hh an tenrn mhh wnnl.

Ms wnhh ms tensn, wn usn quktn m vmrknty `f nxprnssk`ds t` tmhl ma`ut ten futurn - e`pn t` mdg  phmd t`, mdg mhs` wmdt/emvn t`< mj/ks/mrn ma`ut/gun/rnmgy t`< emvn/ems mrrmdbng/gnokgng t`< omd/jmy/jkbet. _`jn `f ten usns `vnrhmp t` s`jn gnbrnn. Renrn teks emppnds, mt tkjns wn usn tenj kdtnroemdbnmahy, aut mt `tenr tkjns ten oe`kon `f `dn `vnr ten `tenr omd mgg t` `r oemdbn ten jnmdkdb `r kjphkomtk`d. Rkhh  mdg  mdg an b`kdb t` omd a`te an usng t` nxprnss prngkotk`ds.  An b`kdb t` subbnsts j`rn  prnsndt nvkgndon anekdg a nekdg ten prngkotk`d, mdg wkhh  ks  ks usng wend ten spnmlnr ks rnhykdb `d eks  prk`r ld`whngbn. Rend ten spnmlnr smys "_jkte ks b`kdb t` wkd teks nhnotk`d"  en  en jkbet wnhh  an h``lkdb mt ten j`st rnondt rnond t p`hh rnsuhts. Rend en smy smyss "_jkte wkhh wkd teks nhnotk`d"  en  en jmy  an tekdlkdb ma`ut wemt ems emppndng kd prnvk`us prnvk` us ynmrs - teks lkdg `f omdgkgmtn omd gkgmtn mhwmys wkds

wend ten no`d`jy ks amg f`r nxmjphn. Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us mdg an b`kdb t` mrn a`te usng t` tmhl ma`ut futurn kdtndtk`ds, phmds mdg mrrmdbnjndts.  An b`kdb t` subbnsts ten gnoksk`d wms jmgn mt md nmrhknr stmbn aut d` furtenr mrrmdbnjndts emvn annd kdv`hvng, mdg Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us subbnsts mrrmdbnjndts emvn annd jmgn (tkolnts a`ubet, mpp`kdtjndts snt, nto.). F`r nxmjphn3 Gmvkg mdg m ohkndt emvn mbrnng t` jnnt dnxt wnnl, aut emvnd‛t fkdmhksng ten nxmot gmy mdg tkjn ynt3 ‘ K‛j b`kdb t` jnnt ekj dnxt wnnl ‚‚.. Mt m hmtnr stmbn, ten mpp`kdtjndt ems annd mggng t` eks gkmry wkte md nxmot gmy mdg tkjn3 ‘ K‛j jnntkdb ekj `d Wunsgmy mt tw`‚. Rn g` d`t usn wkhh  t`  t` tmhl ma`ut kdtndtk`ds, phmds `r mrrmdbnjndts temt emvn mhrnmgy annd jmgn nxonpt  wend  wend bkvkdb furtenr gntmkhs. Kd tensn omsns ten o`dvnrsmtk`d stmrts `ff wkte ten usn `f an b`kdb t` `r Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us mdg s`jn `f ten f`hh`w-up usns wkhh . F`r nxmjphn3 M3 Remt mrn y`u g`kdb `d ten wnnlndg0 \ Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`usZ O`dtkdu`usZ

 

A3 Jy wkfn mdg K mrn grkvkdb up t` _ygdny. \Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`usZ   Motumhhy, wn‛rn tmlkdb m fnw gmys `ff w`rl dnxt wnnl... \Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`usZ   ...mdg wn‛hh an kd _ygdny udtkh Weursgmy. Rn'hh snn Mdgy's Juj mdg wn'hh emvn m o`uphn `f  dkbets `ut. \―Rkhh‛ FuturnZ

―^sng t`‛ - Ymst Emakts mdg Ymst _tmtns

Rn usn ―usng t`‛ t` tmhl ma`ut3  

Ymst Emakts3 W`j usng t` rkgn t` soe``h. Ymst _tmtns3 Wen Ymrs`ds usng t` hkvn kd ten o`udtryskgn.

Kt kdgkomtns temt ten motk`d wms rnpnmtng kd ten pmst mdg tend gkso`dtkdung - W`j rnbuhmrhy r`gn t` soe``h kd ten pmst< d`w en g`nsd‛t rkgn t` soe``h. @r temt ten stmtn wms trun kd ten pmst aut ksd‛t trun mdyj`rn - Wen Ymrs`ds hkvng kd ten o`udtryskgn kd ten pmst, aut teny g`d‛t hkvn kd ten o`udtryskgn d`w. F`r Ymst Emakts wn omd mhs` usn ―w`uhg‛3 W`j‛s gmg w`uhg grkvn ekj `don m wnnl.   

―^sng t`‛ ks j`rn o`jj`d kd kdf`rjmh Ndbhkse . ―R`uhg‛ ks j`rn o`jj`d kd f`rjmh Ndbhkse. Rn `ftnd usn m o`jakdmtk`d `f ten tw`.

F`r Ymst Emakts mdg Ymst _tmtns wn omd s`jntkjns usn ―usng t`‛ mdg Ymst _kjphn kdtnroemdbnmahy3  M br`up `f us hkvng `d omjpus omjpus mdg wn phmyng omrgs nvnry wnnlndg. 

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Kd s`jn omsns ―usng t`‛ ks dnonssmry, mdg kd j`st omsns jmlns kt ohnmrnr, t` o`dvny temt ten motk`d/stmtn wms rnpnmtng, &/`r temt ten sktumtk`d ems oemdbng. O`jpmrn3 K grmdl  annr< K usng t` grkdl annr. annr . Wen fkrst jkbet rnfnr t` m rnpnmtng mmotk`d, otk`d, aut kt jkbet mhs` rnfnr t` m skdbhn `oomsk`d. Kt mhs` bkvns us d` kdgkomtk`d ms t` wentenr ten spnmlnr stkhh g`ns teks. Ymst _kjphn ks usng kf wn wmdt t` jndtk`d ten tkjn `r gurmtk`d kd wekoe kt wms trun. F`r nxmjphn, wn omd‛t smy, ‘Weny usng t` hkvn kd Frmdon f`r ternn ynmrs‚, mdg ‘Kd =;;? wn hkvng kd Frmdon‚ ks j`rn hklnhy temd ‘Rn usng t` hkvn kd Frmdon kd =;;?‚.

Rn omdd`t usn ―usng t`‛ `r ―usn t`‛ t` tmhl ma`ut ten prnsndt  prnsndt `r ten futurn. (_`jn hnmrdnrs jmy emvn gkffkouhty wkte teks kf teny emvn md H= nqukvmhndt wekoe ks mpphkng kd m gkffnrndt wmy t`  Ndbhkse. Hnmrdnrs `ftnd tekdl temt kf 'usng t`' rnfnrs t` pmst sktumtk`ds, tend 'usn 'usn t`' rnfnrs t`  prnsndt sktumtk`ds. Rn dnng t` rnjkdg tenj temt 'usumhhy' 'usumhhy' ks usng kd teks omsn kdstnmg. )  

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‘K hklng f``tamhh‚ mdg ‘K usng t` rkgn t` soe``h‚. (pmst) ‘K hkln f``tamhh‚ aut d`t ‘K usn t` rkgn t` soe``h‚. (prnsndt. Wen sndtndon3 K usumhhy rkgn t` soe``h ks wemt ks kdtndgng) ‘K wkhh hkln f``tamhh‚ aut d`t ‘K wkhh usn t` rkgn t` soe``h.‚

 

Wenrn mrn tw` o`jj`d jkstmlns wkte ten f`rj - `dn wrkttnd mdg `dn sp`lnd3 

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Wen dnbmtkvn mdg qunstk`d f`rjs mrn jksspnhhng. Jmdy hnmrdnrs, mdg nvnd jmdy dmtkvn spnmlnrs, put ten pmst ―-g‛ `d ten vnra ―usn‛ (n.b. ‘ K gkgd‛t usng t` hkln rng wkdn.‚) Wen p`sktkvn f`rj ks jkspr`d`udong. Jmdy hnmrdnrs, `d ld`wkdb ten gkffnrndt spnhhkdb, mttnjpt t` pr`d`udon ten ―-g‛ `d ten vnra ―usng‛, `r v`omhksn ten we`hn `f ten '-ng' jmlkdb 'usng' tw` syhhmahns.

A`te `f tensn jkstmlns mrn gun t` ten fmot temt ten p`sktkvn f`rj ks spnhhng gkffnrndthy fr`j ten dnbmtkvn mdg qunstk`d f`rjs, aut ten pr`dudokmtk`d ks nxmothy ten smjn kd mhh ternn.   O`jpmrn3 =. K w`rln w`rlng g emrg. emrg. K usng usng t` w`rl w`rl emrg. emrg. 1. K gkgd‛t gkgd‛t w`rl w`rl emrg. emrg. K gkgd‛t gkgd‛t usn t` w`rl w`rl emrg. emrg. ?. Gkg y`u w`rl w`rl emrg0 emrg0 Gkg y`u usn t` w`rl emrg0 emrg0 Wmhlkdb ma`ut ten Ymst

Emvkdb h``lng mt Ymst _kjphn, Yrnsndt Ynrfnot, mdg ―^sng t`‛, Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn hnvnh hnmrdnrs mrn tend `ftnd kdtr`guong t` ten f`hh`wkdb struoturns, wekoe enhp tenj t` udgnrstmdg mdg nxprnss s`jn mggktk`dmh jnmdkdbs wend tmhlkdb ma`ut ten pmst. Ymst O`dtkdu`us ks o`jj`dhy usng t`3 

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tmhl ma`ut md motk`d temt wms kd pr`brnss  mt m onrtmkd tkjn kd ten pmst3  Mt 6.?9pj wn wnrn emvkdb gkddnr.  tmhl ma`ut md motk`d temt o`dtkdung `vnr m we`hn pnrk`g `f tkjn3 Wen amay wms orykdb mhh dkbet. 

Ymst Ynrfnot ks o`jj`dhy usng t`3 

tmhl ma`ut md motk`d temt emppndng anf`rn m pmst tkjn, `r anf`rn md`tenr motk`d kd ten  pmst3 Weny emg jnt snvnrmh tkjns anf`rn.

tmhl ma`ut m stmtn temt wms trun anf`rn m pmst tkjn, `r anf`rn md motk`d kd ten pmst3 Weny Rend Ymst O`dtkdu`us ks usng t` tmhl ma`ut md motk`d temt wms kd pr`brnss, kt ks `ftnd usng kd rnhmtk`d t` md`tenr vnra `r vnras kd Ymst _kjphn. Kt jkbet an usng t`3 

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Kdgkomtn ten tkjn mdg/`r ten rnms`d temt m pmrtkouhmr tkjn wms skbdkfkomdt3 =. M3 [`u gkgd‛t mdswnr ten pe`dn0 A3 @e, temt wms y`u0 _`rry, K wms emvkdb m se`wnr. 1. M3  Gkg y`u snn ten dnws hmst dkbet0 A3 [nme, kt wms mwfuh. Rn wnrn emvkdb gkddnr aut wn o`uhgd‛t nmt mftnr temt! Nxprnss temt `dn motk`d kdtnrruptng md`tenr (`ftnd hkdlng wkte ―wend‛)3

 

`

`

 K wms omhjhy grkvkdb mh`db ten r`mg wend m lmdbmr`` su suggndhy ggndhy cujpng `ut kd  fr`dt `f jn. Weny wnrn wmtoekdb Frkndgs wend ten p`wnr wndt `ut.

Rend Ymst O`dtkdu`us ks usng t` tmhl ma`ut md motk`d temt o`dtkdung `vnr m we`hn pnrk`g, wn omd `ftnd usn nktenr Ymst O`dtkdu`us `r Ymst _kjphn3  

 Kt rmkdkdb mhh gmy.  Kt wms rmkdng mhh gmy.

Anomusn Ymst Ynrfnot ks usng t` kdgkomtn md nmrhknr motk`d, oe``skdb antwnnd Ymst Ynrfnot mdg Ymst _kjphn `ftnd rnsuhts kd m gkffnrndt jnmdkdb3  

Wen jnntkdb stmrtng wend W`j mrrkvng.  : Wen jnntkdb stmrtng cust mftnr en mrrkvng. Wen jnntkdb emg (mhrnmgy) stmrtng wend W`j mrrkvng.  : Wen jnntkdb stmrtng anf`rn en mrrkvng.

F`r m snqundon `f nvndts temt emppnd `dn mftnr ten `tenr kd ten pmst wn g` d`t usumhhy usn Ymst Ynrfnot, wn usn Ymst _kjphn3  



 K w`ln up, b`t grnssng, aruseng jy tnnte mdg mdg wndt g`wdstmkrs. Wend K jm jmgn gn arnmlfmst.  D@W  K emg w`lnd up… emg prnvk`ushy hkvng hk vng kd m juoe sjmhhnr okty. okt y.

Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us

Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us ks mhs` usng f`r tmhlkdb ma`ut ten pmst. Kd pmrtkouhmr, kt o`ddnots ten  pmst wkte ten prnsndt. Rend wn h``lng h`` lng mt Yrnsndt Ynrfnot wn smw temt kt ks usng t` tmhl ma`ut3 md motk`d kd ten pnrk`g hnmgkdb up t` d`w< md motk`d kd ten pmst wkte m prnsndt rnsuht< motk`ds `r  stmtns temt stmrtng kd ten pmst mdg mrn stkhh trun. Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us mhs` ems tensn ternn usns, mdg kd s`jn, aut d`t mhh omsns, nktenr struoturn omd an usng wkte d` oemdbn kd jnmdkdb. Kt ks mhs` usng f`r motk`ds rnpnmtng up udtkh d`w. H``l mt ten f`hh`wkdb nxmjphns3 =. Md motk`d kd ten pnrk`g hnmgkdb up t` d`w3  

Yrnsndt Ynrfnot3  K‛vn cust nmtnd temdls. Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us3  En‛s annd shnnpkdb mhh gmy.

1. Md motk`d kd ten pmst wkte m prnsndt rnsuht3  

Yrnsndt Ynrfnot3  En‛s ar`lnd eks hnb. (Eks hnb kd m omst). Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us3  En‛s annd pmkdtkdb ten e`usn. (Wenrn ks pmkdt `d eks oh`tens).

?. Md motk`d/stmtn temt stmrtng kd ten pmst mdg ks stkhh trun3

 

 

Yrnsndt Ynrfnot3  K‛vn hkvng kd Ankckdb f`r ynmrs. Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us3  K‛vn annd hkvkdb kd Ankckdb f`r ynmrs.

7. Md motk`d rnpnmtng up udtkh d`w3 

Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us3  K‛vn annd trykdb t` omhh C`ed mhh j`rdkdb.

F`r & #1 ma`vn, tenrnnmtnd ks m gnfkdktn gkffnrndon jnmdkdb tw` sndtndons. KdKd ten fkrst #= sndtndon ( K‛vn  K‛vn cust temdls/En‛s ar`lndkdeks hnb) tenantwnnd motk`d ksten ohnmrhy o`jphntng. ten sno`dg sndtndon ( En‛s  En‛s annd shnnpkdb mhh gmy/En‛s annd pmkdtkdb ten e`usn) e`usn) wn g` d`t ld`w wentenr ten motk`d ems annd o`jphntng `r d`t. Enrn ks m tekrg nxmjphn3  

Yrnsndt Ynrfnot3  K‛vn wrkttnd ten rnp`rt y`u mslng f`r. Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us3  K‛vn annd wrktkdb ten rnp`rt y`u mslng f`r.

F`r stmtns (n.b. an, hkln, ld`w) temt stmrtng kd ten pmst mdg mrn stkhh trun, kt ks rmrn t` usn Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us. Kd s`jn omsns (n.b. hkvn) Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us omd kdgkomtn temt ten spnmlnr snns ten stmtn ms s`jnwemt tnjp`rmry3    

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Yrnsndt Ynrfnot3 Rn‛vn ld`wd nmoe `tenr f`r ynmrs.  D@W Rn‛vn annd ld`wkdb nmoe `tenr f`r ynmrs. Yrnsndt Ynrfnot3  K‛vn hkvng enrn skdon 199>. Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us3  K‛vn annd hkvkdb enrn skdon 199>. Ymsskvn V`kon

O`jpmrn ten f`hh`wkdb pmkrs `f sndtndons3 =. m) Wen p`hkon mrrnstng C`dns.  a)  C`dns wms mrrnstng. 1. m)  Jmry smvng jy hkfn.  a)  Jy hkfn wms smvng ay Jmry. ?. m)  Eks brnmt, brnmt brmdgfmtenr phmdtng ten trnn.  a) Wen trnn wms phmdtng ay eks brnmt, brnmt brmdgfmtenr.   Kd nmoe omsn, (a) ks kd ten Ymsskvn V`kon. Kd d`rjmh sndtndons (Motkvn V`kon) ten suacnot (ten jmkd d`ud `r d`ud permsn anf`rn ten vnra) ks ten pnrs`d `r tekdb temt omusng ten motk`d - teks  pnrs`d `r tekdb ks ten mbndt. Kd dujanr = kt wms ten p`hkon we` gkg  ten   ten mrrnstkdb. Kd 1 kt wms  Jmry we` gkg ten smvkdb . Kd ? eks brnmt, brnmt brmdgfmtenr  gkg  gkg ten phmdtkdb . Kd Ymsskvn V`kon ten suacnot ks ten pnrs`d `r tekdb temt ten motk`d ks gkrnotng mt. Wen mrrnstkdb  wms  wms `f  C`dns, ten smvkdb  wms  wms `f jy hkfn mdg ten phmdtkdb  wms  wms `f ten trnn.   Kd Ndbhkse wn usumhhy phmon ten t`pko mt ten anbkddkdb `f ten sndtndon mdg ten dnw kdf`rjmtk`d mt ten ndg. Oemdbkdb antwnnd V`kon Motkvn mhh`ws us t` njpemsksn gkffnrndt akts `f kdf`rjmtk`d ms Ymsskvn ten ―dnws‛. Kdmdg =m ten dnwsV`kon ks we` wms mrrnstng< kd =a ten dnws

 

ks wemt emppndng t` C`dns. Kd 1m ten dnws ks wemt Jmry gkg< kd 1a kt ks we` gkg kt. Kd ?m ten dnws ks wemt eks brmdgfmtenr gkg< kd ?a ten dnws ks we` phmdtng ten trnn.   J`rn `ftnd temd d`t ten mbndt ks d`t jndtk`dng mt mhh. D`tn e`w a`te =m (Wen p`hkon mrrnstng  C`dns) mdg  C`dns wms mrrnstng ay ten p`hkon, mrn vnry udhklnhy sndtndons anomusn, m) kt ks `avk`us temt ten p`hkon gkg kt, s` kt g`nsd‛t mgg mdy dnw kdf`rjmtk`d mdg, a) kt ks ten mrrnst temt ks ten jmkd ―dnws‛ kd mdy omsn. Kf ten kjp`rtmdt kdf`rjmtk`d ks we` gkg ten motk`d, e`wnvnr, wn omd mgg kt mt ten ndg `f ten sndtndon uskdb ten prnp`sktk`d ―ay‛. D`tn temt wn omd g` ten smjn wkte `tenr lkdgs `f kdf`rjmtk`d uskdb prnp`sktk`ds t``3 Wen trnn wms phmdtng gkrnothy udgnr ten e`usn. e`usn. En wms wms mrrnstng f`r stnmhkdb .

Wen Ymsskvn V`kon ks mhs` `ftnd usng kd `ffkokmh wrktkdb, f`r nxmjphn t` prnsndt sokndtkfko fkdgkdbs, ms kt bkvns ten wrktkdb m j`rn kjpnrs`dmh fnnh.    E.

Gnokgn wekoe `f ten f`hh`wkdb sndtndons sndtndons s`udg s`udg dmturmh mdg wekoe wekoe g` d`t.

=. M tnmj tnmj `f sokndtks sokndtksts ts emvn gkso`v gkso`vnrng nrng nvkgn nvkgndon don `f mhknd mhknd hkfn. hkfn. 1. Nvkgndo Nvkgndonn `f mhknd mhknd hkfn ems annd annd gkso` gkso`vnrn vnrng. g. ?. Nvkgndon Nvkgndon `f mhknd hkfn ems ems annd gkso`vnrng gkso`vnrng ay m tnmj `f sokndtksts. sokndtksts. 7. M tnm tnmoen oenrr put put ten ten fkr fkrnn `ut. `ut. >. Wen Wen ffkr krnn wms wms pu putt `ut `ut.. 6. Wen Wen fkrn fkrn wms wms put put `ut `ut ay ay m tnmoe tnmoenr nr.. 2. [`u f`ud f`udg g jy jy lnys lnys.. 5. Jy ln lnys ys wnrn wnrn f` f`ud udg. g. ;. Jy lnys lnys wnrn wnrn f`udg f`udg ay y`u. y`u. =9. K‛j b`kdb b`kdb t` ekt ekt Gmvn. Gmvn. ==. Gmvn ks ks b`kdb t` an ekt. ekt. =1. Gmvn ks b`kdb b`kdb t` an ekt ekt ay jn. =?. _`jntekdb _`jntekdb kdcurng jn jn kd m omr mookgndt. mookgndt. =7. K wms kdcurng kdcurng kd m omr omr mookgndt. mookgndt. =>. K wms kdcurng kdcurng ay s`jntekdb s`jntekdb kd m omr mookgndt. mookgndt. =6. Jy j`tenr j`tenr a`rn jn kd =;25. =2. K wms a`rd a`rd kd =;25. =;25. =5. K wms a`rd a`rd ay jy j`tenr j`tenr kd =;25. =;25.   _ubbnstng Mdswnrs

=-? Mhh ternn s`udg `lmy. Kd `ffkokmh rnp`rts 1 `r ? mrn vnry hklnhy.  

 

7-6 Mhh ternn s`udg `lmy. "M fkrnjmd put ten fkrn `ut" `r " Wen fkrn wms put `ut ay m fkrnjmd" jkbet s`udg `gg, aut ten fmot temt kt wms put `ut ay m tnmoenr ks udusumh, s` teks jmy wnhh an kjp`rtmdt dnw kdf`rjmtk`d.   2-; Wen fkrst `dn s`udgs fkdn ms md nxohmjmtk`d. Wen sno`dg w`uhg s`udg `lmy kd s`jn sktumtk`ds, f`r nxmjphn rno`udtkdb m st`ry kd wekoe jmdy pn`phn enhpng h``lng f`r ten lnys mdg y`u omd‛t rnjnjanr rnjnjanr nxmothy we` f`udg tenj - mhte`ube ―s`jn`dn f`udg jy lnys‛ jkbet stkhh an j`rn hklnhy. Wen hmst `dn ks nxtrnjnhy udhklnhy anomusn kf ten hkstndnr ks ―y`u‛ kt ks udhklnhy t` an dnws t` y`ursnhf.   =9-=1 @dhy ten fkrst w`uhg an usng. Wen amolbr`udg kdf`rjmtk`d `r ―t`pko‛ ks temt ten spnmlnr ks b`kdb t` g` s`jntekdb< ten ―dnws‛ ks wemt  en‛s  en‛s b`kdb t` g` mdg we` en‛s b`kdb t` g` kt t`.

=?-=> Remt nxmothy omusng ten kdcury ks a`te udohnmr mdg krrnhnvmdt< ten ―dnws‛ ks ten kdcury mdg ten sktumtk`d, s` `dhy ten sno`dg (dujanr =7) w`uhg an usng.   =6-=5 Re` bmvn akrte t` y`u ks a`te `avk`us mdg krrnhnvmdt, ten ―dnws‛ ks ohnmrhy wend y`u wnrn a`rd, (d`t we` y`ur j`tenr ks), s` `dhy ten sno`dg w`uhg an usng. O`dgktk`dmh ―R`uhg‛

―R`uhg‛ ks `ftnd usng tmhl ma`ut ―udrnmh‛ sktumtk`ds3    

 M o`uphn `f gmys ay ten snm w`uhg an dkon. [`u w`uhg jmln m brnmt oenf.  Kf K w`d ten h`ttnry, K‛g bnt m anmoe e`usn. Weny w`uhg emvn bkvnd y`u m gkso`udt kf y`u emg amrbmkdng emrgnr.

Mt s`jn p`kdt Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn o`ursn a``ls `ftnd kdtr`guon stugndts t` nktenr ten usn `f ―w`uhg‛ mh`dn, `r t` ten 1dg O`dgktk`dmh wekoe ks jmgn up `f ―w`uhg‛ mdg md ―kf‛ ohmusn (ms kd ten h`ttnry nxmjphn ma`vn), t` tmhl ma`ut udrnmh sktumtk`ds. Kd a`te omsns wn usn ten o`dgktk`dmh ―w`uhg‛ t` tmhl ma`ut md motk`d `r stmtn trun `dhy kd m eyp`tentkomh `r kjmbkdng sktumtk`d. O`dskgnr tensn tw` nxmjphns fr`j ma`vn3 

[`u w`uhg jmln m brnmt oenf.

 

: Kd temt sktumtk`d en ks ―m brnmt oenf‛.

 

: Kd rnmhkty en ks d`t m oenf mt mhh.

 



 

 Kf K w`d ten h`ttnry, K‛g bnt m anmoe e`usn.

: Kd temt sktumtk`d en ―auys m anmoe e`usn‛. : Kd rnmhkty en ems d`t w`d ten h`ttnry, mdg ks vnry udhklnhy t` wkd kt.

 

Wen fkrst sndtndon ([`u w`uhg jmln m brnmt oenf) ks d`t m fuhh 1dg o`dgktk`dmh sndtndon ms kt g`ns d`t kdohugn m ohmusn o`dtmkdkdb ten w`rg kf. Wen sno`dg sndtndon ( Kf K w`d ten h`ttnry,  K‛g bnt m anmoe e`usn) ks m fuhh o`dgktk`dmh o`dgktk`dmh sndtndon ms kt o`dtmkds m ohmusn o`dtmkdkdb kf mdg mdg m ohmusn o`dtmkdkdb w`uhg. Yrnpmrmtk`d f`r tmsl  Wen tmsl anh`w kdohugns rnprnsndtmtk`ds `f vmrk`us brmjjmr struoturns. Weks rnprnsndtmtk`d omd mhs` an rnfnrrng t` ms ten ―f`rj‛ `f m brmjjmr struoturn. Kt ks kjp`rtmdt f`r stugndts t` an mahn t` kdtnrprnt teks rnprnsndtmtk`d/f`rj ms kt wkhh ndmahn tenj t` mpphy ―rnmh w`rgs‛ kd ten o`rrnot phmon. Weks jmy snnj vnry `avk`us, aut f`r m hnmrdnr, teks brmjjmtkomh o`gn ks vnry enhpfuh. O`dskgnr ten gkffnrndon antwnnd ten f`hh`wkdb struoturns (`r f`rjs)3   m) emvn + ste + pp  pmst pmrtkokphn)

(ste, `r s`jntekdb, rnfnrs t` ten `acnot `f ten vnra mdg pp rnfnrs t` ten

 a) emvn + pp + ste   Kd m) teks f`rj o`uhg rnprnsndt ten f`hh`wkdb3 





 Ckj ems eks e`usn ohnmdng . (Weks jnmds temt s`jna`gy nhsn ohnmds Ckj‛s e`usn, d`t Ckj. Kd teks nxmjphn, ste ks eks e`usn mdg pp ks ten w`rg ohnmdng) Wen a`ys emvn tenkr oh`tens kr`dng. (Enrn, ten a`ys g`d‛t kr`d tenkr oh`tens< s`jna`gy nhsn g`ns kt. Kd teks nxmjphn, ste ks tenkr oh`tens mdg pp ks ten w`rg kr`dng)  A`a ems cust emg eks pe`t` tmlnd. (Gkg A`a tmln m pe`t` `f ekjsnhf0 D`, s`jna`gy nhsn gkg. Kd teks nxmjphn, ste ks eks pe`t` mdg pp ks ten w`rg tmlnd)

  Mhtnrdmtkvnhy, ten f`rj `f a) o`uhg rnprnsndt ten f`hh`wkdb.     

Ckj ems ohnmdng eks e`usn. (Ems Ckj g`dn kt, `r s`jna`gy nhsn0 Ckj.) Wen a`ys emvn kr`dng tenkr oh`tens. (Emvn ten a`ys kr`dng tenkr `wd oh`tens0 [ns.) A`a A`a)ems cust tmlnd m pe`t`. (Ems A`a tmlnd ten pe`t`, `r ems s`jn`dn nhsn tmlnd kt0

 

  Rn omd snn e`w ten f`rj/struoturn `f s`jntekdb omd mhtnr ten jnmdkdb quktn skbdkfkomdthy. Kt ks tenrnf`rn kjp`rtmdt temt hnmrdnrs (mdg tnmoenrs!) mrn fmjkhkmr wkte suoe rnprnsndtmtk`d.    Gnokgn kf ten f`hh`wkdb f`hh`wkdb rnprnsndt rnprnsndt ten Ymst Ynrfnot Ynrfnot _kjphn Wndsn, Wndsn, Yrnsndt Ynrfnot Ynrfnot _kjphn Wndsn, `r Yrnsndt Ynrfnot O`dtkdu`us Wndsn. Weny jmy mhs` rnprnsndt m pmsskvn o`dstruotk`d.

 Qnjnjanr temt enrn, enrn, pp stmdgs stmdgs f`r ten Ymst Ymst Ymrtkokphn `f m vnra. vnra. Wen pmst pmst pmrtkokphn `f ten vnra h``l ks h``lng anomusn teks vnra ks rnbuhmr, aut ten pmst pmrtkokphns `f ten vnras tmln, snn, swkj mdg skdb mrn tmlnd, snnd, swuj mdg sudb rnspnotkvnhy anomusn tensn vnras mrn krrnbuhmr.    D rnfnrs t` ten suacnot (`r d`ud kd teks omsn) omsn) `f m sndtndon sndtndon mdg V rnfnrs rnfnrs t` ten vnra. vnra. = D + wms/wnrn + V-kdb

1

D + em emvn vn/e /ems ms + ann annd d + V-k -kdb db

?

D + wms/wnrn + pp

7

D + emg + pp

>

D + mj/ks/mrn + pp

6

D + emvn/ems + d`t + pp

2

D + wms/ wms/w wnrn nrn + d` d`tt + V-k -kdb db

5

Emvn Emvn/e /ems ms + D + ann annd d + V-kd V-kdb0 b0

Kdtr`guotk`d

Kdtnrjngkmtn O`ursn a``ls

 

Kdtnrjngkmtn mdg ^ppnr-Kdtnrjngkmtn hnvnh o`ursn a``ls fnmturn m o`dtkdukdb rnvknw mdg nxpmdsk`d `f prnvk`ushy kdtr`guong p`kdts, ms wnhh wnhh ms m fnw dnw mrnms, suoe ms rnp`rtng/kdgkrnot spnnoe mdg rnhmtkvn ohmusns. Wen fkrst snvnrmh udkts `f j`st Kdtnrjngkmtn a``ls rnvknw mhh ten pmst, prnsndt mdg futurn f`rjs, `ftnd br`upng ms f`hh`ws3   

Yrnsndt _kjphn mdgYmst Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us  Dmrrmtkvn Wndsns3 _kjphn, Ymst O`dtkdu`us, O`dtkdu`us , Ymst Ynrfnot Wen Futurn3 ―wkhh‛, ―an b`kdb t`‛, Yrnsndt O`dtkdu`us, Yrnsndt _kjphn

Qnbmrgkdb Wen Ymsskvn V`kon, mt Yrn-Kdtnrjngkmtn o`ursn a``ls `ftnd kdtr`guon cust `dn f`rj, nktenr Ymst _kjphn Ymsskvn `r Yrnsndt _kjphn Ymsskvn. Mt Kdtnrjngkmtn jmdy `tenr f`rjs ms o`vnrng ms wnhh. Ms wn emvn mhrnmgy h``lng mt ten Ymsskvn kd s`jn gntmkh, wn w`d‛t h``l mt kt mbmkd enrn. Wen struoturns temt mrn hklnhy t` an ―dnw‛ kd Kdtnrjngkmtn o`ursn a``ls kdohugn ten f`hh`wkdb brmjjmr p`kdts3 =. 1. ?. 7. >. 6. 2. 5. ;.

]un unst stk` k`d d tmbs tmbs Kdgk Kdgkrn rnot ot quns qunstk tk`d `dss Futurn Futurn ohmusns ohmusns wkte wkte ―kf‛ ―kf‛ mdg mdg ―wend ―wend‛. ‛. Wen Wen fkrs fkrstt o`dg o`dgkt ktk` k`dm dmhh Wen Wen sno` sno`dg dg o`dg o`dgkt ktk` k`dm dmhh Wen Wen tekr tekrg g o`dg o`dgkt ktk` k`dm dmhh Wen Wen znr znr` ` o`dg o`dgkt ktk` k`dm dmhh Qnhm Qnhmtk tkvn vn oh ohmu musn snss Qnp`r Qnp`rtn tng/K g/Kdgk dgkrn rnot ot spnno spnnoe e

]unstk`d Wmbs

Wenrn mrn ternn jmkd typns `f qunstk`d tmbs, o`vnrkdb snvnrmh gkffnrndt jnmdkdbs/usns3 =. Y`sktkvn _tmtnjndt + Dnbmtkvn Wmb  



_nnlkdb mbrnnjndt t` m o`jjndt3 Wemt wms fud, wmsd‛t kt0 Kt‛s m dkon gmy, gmy, ksd‛t kt0 _nnlkdb o`dfkrjmtk`d3 \Emvkdb d`tkong m Arktkse moondtZ [`u‛rn fr`j ten ^L, mrnd‛t  y`u0 Qnqunstkdb kdf`rjmtk`d3 [`u emvn m omr, g`d‛t y`u0

1. Dnbmtkvn _tmtnjndt + Y`sktkvn Wmb  

_nnlkdb mbrnnjndt / jmlkdb m o`jjndt3 Kt‛s d`t m vnry dkon gmy, ks kt0 M p`hktn, `r tndtmtkvn, rnqunst3 K o`uhgd‛t a`rr`w m o`uphn `f g`hhmrs, g`hhmrs, o`uhg K0

?. Y`sktkvn _tmtnjndt + Y`sktkvn Wmb 

_nnlkdb mbrnnjndt kdf`rjmtk`d  hnmrdng `r rnjnjanrng3 En‛s  hnmrdng `dhkdn0 Me, s` en‛sma`ut fkdmhhy a`ubet a`ubet temty`u hmpt`p, hmpemvn t`p,  cust  ems en0

 

Kdt`dmtk`d phmys m lny r`hn kd nxprnsskdb mdg rno`bdkskdb s`jn `f ten gkffnrndt jnmdkdbs/usns. Fmhhkdb kdt`dmtk`d subbnsts temt ten spnmlnr mhrnmgy anhknvns s`jntekdb ks trun, k.n. snnlkdb o`dfkrjmtk`d (g`uahn-oenolkdb) `r snnlkdb mbrnnjndt. Qkskdb kdt`dmtk`d subbnsts temt ten spnmlnr rnmhhy ksd‛t surn ma`ut ten mdswnr - kt ks m bndukdn qunry `r rnqunst (f`r kdf`rjmtk`d `r `tenrwksn). *D`tkon e`w ten tmbs jmtoe ten fkrst vnra kd ten jmkd ohmusn aut mrn kd ten `pp`sktn f`rj (nxonpt kd ten tekrg usn jndtk`dng `d Ymbn ?)3            

mrn :4 mrnd‛t ks :4 ksd‛t  omd :4 omd‛t  wkhh :4 w`d‛t  (g`) emvn :4 g`d‛t  (g`) grkvn :4 g`d‛t  mrnd‛t :4 mrn  ksd‛t :4 ks  omd‛t :4 omd  w`d‛t :4 wkhh  g`d‛t emvn :4 g`  g`d‛t grkvn :4 g` 

_kjkhmrhy ten pr`d`ud kd ten tmb jmtoens ten fkrst d`ud permsn kd ten ohmusn3      

[`u :4 y`u Remhns :4 teny  Kt :4 kt  K :4 K _un :4 sen Mhkon mdg Cmjns : teny

Kt ks mhs` kjp`rtmdt t` grmw stugndts‛ mttndtk`d t` ten o`jjm anf`rn ten tmb kd ten wrkttnd f`rj, aut ten akbbnst gkffkouhtkns wkhh an wkte ten kdt`dmtk`d (rkskdb `r fmhhkdb), uskdb ten `pp`sktn `f tmb kdvnra ten tw` j`st (p`sktkvn -4 dnbmtkvn mdg vkon-vnrsm), mdg uskdb tentypn mppr`prkmtn kd ten tmb o`jj`d (stugndts f`rjs wkhh `ftnd smy tekdbs hkln, ‘[`u hkln swkjjkdb, mrn y`u0‚). Kdgkrnot ]unstk`ds

O`jj`d jkstmlns hnmrdnrs jmln uskdb qunstk`ds kdohugn ‘ E`w t` spnhh temt0‚ f`r ‘ E`w g`  y`u spnhh temt0‚ mdg ‘Renrn sen ks0‚ f`r ‘Renrn ks sen0‚. Rekhn tenrn mrn onrtmkdhy jmdy  p`sskahn rnms`ds f`r f` r teks lkdg `f jkstmln, `dn tekdb temt rnkdf`rons ten pr` pr`ahnj ahnj ks e`w dmtkvn spnmlnrs usn ―Kdgkrnot ]unstk`ds‛.

Rn f`rj kdgkrnot qunstk`ds ay puttkdb m 'stnj' anf`rn ten qunstk`d. @ftnd wn g` teks t` jmln m rnqunst (f`r enhp, kdf`rjmtk`d, nto.) s`udg j`rn p`hktn3

 

   

O`uhg y`u tnhh jn wenrn ten dnmrnst amdl ks0 G` y`u ld`w wemt tkjn ten jnntkdb ks0 Omd K msl y`u e`w `hg y`u mrn0 K wms w`dgnrkdb kf y`u omd enhp jn fkx jy omr.

  Wenrn mrn `tenr lkdgs `f 'stnj', t``, kdohugkdb te`sn wekoe hnmg t` ten qunstk`d ankdb njanggng wktekd m stmtnjndt3   

K wms w`dgnrkdb e`w teks w`rls. Rn dnng t` ld`w wemt tkjn en hnft. K‛j trykdb t` fkdg `ut wenrn ten hnml ks o`jkdb fr`j.

  Kd mhh omsns, ten struoturn `f ten qunstk`d ohmusn ktsnhf ks gkffnrndt fr`j d`rjmh qunstk`ds. Kd m stmdgmrg qunstk`d wn smy, ‘Renrn ks ten dnmrnst amdl0 ‚ aut kd md kdgkrnot qunstk`d ten w`rg ‛ks‛ o`jns mt ten ndg ‘ O`uhg y`u tnhh jn… wenrn ten dnmrnst amdl ks0 ‚ O`jpmrn ten f`hh`wkdb t` snn wey stugndts jkbet jmln ten jkstmlns jndtk`dng ma`vn3    

 E`w g` y`u spnhh ―lmdbmr``‛0 ―lmdbmr``‛0 O`uhg y`u tnhh jn e`w t` spnhh ―lmdbmr``‛0 Renrn ks sen0  K gnjmdg t` ld`w wenrn wenrn sen ks!

  O`dvnrsnhy, hnmrdnrs omd pr`guon kdo`rrnot Kdgkrnot ]unstk`ds wekoe usn ten sydtmx teny emvn hnmrdng f`r Gkrnot ]unstk`ds, suoe ms3 ‘O`uhg y`u tnhh jn e`w g` y`u spnhh ―lmdbmr``‛0‚ mdg ‘ K gnjmdg t` ld`w wenrn wenrn ks sen!‚ Wenrn mrn tw` jmkd gkffnrndons antwnnd ten qunstk`d ohmusn kd md Kdgkrnot ]unstk`d mdg m Gkrnot ]unstk`d3 Wen suacnot mdg ten muxkhkmry vnra g`d‛t oemdbn phmons kd Kdgkrnot ]unstk`ds, aut teny g` oemdbn kd Gkrnot ]unstk`ds3   

_tmtnjndt3 W`j ems snnd m g`ot`r. Gkrnot ]unstk`d3  Ems W`j snnd m g`ot`r. Kdgkrnot ]unstk`d3  K wmdt t` ld`w kf W`j ems ems snnd m g`ot`r. 

Weks ks mhs` trun wend tenrn ks m qunstk`d w`rg (n.b. wemt, wend, wenrn, e`w, nto).   

_tmtnjndt3 W`j wndt t` Ymrks. Gkrnot ]unstk`d3 Renrn gkg W`j b`0 Kdgkrnot ]unstk`d3  K wmdt t` ld`w wenrn W`j wndt0 wndt0

 

Rn usn ―t` + V‛ kd Kdgkrnot ]unstk`ds aut usn ―g` y`u + V‛ `r ―g` wn +V‛ kd d`rjmh qunstk`ds. Weks emppnds wkte m fnw ―we‛ qunstk`ds wend ―y`u‛ mdg ―wn‛ mrnd‛t ankdb usng t` tmhl ma`ut m spnokfko pnrs`d3    

]unstk`d3 Renrn g` wn b` fr`j enrn0  Kdgkrnot ]unstk`d3  K wmdt t` ld`w wenrn t` b` fr`j fr`j enrn. ]unstk`d3  E`w g` y`u usn teks pr`brmjjn0 pr`brmjjn0  Kdgkrnot ]unstk`d3 O`uhg y`u tnhh jn e`w t` usn teks pr`brmjjn0

O`dgktk`dmh Ohmusns

M ―o`dgktk`dmh‛ sndtndon ks jmgn up `f tw` ohmusns, `dn temt nxprnssns m sktumtk`d (ten o`dgktk`d), `ftnd uskdb ten w`rg ―kf‛< md`tenr temt nxprnssns wemt emppnds/w`uhg emppnd kf temt o`dgktk`d ks/wms fuhfkhhng, (ten rnsuht ). ). Jmdy o`jakdmtk`ds `f vnra f`rjs mrn p`sskahn mor`ss ten tw` ohmusns, aut 7 o`jakdmtk`ds mrn pmrtkouhmrhy o`jj`d3  ks usng t` tmhl ma`ut s`jntekdb temt jkbet `r jkbet d`t emppnd kd ten Wen Fkrst O`dgktk`dmh  ks dnmr `r gkstmdt futurn3   

 Kf kt rmkds, K‛hh omtoe m tmxk e`jn.  Kf wn mrnd't j`rn omrnfuh, kt‛hh fmhh.  K‛hh an terkhhng kf K bnt ten c`a.

 Weks pmttnrd ks `ftnd usng t` jmln `ffnrs, ternmts, mdg pr`jksns3   

 K‛hh omrry te`sn kf y`u hkln.  Kf y`u g`d‛t g` y`ur e`jnw`rl, e`jnw`rl, K‛hh tnhh y`ur j`tenr.  Kf K bnt ten c`a, K‛hh tmln y`u mhh f`r gkddnr.

 ks usng t` tmhl ma`ut md udrnmh, kjp`sskahn `r kjmbkdmry sktumtk`d< Wen _no`dg O`dgktk`dmh  ks s`jntekdb temt ks d`t trun, ks d`t b`kdb t` an trun kd ten futurn, `r ks vnry udhklnhy t` an trun kd ten futurn3   

 Kf K w`d ten h`ttnry, K‛g auy m akb e`usn ay ten snm.  Kf y`u wnrn ten ON@, ten we`hn o`jpmdy o`jpmdy w`uhg b` aust.  Kf sen mtn jnmt, sen w`uhgd‛t bnt skol s` `ftnd.

Weks (ten sno`dg o`dgktk`dmh) ks oruokmh f`r m o`uphn `f rnms`ds - fkrsthy, temt kt ks nssndtkmh f`r mdy gksoussk`d `f ten mastrmot (wekoe ktsnhf, jmdy w`uhg mrbun, ks m lny pmrt `f eujmd o`jjudkomtk`d), mdg sno`dghy, temt pmst tndsns mrn usng t` tmhl ma`ut ten prnsndt mdg futurn, m brmjjmtkomh qukrl `f Ndbhkse temt jmdy hnmrdnrs fkdg pr`ahnjmtko. Wen Wekrg O`dgktk`dmh   ks ks usng t` tmhl ma`ut md udrnmh pmst o`dgktk`d< s`jntekdb gkffnrndt fr`j wemt rnmhhy emppndng kd ten pmst3   

 Kf K emg annd j`rn omrnfuh, K w`uhgd‛t emvn emvn h`st kt.  Kf wn‛g ld`wd kt wms y`ur akrtegmy, wn w`uhg‛vn w`uhg‛vn pmkg f`r gkddnr.  Kf y`u emgd‛t subbnstng b`kdb amol amol t` ^dkvnrskty, K w`uhg‛vn ndgng up w`rlkdb kd te tenn  supnrjmrlnt f`rnvnr!

 

Wen tekrg o`dgktk`dmh ks `ftnd usng t` nxprnss rnbrnts (ms kd ten fkrst nxmjphn, mdg mrbumahy ten sno`dg). ks usng t` tw` motk`ds temt d`rjmhhy f`hh`w `d fr`j nmoe `tenr, f`r Wen Snr` O`dgktk`dmh   ks nxmjphn kd nxprnsskdb fmots ma`ut ten w`rhg3  

 Kf y`u enmt wmtnr t` =99 gnbrnns, kt a`khs.  Kf K g`d‛t hnmvn kt phubbng kd, ten amttnry b`ns fhmt ay ten dnxt j`rdkdb. j`rdkdb.

Qnhmtkvn Ohmusns

Qnhmtkvn Ohmusns mrn usng t` mgg nxtrm kdf`rjmtk`d ma`ut s`jn`dn `r s`jntekdb, kd m skjkhmr wmy t` mgcnotkvns. O`jpmrn ten f`hh`wkdb3   

Wen jmd fkdkseng eks grkdl. Wen tmhh jmd fkdkseng eks grkdl. (tmhh : mgcnotkvn). Wen jmd, we` wms tmhh, fkdkseng eks grkdl. (we` wms tmhh : rnhmtkvn ohmusn).

M rnhmtkvn ohmusn ks m pmrt `f m sndtndon temt omdd`t stmdg mh`dn. Kd m sndtndon, ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn gnsorkans ten prnongkdb d`ud `f ten jmkd sndtndon. Kd ten sndtndon ma`vn, we` wms  gnsorkans ten prnongkdb d`ud jmd. tmhh  gnsorkans Qnhmtkvn ohmusns mrn usumhhy kdtr`guong ay m rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud (suoe ms wekoe, we` `r temt) mdg o`dtmkd m vnra. Weny mrn `ftnd gkvkgng kdt` tw` omtnb`rkns3 M Gnfkdkdb Qnhmtkvn Ohmusn ks usumhhy usng t`3 =) Kgndtkfy s`jn`dn `r s`jntekdb. F`r nxmjphn, kd m r``j wkte =9 `tenr a`ys ‘Wen a`y we`  smt kd ten o`rdnr ksd‛t enrn‚ kgndtkfkns nxmothy wekoe a`y ten spnmlnr ks tmhlkdb ma`ut. Wen sndtndon ‘Wen a`y ksd‛t enrn‚ w`uhgd‛t jmln sndsn mh`dn kd teks o`dtnxt - ten kdf`rjmtk`d kd ten Gnfkdkdb Qnhmtkvn Ohmusn ks nssndtkmh kd udgnrstmdgkdb wekoe a`y K mj tmhlkdb ma`ut. M Gnfkdkdb Qnhmtkvn Ohmusn ks d`t snpmrmtng fr`j ten rnst `f ten sndtndon ay o`jjms.  D`d-Gnfkdkdb Qnhmtkvn Ohmusns mrn usumhhy usng t`3 = )Mgg j`rn j`rn kdf`rjmtk`d ma`ut s`jn`dn `r s`jntekdb. F`r nxmjphn, kd3 ‘Wen amb, wekoe wn emg a`ubet cust m fnw gmys nmrhknr, fnhh mpmrt ‚  ten jmkd o`dtndt ks skjphy ‘ Wen amb fnhh mpmrt ‚, ‚, wekoe jmlns sndsn `d kts `wd - wn omd mssujn temt kt ks ohnmr wekoe amb ks ankdb rnfnrrng t` fr`j ten o`dtnxt. Wen spnmlnr (`r, j`rn hklnhy kd teks omsn, wrktnr ) ks tnhhkdb us s`jntekdb kjp`rtmdt ma`ut ten amb, aut ks d`t tnhhkdb us wekoe amb en ks rnfnrrkdb t`. M D`dGnfkdkdb Qnhmtkvn Ohmusn ks snpmrmtng fr`j ten rnst `f ten sndtndon ay o`jjms. @ftnd Gnfkdkdb Qnhmtkvn Ohmusns mrn kdtr`guong mt Kdtnrjngkmtn hnvnh mdg D`d-Gnfkdkdb Qnhmtkvn Ohmusns mrn kdtr`guong mt ^ppnr-Kdtnrjngkmtn< s`jn o`ursn a``ls kdtr`guon a`te mr`udg ten smjn tkjn, e`wnvnr.  

 

Wekdl ma`ut wentenr ten rnhmtkvn ohmusns (kd ktmhkos) mrn gnfkdkdb `r d`d-gnfkdkdb kd ten f`hh`wkdb sndtndons3 =) Amdmdms, wekoe o`dtmkd p`tmsskuj, mrn ynhh`w. 1) Amdmdms wekoe mrn d`t rkpn mrn brnnd. ?) Emjaurbnrs wekoe g` d`t o`dtmkd jnmt  mrn  mrn suktmahn f`r vnbntmrkmds. 7) Emjaurbnrs, wekoe mrn usumhhy jmgn wkte m jnmt pmtty mdg m arnmg r`hh , mrn s`hg mt JmoG`dmhg's.   Gksoussk`d3 Kd sndtndon dujanr = ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn (wekoe o`dtmkd p`tmsskuj) ks d`dgnfkdkdb anomusn kt g`ns d`t pnrf`rj ten fudotk`d `f kgndtkfykdb wekoe amdmdms mrn ynhh`w,  anomusn bndnrmhhy spnmlkdb, mhh amdmdms mmrn rn ynhh`w. Wen rnhmtkvn ohmusn enrn sskjphy kjphy mggs mggktk`dmh kdf`rjmtk`d juoe hkln kdf`rjmtk`d kd pmrndtensks. E`wnvnr, kd sndtndon dujanr 1 ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn (wekoe mrn d`t rkpn) snrvns t` kgndtkfy wekoe amdmdms mrn brnnd. Kf wn rnj`vng ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn ( wekoe mrn d`t rkpn) tend ten sndtndon w`uhg rnmg, Amdmdms mrn brnnd. Weus, wn dnng ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn (wekoe mrn d`t rkpn) kd `rgnr t` kgndtkfy, `r gnfkdn, wekoe amdmdms mrn brnnd. _kjkhmrhy, kd sndtndon ? ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn ks gnfkdkdb, anomusn kt ks kgndtkfykdb wekoe emjaurbnrs mrn suktmahn f`r vnbntmrkmds anomusn d`t mhh emjaurbnrs mrn suktmahn f`r vnbntmrkmds, aut te`sn wekoe g` d`t o`dtmkd jnmt mrn. Kd sndtndon 7 ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn ks skjphy nxtrm kdf`rjmtk`d< kt g`ns d`t gnfkdn wekoe emjaurbnrs mrn s`hg mt JmoG`dmhg's. Kt ks tenrnf`rn d`d-gnfkdkdb. Y`kdts t` o`dskgnr rnbmrgkdb Qnhmtkvn Ohmusns3  M. G`ns ten rnhmtkvn rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud rnfnr t` m pnrs`d pnrs`d `r m tekdb0 tekdb0

=. M ohmss ohmssjmt jmtnn we` wms rnmhhy rnmhhy b``g b``g mt jmtes jmtes enhpng enhpng jn. jn. 1. M wnaskt wnasktnn wekoe wekoe emg emg s`jn s`jn vnry vnry usnfuh usnfuh mrtkoh mrtkohns ns enhpng enhpng jn. Kd dujanr `dn ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn rnfnrs t` m pnrs`d, mdg kd dujanr tw` kt rnfnrs t` m tekdb. F`r pn`phn wn usn3 we`, we`j (vnry f`rjmh), temt (pmrtkouhmrhy kd spnmlkdb) `r we`sn (f`r  p`ssnsskvns). F`r tekdbs wn usn3 wekoe, temt `r we`sn (f`r p`ssnsskvns, nspnokmhhy f`r o`udtrkns `r `rbmdksmtk`ds).  A. G`ns ten rnhmtkvn rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud rnfnr t` ten suacnot suacnot `r `acnot `acnot `f ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn0 ohmusn0

_`jntkjns, wn dnng t` ld`w kf ten rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud (we`, wekoe, temt, we`j) ks m  suacnot rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud `r md `acnot rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud. O`dskgnr teks sndtndon3  

Wen jmd we` pe`dng jn hkvns kd H`dg`d. (k.n. Wen jmd pe`dng jn.)

 

Enrn, ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn ks we` pe`dng jn. Kd teks rnhmtkvn ohmusn, ten pr`d`ud (we`) rnfnrs t` ten suacnot   (ten (ten jmd) `f ten vnra kd ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn (pe`dng). _` enrn, ten rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud ks m suacnot rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud.  D`w, o`dskgnr teks sndtndon3  

Wen jmd we` K pe`dng hkvns kd Dnw [`rl. (k.n. K pe`dng ten jmd.)

Enrn, ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn ks we` K pe`dng . Kd teks rnhmtkvn ohmusn, ten pr`d`ud (we`) rnfnrs t` ten `acnot  (ten  (ten jmd) `f ten vnra kd ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn (pe`dng). _` enrn, ten rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud kd md `acnot rnhmtkvn pr`d`ud, mdg ks tenrnf`rn d`t dnonssmry. _`, a`te `f tensn sndtndons mrn o`rrnot3  

Wen jmd we` K pe`dng hkvns kd Dnw [`rl.

 

Wen jmd K pe`dng hkvns kd Dnw [`rl.

F`r suacnot rnhmtkvn pr`d`uds wn omd usn3 wekoe, we` `r temt F`r `acnot rnhmtkvn pr`d`uds wn omd usn3 wekoe, we`, we`j, we`j, temt `r d`tekdb  O. Ks ten rnhmtkvn ohmusn Gnfkdkdb `r D`d-Gnfkdkdb0

F`r gnfkdkdb ohmusns wn jkbet usn mdy `f ten pr`d`uds, `r kd onrtmkd omsns, suoe ms ma`vn, d`tekdb. F`r d`d-gnfkdkdb ohmusns wn omd `dhy usn3 we`, we`j `r  wekoe   wekoe (k.n. wn omdd`t usn temt  `r  `r d`tekdb). Kt ks mhs` w`rte d`tkdb temt d`d-gnfkdkdb rnhmtkvn ohmusns mrn j`rn usumhhy m fnmturn `f wrkttnd temd sp`lnd Ndbhkse. Qnp`rtng _pnnoe

Qnp`rtng _pnnoe, mhs` ld`wd ms Kdgkrnot _pnnoe (d`t t` an o`dfusng wkte Kdgkrnot ]unstk`ds), ks usng wend wn wmdt t` usn `ur `wd w`rgs t` rnp`rt wemt s`jn`dn smys3  

Gkrnot _pnnoe3 W`j smkg, ‘K g`d‛t wmdt t` b`.‚ Qnp`rtng _pnnoe3 W`j smkg en gkgd‛t wmdt t` b`.

Rn omd usn Qnp`rtng _pnnoe t` rnpnmt mhh `f ten kdf`rjmtk`d `r wn omd sujjmrksn ten kdf`rjmtk`d uskdb `ur `wd w`rgs mdg `ur `wd p`kdt `f vknw, uskdb m rnp`rtkdb vnra3   

W`j smkg, ‘Wenrn‛s d` wmy K‛j b`kdb.‚ W`j smkg tenrn‛s d` wmy en wms b`kdb. W`j rnfusng t` b`.

Rn `ftnd usn m o`jakdmtk`d `f gkrnot spnnoe mdg rnp`rtng spnnoe. Weks ks pmrtkouhmrhy o`jj`d kd dnwspmpnr mrtkohns, f`r nxmjphn3

 

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 Gr Mhhnd Euht smys, ‘Weks ks md mjmzkdb mjmzkdb gkso`vnry mdg kt wkhh oemdbn ten wmy pn` pn`phn phn tekdl ma`ut e`usne`hg e`usne`hg hkbetkdb‚. En nxpnots tenrn t` an `dn `dn kd nvnry Mjnrkomd e`jn e`jn wktekd =9 ynmrs.

Rn `ftnd usn o`jj`d vnras hkln ―tnhh‛ , ― smy‛   smy‛  mdg  mdg ―msl‛ , aut tenrn mrn jmdy j`rn. Enrn ks m vnry sjmhh smjphn3 mgg, mbrnn, anb, ohmkj, o`jphmkd, gnjmdg, nxphmkd, bumrmdtnn, enmr, kdqukrn, jndtk`d, `ffnr, prngkot, rnfusn, rnjkdg, sornmj, subbnst, temdl, ternmtnd, ―wmdt t` ld`w‛ , nto.

Kt ks usumhhy j`rn usnfuh mdg nxprnsskvn t` usn ten mppr`prkmtn vnra mdg sujjmrksn ten kdf`rjmtk`d kd y`ur `wd w`rgs temd t` pr`guon md moourmtn rnp`rt. F`r nxmjphn, ‘ En mp`h`bksng ‚, ‚, ‘Wen stugndts o`jphmkdng mbmkd‚, ‘ K gnokgng d`t t` b`‚, nto., ks j`rn o`jj`d temd m fuhh rnp`rt< mdg oe``skdb wekoe vnra t` usn, f`r nxmjphn, ‘Weny smkg W`j gkg kt ‚, ‚, ‘Weny tekdl W`j gkg kt ‚, ‚, ‘Weny sw`rn W`j gkg kt ‚, ‚, ‘Weny ahmjng W`j‚, mhh`ws us t` nxprnss `ur vknws j`rn moourmtnhy. Wen wmy ten w`rgs mdg sndtndon struoturn oemdbn kd kdgkrnot spnnoe omd an vnry o`jphkomtng. Wen ternn jmkd oemdbns wn jmln rnhmtn t` pnrs`d, phmon mdg tkjn. O`jpmrn ten f`hh`wkdb3 Mdgy mdg m fnw frkndgs mrn mt m amr t`bntenr kd m pua `d Frkgmy nvndkdb. Nhhks mrrkvns, mdg Mdgy smys t` ekj3 Weks pua ks brnmt. brnmt. Rn mrn b`kdb t` jnnt enrn mt 2pj t`j`rr`w dkbet t``. t``. 

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Wnd jkdutns hmtnr, Nhhks tmhls t` md`tenr frkndg we` ems cust mrrkvng mt ten pua3  Mdgy smkg teks pua ks brnmt. En smkg teny mrn b`kdb t` jnnt enrn mt 2pj t` t`j`rr`w j`rr`w dkbet t``. Wen dnxt j`rdkdb, mt e`jn, Mdgy, d`t Nhhks, tnhhs eks wkfn3  K smkg temt pua wms brnmt. brnmt. K smkg wn mrn b`kdb t` jnnt tenrn mt 2pj t`dkbet t`dkbet t``. Wen dnxt nvndkdb, mt ten pua mt 2.?9pj, Nhhks mdg m fnw frkndgs mrn wmktkdb aut Mdgy ksd‛t tenrn. Nhhks smys3

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 Mdgy smkg teks pua wms wms brnmt. En smkg teny wnrn b`kdb t` jnnt enrn mt 2pj t`d t`dkbet kbet t``. 

_nvnrmh ynmrs hmtnr, ten frkndgs mrn rnomhhkdb ten gmy temt Mdgy gkgd‛t se`w up mdg hmubekdb ma`ut kt3  Mdgy smkg temt pua wms wms brnmt. En smkg teny wnrn b`kdb t` jnnt tenrn mt 2pj ten  f`hh`wkdb dkbet t``.

 D`tn ten gkffnrndons f`r f` r pnrs`d, phmon mdg tkjn3 Ynrs`d 

Mdgy mhwmys usns ―wn‛. Nhhks usns ―teny‛.

Yhmon

 

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Rekhn kd ten pua jndtk`dng teny usn ―teks pua‛ mdg ―enrn‛. Fr`j nhsnwenrn teny usn ―temt pua‛ mdg ―tenrn‛.

Wkjn 

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Cust mftnr ten o`jjndt teny usn ―ks brnmt‛. Hmtnr teny usn ―wms brnmt‛. Wen gmy anf`rn ten gmy kd qunstk`d teny usn ―t`j`rr`w dkbet‛. @d ten gmy kd qunstk`d teny usn ―t`gmy‛. [nmrs hmtnr temd ten gmy kd qunstk`d teny usn ―ten f`hh`wkdb dkbet‛. Anf`rn ten tkjn kd qunstk`d teny usn ―mrn b`kdb t` jnnt‛. Mftnr ten tkjn kd qunstk`d teny usn ―wnrn b`kdb t` jnnt‛.

Rkte rnbmrg t` rnp`rtng spnnoe, tw` pmrtkouhmrhy trkoly mrnms f`r hnmrdnrs mrn3 

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Qnp`rtkdb qunstk`ds3 ‘Renrn ks ten amdl0‚ :4 ‘ En mslng wenrn ten amdl wms.‚ ‘ Ks ten amdl dnmr enrn0‚ :4 ‘ En mslng kf ten amdl wms dnmr enrn.‚ Vnra pmttnrds wkte rnp`rtkdb vnras3 ‘ En wmrdng us temt ten rnstmurmdt wmsd‛t vnry b``g. b``g.‚ (wmrd + s`jna`gy + temt + s`jntekdb) ‘ En kdskstng temt wn b` t` ten rnstmurmdt.‚ (kdskst + temt + s`jna`gy + g` + s`jntekdb) ‘ En mslng us t` b` t` ten rnstmurmdt.‚ (msl + s`jna`gy + t` + g` + s`jntekdb)

Wen sydtmx f`r rnp`rtkdb qunstk`ds ks vnry rnjkdksondt `f (kd fmot, o`uhg an smkg t` an kgndtkomh t`) temt f`r Kdgkrnot ]unstk`ds O`jpmrn3    

‘Renrn ks ten amdl0‚ :4 ‘O`uhg y`u tnhh jn wenrn ten amdl ks0‚ (Kdgkrnot ]unstk`d) ‘Renrn ks ten amdl0‚ :4 ‘En mslng wenrn ten amdl wms.‚ (Qnp`rtng _pnnoe) ‘Ks ten amdl dnmr enrn0‚ :4 ‘K w`dgnr kf ten amdl ks dnmr enrn.‚ (Kdgkrnot ]unstk`d) ‘Ks ten amdl dnmr enrn0‚ :4 ‘En mslng kf ten amdl wms dnmr enrn.‚ (Qnp`rtng _pnnoe)

Qnbmrgkdb vnra pmttnrds, kt ks m jmttnr jmttnr `f hnmrdkdb ten pmttnrds f`r nmoe vnra snpmrmtnhy. M vnra temt ks f`hh`wng ay md`tenr vnra 'rnqukrns' m pmrtkouhmr f`rj, n.b.  K wmdt t` b` e`jn, d`t K wmdt b`kdb e`jn. Weks ks trun kd bndnrmh, mdg kt ks nspnokmhhy o`jj`d kd rnp`rtkdb vnras - snn ten ma`vn nxmjphns. M b``g hnmrdnrs‛ gkotk`dmry wkhh tnhh ten hnmrdnr (mdg ten tnmoenr!) wemt ten pmttnrd ks f`r m  pmrtkouhmr vnra, nktenr ay bkvkdb ten pmttnrd nxphkokthy, nx phkokthy, `r ay bkvkdb nxmjphn nx mjphn sndtndons. Mhs`, m b``g brmjjmr a``l wkhh emvn m hkst `f o`jj`d pmttnrds f`r rnp`rtkdb vnras udgnr ten snotk`d `d Qnp`rtng _pnnoe (`r Kdgkrnot _pnnoe).

 

Kdtr`guotk`d

Hnxks (V`omauhmry) Enrn mrn tw` qunstk`ds temt mrn `ftnd usng t` ekbehkbet ten kjp`rtmdon `f hnxks3 ]unstk`d =

[`u‛rn stuol kd m f`rnkbd o`udtry, mh`dn, mdg y`u‛rn wmhlkdb mh`db ten strnnts, wend mhh `f suggnd tenrn‛s md udo`jf`rtmahn rujahn kd y`ur st`jmoe. Rentenr kt wms ten f``g temt y`u‛rn d`t usng t` ynt, ten tmp wmtnr, `r cust ten cnt-hmb mffnotkdb y`ur enmhte - kt‛s urbndt. [`u msl m h`omh kd ten strnnt f`r enhp. Rekoe ks j`rn hklnhy t` smvn y`u3  

  ‘R`uhg y`u jkdg tnhhkdb jn wenrn wenrn ten ………. ks0‚ ‘Amter``j!!!‚

]unstk`d 1

Qnmg ten f`hh`wkdb st`ry. E`w juoe sndsn g`ns kt jmln t` y`u0 Re` wms kdv`hvng0 Renrn gkg teny b`0 Rey0 Rms m. En ten `f ten mdg tenj ten. Wen ten. Weny tenrn mhh. Wend ten am amol ol ten mdg amol. Kt wms m.

E`w ma`ut ten dnxt st`ry0  Yntnr senpenrg. @dn gmy, hnt sennp `ut pnd. Wmln Wmln up ekhh. _ennp nmt brmss. _tmy mhh gmy, nmt.  Yntnr arkdb sennp g`wd ekhh. Amol e`jn. Dkon gmy.

@avk`ushy m b``g o`jjmdg `f brmjjmr mdg hnxks jmlns hmdbumbn ten j`st nffnotkvn, aut ohnmrhy hnxks o`dvnys juoe j`rn jnmdkdb temd brmjjmr, mdg ten j`rn gnvnh`png m stugndt‛s v`omauhmry ks ten j`rn nffnotkvnhy teny wkhh an mahn t` o`jjudkomtn. Fr`j Nhnjndtmry hnvnh t` Mgvmdong, hnmrdnrs dnng t` hnmrd h`ts `f w`rgs mdg permsns* qukolhy mdg nffnotkvnhy. * Hnxks, `r v`omauhmry, jnmds w`rgs (kdgkvkgumh w`rgs) mdg permsns (o`jakdmtk`ds `f w`rgs) O`dvnykdb O`donpts

F`r m eubn dujanr `f w`rgs, nspnokmhhy o`dorntn d`uds mdg skjphn motk`d vnras, tenrn mrn f`ur  skjphn tnoedkquns temt tnmoenrs omd usn t` qukolhy mdg nffnotkvnhy o`dvny jnmdkdb3    

Vksumhs - grmwkdbs `d ten a`mrg, fhmseomrgs, pe`t`s, jmbmzkdn ohkppkdbs, nto. Qnmhkm - gksphmykdb motumh rnmh hkfn `acnots. Jkjn - motkdb `ut motkvktkns mdg motk`ds. Bnsturn - uskdb fmokmh nxprnssk`ds, p`kdtkdb mt tekdbs mdg pn`phn, nto.

   D`tn temt kt omd mhs` enhp t` gkvkgn g kvkgn vksumhs kdt` tw` omtnb` omtnb`rkns3 rkns3 qukol grmwkdbs md mdg g  pkoturns/pe`t`s. Wemt‛s anomusn g`kdb m qu qukol kol grmwkdb omd smvn m h`t `f tkjn (te (tenrn‛s nrn‛s d` p`kdt

 

snmroekdb B``bhn f`r m pe`t` `f m omr mdg prkdtkdb kt `ut wend y`u omd skjphy sorkaahn m omr `d ten a`mrg), aut pr`fnssk`dmhhy jmgn pkoturns `r pe`t`s omd juoe j`rn ohnmrhy o`dvny j`rn spnokfko o`donpts (f`r nxmjphn, udhnss y`u‛rn pmrtkouhmrhy b``g mt grmwkdb, ohmrkfykdb ten gkffnrndon antwnnd m sngmd, m emtoeamol, m stmtk`d wmb`d, mdg m sp`rts omr, ks b`kdb t` an vnry gkffkouht).   @ftnd kt ks `avk`us wekoe tnoedkqun w`uhg an j`st nffnotkvn3   

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m j`udtmkd - m qukol grmwkdb `d ten a`mrg m pmpnr oup - j`st soe``hs mdg `ffkons emvn tenj mvmkhmahn, s` motumhhy tmln `dn kd m emra`ur - smfnst t` tmln kd m pr`fnssk`dmhhy jmgn pkoturn (`r tw` - m pe`t` mdg m jmp vknw) rud - motumhhy rud fr`j `dn skgn `f ten r``j t` ten `tenr  grkvn - skt `d m oemkr mdg jkjn j`vkdb m stnnrkdb wennh mdg annpkdb m e`rd brnnt s`jn`dn - bnsturn wmvkdb `r semlkdb emdgs< `r motumhhy semln emdgs wkte s`jn`dn y`u, jn, ekj, enr, nto - usn bnsturns t` kdgkomtn nmoe pnrs`d wkte y`ur emdgs

  @f o`ursn, s`jntkjns m o`jakdmtk`d ks j`rn nffnotkvn, mdg s`jntkjns ten o`donpt ks t`` mastrmot (hkln ―p`hktkos‛, ―ornmtkvkty‛, ―kdgnpndgndt‛), `r ks t`` nmskhy o`dfusng wkte `tenr skjkhmr w`rgs (hkln ―sprkdt‛, ―gmse‛ mdg ―rud‛), t` bnt mor`ss kd ?9 sno`dgs, s` m j`rn s`pekstkomtng mppr`moe wkhh an dnngng. F`r j`rn o`jphkomtng `r mastrmot o`donpts `dn `f ten anst jnte`gs ks t` gnsorkan m sktumtk`d. Weks wkhh `ftnd kdv`hvn uskdb vksumhs mdg jkjn ms wnhh, aut wkhh pr`amahy kdv`hvn s`jn sp`lnd nxphmdmtk`d mdg/`r wkhh aukhg up t`wmrgs ten o`donpt kd stnps. F`r nxmjphn, wemt w`rg ks ten tnmoenr trykdb t` o`dvny enrn3 

 K hkln f``tamhh. G` y`u hkln f``tamhh0 (Bnttkdb m fnw rnsp`dsns fr`j ten stugndts).  Jy fmv`urktn tnmj ks Jmdoenstnr ^dktng. (E`hgkdb up m pkoturn `f ten tnmj).  Hmst dkbet, teny phmyng m bmjn. bmjn.   Dnmr ten ndg, ten so`rn wms = - =. (Rrktkdb ―= - =‛ `d ten a`mrg).  Kd ten hmst jkdutn… teny b`t ten amhh. (Jkjkdb ruddkdb wkte ten amhh t`wmrg b`mh).  K smt kd ten oemkr hkln teks. (Jkjkdb skttkdb f`rwmrg, `d ten ngbn `f ten oemkr).  E`w omd K gnsorkan ten bmjn0 Kt wms vnry...

Wen tnmoenr ks trykdb t` o`dvny ten o`donpt f`r ten w`rg ―nxoktkdb‛. Wenrn mrn snvnrmh p`sskahn  pr`ahnjs wkte teks mppr`moe, mppr`mo e, mdg ten tnmoenr dnngs t` an omrnfuh e`w en/sen usns usn s kt, aut kt omd bnt s`jn `tenrwksn vnry trkoly o`donpts mor`ss vnry nffnotkvnhy wend kt ks g`dn wnhh. Enrn mrn s`jn tekdbs t` an omrnfuh ma`ut3 

Kf ten hmdbumbn ten tnmoenr ks uskdb ks j`rn o`jphkomtng temd ten w`rg en/sen ks trykdb t` o`dvny, ten stugndts w`d‛t udgnrstmdg kt. Kd ten nxmjphn ma`vn, wekoe ks j`rn hklnhy t` an ld`wd ay ten stugndts3 nxoktkdb  `r   `r  fmv`urktn  fmv`urktn0 nxoktkdb  `r  `r tnmj0 nxoktkdb   `r  so`rn  so`rn0 Wen tnmoenr dnngs t` tekdl ma`ut teks omrnfuhhy, nktenr mv`kgkdb j`rn

 

gkffkouht w`rgs mht`bntenr `r uskdb `tenr tnoedkquns t` ndsurn kt ks ohnmr (m pkoturn `f ten tnmj, wrktkdb ten so`rn `d ten a`mrg, nto.). 

Wen ma`vn sktumtk`d ems m h`t `f w`rgs mdg m h`t `f snt up. Kt omd an g`dn fmkrhy qukolhy mdg ks nmsy nd`ube t` g` kd hnss temd m jkdutn, aut rnprnsndts quktn m h`t `f tkjn mdg nff`rt f`r ten smln `f nxphmkdkdb `dn w`rg . [`u jkbet hkln t` bnt s`jn j`rn `ut `f ten sktumtk`d y`u'vn ornmtng ay uskdb kt t` kdtr`guon s`jn j`rn w`rgs. F`r nxmjphn, ten fnht… ma`vn sktumtk`d t`, ‘ Mdg o`dvny f`hh`wng ay,  ‘Wend teny lkolng ten amhh… ao`uhg mhh… nxtndg mdg jkssng. Mt Kten ndg, ndg‚, t` K wms… ‚ t`―nxoktng‛ o`dvny ―gksmpp`kdtng‛.

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Mt fkrst kt omd an quktn gkffkouht t` jmln ten sktumtk`ds spnokfko nd`ube. F`r nxmjphn, t` o`dvny ―nxoktkdb‛ m h`t `f tnmoenrs jkbet b` f`r s`jntekdb skjphnr hkln, ‘K hkln f``tamhh. Hmst dkbet, K wmtoeng wmtoeng jy fmv`urktn tnmj phmy. E`w gkg K fnnh0‚ Weks w`uhg  prnsndt tw` pr`ahnjs3 fkrsthy, kt ks t`` bndnrmh - ten mdswnr o`uhg an ―nxoktkdb‛, aut kt o`uhg mhs` an ―emppy‛, ―rnhmxng‛, ―kdtnrnstng‛, nto. _no`dghy, nvnd kf stugndts gkg bnt ten dmrr`wnr jnmdkdb, tenkr mdswnr w`uhg an ―nxoktng‛ d`t ―nxoktkdb‛. W` nhkokt 'nxoktkdb' y`u dnng t` jmln kt ohnmr y`u mrn gnsorkakdb ten bmjn, d`t gnsorkakdb y`ur fnnhkdbs.

Kt omd enhp t` try `ut y`ur 'sktumtk`d' `d m o`hhnmbun - kf teny g`d‛t bnt ten w`rg y`u mrn trykdb t` o`dvny, ten stugndts onrtmkdhy w`d‛t! _` fmr wn‛vn h``lng mt > tnoedkquns temt mrn usnfuh f`r m vnry wkgn rmdbn `f v`omauhmry. Aut tenrn mrn `tenr jnte`gs temt, mhte`ube teny omd an usng f`r fnwnr w`rgs, mrn `ftnd j`rn nffnotkvn `r j`rn nffkokndt. _`jn `f tensn `tenr o`jj`d tnoedkquns kdohugn3 Bkvkdb m gnfkdktk`d. 

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Kf y`u dnng t` nxphmkd "hnft-emdgng", tnhhkdb m h`db st`ry wekoe ndgs wkte s`jn`dn uskdb tenkr hnft-emdg t` wrktn s`jntekdb jkbet an uddnonssmrkhy tkjn-o`dsujkdb wend y`u omd cust smy, ‘kt's md mgcnotkvn t` gnsorkan m pnrs`d we` wrktns wkte tenkr hnft emdg‚. M sktumtk`d omd s`jntkjns jmln m str`dbnr kjprnssk`d, te`ube, s` kt‛s s`jntekdb t` tekdl ma`ut omrnfuhhy. R`uhg m gnfkdktk`d an j`rn mppr`prkmtn f`r ten w`rgs `d ten  prnvk`us pmbn, ―kdenrkt‛, ―kdenr kt‛, ―mff`rg‛ mdg ―stmjkdm‛ f`r f` r nxmjphn0

^skdb syd`dyjs mdg mdt`dyjs. 

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_yd`dyjs mdg mdt`dyjs omd an nxtrnjnhy nffkokndt mdg omd enhp hnmrdnrs aukhg up m dntw`rl `f rnhmtng v`omauhmry kd tenkr jnj`rkns. _`jntkjns teny wkhh dnng m akt `f gnfkdktk`d ms wnhh, t` moourmtnhy o`dvny w`rgs hkln ―sprkdt‛ vnrsus ―rud‛. @tenr tkjns kt omd an fmkrhy strmkbetf`rwmrg3 `vnr ten j``d ks ten smjn ms  vnry, vnry emppy < gmdbnr`us ks ten `pp`sktn `f smfn. Omtnb`rkns `f rnhmtng w`rgs mdg pmrts `f m we`hn w`rl kd m skjkhmr wmy3 m anrnt ks m  `r lkdg `f  emt<  emt< m hmpnh ks m pmrt `f  m  m sekrt `r cmolnt. typn `f  `r

^skdb m ohkdn.

 

M ohkdn ks m shkgkdb somhn wkte w`rgs temt fkt kd mt gkffnrndt p`kdts. @dn o`jj`d nxmjphn ks

wkte tnjpnrmturns3 Wen bmp mt ten a`tt`j `f ten ohkdn ks f`r ―frnnzkdb‛ mdg ten bmp mt ten t`p ks f`r ―a`khkdb‛. ^sn m o`jakdmtk`d `f wmys. ^sn y`ur kjmbkdmtk`d. ^sn wemt kt tmlns t` bnt y`ur jnmdkdb mor`ss! 

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―Weudgnr‛ omd‛t an o`dvnyng ter`ube m pkoturn mh`dn - m pkoturn omd o`dvny ―st`rj‛ `r ―hkbetdkdb‛, aut t` o`dvny ―teudgnr‛ jmlkdb m gnnp rujahkdb s`udg, mh`db wkte ten  pkoturn, o`uhg an vnry nffnotkvn. nf fnotkvn. @dn wmy t` o`dvny ―ten gmy mftnr t`j`rr`w‛ ks ay okrohkdb gmys `d m omhndgmr. W` o`dvny ―rnbbmn‛ ten `dhy rnmh `ptk`d jkbet an t` motumhhy phmy m pknon `f rnbbmn jusko.

Ohmrkfykdb Jnmdkdb

@don wn emvn nstmahkseng ten jnmdkdb tenrn mrn tw` tekdbs t` o`dskgnr3 

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Ks ten o`donpt dmrr`w nd`ube0 =. Ks kt ohnmrhy gkstkdbuk gkstkdbukseng seng fr`j fr`j `tenr w`rgs temt temt mrn skjkhmr skjkhmr kd jnmdkdb0 jnmdkdb0 1. Mrn Mrn mdy mdy o`dd` o`dd`tm tmtk tk`ds `ds ohnm ohnmr0 r0 ?. Mrn mdy mdy rnstrk rnstrkotk otk`ds `ds `d jnmdk jnmdkdb db `r usn usn ohnmr ohnmr00 7. Ks kt ohnmr kd wend wend kt ks mppr`prkmtn mppr`prkmtn t` usn kt0 (n.b. Ks kt f`rjmh, kdf`rjmh, kdf`rjmh, tnoedkomh, hktnrmry, shmdb, nto. 0) G` ten stugndts udgnrstmdg kt0

@dn vnry nffnotkvn t``h t` usn ks ten ―o`donpt oenolkdb qunstk`d‛.

 

O`donpt oenol qunstk`ds mrn qunstk`ds mslng ay tnmoenrs t` oenol temt stugndts emvn udgnrst``g m dnw hmdbumbn p`kdt, an kt brmjjmr `r v`omauhmry. F`r nxmjphn, hnt‛s rnvkskt ten brmjjmr struoturn `f ten tekrg o`dgktk`dmh. 

Kf _mrme emg stugkng, sen w`uhg emvn pmssng.

_tugndts dnng t` ks ld`w temt teks kd jnmds temtpmrt _mrme stugy. Weks omdsno`dg. an o`dfuskdb f`r teks stugndts ms tenrn d` dnbmtkvn ten fkrst `f gkgd‛t `ur sndtndon, d`r ten W` oenol wn omd msl, ―Gkg _mrme stugy0‛ mdg ―Gkg sen pmss0‛ Wensn vnry skjphn qunstk`ds mrn m fmr j`rn nffnotkvn wmy t` oenol udgnrstmdgkdb temd skjphy mslkdb stugndts kf teny udgnrstmdg. F`r v`omauhmry, ten kgnm ks ten smjn. O`dskgnr ten w`rg ―sprkdt‛. @don y`u emvn tmubet ten jnmdkdb, y`u omd oenol stugndts‛ udgnrstmdgkdb ay mslkdb qunstk`ds hkln,   

―Ks kt m fmst `r vnry fmst motk`d0‛(vnry fmst) ―G`ns kt d`rjmhhy hmst f`r m h`db tkjn `r m se`rt tkjn‛ (se`rt) ―Omd y`u g` kt wkte y`ur emdgs0― (d`)

Kf y`u spnml j`rn temd `dn hmdbumbn y`u wkhh mhrnmgy ld`w, aut f`r te`sn `f y`u we` g`d‛t ‟ hmdbumbns omd an vnry gkffnrndt. Kd Ndbhkse wn emvn > gkffnrndt w`rgs f`r ten f`hh`wkdb3     

 pnd wektna`mrg jmrlnr   pndokh oemhl   pmkdt aruse

Kd `tenr hmdbumbns, e`wnvnr, kt ks pnrfnothy p`sskahn f`r mdy `f ten f`hh`wkdb t` an trun3  

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Wenrn ks cust = w`rg ‟ anomusn teny‛rn mhh ―wrktkdb kdstrujndts‛. Wenrn mrn 1 w`rgs ‟ anomusn `dn dnngs t` an gkppng kdt` s`jntekdb t` w`rl aut ten `tenrs w`rl ay tenjsnhvns. Wenrn mrn 7 w`rgs ‟ anomusn tw` usn kdl, `dn usns hnmg, `dn usns oemhl mdg ten `tenr usns pmkdt. Wenrn mrn j`rn temd > w`rgs ‟ anomusn tenrn mrn snpmrmtn w`rgs f`r o`h`urng pndokhs vnrsus brny-hnmg `dns, mdg tenrn mrn snvnrmh gkffnrndt omtnb`rkns `f pmkdt aruse wkte spnokfko w`rgs f`r nmoe `dn. @r nvnd s`jntekdb o`jphntnhy gkffnrndt.

Kdgnng, ten fkrst ks trun f`r Oekdnsn t` s`jn nxtndt ‟ tenrn ks m bndnrmh w`rg temt o`vnrs mhh > mdg teny mgg gkffnrndt mgcnotkvns t` ten bndnrmh w`rg wend teny dnng t` gkstkdbukse tenj (m gkrnot trmdshmtk`d `f ten tnrj usng f`r pmkdt aruse ks r`ubehy ―emkry pnd‛).

 

O`dskgnrkdb temt nvnd f`r suoe m skjphn o`donpt tenrn mrn s` jmdy gkffnrndt p`sskakhktkns  antwnnd hmdbumbns, kt ks kjp`rtmdt kjp`r tmdt temt tnmoenrs o`dskgnr o`ds kgnr temt tekdbs mrnd‛t mhwmys ms `avk`us ms wn‛g hkln tenj t` an. E`hgkdb up m pnd mdg smykdb ―teks ks m pnd‛ ks d`t dnonssmrkhy nd`ube, wn dnng t` dmrr`w kt g`wd ay se`wkdb stugndts temt pndokhs, jmrlnrs, oemhl, mdg pmkdt  arusens mrn d`t  pnds.   pnds. Mdg temt‛s cust f`r skjphn o`donpts. =) Mrn teny usumhhy brnnd0 (yns)  phmdt 1) Omd- fh`wnr  y`u nmskhy tmln kt t` w`rl0 (yns) hmpt`p - o`jputnr  ?) G` teny ld`w nmoe `tenr vnry wnhh0 (d`) moqumkdtmdon - frkndg 7) Ks en stkhh kd ang0 (d`) bnt up - wmln up >) Ks kt mhwmys jmgn fr`j frukt0 (yns)  cukon - grkdl  6) Ks kt gnfkdktnhy m dnbmtkvn w`rg0 (d`, kt o`uhg an snnd ms p`sktkvn) dmtk`dmhksj - oemuvkdksj _tugndts `ftnd mssujn, `r mrn tmubet, temt f`rjmh  mdg  mdg hktnrmry hmdbumbn ks ten anst. Weks ks fmr fr`j trun mdg omd `ftnd rnsuht kd kdmppr`prkmtn hmdbumbn usn. Kjmbkdn jnntkdb m frkndg `f m frkndg f`r ten tekrg `r f`urte tkjn ‟ wemt w`uhg y`u tekdl `f tenj kf teny smkg, ‘E`w g` y`u g`0‚ `r ‘K wkse t` nxprnss jy phnmsurn mt rndnwkdb `ur moqumkdtmdon‚ ms md kdktkmh brnntkdb0 @avk`ushy, ‘Enhh`‚ `r ‘Ek‚ w`uhg an juoe j`rn mppr`prkmtn. Jmdy w`rgs jkbet an o`dskgnrng t` an ―dnutrmh‛, mdg omd an usng kd jmdy sktumtk`ds. Aut nvnd snnjkdbhy dnutrmh hnxks omd emvn m str`db f`rjmh `r kdf`rjmh akms, n.b. arkhhkmdt ,   fmdtmstko, brnmt , mdg jmrvnhh`us mrn mhh prntty kdf`rjmh, wenrnms nxonhhndt  o`uhg  o`uhg an usng kd m f`rjmh tnxt. F`rjmh hmdbumbn ks bndnrmhhy hkjktng t` pmrtkouhmr typns `f wrkttnd tnxt (n.b. md momgnjko pmpnr, m hnttnr `f o`jphmkdt) mdg ks vnry rmrnhy usng kd spnmlkdb, wekhn kdf`rjmh v`omauhmry ks usng kd spnmlkdb mdg kd typns `f wrktkdb wekoe jkjko spnmlkdb (n.b. m hnttnr t` m frkndg, m jmbmzkdn mrtkohn). Kd mggktk`d t` qunstk`ds `f f`rjmhkty, hnmrdnrs dnng t` ld`w wend w`rgs mrn3    

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rnstrkotng t` tnoedkomh usns (n.b. jngkomh, hnbmh, mdg hkdbukstko tnrjs) `hg-fmsek`dng (n.b. w`rgs hkln ―br``vy‛) hktnrmry (n.b. ‘hmdbukse kd ten jmrktkjn sud‚) shmdb, rnbk`dmh, `r kjp`hktn (n.b. Mustrmhkmd shmdb3 guddy : t`khnt< kjp`hktn3 ah``gy : vnry) _` fmr wn emvn tmhlng ma`ut ten jnmdkdb mdg usn `f hnxks. Wenrn mrn tw` `tenr lny mrnms temt hnmrdnrs dnng t` ld`w ma`ut ‟ ten wrkttnd f`rj mdg ten sp`lnd f`rj. Wemt ks, wemt ten w`rg h``ls hkln, wemt kt s`udgs hkln, mdg kd a`te omsns, e`w kt fkts kd wkte `tenr w`rgs gurkdb d`rjmh o`jjudkomtk`d. Enrn wn wkhh h``l mt ten wrkttnd f`rj mdg ten brmjjmr temt o`jns wkte v`omauhmry.

 

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Vnry skjphy, wemt ten w`rg h``ls hkln ks e`w kt ks spnhhng. Wenrn wkhh an `oomsk`dmh oemdbns, wend maarnvkmtng (n.b. ―n.b.‛ jnmdkdb ―f`r nxmjphn‛) `r kd m o`dtrmotk`d (n.b. ―omd‛t‛ f`r ―omdd`t‛), aut j`sthy kt wkhh an ten spnhhkdb temt dnngs t` an ekbehkbetng. Ks Ndbhkse spnhhkdb rnhmtkvnhy strmkbetf`rwmrg0 J`st w`uhg smy, 'D`, d`t mt mhh!' Kd fmot kt f`hh`ws s`jn d`tkonmahn pmttnrds, aut tensn mrn kdgnng fmkrhy o`jphnx.

Md`tenr nssndtkmh o`donpt temt just an rnfnrrng t` wend kdtr`guokdb `r w`rlkdb `d v`omauhmry ks ―o`hh`omtk`d‛. H``l mt ten f`hh`wkdb. Rey g` teny s`udg ―wr`db‛0 =. 1. ?. 7. >. 6. 2. 5.

Jy wkfn wkfn swnn swnnps ps ten ten fh``r fh``r mdg mdg K g` g` ten ang. K f`rb`t f`rb`t t` t` jmln jmln jy jy e`jnw`r e`jnw`rl l hmst hmst dkbet. dkbet. K phmy phmy nxnr nxnrok oksn sn twk twkon on m wnnl wnnl.. Rn `ft `ftnd nd g` swk swkjj jjkd kdb b mftnr mftnr w`rl w`rl.. K a`u a`ubet bet m dnw dnw omr. omr. Kt‛s Kt‛s ah ah`dg `dgn. n. G` y`u y`u wmdt wmdt ahmol ahmol o`ffnn o`ffnn `r `r hkbet hkbet ar`wd ar`wd o`ffnn o`ffnn00 M h`t h`t `f orkj orkjnn ks g`dn g`dn kd kd teks teks dnkbea` dnkbea`ure` ure``g. `g. Jy gmg gmg kkss m str str`db `db sj`ln sj`lnr. r.

Wen kssun enrn ks temt s`jn w`rgs skjphy ―b` t`bntenr‛. Kd dujanr =, ten spnmlnr se`uhg smy ‘K jmln ten ang‚ anomusn ―jmln‛ mdg ―ang‛ o`hh`omtn (teny typkomhhy `oour t`bntenr). Rn omd ―g` ten gksens‛, mdg ―g` ten kr`dkdb‛, aut wn ―jmln ten ang‛. Rend tmhlkdb ma`ut ohnmdkdb up ten e`usn, kt ks d`t nd`ube t` tnmoe stugndts temt ―jmln‛ mdg ―g`‛ mrn vnras temt omd jnmd ―ohnmd, wmse `r tkgy‛, wn dnng t` tnmoe tenj kd gkrnot o`ddnotk`d wkte ten d`uds temt teny o`hh`omtn wkte. Kt ks mhs` vktmh t` tnmoe ten brmjjmr mr`udg m w`rg, kdohugkdb wemt pmrt `f spnnoe ("lkdg `f w`rg") kt ks, mdg mdy pmttnrds temt jkbet `oour mr`udg kt.  Kjp`rtmdon `f pmrt `f spnnoe3 "Remt m emppy oekhg!" mdg d`t "Remt m emppkdnss oekhg!",  anomusn "emppy" ks md mgcnotkvn.  Kjp`rtmdon `f pmttnrds3 "K wmdt t` b` e`jn d`w" mdg d`t "K wmdt b` e`jn" `r "K wmdt b`kdb e`jn" anomusn mdy vnra wekoe f`hh`ws wmdt" tmlns ten kdfkdktkvn f`rj.

Rend tnmoekdb m dnw w`rg kt ks nxtrnjnhy enhpfuh f`r stugndts kf wn jmln kt ohnmr wemt pmrt `f  spnnoe kt ks ‟ ks kt m o`udtmahn `r udo`udtmahn d`ud, ks kt m trmdsktkvn `r kdtrmdsktkvn vnra, ks kt md mgcnotkvn, `r md mgvnra, `r m prnp`sktk`d, nto. Md nmsy wmy t` ekbehkbet teks ks ter`ube tw` skjphn stnps3  

Rend phmddkdb ten hnss`d, h``l up ten pmrt `f spnnoe kd m gkotk`dmry. Mftnr tnmoekdb ten jnmdkdb mdg pr`dudokmtk`d, wrktn ten w`rg `d ten wektna`mrg mdg kdohugn ten pmrt `f spnnoe. F`r nxmjphn3

o`hh`omtk`d typkomhhy

(d)\OZ\^Z

(mgv)

(tensn syja`hs jnmd3 d`ud, o`udtmahn `r udo`udtmahn)

(mgvnra)

 

gnsorkan (v)\WZ

(vnra wekoe ks trmdsktkvn)

o`jj`d (mgc)

(Mgcnotkvn)

 pmkr (d)\OZ

(d`ud wekoe ks o`udtmahn)

t`bntenr (mgv)

(mgvnra)

Wend kt enhps t` mgg3 

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F`r d`uds3 Ks kt usumhhy prnongng ay m, md `r ten, `r ks kt usumhhy kd phurmh f`rj, `r d`dn `f tensn0 O`jpmrn. ten w`rhg, m pndokh, cnmds, wmtnr  F`r vnras3 G`ns kt usumhhy emvn `dn `r tw` `acnots0 O`jpmrn3 En ekt jn. (ekt + s`jna`gy) En bmvn jn ten pnd. (bkvn + s`jna`gy + s`jntekdb) F`r vnras3 Omd kt an f`hh`wng ay md`tenr vnra0 Kf s`, ks kt f`hh`wng ay ―t` + V‛, `r ―Vkdb‛ `r cust Kmwmdt d`rjmh ―V‛. e`jn. Rn `ftnd b` swkjjkdb . _en omd grkvn. O`jpmrn3 t` stmy

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F`r vnras3 Ks kt usumhhy f`hh`wng ay m prnp`sktk`d0 Kf s`, wekoe `dn0 O`jpmrn3 mpphy f`r m c`a< nsompn fr`j prks`d< mgenrn t` ten ruhns< gkb up m a`dn. F`r mgcnotkvns3 Ks kt usumhhy f`hh`wng ay m prnp`sktk`d0 Kf s`, wekoe `dn0 O`jpmrn3 somrng `f jkon< nxoktng ma`ut ten pmrty< emppy wkte ten pr`j`tk`d.

Weks lkdg `f kdf`rjmtk`d omd an ohmrkfkng kd m skjkhmr wmy `d ten a`mrg3 (D`tn3 sa : s`jna`gy< s`jna`gy< ste : s`jntekdb< g` : mdy vnra) ten w`rhg (d)\OZ  cnmds (d)\OZ(ph)  ekt sa bkvn sa ste  wmdt (t` g` ste) mpphy (f`r ste) Mhtnrdmtkvnhy, kt omd an ekbehkbetng wktekd md nxmjphn sndtndon, f`r nxmjphn3  En ems trmvnhhng mhh `vnr ten w`rhg.  K wnmr cnmds mt ten wnnlndg.

 

Wen o`urknr bmvn jn m hnttnr.  Emvn y`u mpphkng f`r m rmksn ynt0 Yr`dudokmtk`d

Mttndtk`d t` pr`dudokmtk`d ks nxtrnjnhy kjp`rtmdt mdg kt enhps a`te wkte o`jjudkomtk`d mdg wkte jnj`ry3 p``r pr`dudokmtk`d ks j`rnenhps hklnhyhnmrdnrs t` omusn o`jjudkomtk`d p``r brmjjmr< mdg mttndtk`d t` pr`dudokmtk`d aukhg o`ddnotk`ds pr`ahnjs mdg hkdls temd antwnnd w`rgs, jnmdkdbs, mdg s`udgs, jmlkdb hmdbumbn nmsknr t` rno`bdksn wend hkstndkdb mdg nmsknr t` rnomhh wend spnmlkdb. Fkrsthy, hnt‛s h``l mt strnss pmttnrds. Wmln ―o`jf`rtmahn‛ ms md nxmjphn.  

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Kd wrkttnd f`rj kt h``ls hkln kt ems 7 syhhmahns3 o`j-f`r-tm-ahn. J`st spnmlnrs motumhhy pr`d`udon kt wkte ? syhhmahns s` temt kt s`udgs hkln3 o`jf-tnr ahn Wen strnss `oours `d ten fkrst syhhmahn3 O@JF-tnr-ahn

Kf wn strnss ten sno`dg syhhmahn, ten s`udg oemdbns, mdg pn`phn wkhh enmr ‘o`jf-WM[-ahn‚ wekoe s`udgs hkln kt ndgs kd ten w`rg ―tmahn‛. Weks ano`jns nvnd j`rn pr`ahnjmtko wend w`rgs fr`j skjkhmr fmjkhkns, f`r nxmjphn ―p`hktkos‛, ―p`hktkomh‛ mdg ―p`hktkokmd‛ mrn mhh strnssng  D`w hnt's rnturd t` gksornpmdokns gksornpmd okns antwnnd spnhhkdb md mdg g pr`dudokmtk`d. Rn t`uoeng t`uoe ng `d teks ma`vn wend h``lkdb mt p`tndtkmh spnhhkdb pr`ahnjs, aut quktn `ftnd ten pr`ahnj `oours kd ten `tenr gkrnotk`d ‟ hnmrdnrs rnjnjanr e`w ten w`rg ks spnhhng, aut pr`d`udon kt kdo`rrnothy. Wenrn mrn m dujanr `f o`ddnotk`ds antwnnd spnhhkdb mdg pr`dudokmtk`d kd Ndbhkse, aut j`st emvn nxonptk`ds, mdg ten rnhmtk`dsekp ks juoe j`rn o`jphkomtng temd kd jmdy hmdbumbns. F`r nxmjphn, enrn ks md nxtrnjnhy o`jj`d Ndbhkse w`rg3 w`jnd

Wmln m j`jndt t` tekdl ma`ut kt. Rey ks temt p`tndtkmhhy gkffkouht t` pr`d`udon f`r hnmrdnrs `f Ndbhkse0 Kf y`u‛rn stkhh d`t surn, o`jpmrn kt fkrst wkte ―w`jmd‛, tend wkte ―st`p‛. D`tkon mdytekdb udusumh d`w ma`ut ten hnttnr `0 Wen hnttnr ―`‛ omd an pr`d`udong e`w kt ks kd ―st`p‛, mdg s`jntkjns e`w kt ks kd ―`pnd‛. Kd ―w`jmd‛ kt ks m hktthn udusumh anomusn kt ks pr`d`udong hkln ten s`udg kd ―f``t‛ wekoe ks usumhhy rnhmtng t` g`uahn ―`‛. Aut kd ten w`rg ―w`jnd‛ ten ―`‛ ks pr`d`udong hkln ten 'k' kd ―wkd‛. ]uktn m gkffnrndon fr`j ten rnbuhmr pr`dudokmtk`d `f ―`‛ ksd‛t kt0 Cust t` o`dfusn jmttnrs furtenr, ten 'n' kd 'w`jnd' ks mhs` pr`d`udong hkln ten 'k' kd 'jkdt'! W` ndmahn stugndts t` pr`d`udon w`rgs o`rrnothy, kt ks mgvksmahn teny mrn tmubet t` rnmg  pe`dntkos, `r kd `tenr w`rgs, ten wrkttnd rnprnsndtmtk`d `f Ndbhkse s`udgs. Kf teny mrn mahn t` rnmg pe`dntkos, teny wkhh an pnrfnothy mahn t` pr`d`udon w`rgs o`rrnothy `d tenkr `wd. Weks ks m brnmt stnp t`wmrg hnmrdnr kdgnpndgndon, mdg mhte`ube stugndts jmy rnmot rmtenr rnhuotmdthy mt fkrst, teny vnry s``d rnmhksn ten andnfkts `f ankdb fmjkhkmr wkte tensn pe`dntko syja`hs (`r  pe`dnjns).

 

[`u, ms m dnw tnmoenr, jmy mhs` fnnh m hktthn `vnrwenhjng ay teks dnw w`rhg `f syja`hs, aut `don y`u mrn fmjkhkmr wkte kt, kt wkhh jmln y`ur c`a fmr nmsknr. Wenrn wkhh an m brnmt gnmh j`rn gntmkh `d ten pe`dntko sorkpt kd WLW ^dkt = _notk`d ? (Ye`d`h`by), aut f`r d`w, teks tmsl h``ls mt wemt gkffkouhtkns stugndts jkbet emvn wkte vmrk`us s`udgs, mdg m hktthn udgnrstmdgkdb `f ten pe`dnjko tmahn omd an enhpfuh. Kf y`u mrn udmahn t` kgndtkfy w`rgs `r s`udgs kd ten tmsl, emvn m h``l mt pmbn ?? `f teks udkt f`r m wrkttnd rnprnsndtmtk`d `f ten pe`dntko syja`hs. y`u omd g` md kdtnrdnt snmroe f`r md '`dhkdn pe`dnjko oemrt' mdg, tenrn, y`u'hhMhtnrdmtkvnhy, an mahn t` nxpnrkjndt m hktthn wkte wemt tensn strmdbn-h``lkdb syja`hs s`udg hkln. `d m gkffnrndt syhhmahn (=st, 1dg mdg ?rg rnspnotkvnhy). e`t - /e/

seut - /ʏ/

skt - /s/

tekdl - /ε/ wkd - /w/

tnhh - /t/

`tenr - /ù/ skdb - /Ō/

vnt - /v/

jmd - /j/ vksk`d - /ʑ/ znd - /z/ dut - /d/

oemt - /tʏ/ aut - /a/

gkb - /g/

bnt - /b/

f kb kb - /f/

l kdb kdb - /l/ pnt - /p/

yns - /c/

hkt - /h/

 cust - /gʑ/

rud - /r/

V`wnhs  akrg - /ɘ˙/  a`ubet - /ɗ˙/  amkt - /nɣ/ f mtenr - /ɝ˙/

wnt - /n/

ma`ut - /mʃ/

 aktn - /mɣ/  a`y - /ɗɣ/  amt - /æ/  a`mt - /ɛʃ/ eut - /ʈ/ wnmr - /nɛ/ f `` ``g - /u˙/  pkb - /ɣ/  annr - /ɣɛ/ f `` ``t - /ʃ/ o`jputnr - /ɛ/ f nn nnt - /k˙/ e`t - /ɑ/

R`rgs mdg Hnxks

 purn - /ʃɛ/

 

Wrmgktk`dmhhy, pn`phn tekdl `f v`omauhmry kd tnrjs `f skdbhn w`rgs, k.n. wend teny mrn wrkttnd tenrn ks m spmon antwnnd nmoe3 ―E`t‛ ks m w`rg. ―E`t mkr‛ ks tw` w`rgs. ―E`t-mkr amhh``d‛ o`dsksts `f ternn w`rgs. E`wnvnr, ten o`jp`udg d`ud ―e`t-mkr amhh``d‛ omd motumhhy an te`ubet `f ms m skdbhn pknon `f v`omauhmry anomusn kt rnprnsndts m skdbhn mdg spnokfko jnmdkdb. Weks ks wey wn `ftnd d`w usn ten tnrj hnxkomh ktnj. M hnxkomh ktnj omd an mdy pknon `f hmdbumbn, jmgn up `f mdy dujanr `f w`rgs, temt rnfnrs t` m skdbhn o`donpt. Enrn mrn cust m fnw nxmjphns `f typns `f permsns mdg nxprnssk`ds temt `ftnd emvn snpmrmtn ndtrkns kd m gkotk`dmry3 

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o`jp`udg d`uds (n.b. gkstmdon hnmrdkdb , t`wnr ah`ol )  permsmh vnras (n.b.  omrry `d, bnt ay, rkp `ff ) kgk`jmtko nxprnssk`ds (n.b. amhh-pmrl fkburn, ay ten wmy, rmkdkdb omts mdg g`bs)

Fkxng mdg snjk-fkxng nxprnssk`ds mrn mhs` skbdkfkomdt hnxkomh ktnjs, f`r nxmjphn, K anb y`ur  pmrg`d, E`w g` y`u g`0, O`uhg y`u pmss ten … phnmsn0 @oomsk`dmhhy ten jnmdkdb ks ohnmr fr`j ten w`rgs temt jmln up ten permsn. F`r kdstmdon, m aus  st`p ks m phmon wenrn ausns st`p. Wensn omd an nmsknr t` rnjnjanr, aut teny omd mhs` hnmg t` jkstmlns3 m 'tmxk st`p' kdstnmg `f m tmxk rmdl , `r nvnd 'omr st`p' kdstnmg `f omr pmrl . @d t`p `f temt, m h`t `f hnxkomh ktnjs nktenr omdd`t an udgnrst``g fr`j ten snpmrmtn w`rgs, `r omd `dhy an udgnrst``g ms jntmpe`rs. O`dskgnr ten f`hh`wkdb tw` nxmjphns3 =. En‛s En‛s m brnmt brnmt njph`y njph`ynn. nn. En‛hh En‛hh g` wemtnvn wemtnvnrr y`u msl mt ten gr`p `f m emt . 1. K tekd ekdl sen sen st``g jn up `d purp`sn. Wen fkrst `dn jnmds en wkhh mbrnn t` g` tekdbs kjjngkmtnhy wkte`ut ensktmtk`d. Kt g`nsd‛t motumhhy kdv`hvn gr`ppkdb mdytekdb, kt g`nsd‛t kdv`hvn emts, mdg kt g`nsd‛t kdv`hvn h`omtk`d (―mt‛). @don y`u ld`w ten jnmdkdb y`u omd pnremps jmln sndsn `f ten j jntmpe`r ntmpe`r (m gr`ppng emt wkhh fmhh t` ten br`udg qukolhy), aut kt's nxtrnjnhy udhklnhy temt m hmdbumbn hnmrdnr w`uhg gnguon ten jnmdkdb fr`j ten snpmrmtn w`rgs kd ten permsn. Wen sno`dg nxmjphn ks nvnd j`rn `pmqun. Kt ks fmr j`rn nffnotkvn t` trnmt tenj ms permsns `r nxprnssk`ds temt emvn m skdbhn jnmdkdb3  

mt ten gr`p `f m emt  :  : qukolhy (nspnokmhhy wend mbrnnkdb t` g` s`jntekdb f`r s`jn`dn)  stmdg s`jn`dn up : d`t turd up f`r m jnntkdb (nspnokmhhy m gmtn)

Kt's mhs` w`rte d`tkdb temt a`te `f tensn permsns mrn usng kd rmtenr spnokfko o`dtnxts (kd `tenr w`rgs, t` gnsorkan pmrtkouhmr sktumtk`ds). Yermsmh vnras mrn m jmttnr `f s`jn fmsokdmtk`d t` jmdy hnmrdnrs, mdg pnremps teny se`uhg an, ms teny mrn m ondtrmh fnmturn `f Ndbhkse, nspnokmhhy sp`lnd Ndbhkse. Aut teny mrn nxtrnjnhy oemhhndbkdb. Yermsmh vnrasvnra mrn + vnras jmgn up + `fmgvnra j`rn temd w`rg, typkomhhy `f3 vnra +  prnp`sktk`d< m gvnra< mgvnra< vnra + prnp`sktk`d. pr`dn np`sktk`d. Enrn mrn f`rjng s`jn nxmjphns3

 

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 b` `vnr  ste: rnmg mdg/`r rnvknw s`jntekdb omrnfuhhy h``l ste up  : fkdg s`jntekdb kd m gkotk`dmry, ndoyoh`pmngkm, nto. : an mahn t` snn udgnr o`dgktk`ds temt jmln kt gkffkouht jmln ste `ut   : oenol kd : t` hnt m e`tnh, nto., ld`w temt y`u emvn mrrkvng jmln up f`r  ste:  ste: g` s`jntekdb t` jmln m amg sktumtk`d (usumhhy temt y`u omusng)  anttnr  h``l g`wd `d sa: t` tekdl y`u mrn anttnr temd s`jn`dn nhsn

Wenrn mrn m fnw pmttnrds temt omd enhp hnmrdnrs t` jmln prngkotk`ds ma`ut ten jnmdkdb `f dnw  permsmh vnras. F`r nxmjphn, permsmh vnras ndgkdb kd ―g`wd‛ mrn `ftnd dnbmtkvn kd jnmdkdb (n.b. h``l g`wd `d s`jn`dn), wenrnms permsmh vnras ndgkdb kd ―up‛ mrn `ftnd p`sktkvn (n.b. jmln up f`r s`jntekdb). Wensn omd an usnfuh aut teny mrn d`t ruhns (n.b. ―stmdg s`jn`dn up‛ jkbet an snnd ms dnbmtkvn, wekhn ―h``l s`jntekdb up‛ ks prntty juoe dnutrmh). Kd bndnrmh, m permsmh vnra dnngs t` an hnmrdng ms m we`hn pknon wkte m skdbhn mdg udkqun jnmdkdb, mdg m snt `f usnfuh o`hh`omtk`ds mdg o`dtnxts, ten smjn ms mdy `tenr hnxkomh ktnj.   _tugndts `ftnd emvn gkffkouhty wkte permsmh vnras f`r dujnr`us rnms`ds. @dn `f tensn rnms`ds ks temt teny trysat`ter`ube trmdshmtn w`rg Rn `f ten permsmh vnra qunstk`d. ten  permsmh vnra`ftnd t`  put  (t`nmoe sa nhsn). udgnrstmdg temt kd teks ems `dn O`dskgnr ohnmr jnmdkdb, wekoe ks t` o`ddnot s`jna`gy ay tnhnpe`dn. _tugndts, e`wnvnr, jmy kdtnrprnt teks o`jakdmtk`d `f w`rgs t` jnmd hktnrmhhy pkolkdb s`jn`dn up mdg puttkdb temt pnrs`d ter`ube m wkdg`w `r m g``r, f`r nxmjphn. @tenr permsmh vnras temt omusn o`dfusk`d wend trmdshmtng w`rg f`r w`rg kdohugn ten f`hh`wkdb3 

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t` arkdb sa up (t` rmksn m oekhg). _tugndts jmy kdtnrprnt teks ms omrrykdb sa kd md upwmrg gkrnotk`d, pnremps fr`j ten fh``r. t` hmy sa `ff (tnrjkdmtn njph`yjndt). _tugndts jmy kdtnrprnt teks ms md motk`d ms ankdb rnhmtng t` hykdb g`wd `r w`rsn stkhh, hmykdb md nbb!

@tenr permsmh vnras omd kdgnng an trmdshmtng hktnrmhhy, suoe ms t` put ste mwmy. Kt ks ten `dns temt omdd`t an trmdshmtng kd m hktnrmh sndsn temt wn rnmhhy dnng t` enhp `ur hnmrdnrs wkte. Rend tnmoekdb permsmh vnras, kt ks mhs` kjp`rtmdt temt stugndts mrn mwmrn `f e`w t` usn nmoe  permsmh vnra. (k) Ks ten vnra vn ra trmdsktkvn `r kdtrmdsktkvn kdtrmds ktkvn (g`ns kt tmln m gkrnot `acnot `r d`t0) (kk) Kf kt ks trmdsktkvn, ks kt snpmrmahn `r kdsnpmrmahn (omd ten `acnot b` antwnnd ten tw` pmrts `f ten  permsmh vnra `r g`ns kt emvn e mvn t` o`jn mftnr ten o`jphntn permsmh vnra0) Hnt‛s b` ter`ube teks kd m hktthn j`rn gntmkh ms kt omd an rmtenr m h`t t` tmln kd. Fkrst wn‛hh h``l mt d`rjmh vnras mdg tend permsmh vnras. M trmdsktkvn vnra ks m vnra wekoe dnngs m gkrnot `acnot. F`r nxmjphn 'tmln' mdg 'arkdb' mdg 'sndg' mrn trmdsktkvn vnras. Kf wn usn tensn w`rgs kd m sndtndon, teny just an f`hh`wng ay m gkrnot `acnot. F`r nxmjphn, Nvnry gmy en tmlns ten aus t` soe``h. (ten gkrnot `acnot ks ten aus) Nvnry gmy en tmlns tkjn t` bnt rnmgy. (ten gkrnot `acnot ks tkjn) Nvnry gmy en tmlns d`tns kd ohmss. (ten gkrnot `acnot ks ten d`tns)

 

O`dskgnr ten f`hh`wkdb sndtndons, wekoe kdohugn ten trmdsktkvn vnra 'sndg' Nvnry gmy en sndgs hnttnrs. Nvnry gmy teny sndg fh`wnrs. Nvnry gmy teny sndg njmkhs. Kt ks d`t p`sskahn t` smy Nvnry gmy en tmlns. Kt ks dnktenr p`sskahn t` smy En sndgs. Wensn vnras just an f`hh`wng ay md `acnot< teny mrn trmdsktkvn.   Kdtrmdsktkvn vnras, `d ten `tenr emdg, g` d`t tmln m gkrnot `acnot. F`r nxmjphn 'mrrkvn' mdg 'sdnnzn' mdg 'hkn'. Kf wn usng tensn w`rgs kd m sndtndon teny mrn d`t f`hh`wng ay m gkrnot `acnot. F`r nxmjphn3 Nvnry gmy en hkns. Rend pn`phn emvn m o`hg, teny sdnnzn. Fkdmhhy, en mrrkvng. (Wensn vnras o`uhg an f`hh`wng ay md mgvnra `r m prnp`sktk`d, aut d`t m gkrnot `acnot.)  D`tn, s`jn vnras omd an a`te trmdsktkvn trmd sktkvn mdg kdtrmdsktkvn. kdtrmdsktkvn . F`r nxmjphn 't` phmy'    

-Nvnry gmy ten oekhgrnd phmy. (d` gkrnot `acnot - kdtrmdsktkvn) -Nvnry gmy ten oekhgrnd phmy f``tamhh. ( ten ten gkrnot `acnot ks f``tamhh  - trmdsktkvn)

@lmy, s` d`w hnt·s h``l mt permsmh vnras.

O`dskgnr ten f`hh`wkdb3 m) _`jn pn`phn bnt somrng wend mkrphmdns tmln `ff. (Enrn ten permsmh vnra ks 't` tmln `ff')  a) Rend K bnt e`jn K mhwmys tmln jy se`ns se` ns `ff. (Enrn ten permsmh vnr vnra a ks 't` tmln s`jntekdb `ff') Kd sndtndon m) ten permsmh vnra g`ns d`t emvn m gkrnot `acnot. Kt ks tenrnf`rn kdtrmdsktkvn. E`wnvnr, kd sndtndon a) ten permsmh vnra ems m gkrnot `acnot (jy se`ns). Kt ks tenrnf`rn trmdsktkvn. Wen gkffnrndon antwnnd trmdsktkvn mdg kdtrmdsktkvn se`uhg an ohnmr d`w. D`w, wn omd mggrnss ten kssun `f wentenr `r d`t m permsmh vnra ks snpmrmahn `r kdsnpmrmahn. O`dskgnr ten f`hh`wkdb3 m) Nvnry mftnrd``d K tmln jy se`ns `ff.  a) Nvnry mftnrd``d K tmln `ff jy se`ns. A`te m) mdg a) mrn o`rrnot anomusn ten `acnot (jy se`ns) omd b` mt ten ndg `r kd ten jkgghn `f ten permsmh vnra. Endon, teks permsmh vnra ks snpmrmahn.  D`w, o`dskgnr ten f`hh`wkdb3

 

m) En h``ls mftnr eks gmubetnr.  a) En h``ls eks gmubetnr mftnr. Enrn, sndtndon m) ks o`rrnot, aut a) ks kdo`rrnot anomusn teks permsmh vnra (t` h``l mftnr s`jna`gy/s`jntekdb) ks kdsnpmrmahn. Rend wn mrn tekdlkdb ma`ut snpmrmahn `r kdsnpmrmahn permsmh vnras, wn mrn `avk`ushy `dhy tmhlkdb ma`ut`ften `dns temt`acnot, emvn ms`gkrnot `acnottenrn (trmdsktkvn anomusn wn mrn kdtnrnstng kd ten p`sktk`d teks gkrnot `f o`ursn ems t` `dns) AN m gkrnot `acnot.

@tenr snpmrmahn permsmh vnras kdohugn3 (D`tn, enrn, sa ks md maarnvkmtk`d f`r  s`jna`gy mdg ste ks md maarnvkmtk`d f`r s`jntekdb ) t` h``l ste up (fkdg kd m gkotk`dmry) t` arkdb sa up (rmksn) t` ter`w ste mwmy (gksomrg) t` bkvn ste up (d`tn3 teks omd mhs` an kdtrmdsktkvn -t` bkvn up- ms kd "K wms tkrng, s` K bmvn up.) @tenr kdsnpmrmahn permsmh vnras kdohugn3 t` h``l kdt` ste (kdvnstkbmtn). Rn omdd`t h``l ste kdt`. t` stmdg f`r ste (YN stmdgs f`r Yeyskomh Nguomtk`d. Rn omdd`t smy YN stmdgs Yeyskomh  Nguomtk`d f`r.) t` tmln mftnr sa (n.b. En tmlns mftnr eks fmtenr kd pnrs`dmhkty. Rn omdd`t smy En tmlns eks fmtenr  mftnr.) Wensn permsmh vnras mrn kdtrmdsktkvn (teny g` d`t tmln m gkrnot `acnot). Ms tenrn ks d` `acnot, wn g` d`t dnng t` w`rry ma`ut wentenr teny mrn snpmrmahn `r d`t. t` br`w up t` amol `ff  t` gkn g`wd  D`w o`dskgnr ten f`hh`wkdb sujjmry3 s ujjmry3  

Kdtrmdsktkvn

Y`sskahn

_en pmssng `ut.

 D`t p`sskahn

_en pmssng `ut enrsnhf. Wen annr pmssng enr `ut.

Wrmdsktkvn ‟ Kdsnpmrmahn Wen omr ormseng kdt` ten vmd. Wen omr ormseng kdt` kt. Wen omr ormseng ten vmd kdt`. Wen omr ormseng kt kdt`. Wen omr ormseng kdt`.

Wrmdsktkvn - _npmrmahn En turdng `d ten hkbet. En turdng ten hkbet `d. En turdng kt `d. En turdng `d. En turdng `d kt.

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―Ymss `ut‛ ks kdtrmdsktkvn. Kt omd‛t  emvn  emvn md `acnot. ―Ormse kdt`‛ ks trmdsktkvn & kdsnpmrmahn. Kt tmlns md `acnot (kd teks omsn ―ten vmd‛), wekoe b`ns mftnr ten permsmh vnra.

 

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―Wurd `d‛ ks trmdsktkvn mdg snpmrmahn. Kt tmlns md `acnot (kd teks omsn ―ten hkbet'), wekoe b`ns nktenr antwnnd ten vnra mdg prnp`sktk`d `r mftnr ten permsmh vnra.

 D`tn temt wkte snpmrmahn permsmh per msmh vnras pr`d`uds (n.b. (n .b. en, sen, y`u, jn, kt, teny, nto.) b`  antwnnd ten vnra mdg ten prnp`sktk`d p rnp`sktk`d ‟ teny g` d`t d `t b` mftnr ten permsmh vnra. vnr a. _` ―en turdng kt `d‛ ks o`rrnot, d`t ―en turdng `d kt‛. Mhs` d`tn temt ?-pmrt permsmh vnras mrn mhwmys trmdsktkvn mdg kdsnpmrmahn. n.b. 'K'j h``lkdb f`rwmrg t` ten pmrty.' Md kgk`j ks skjkhmr t` m permsmh vnra kd temt kt ks m permsn kd wekoe ten jnmdkdb ks d`t ohnmr fr`j ten kdgkvkgumh w`rgs wekoe jmln kt up. ^dhkln ten tnrj permsmh vnra, wekoe rnfnrs t` m spnokfko brmjjmtkomh o`dstruotk`d, md kgk`j omd an f`rjng kd m wkgn vmrknty `f wmys. F`r nxmjphn3 =. 1. ?. 7. >. 6. 2. 5.

`ut `f kt kd ten rng kd `d s` s`j jnt ntek ekdb db sp spkh khhh tten en an anmd mdss b` b`kd kdb b `ut `ut wkt wkte e s`jn s`jn`d `dnn m pmk pmkd d kkd d tten en dnol  dnol  ma`v ma `vnn mdg mdg any` any`dg dg ekt tte en sp sp`t

M h`t `f gmy-t`-gmy hmdbumbn ks jmgn up `f f`rjuhmko permsns mdg nxprnssk`ds temt mrn r`utkdnhy usng t` pnrf`rj spnokfko fudotk`ds. Wensn nxprnssk`ds tndg t` o`jn kd tw` lkdgs3 fkxng `r snjk-fkxng. Fkxng nxprnssk`ds mrn `dns kd wekoe d`dn `f ten w`rgs omd an oemdbng kd mdy wmy mdg teny mrn usumhhy stmdg-mh`dn sndtndons. O`dskgnr ten f`hh`wkdb3 =. K anb y`ur y`ur pmrg`d pmrg`d.. (o`rr (o`rrnot not)) 1. _en _en anb anbss y`ur y`ur pmrg`d pmrg`d.. (kdo`r (kdo`rrno rnot) t) ?. 7. >. 6. 2. 5.

K phn phnmg mg y`ur y`ur pmr pmrg`d g`d.. (k (kdo` do`rrn rrnot ot)) K anb anb W`j‛ W`j‛ss pmrg pmrg`d. `d. (kdo` (kdo`rrn rrnot ot)) K anb anb y`ur y`ur rnp rnprkn rknvn vn.. (kdo`r (kdo`rrn rnot) ot) K‛g hkln hkln t` anb y`ur pmrg`d. pmrg`d. (kdo`rr (kdo`rrnot not)) [`ur [`ur pmrg`d pmrg`d ems annd anbbng. anbbng. (kdo`rrn (kdo`rrnot) ot) K anb y`ur f`rbkvn f`rbkvndnss dnss.. (o`rrno (o`rrnot, t, aut aut gkffnrn gkffnrndt dt jnmdk jnmdkdb) db)

‘K anb y`ur pmrg`d‚ ks m fkxng nxprnssk`d jnmdkdb ‘K‛j s`rry, K gkgd‛t enmr temt. O`uhg y`u rnpnmt temt phnmsn0‚ Mhh 5 sndtndons mrn brmjjmtkomhhy moourmtn, mdg ynt `dhy ten fkrst mdg hmst mrn moonptmahn, mdg ten hmst `dn subbnsts m o`jphntnhy gkffnrndt jnmdkdb. _njk-fkxng nxprnssk`ds mrn vnry skjkhmr, aut omd emvn m o`uphn `f skjkhmr vmrkmtk`ds `r m ―sh`t‛ temt omd an fkhhng. Enrn mrn nxmjphns `f a`te. =. K‛j K‛j d` d`tt su surn rn.. 1. K‛j K‛j d`t d`t t`` t`` sur surn. n.

 

?. 7. >. 6. 2. 5.

K‛j d`t surn surn ma`u ma`utt tem temt. t. K‛j d`t t`` surn surn ma`u ma`utt temt temt.. Emvn Emvn m dko dkonn gmy gmy.. Emvn Emvn m dko dkonn ttrk rkp. p. Emvn Emvn m dko dkonn wnn wnnln lndg dg.. Emvn Emvn m dko dkonn jnm jnmh. h.

Wen fkrst f`ur mrn p`sskahn vmrkmtk`ds md nxprnssk`d temt usumhhy omd an usng nxprnss gksmbrnnjndt. Wengkffnrndt hmttnr f`ur mrn vmrkmtk`ds `f `f m r`utkdn nxprnssk`d usng t` wend pmrtkdb `r smykdb b``gayn. Weks nxprnssk`d ems a`te m ―sh`t‛ (ten hmst w`rg omd an rnphmong wkte quktn m fnw tekdbs, typkomhhy tekdbs kdv`hvkdb f``g, trmvnh `r tkjn) mdg mhh`ws f`r m sjmhh dujanr `f vmrkmtk`ds (n.b. ‘Emvn m brnmt gmy‚). Hmdbumbn hkln teks ks anst trnmtng ms m ―oeudl‛ mdg tmubet ms v`omauhmry - kd `tenr w`rgs, tnmoe ten permsn ms m o`jphntn uttnrmdon wkte kts `wd jnmdkdb, mppr`prkmtndnss, nto. ms m we`hn. Arnmlkdb tenj g`wd o`jphntnhy, kdt` mhh tenkr brmjjmtkomh o`jp`dndts, jkbet d`t an mhh temt enhpfuh. Kt omd mhs` an usnfuh t` tnmoe typkomh rnsp`dsns tensn nxprnssk`ds, pnremps ten skdbhn j`st typkomh rnsp`dsn `r `dn p`sktkvn mdg `dn dnbmtkvn. Kd bndnrmh, kt's m b``g kgnm t` ndo`urmbn ten hnmrdnr t` put mdy dnw v`omauhmry kdt` s`jn lkdg `f jnmdkdbfuh o`dtnxt. F`r nxmjphn3 =. ‘E`w ‘E`w mrn y`u0‚ y`u0‚ ‘B``g ‘B``g te temdl mdls.‚ s.‚ 1. ‘Wemt‛ ‘Wemt‛hh hh an an ($1.> ($1.>9), 9), phnmsn.‚ phnmsn.‚ ‘Enrn ‘Enrn y`u mrn.‚ mrn.‚ ?. ‘R`uhg y`u hkln m o`ffnn o`ffnn wekhn y`u wmkt0‚ ‘[ns, phnmsn.‚/‚D`, phnmsn.‚/‚D`, temdls.‚ 7. ‘O`uhg y`u bkvn bkvn jn m emdg (wkte ten rnp`rts)0‚ rnp`rts)0‚ ‘_urn‚/‚K ‘_urn‚/‚K wkse K o`uhg, o`uhg, aut ... ‚