Tecnicas Radiograficas Extraorales - Correccion

 

 

W`lvgrslhah ^gradruza`a Naductah hg Khk`tkckiåa _GILK@ RK]A _LDA XWVRA@

GVRG_LG@DLA GHWDAXL^A=

_AHLKCKILA G LEAIG@KCKILA XGEA= –XGD@LDAT _AHLKI_ANLDAT GVX_AOWDACGT―

ACWE@K= GYACH EA_XL@G] TKNLA NWG@XGT RG_G] \AGC

DAXGH_AXLDK= H_. MKTG HG MGTWT ^LCCGIAT XK__GT

RK]A _LDA, ^G_. A 42 HG TGRXLGEO_G HGC ?2?2 L@HLDG

 

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Å`hldg 1

Dapåtuck Dapåtuck L..... L............ ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ............................ ......................? .?

1.1 L@X_KH L@X_KHWDDLÔ WDDLÔ@...... @............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. .............? .......? ? Dapltuck Dapltuck LL.... LL........... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ......................4 ...............4 ?.1

Rrkygddl Rrkygddlk`gs k`gs hgc drá`gk........ drá`gk.............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ................... .......................4 ...........4

?.?

R_K R_K\GD \GDDLK@ DLK@GT GT HGC RCA@K RCA@K DK_ DK_K@A K@AC C K N_K@XA N_K@XAC=. C=..... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......... ..........4 .....4

?.?.1

Rrkygddl Rrkygddlô` ô` hg Dachwgcc Dachwgcc (pkstgr (pkstgrka`tgr ka`tgrlkr).... lkr).......... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............4 ......4

?.?.?

Rrkygddl Rrkygddlô` ô` hg Yatgrs...... Yatgrs............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ..............7 ........7

?.?.4 ?.? .4

Rrky Rrkygdd gddlô` lô` hg Xkw`g Xkw`g l`vgrsa l`vgrsa.... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ........ ......... .......... .......... ......> .>

?.4 R_K R_K\GD \GDDLK@ DLK@GT GT HGC HGC RCA RCA@K @K FK FK_L] _L]K@X K@XAC AC K AV AVLAC LAC=... =........ .......... .......... .......... ......... ........9 ....9 ?.4.1 Rrkygddl Rrkygddlô` ô` suoeg` suoeg`tkvìrtg tkvìrtgx...... x............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .........................6 ..................6 ?.4.?

Rrkygddl Rrkygddlô` ô` dgnacke dgnackeìtrlda ìtrlda catgrac..... catgrac............ ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ................... .................12 .....12

?.4.4 ?.4 .4

Rrky Rrkygdd gddlk` lk`gs gs ea` ea`hlo hlouca ucargs rgs cat catgrac gracgs gs koc kocldu lduas.. as..... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ......... .......... ......... .........1? .....1?

?.4.8 ?.4 .8

_AH _AHLKI LKI_AN _ANÅAT ÅAT HG CA A_XLDWC A_XLDWCADL ADLK@ K@ XGERK_ XGERK_KEA KEA@HL @HLOWC OWCA_ A_ (AX (AXE) E) 1>

?.4.7 ?. 4.7

KO KOMG MGXL XL^K ^KT T HG CA CA _A _AHL HLKI KI_A _ANÅ NÅA A LH LHGA GAC C HG A_X A_XLDW LDWCA CADL DLÔ@ Ô@

XGERK_KEA@HLOWCA_=.......................................................................................1> ?.8 4

Dapltuck Dapltuck LLLL..... LL............ ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ...........?9 .....?9 4.1

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Hlsdus Hlsduslô`.... lô`.......... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ............... .....................?9 .............?9

Dapåtuck Dapåtuck L^.... L^........... ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............................ .........................?6 ...?6 8.1

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_AH _AHLKI LKIANÅA ANÅA RA@ RA@K_Á K_ÁELD ELDA A K K_XKRA K_XKRA@XK @XKEKI EKI_AN _ANÅA.. ÅA..... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......... ......16 .16

Dk`dcu Dk`dcuslô`.. slô`......... .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ................ ..............?6 ....?6

_GNG_G@DLAT _GNG_G@DLAT OLOCLK OLOCLKI_ANLD I_ANLDAT...... AT............ ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ..................... ............................42 ..............42

 

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1 Dapåtuck L 1.1  L@X_KHWDDLÔ@ Cas rahlkiranåas hg`tacgs sk` u` tlpk hg leaig` hg cks hlg`tgs y ca okda, eugstra` tkhk aqugcck qug `k sg vg a slepcg vlsta qug qugha kductk pkr ca g`dåa k g` gc l`tgrlkr hgc hlg`tg dkek= raådgs y ápldgs hgc hlg`tg, tgmlhk oca`hk, fugsk acvgkcar, hlg`tgs lepadtahks, aså dkek  patkckiåas qug `k sg eugstra` dcå`ldaeg`tg, hgpg`hlg`hk hg hk`hg sg dkckqug gc rgdgptkr hg leaig`, cas prkygddlk`gs sg dcaslnldara` g` l`trakrac (Rgcåduca hg`trk hg ca okda) y gxtraoudac (Rgcåduca nugra hg ca okda). Cks gxáeg`gs rahlkcôildks gxtrakracgs l`dcuyg` tkhas cas prkygddlk`gs hg ca rgilô` krknadlac dk` pcadas dkckdahas nugra hg ca okda. Gc khk`tôckik gepcga dk` nrgdug`dla gstas  prkygddlk`gs para gxael`ar árgas árg as qug `k gstá` duolgrtas dkepcgtaeg`tg pkr cas rahlkiranåas l`trakracgs k para vlsuaclzar gc drá`gk y cas gstrudturas nadlacgs hg l`tgrìs g` Khk`tkckiåa y Gstkeatkckiåa, sk` gmgepcks hg gstas gxpckradlk`gs ca Krtkpa`tkekiranåa, ca Xgcgrrahlkiranåa catgrac hg drá`gk, ca @ask-eg`tk-pcada, cas prkygddlk`gs hgsg`nlcahas para raeas ea`hloucargs, ca prkygddlô` Xra`sdra`gac kocldua hg ca artlducadlô` tgepkrkea`hloucar y ktras qug l`dkrpkra` `ugvas tgd`kckiåas dkek ca Xkekiranåa dkeputarlzaha y cas rgsk`a`dlas eai`ìtldas. Gc `keorg qug rgdlog daha tìd`lda hgpg`hgrá hgc sg`tlhk qug tg`ia gc rayk dg`trac dk` rgspgdtk a ca gstrudtura a`atôelda a rahlkiranlar. Gs aså dkek cas rahlkiranåas hgc pca`k nrk`tac k dkrk`ac pkhrá` sgr pkstgrka`tgrlkrgs k a`tgrkpkstgrlkrgs. Rara tkear rahlkiranåas gxtraoudacgs tg`geks qug tg`gr g` dug`ta cks pu`tks, cå`gas y pca`ks hg rgngrg`dla dra`gacgs dkek= pca`k sailtac, pca`k dkrk`ac k nrk`tac, pca`k axlac k tra`svgrsac, cå`ga Da`tkegatac y cå`ga hg Nra`jnkrt. Dua`hk gxlstg` hgtgrel`ahks sli`ks k så`tkeas pughg sgr ýtlc gxael`ar ca ea`håouca, gc eaxlcar y ktrks fugsks nadlacgs g` ousda hg u`a g`ngreghah k cgslô`. Cks krtkhk`dlstas gepcga` dk` nrgdug`dla cas prkygddlk`gs gxtrakracgs para gvacuar gc drgdlelg`tk gsqugcìtldk. Rara dk`sgiulr cas egmkrgs leáig`gs dk` cas eg`krgs gxpksldlk`gs, gs lepkrta`tg rgaclzar tkhas cas prkygddlk`gs rahlkcôildas dkeol`a`hk pgcåducas y pa`taccas l`tg`slnldahkras ahgduahaeg`tg.

 

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? Dapltuck LL ?.1 Rrkygd Rrkygddlk`gs dlk`gs hgc drá` drá`gk gk Gc pksldlk`aelg`tk ahgduahk hgc padlg`tg rgqulgrg gc usk hg eardas hg pksldlô` gsqugcìtlda. Ca cå`ga hg rgngrg`dla dcáslda gs gc pca`k hg Nra`jnkrt, qug dk`gdta gc okrhg supgrlkr hgc dk`hudtk auhltlvk gxtgr`k dk` gc okrhg l`nrakroltarlk. Ca cå`ga da`tkegatac, qug u`g gc pu`tk dg`trac hgc dk`hudtk auhltlvk gxtgr`k dk` gc á`iuck gxtgr`k hgc kmk, nkrea u` á`iuck hg 12² dk` gc pca`k hg Nra`jnkrt.

?.?  R_K\GDDL  R_K\GDDLK@GT K@GT HGC RC RCA@K A@K DK_K@ DK_K@AC AC K N_K@XA N_K@XAC= C=

?.?. ?.11 Rrkygd gdddlô` hg hg Da Dachwgcc (p (pks ksttgrka` a`ttgrlkr) Ca prkygddlô` pkstgrka`tgrlkr (RA) dk` gc padlg`tg g` olpghgstadlô` sg hg`kel`a aså pkrqug gc rayk pasa g` u`a hlrgdd hlrgddlô` lô` pkstgrka`t pkstgrka`tgrlk grlk a travìs hgc drá`gk. Gsta prkygddlô` sg gepcga  para gxael`ar ca gxlstg`dla hg g`ngreghah, traueatlsek k a`keacåas hgc hgsarrkcck hgc drá`gk. Xaeolì` prkpkrdlk`a u` oug` rgilstrk para hgtgdtar daeolks prkirgslvks g` cas hleg`slk`gs eghlk catgracgs hgc drá`gk l`dcuyg`hk gc drgdlelg`tk asleìtrldk. Ahgeás, ca

 

8  prkygddlô` RA knrgdg u`a oug`a vlsuaclzadlô` hg cas gstrudturas nadlacgs, l`dcuyg`hk cks sg`ks nrk`tac y gteklhac, ca nksa `asac y cas kroltas.

Dkckdadlô` hg ca pcada= Gc dfasls sg dkckda vgrtldaceg`tg g` u` hlspksltlvk hg sumgdlô`. Rksldlô` hg ca daogza= Rara ca prkygddlô` RA g` olpghgstadlk` ca daogza sg dg`tra hgca`tg hgc dfasls dk` ca cå`ga da`tkegatac paracgca ac sugck. Rara cas apcldadlk`gs dgnackeìtrldas ca `arlz hgog gstar u`  pkdk eás acta, hg nkrea qug ca prk prkygddlô` ygddlô` a`tgrlkr hg ca cå`ga da`tkegatrac nkreg u` á`iuck hg 12² pkr g`dlea hg ca fkrlzk`tac y gc pca`k hg Nra`jnkrt qughg pgrpg`hlducar a ca pgcåduca. G` ca rahlkiranåa rgsucta`tg gc okrhg supgrlkr hgc surdk hgc sg`k pgtrksk hgog gstar sltuahk g` gc tgrdlk l`ngrlkr hg ca ôrolta. Gsta krlg`tadlô` dkckda gc pca`k kdcusac g` u`a pksldlô` fkrlzk`tac. Rrkygddlô` hgc rayk dg`trac= Gc rayk dg`trac sg hlrlig pgrpg`hlducar ac pca`k hg ca pgcåduca g` cas hleg`slk`gs fkrlzk`tac y vgrtldac hgshg u`a nug`tg sltuaha hlsta`dla  pkrdlô` pgtrksa hgc fugsk hgc fugs fugskk sg s g ssltýa ltýa skorg skor g gc tgdfk hgc sg`k eaxlcar, sg hgog gcgvar  eás ca oarolcca hgc padlg`tg. Tl ca okda hgc padlg`tg gstá aolgrta, ca leaig` hgc sg`k gsng`klhac sg prkygdtará g` gc pacahar.

Rrkygddlô` hgc rayk dg`trac= Gc rayk dg`trac hgog sgr pgrpg`hlducar a ca pgcåduca, a travìs hgc pca`k eghlksailtac y a `lvgc hgc sg`k eaxlcar.

Raráegtrks hg gxpksldlô`= Cks paráegtrks hg gxpksldlô` varåa` dk`slhgraocgeg`tg sgiý` gc tlpk hg aparatk, ca hlsta`dla hgshg ca nug`tg ac padlg`tg, ca dkeol`adlô` pa`tacca-pgcåduca y ca rgmlcca. Dua`hk sg gepcga u`a dkeol`adlô` pgcåduca-pa`tacca dk` u`a vgckdlhah hg ?72 a 92j^p, hgog` utlclzarsg acrghghkr hg 122 eA.  

 

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?.?.4 Rrkygddlô` hg hg Xk Xkw`g l` l`vgrsa Ca prkygddlô` hg Xkw`g l`vgrsa sg gepcga para gxael`ar rahlkcôildaeg`tg a u` padlg`tg g` gc qug sg skspgdfa ca prgsg`dla hg u`a nradtura hgc dugcck hgc dô`hlck. Gsta prkygddlô` gs euy ahgduaha para ekstrar gc hgspcazaelg`tk eghlac hgc dô`hlck. Ca prkygddlô` hg Xkw`g l`vgrsa taeolì` eugstra ca pargh  pkstgrkcatgrac hgc sg`k eaxlcar.

Dkckdadlô` hg ca pcada= Gc dfasls sg dkckda g` u` hlspksltlvk hg sumgdlô`. Dkckdadlô` hg ca daogza= Ca daogza hgográ gstar dg`traha hgca`tg hgc dfasls dfa sls dk` ca cå`ga cå`ga da` da`tke tkegtr gtrac ac krlg`t krlg`taha aha fadla aoamk ?7-42 irahks.

Rrkygddlô` hgc rayk dg`trac= Gc rayk dg`trac sg hlrli hlrligg fadla ca pgcåduc pgcåducaa g` gc pca`k sailtac a travìs hgc fugsk kddlplta kddlpltac.c. Gc faz sg dkclea fadla cas árgas hg l`tgrìs para rghudlr ca gxpksldlô` hgc padlg`tg hg ca pgcåduca. Raráegtrks hg gxpksldlô`= Cks paráegtrks hg gxpksldlô` varåa` dk`slhgraocgeg`tg hg adugrhk dk` gc tlpk hg aparatk, ca hlsta`dla hgshg ca nug`tg ac padlg`tg, ca dkeol`adlô` pa`tacca pgcåduca y ca rgmlcca.

 

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Dua`hk sg gepcga u`a dkeol`adlô` pgcåduca- pa`tacca dk` u`a vgckdlhah hg ?72 a 92 j^p, hgog` utlclzarsg acrghghkr hg 122 eA.

R_K\GDDLK@GT HGC RCA@K FK_L]K@XAC K AVLAC=

?.?.8 Rrkygddlô` su s uoeg`tkvìrtgx    G` eudfks padlg`tgs, haha su dk`tgxtura, ghah k pkr gstar angdtahks pkr u` traueatlsek sgvgrk, `k sg ckira pksldlk`ar ca daogza ck sunldlg`tg fadla atrás pkr ck ta`tk gc pca`k hg Nra`jnkrt `k qugha pgrpg`hlducar ac plsk. G@ gstks dasks sg hgog a`iucar gc rayk dg`trac, skckk dua skc dua`h `hkk sga `g `gdg dgsar sarlk lk pa para ra qug gs gstg tg qu qugh ghgg pgrpg pgrpg`hl `hlduc ducar ar ac pc pca` a`kk hg Nra`jn Nra`jnkrt krt,, dkepg`sa`hk ca nacta hg l`dcl`adlô` hg ca daogza. Gstas rahlkiranlas tlg`g hks utlclhahgs, ca prlegra gs hg utlclhah para gc gstuhlk hg ca oasg hg drá`gks, fugsk vôegr y ca cáel`a pgrpg`hlducar hgc gteklhgs (taolqug `asac), pkrdlk`gs  pgtrksas hg cks tgepkracgs k pgñasdks, g`kgsng`klhac, há`hk`ks ahgeás u`a vlslô` euy ig`grac ig`g rac hg ca ea`håo ea`håouca uca.. Rgreltg Rgreltg hgtgre hgtgrel`a l`ar, r,  prgvlks trasahks gc á`iuck qug gxlstg g`trg cks gmgs eaykrgs hg daha dk`hlck y gc pca`k eghlk sailtac. Gsta eghldlô` pgreltg pradtldar ta`tk ca ra rahl hlki kira ranå nåaa tr tra` a`sd sdra ra`g `gac ac hg AXE, AXE, dk dkek ek ca tk tke eki kira ranå nåaa hg ca AXE, AXE, dk dk`` ca a` a`iu iuccad adlô lô`` gspgd gsp gdln lnld ldaa g l` l`hl hlvl vlhua huacc hg daha daha dô`hl dô`hlck ck dk` rgspgdtk ac pca`k sailtac.  

 

< Ca sgiu`ha utlclhah gs kotg`lha dk` ca tìd`lda oca`ha, hk`hg sg plgrhg ca vlslô` hg ca oasg hgc drá`gk, pgrk sg kotlg`g u`a leaig` euy dcara hg cks ardks dlikeátldks: gsta gs ca tìd`lda hg gcgddlô` para gc gstuhlk hg gccks.

Rksldlô` hg ca daogza= Ca daogza y gc dugcck hgc padlg`tg hgográ` gstar gxtg`hlhks ta`tk dkek sga pkslocg, dk` gc vìrtldg hgc drá`gk g` gc dg`trk hgc dfasls. Tugcg sgr ýtlc l`dcl`ar gc rgspachk ta`tk dkek sga  pkslocg para nadlcltar ca krlg`tadlô` hg ca daogza. Tl` geoarik, gc pca`k eghlk sailtac hg ca daogza hgog pgrea`gdgr pgrpg`hlducar ac sugck. Ca cå`ga da`tkegatac skorgpasara 12² ca vgrtldac hg nkrea qug ca cå`ga hg Nra`jnkrt qughg vgrtldac y paracgca a ca pgcåduca.

Rrkygddlô` hg rahlk dg`trac= Tg hlrlig hgshg hgoamk hg ca ea`håouca fadåa arrloa, fadla gc vìrtldg hgc drá`gk, y sg dkckda ck su sunl nldl dlg`t g`tge geg`t g`tgg hg u` u`aa cå cå`g `gaa qu qugg u`a ck ckss dô dô`h `hlc lcks ks hgrgdfk g lzqulgrhk.

 

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Raráegtrks hg gxpksldlô`= Cks paráegtrks hg gxpksldlô` varåa` dk`slhgraocgeg`tg hg adugrhk dk` gc tlpk hg aparatk, ca hlsta sta`dla hgsh shgg ca nug`tg ac padlg`tg, ca dkeol`adlô` pa`tacca- pgcåduca, y rgmlcca. Dua`hk sg gepcga u`a dkeol`adlô` pgcåduca- pa`tacca dk` u`a vgckdlhah hg ?72 a 92 j^p, hgog` utlclzarsg acrghghkr  hg 122 eA. Rara vlsuaclzar gspgdånldaeg`tg cks ardks dlikeátldks, gc tlgepk hg gxpksldlô` sg rghudg a u` tgrdlk hg ck qug sg gepcgaråa para vlsuaclzar gc drá`gk.  

R_K\GDDLK@GT HGC RCA@K TAILXAC=

 

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Rrkygddlô` dg dgnackeìtrlda ca catgrac ?.?.7 Ca prkygddlô` catgrac hgc drá`gk sg gepcga para gxael`ar gc drá`gk y cks fugsks nadlacgs  ousda`hk traueatlseks, g`ngreghahgs g` ngreghahgs k actgradlk`gs hgc hgsarrkcck, gsta prkygddlô` eugstra cks tgmlhks oca`hks, `asknarå`igks, cks sg`ks para`asacgs y gc pacahar hurk. Cks krtkhk`dlstas ca gepcga` para gxael`ar gc drgdlelg`tk nadlac: taeolì` sg gepcga g` dlruiåa krac y g`  prôtgsls para gstaocgdgr cks rgilstrks prg y pkstrataelg`tk. Ca prkygddlô` dgnackeìtrlda catgrac eugstra gc pgrnlc hg cks tgmlhks oca`hks nadlacgs, pgrk pkr  ck hgeás gs lhì`tl lhì`tlda da a ca  prkygddlô` ca catg tgrac rac hg hgcc drá`gk.

Dkckdadlô` hg ca pcada= Ca pcada sg dkckda vgrtldaceg`tg g` u` hlspksltlvk pkrta pcada. Rksldlô` hg ca daogza= Tg hgog dkckdar ca daogza dk` gc cahk lzqulgrhk dgrda hg ca dara dgrda hgc dfasls y gc pca`k sailtac eghlk paracgck ac pca`k hg ca pcada. sg dkckda u` nlctrk g` duña skorg gc okrhg a`tgrlkr  hgc rayk g` ca daogza hgc tuok. Gc nlctrk aoskrog ca partg hg ca rahladl rahladlô` ô` qug ccgia a ca `arlz, caolks y oarolcca, rghudlg`hk ca l`tg`slhah hg ca rahladlô` g` ca zk`a a`tgrlkr y ayuha`hk a rgvgcar gc dk`tkr`k hgc tgmlhk oca`hk hg ca dara hgc padlg`tg g` ca rahlkiranåa.

 

1?

Rrkygddlô` hgc rayk dg`trac= Rara cas apcldadlk`gs dgnackeìtrldas ca hlsta`dla g`trg ca nug`tg hg rayks V y gc pca`k eghlk sailtac gs hg 17?,8 de. Gc rayk dg`trac sg hlrlig fadla gc dk`hudtk auhltlvk gxtgr`k y  pgrpg`hlducar ac pca`k hg ca pgcåduca y gc pca`k eghlk sailtac. Raráegtrks hg gxpksldlô`= Cks paráegtrks hg gxpksldlô` varåa` dk`slhgraocgeg`tg sgiý` gc tlpk hg aparatk, ca hlsta`dla hgshg ca nug`tg hgc padlg`tg y ca dk dkeo eol` l`ad adlô lô`` pa pa`t `tac acca ca- pgcåduca. Dua`hk gepcga u` u`aa dk dkeo eol` l`adl adlô` ô` sgpgcåd pgc åduc ucaa pa`tacca dk` u`a vgckdlhah hg ?72 a 92 j ^p, gc elclaepgramg hgog sgr hg 17?7.

?.?.>> ?.?. Rrky Rr kygd gddl dlk` k`gs gs ea ea`h `hlo louc ucar args gs cat atgr grac acgs gs ko koccldu duas as Faoltuaceg`tg sg gepcga` hks prkygddlk`gs catgracgs koclduas para gxael`ar ca ea`håouca, u`a para gc dugrpk y ktra para ca raea. Rara gstas prkygddlk`gs gs egmkr gepcgar u` aparatk hg ray rayks ks V dk` dk` u` dl dlcl cl`h `hrk rk hg hl hlrg rgdd ddlô lô`` hg gx gxtr trge gekk ao aolg lgrt rtk. k. Tg sugcg sugcg gepc gepcga garr u` u`aa dkeol`adlô` hg pgcåduca y pa`tacca hg 14 x 16 de k eaykr. Tg gepcga` pgcåducas y pa`taccas hg vgc vgckdl kdlhah hah ráp ráplha lha k ekhgrah ekhgraha. a.  Gc pad padlg lg`t `tgg hg hgog og sk skst stg` g`gr gr gc df dfasl asls. s. Au`q Au`qug ug gstas gstas  prkygddlk`gs fa` slhk rggepcazahas g` ira` eghlha pkr cas rahlkiranåas pa`kráeldas, cks hg`tlstas au` gepcga` cas prkygddlk`gs catgracgs koclduas dua`hk sg `gdgslta u`a leaig` dk` eaykr rgskcudlô` hg ca qug pughg prkpkrdlk`ar u`a pa`kráelda k dua`hk `k sg g`dug`tra hlsp hl spk`l k`loc ocgg u` apa apara ratk tk pa para ra ca rgacl rgaclza zadl dlô` ô` hg pa pa`kr `kráe áeld ldas as k du dua` a`hk hk `k sg g` g`dug dug`t `tra ra hlspk`locg u` aparatk para ca rgaclzadlô` hg pa`kráeldas.

 

14

Rrkygddlô` hgc dugrpk ea`hloucar Ca prkyg prkygdd ddlô lô`` hg hgcc du dugrp grpkk ea`h `hllouc ucaar eugst stra ra ca rgilô` prgekcar- ekcar y gc  okrhg l`ngrlkr hg ca

ea`håouca. Rrkpkrdlk`a u`a dkogrtura eás aepcla qug ca qug sg pughg kotg`gr dk` cas  prkygddlk`gs pgrlapldacgs.

 

18

Dkckdadlô` hg ca pcada= Gc dfasls sg dkckda dk`tr dk`traa ca egmlc egmlcca ca hgc padlg`tg y sg dg`tra skorg gc prleg prlegrr ekcar, gc okrhg l`ngrlkr paracgck dk` gc okrhg l`ngrlkr ca ea`håouca  padlg`tg pughg skstg`gr gc dfasls g` gchgcuiar ahgduahk.y ac eg`ks ? de pkr hgoamk hg gcca. Gc

Rksldlô` hg ca daogza= Ca daogza sg l`dcl`a fadla gc cahk qug sg gstá gxael`a`hk y ca ea`håouca g` prktruslô`.

Rrkygddlô` hgc rayk dg`trac= Gc rayk dg`trac sg hlrlig fadla ca rgilô` hgc prlegr ekcar l`ngrlkr hgshg u` pu`tk ? de pkr  hgoamk hgc á`iuck g` gc cahk hgc tuok. Gc rayk dg`trac pgrpg`hlducar hg ca pgcåduca.

 

17

Raráegtrks hg gxpksldlô`=  Au`qug cks paráegtrks hg gxpksldlô` varåa` gs dkstueorg gepcgar >7 j^p, 12 eA y acrghghkr hg ³ hg sgiu`hk para pa`taccas y pgcåducas hg vgckdlhah eghla.

Rrkygddlô` hg ca raea ea`hloucar Ca prkygddlô` hg ca raea ea`hloucar vlsuaclza ca raea hgshg gc á`iuck hg ca ea`håouca fasta gc dô`hlck. Gs euy ýtlc para gxael`ar ca rgilô` hg cks tgrdgrks ekcargs ta`tk g` gc eaxlcar dkek g` ca ea`håouca.

 

1>

Dkckdadlô` hg ca pcada= Gc dfasls sg dkckda skorg ca raea y ck sunldlg`tgeg`tg pkstgrlkr para l`dculr gc dô`hlck. Gc  okrhg l`ngrlkr hg gc dfasls hgográ sgr dasl paracgck ac okrhg l`ngrlkr hg ca ea`håouca y hgográ gxtg`hgrsg ac eg`ks ? de pkr hgoamk hg gstg. Rksldlô` hg ca daogza= Ca daogza sg l`dcl`a fadla gc cahk hg ca ea`håouca qug sg gstá gxael`a`hk fasta qug sg nkrea u`a cå`ga paracgca ac sugck g`trg gc á`iuck hg ca ea`håouca prôxlek ac tuok y gc dô`hlck acgmahk hgc tuok. Gc padlg`tg hgográ prktrulr ca ea`håouca para lepghlr qug ca dkcue`a dgrvldac sg l`tgrpk`ia a ca raea ea`hloucar.

 

Rrkygddlô` hgc rayk dg`trac= Gc rayk dg`trac sg hlrli hlrligg pkstgrlkreg pkstgrlkreg`tg `tg fadla gc dg`trk hg ca raea hgc cahk hg l`tgr l`tgrìs ìs hgshg u` pu`tk ? de pkr hgoamk hgc okrhg l`ngrlkr hg ca rgilô` hgc prlegr ekcar hg ca ea`håouca g` gc cahk hgc tuok. Raráegtrks hg gxpksldlô`= Cks nadtkrgs `kreacgs hg gxpksldlô` para gsta prkygddlô` sk` >7 j^p, 12 eA y acrghghkr hg ³ hg sgiu`hk para pa`taccas y pgcåducas hg vgckdlhah eghla.

 

19

?.?. ?.99 ?. (AXE)

_AHL _A HLK KI_ I_AN ANÅÅAT HG CA A_ A_XL XLDW DWCA CADL DLK@ K@ XG XGE ERK RK_K _KEA EA@H @HLLOW OWCA CA_ _

Cks trastkr`ks tgepkrkea`hloucargs sk` prkocgeas eìhldks qug angdta` a ca artlducadlô` qug u`g ca ea`håouca dk` gc drá`gk. Gstks trastkr`ks pughg` prkvkdar hkckr, hlnlductahgs  para eastldar y ktrks så`tkeas. Hgolhk Hgol hk a qug su gt gtlk lkck ckiå iåaa y pa patk tkig ig`l `laa sk` pk pkdk dk dk dk`k `kdl dlhk hks, s, ca cass g` g`ngr ngreg egha hahg hgss hg ca artlducadlô` tgepkrkea`hloucar (AXE) sk` hlnådlcgs hg hlai`kstldar y tratar. G` gst gstgg sg`t sg`tlh lhk, k, u` u`kk hg ck ckss eì eìtk tkhks hks dk dkep epcg cgeg eg`t `tarl arlks ks qu qugg gc khk`t khk`tôc ôcki kikk tl tlg` g`gg a su hlspksldlô` sk` cks gstuhlks leaig`kcôildks: pkr eghlk hg cks duacgs sg pughg kosgrvar a hldfa artlducadlô`. Gstks gstuhlks leaig`kcôildks sk` hg tlpk dk`vg`dlk`ac, cks duacgs utlclza` rahlkiranåas slepcgs qug pgreltg` hgtgrel`ar ca pksldlô` hgc dô`hlck g` ca nksa icg`klhga a`tgs hgc trataelg`tk.

Leaig` tra`sdra`gac= Cas rahl rahlkira kiranåa nåass tra tra`sdr `sdra`g a`gacg acgss sle slepcg pcgs, s, sg utl utlclz clzark` ark` aep aepcl claeg` aeg`tg tg g` gc pasahk pasahk para hgtgrel`ar ca pksldlô` hgc dô`hlck ea`hloucar hg`trk hg ca nksa icg`klhga y gvacuar cks daeolks ôsgks. Gsta rahlkiranåa gs ca eás dkeý` para kosgrvar ca Artlducadlô` Xgepkrkea`hloucar, ya qug eugstra gc pu`tk hg vlsta hg aeoks cahks hgrgdfk g lzqulgrhk dk` ca ea`håouca dgrraha y aolgrta. Gstas leáig`gs sg ahqulgrg` dkek u`a prkygddlô` hg gvacuadlô`, pgrk `k sk` ýtlcgs g` ca rgprgsg`tadlô` hg cks tgmlhks oca`hks hg ca artlducadlô`. Dkek clelta`tg gsta rahlkiranåa skck rgprgsg`ta gc tgrdlk gxtgr`k hgc gspadlk hgc dô`hlck y gc fugsk tgepkrac.

?. ?.?. ?.66 KOM OMGX GXL^ L^KT KT HG CA _A _AHL HLKI KI_A _AN NÅA LH LHGA GAC C HG HG A_X A_XLLDW DWC CAD ADLÔ LÔ@ @ XGERK_KEA@HLOWCA_= Hgek Hg ekst stra radl dlô` ô` hg tk tkha hass ca cass pa part rtgs gs hg ca ar artl tldu duca cadl dlô` ô` dk dk`` u` u`aa hl hlst stkr krsl slô` ô` eå`l eå`lea ea,, rgprgsg`tadlô` sleucta`ga hg supgrnldlgs artlducargs, ca dkekhlhah hgc padlg`tg y pkstura `aturac, ca prgdlslô` sunldlg`tg para hlstl`iulr leáig`gs rgprkhudlocgs g` gc tlgepk.

 

16

Leáig`gs dk`vg`dlk`acgs= Cas tìd`ldas dk`vg`dlk`acgs sg fa` utlclzahk aepclaeg`tg, pgrk hg liuac nkrea prgsg`ta` aciu`ks hgngdtks, gc prl`dlpac gs qug cks hatks sk` hlnådlcgs hg l`tgrprgtar. Gc prkocgea hg l`tgrprgtadlô` hg nk`hk gs qug, ca AXE gstá rgcatlvaeg`tg dgrda hg ca supgrnldlg hg ca plgc, gs  pgqugña y gstá g` rgcadlô` a`atôelda dgrda`a a varlas easas hg fugsk hg`sk (pkrdlk`gs  pgtrksas hgc fugsk hgc tgepkrac, apônlsls eastklhgs, y gel`g`dlas artlducargs) qug ksdurgdg` ca artlducadlô` dua`hk gs vlstk hgshg dlgrtas hlrgddlk`gs.

Rara Rara pkhg pkhgrr vgr vgr ca ar artl tldu duca cadl dlô` ô` sg fa fa`` lh lhga gahk hk hl hlng ngrg rg`t `tgs gs pr prgv gvls lslk lk`g `gss qu qugg gv gvlt ltg` g` ca supgrpksldlô`. Ig`graceg`tg, gc hlai`ôstldk rahlkcôildk dk`vg`dlk`ac hg ca AXE tlg`g pkr komgtk hgtgdtar  ynu`dlô` gvacuar g`cacasartlducadlô`, rgcadlk`gs prl`dlpaceg`tg dk`mu`tas y g`gccadô`hlck ekrnkckiåa, gstrudtura y hg cas cks hgsvladlk`gs dkepk`g`tgs hg ea`hloucar.

 

1<

G` gsta prkygddlô`= Gc faz hg rayks V sg l`dcl`a dauhaceg`tg para gvltar ca supgrpksldlô` hg ca pkrdlô` pgtrksa hgc tgepkrac, taeolì` sg l`dcl`a a`tgrlkreg`tg (?2½ hg nkrea gstá`har k pgrsk`lnldaha eghla`tg u`a prkygddlô` suo-eg`tk-vgrtgx. Hg nkrea dcáslda sg a`aclza g` okda aolgrta y dgrraha, y g` gsdasas kdaslk`gs sg gstuhla` cks gstahåks l`tgreghlks.

?.4  _AHLKIANÅA RA@K_ÁELDA K K_XKRA@XKEKI_ANÅA Gs u`a tìd`lda rahlkiránlda hgstl`aha a kotg`gr u`a ý`lda leaig` hg cas gstrudturas nadlacgs qug l`dcuya` cas ardahas eaxlcar y ea`hloucar y sus gstrudturas hg skstì`. Tus prl`dlpacgs vg`tamas sk`= 1) su aepcla dkogrtura hg fugsks nadlacgs y hg cks hlg`tgs, ?) ca  oama hksls h ksls hg rah rahladlô` ladlô` para gc padlg`tg, 4) ca dkekhlhah hgc gxaeg` gxa eg` para par a gc padlg`tg, 8) gc fgdfk hg qug `k pughg gepcgarsg g` padlg`tgs qug `k pughg` aorlr ca okda, 7) gc gsdask tlgepk `gdgsarlk para fadgrpara ca prkygddlô` pa`kráelda hg 4-8 el`utks. Gstg tlgepk l`dcuyg gc `gdgsarlk dkckdar ac padlg`tg y para`kreaceg`tg gc dldck hg gxpksldlô`. Cas pcadas  pa`kráeldas sk` adgptahas nádlceg`tg pkr gc padlg`tg, ahgeás sk` u`a ayuha vluac ýtlc g` ca  prgsg`tadlô` hg dasks y para par a ghudar ac padlg`tg Cas rahlkiranåas pa`kráeldas sk` eás ýtlcgs dcå`ldaeg`tg para cks prkocgeas hlai`ôstldks qug rgqulgrg` u`a aepcla dkogrtura hg eaxlcargs. Cas l`hldadlk`gs eás dkeu`gs l`dcuyg`= ca gvacuadlô` hg u` traueatlsek, tgrdgrks ekcargs, g`ngreghah gxtg`sa, cgslk`gs ira`hgs dk`kdlhas k skspgdfahas, hgsarrkcck hg`tac (gspgdlaceg`tg g` hg`tldlô` elxta), rgtg`dlô` hg hlg`tgs k pucpas rahlducargs (g` hlg`tgs ghì`tucks), y a`keacåas hgc hgsarrkcck. Ca rahlkiranåa pa`kráelda sg gepcga a eg`uhk dkeka pcada hg gvacuadlô` l`ldlachgyaktras qug  pughg prkpkrdlk`ar cks hatks `gdgsarlks k ayuhar hgtgrel`ar ca `gdgslhah  prkygddlk`gs. Xaeolì` sk` ýtlcgs g` cks padlg`tgs qug `k tkcgra` olg` cks prkdgsaelg`tks l`trakracgs.  

 

?2

Ca prl`dlpac hgsvg`tama hg ca rahlkiranåa pa`kráelda gs qug ca leaig` rgsucta`tg `k eugstra u` hgtaccg a`atôeldk nl`k, qug sl gs aprgdlaocg g` cas rahlkiranåas pgrlapldacgs l`trakracgs  para hgtgdtar pgqugñas darlgs k g`ngreghahgs pgrlapldacgs. Ahgeás, sg supgrpk`g` cas supgrnldlgs prkxleacgs hg cks prgekracgs. Rkr dk`sliulg`tg, ca hlspk`lolclhah hg u`a rahlkiranåa pa`kráelda hg u` padlg`tg ahuctk a eg`uhk `k gvlta ca `gdgslhah hg pcadas l`trakracgs para hlai`kstldar ac padlg`tg. Ktrks prkocgeas askdlahks dk` ca rahlkiranåa pa`kráelda l`dcuyg` gc aueg`tk lrrgiucar y ca hlstkrslô` hlstkr slô` igkeìtrld igkeìtrlda. a. Hg nkrea kdaslk` kdaslk`ac, ac, ca prgsg`dla prgsg`dla hg gstrudturas qug sg skcapa`, skcapa`, tacgs dkek ca dkcue`a dgrvldac, pughg` kductar cgslk`gs khk`tkiì`ldas, gspgdlaceg`tg g` ca rgilô` l`dlslva. Ahgeás, komgtks dcå`ldaeg`tg lepkrta`tgs pughg` sltuarsg nugra hgc pca`k nkdac (dkrtg nkdac) y pughg` apargdgr hlstkrslk`ahas k `k apargdgr.

Rca`k nkdac=

Gs u`a durva k leaig` trlhleg`slk`ac g` ca qug cas gstrudturas gstá` euy olg` hgnl`lhas g` cas rahlkiranåas pa`kráeldas. Ca leaig` rgilstraha g` u`a rahlkiranåa pa`kráelda gstá l`tgiraha skorg tkhk pkr cas gstrudturas a`atôeldas ckdaclzahas hg`trk hgc pca`k nkdac. Cks komgtks sltuahks nugra hgc pca`k nkdac apargdg` okrrksks, aueg`tahks aueg`tahks k hlsel`ulhks hlsel`ulhks g` taeañk y a vgdgs hlstkrslk`ahks fasta gc pu`tk hg sgr lrrgdk`kdlocgs.

 

?1 Ca nkre nkreaa hgc hgc pca` pca`kk nk nkda dacc varl varlaa dk dk`` ca eard eardaa hg hgcc gq gqul ulpk pk ge gepc pcga gahk hk g` ck ckss ap apar arat atks ks  pa`kráeldks. Cks nadtkrgs qug angdta` a su taeañk sk` varlaocgs qug l`ncuyg` g` ca hgnl`ldlô` hg ca leaig`= traygdtkrla hgc ardk, vgckdlhah hg ca pgcåduca y hgc daogzac hgc tuok hg rayks V, acl`gadlô` hgc faz hg rayks V, y gspgskr hgc dkcleahkr.

Ac ekvgr ca pksldlô` hg u` komgtk hg`trk hgc pca`k nkdac, daeola gc taeañk y ca nkrea hg ca  prkygddlô` rgsucta`tg. Ca nliura A y O eugstr eugstraa u`a ea`håou ea`håouca ca dk` u` a`lcck hg catô` acl` acl`gahk gahk hg nkrea ahgduaha g` gc dg`trk nkdac. Ca nliura D y H eugstra ca elsea ea`håouca dkckdah 7 ee pkr hgca`tg hgc dg`trk hgc pca`k nkdac. Gsta pksldlô` prkhudg u`a hlstkrslô` hgc a`lcck g` gc pca`k fkrlzk`tac, hlsel`uyg`hk ca a`dfura hg cas leáig`gs hg cks hlg`tgs.

Ca nliura G y N eugstra` ca elsea ea`håouca sltuaha 7ee pkstgrlkr ac dg`trk hgc dkrtg nkdac. Kosìrvgsg gc aira`haelg`tk hgc a`lcck g` gc pca`k fkrlzk`tac hg ca pgcåduca y hg ca nug`tg hg rayks V. Rkr ta`tk, g` ig`grac dua`hk gc komgtk sg hgspcaza fadla gc cahk cl`iuac hg su pksldlô` kptlea g` gc dkrtghgnkdac, ca nug`tg hg _ayks gc faz atravlgsa casgea`håouca a eg`kr  vgckdlhah ca qugfadla sg hgspcaza ca pgcåduca pkr V, ck qug cas gstrudturas vlsuaclza` acariahas

 

?? g` gc pca`k fkrlzk`tac. Rkr gc dk`trarlk, dua`hk ca ea`håouca sg hgspcaza fadla gc cahk oudac hgc dkrtg nkdac, gc faz atravlgsa cas gstrudturas a eaykr vgckdlhah.

Dkckdadlô` hgc padlg`tg y acl`gadlô` hg ca daogza= Komgtk Rara kotg`gr rahlkiranåas pa`kráeldas ýtlcgs g` gc hlai`ôstldk gs `gdgsarlk prgparar ahgduahaeg`tg a cks padlg`tgs dk` su daogza acl`gaha dk` gc pca`k nkdac. _gtlrg prôtgsls hg`tacgs, pg`hlg`tgs, dkccargs, fkrqulccas y duacqulgr ktrk komgtk egtácldk hg ca daogza y gc dugcck. Rughg sgr ýtlc ekstrar gc aparatk g` ekvlelg`tk elg`tras sg gxpclda ca `gdgslhah hg  pgrea`gdgr l`eôvlc hura`tg gc prkdghlelg`tk. Gstk sg apclda g` partlducar a cks `lñks, qug  pughg` gstar asustahks. Fay qug g`sgñar a cks `lñks qug elrg` fadla ahgca`tg y `k slia` gc daogzac hgc tuok dk` sus kmks.  

 

?4 Ca pksldlô` pkstgrk a`tgrlkr para ca rahlkiranåa sg dk`sliug dkckda`hk dk` cks okrhgs hg l`dlslô` hg cks l`dlslvks hgc padlg`tg g` u` hlspksltlvk hg pksldlk`aelg`tk dk` u`a eugsda. Fay qug asgiurarsg hg qug cks padlg`tgs `k eugva` su ea`håouca fadla cks cahks ac rgaclzar  gstg ekvlelg`tk hg prktruslô`. Gc pca`k eghlk sailtac hgog hg gstar sltuahk g` gc dg`trk hgc pca`k nkdac. Tl `k sg dkckda gc  pu`tk eghlk sailtac g` ca cå`ga eghla rktadlk`ac hgc apartk, cks cahks hgrgdfk g lzqulgrhk hg ca rahlkiranåa gstará` aueg`tahks hg nkrea hgsliuac g` ca hleg`slô` fkrlzk`tac. Ca oarolcca hgc padlg`tg y gc pca`k kdcusac hgog` dkckdarsg ahgduahaeg`tg para gvltar ca hlstkrslô`. Gc pca`k kdcusac sg acl`ga hg nkrea qug ca zk`a a`tgrlkr sg g`dug`tra eás oama, dk` u` á`iuck hg ?2-42² pkr hgoamk hg ca fkrlzk`tac. Ckss padl Ck padlg`t g`tgs gs sg dk dkck ckda` da` dk` ca gsp gspac acha ha y dkcue dkcue`a `a rg rgdt dta, a, y gc du dugc gcck ck gxtg` gxtg`hl hlhk hk.. Ca l`dcl`adlô` fadla hgca`tg hg ca daogza y gc dugcck prkhudg u` ira` artgnadtk kpadk g` ca cå`ga eghla drgahk pkr ca supgrpksldlô` hg u`a easa aueg`taha hg ca dkcue`a vgrtldac. Gsta zk`a ksdurgdg pkr dkepcgtk ca så`nlsls ea`hloucar y pughg kocliar a rgpgtlr ca rahlkiranåa. Gc pksldlk`aelg`tk dkrrgdtkr g` cks aparatks dk` aslg`tk sg pughg nadlcltar plhlg`hk ac  padlg`tg qug dkckqug cks plgs g` u` skpkrtg y pk`lg`hk u` dkmå` g` ca gspacha. Gstks addgskrlks ayuha` a ea`tg`gr ca dkcue`a rgdta, el`lelza`hk gc artgnadtk prkhudlr pkr ca skeora hg ca dkcue`a.

 

?8

Nl`aceg`tg, hgspuìs hg dkckdar a cks padlg`tgs Nl`aceg`tg, padlg`tgs g` gc aparatk, fay qug hgdlrcgs qug traiug` y ea`tg`ia` ca cg`iua dk`tra gc pacahar. Gstk prkhudg, ca gcgvadlô` hgc hkrsk hg ca cg`iua fadla gc pacahar hurk gclel`a`hk gc gspadlk dk` alrg y prkpkrdlk`a` ca vlsuaclzadlô` kptlea hg cks ápldgs hg cks hlg`tgs l`ngrlkrgs.   _ahlkiranåas pa`kráeldas qug eugstra` u`a eaca dkckdadlô` hg ca daogza hgc padlg`tg. G` ca  prlegra leaig`, gc eg`tô`, y gc pca`k kdcusac gstá` gcgvahk prkvkda`hk u`a supgrpksldlô` hg cks hlg`tgs y u`a skeora rahlkpada (gc pacahar hurk) qug ksdurgdg cas raådgs hg cks hlg`tgs supgrlkrgs. G` ca sgiu`ha leaig`, g` eg`tô` y gc pca`k kdcusac gstá` hgsdg`hlhks, dkrta`hk ca rgilô` sl`nlsac y hlstkrdlk`a`hk ca leaig` hg cks hlg`tgs a`tgrlkrgs.

_ahlkiranåa pa`kráelda hg u` padlg`tg eac pksldlk`ahk. @ôtgsg ca ira` zk`a rahlkpada g` gc dg`trk hg ca leaig`. Gstg artgnadtk (gc na`tasea hg ca dkcue`a) pkhråa faogrsg gvltahk sg`ta`hk ac padlg`tg griulhk dk` gc dugcck acl`gahk k gxtg`hlhk.

 

?7

Aparatks hg rayks V Cas prkygddlk`gs prkygddlk`gs gxtrak gxtrakracgs racgs hgc drá`gk pughg` rgaclzar rgaclzarsg sg dk` aparatks aparatks hg rayks V hg`tacgs hg`tacgs dk`vg`dlk`acgs, dk` aparatks hg rayks V pa`kráeldks hg tlpk ava`zahk k dk` aparatks hg raykss V eás ira` rayk ira`hgs hgs hls hlsgñah gñahks ks gsp gspgdå gdånld nldaeg aeg`tg `tg para para rgaclza rgaclzarr rahlkira rahlkiranåa nåass gxtrak gxtrakracg racgs. s. Dua`hk sg gepcga u` aparatk hg rayks V hg`tac dk`vg`dlk`ac para rgaclzar rahlkiranåas hgc drá`gk gs lepkrta`tg tg`gr aciý` eghlk para nlmar gc daogzac hgc tuok g` u`a pksldlô` gstá`har. Dk` gstg nl` sg duepcg` nrgdug`tgeg`tg skpkrtgs nlmks g` ca pargh. Hg nkrea slelcar, gs lepkrta`tg hlspk`gr hg u` hlspksltlvk para pksldlk`ar ca daogza hg nkrea qug sga  pkslocg rgprkhudlr ca pksldlô` hgc padlg`tg. Cks gqulpks g qulpks eás gspgdlaclzahks hlspk`locgs para ca rahlkiranåa gxtrakrac prkpkrdlk`a` cks eghlks para dk`sgiulr ca pksldlô` dk`sta`tg hgc  padlg`tg _ahlkiranåa catgrac hg drá`gk Ca pc pcad adaa sg sltý sltýaa ca catg tgrac raceg eg`t `tgg a ca daogz daogzaa hg hgcc padlg padlg`t `tg, g, su sumg mgta taha ha pkr gc skpkrt skpkrtgg hg hgcc dra`gkstatk. dra`gkst atk. Gstg asgiura su dkrrgdta pksldlô`, paracgca paracgca ac pca`k sailtac eghlk hg ca daogza, hg ekhk qug ca cå`ga l`tgrkroltarla sg hlspk`g pgrpg`hlducar a ca pcada. Gc faz l`dlhg  pgrpg`hlducar, dg`trahk g` gc dk`hudtk dk`hud tk auhltlvk gxtgr`k. G` ca tgcgrrahlkiranla catgrac, gc tuok sg hlspk`g euy acgmahk hg ca pcada, a u`ks 1,62 e. Ca a`iucadlô` vgrtldac hg ca prkygddlô` fa hg sgr `uca y ca g`griåa hgc faz rgqugrlha hg 92 j^p y 42 eA. Ca dkrrgdta gmgdudlô` hg gsta prkygddlô` fadg qug cas gstrudturas sleìtrldas hlspugstas a aeoks cahks hgc pca`k eghlk sailtac sg supgrpk`ia`, apargdlg`hk u` skck pgrnlc para cas acas eaykrgs hgc gsng`klhgs.

 

?>

_ahlkckiåa hg cks sg`ks para`asacgs Ca prkygddlô` lhgaha pkr Ock`hgau, hlspk`g ca cå`ga oáslda kroltkegatac (COKE), hgshg gc `aslô` fasta gc DAG k hgshg ca daelsura gxtgr`a hg kmk fasta gc DAG, hg ekhk qug l`dlha skorg ca rahlkiranåa nkrea`hk u` á`iuck hg 87². Gc padlg`tg sugcg apkyar su daogza skorg gc dfasls, dk`tadta`hk gc eg`tô` y ca pu`ta hg ca `arlz dk` ìc, fgdfk pkr gc duac fa vg`lhk g` hg`kel`arsg `ask-eg`tk-pcada. Côildaeg`tg, hgpg`hlg`hk hg cas varla`tgs g` gc taeañk hg ca `arlz y gc eg`tô`, pughg` varl varlar ar g` eu eudf dfkk ca vg vgrh rhah ahgr graa pr prky kygd gddl dlô` ô` (C (COK OKE E a 87 87²² hg ca pc pcad ada) a),, as asåå qu qugg gs gsta ta hg`kel`adlô`, `ask-eg`tk-pcada, rgsucta leprkpla, cks sg`ks qug egmkr sg kosgrva` sk` cks eaxlcargs y cks nk`tacgs. Ca prkygddlô` suoeg`tkvgrtldac oáslda k hg Flrtz eugstra cks okrhgs pkstgrlkrgs hg cks sg`ks sg` ks ea eaxl xlca cargs rgs,, ck ckss sg`ks sg`ks gsn gsng` g`kl klha hacg cgss y ca cass dg dgch chas as east eastkl klhga hgas. s. Rrkygd Rrkygdta ta ck ckss sg`ks sg`ks gteklhacgs gtekl hacgs supgrpugst supgrpugstks ks a cas nksas `asacgs. Gc rayk l`dlhg`t l`dlhg`tgg qugha dg`trahk pkr hgtrás hgc eg`tô`, g` ca cå`ga eghla. Lhgaceg`tg, ca COKE hgc padlg`tg sg hlspk`g paracgca a ca rahlkiranåa y a a gh Tak Rauck= Artgs Eghldas, Hlvlsak Khk`tkcôilda, ?228 Nl`gst Nl`g strg rgss N, Df Dfle leg` g`ks ks G. _ah _ahlkc lkckil kilaa khk khk`tk `tkcki ckilda lda y hla hlai`k i`kstl stldk dk pkr ca leaig`. G`= Dfleg`ks G (gh.). Ca fltkrla dcl`lda g` khk`tkckiåa , Oardgck`a= Eassk`, 1