Tecnicas de Perforacion y Terminacion No Convencional

 

 

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RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

 

RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

EFR\CB^AAECF Md nxpmctdaeñf bn ydaekenftcs bn jebrcadrlurc nf tcbc nm kufbc jd pdsdbc pcr grdfbns adklecs d mc mdrgc bn md jestcred. Md fnansebdb bn daanbnr d uf føknrc adbd vnz kdycr bn ydaekenftcs jd icrzdbc d md efbustred d dbdptdrsn d mcs ekpnbeknftcs qun prnsnftdf besftcs dklenftns bnftrc bn mcs ydaekenftcs. Md pnricrdaeñf bn pczcs pntrcmnrcs jd sebc ufd bn mds davebdbns qun jdf tnfebc uf kdycr føknrc bn dbdptdaecfns acf nm clhnvc bn rndmezdr cpnrdaecfns adbd vnz käs prcbuavds y knfcs bdôefds pdrd mcs ydaekenftcs nf pnricrdaeñf, sn jd lusadbc qun mds cpnrdaecfns sn dbdptnf y sn pdraumdreanf pdrd mcgrdr clhnvcs nspnaëacs. Cpnrdaecfns adbd vnz kds ninavds y sngurds prckunvnf uf knfcr bdôc dm dklenftn, dse ackc dm adpetdm jukdfc prnsnftn burdftn mcs trdldhcs, nstc bnln snr ufd precrebdb nf tcbd cpnrdaeñf. Audfbc sn rnquenrn pnricrdr pczcs bn bevnrsds adrdatnrësadss ns fnansdrec tckdr nf aunftd mds keskds pdrd pcfnr nf präaad nm kåtcbc adrdatnrësad bn pnricrdaeñf qun jdgd käs rnbetudlmn md cpnrdaeñf, nstds acfsebnrdaecfns punbnf snr tckdbds acf rnspnatc d idatcrns nacfñkeacs, tåafeacs y bn nkpc. Pdrd qun snd nmngebc nm kåtcbc bn pnricrdaeñf käs acfvnfenftn sn rnquenrnf nstubecs qun ackprunlnf md ninavebdb bn bevnrscs kåtcbcs y dsë, pcfnr nf präaad nm kåtcbc bn pnricrdaeñf käs acfvnfenftn pdrd mds adrdatnrësads bnm ydaekenftc. Jcy bëd nxestnf bevnrscs kåtcbcs bn pnricr pnr icrda daeñf eñf mcs audmns audmns punbnf punbnf snr dacpmd dacpmdbcs bcs d mds ad adrda rdatnr tnrës ësad adss qun prnsnf prnsnftd td ufd icrkdaeñf, md acklefdaeñf bn mcs keskcs ns ufd cpaeñf pdrd bernaaecfdr md pnricrdaeñf bn uf pczc jdaed ufd cpnrdaeñf kuajc käs ninavd.

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RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

Amdseiadaeñf bn pczcs.   Mcs Mcs pc pczc zcss pn pnri ricr crdb dbcs cs nf md efbu efbust stre red d bn bnmm pn pntr trñm ñmnc nc sc scf f kuy kuy vdre vdredb dbcs cs,, tdm tdm vn vnzz fc nf mc mcss prcanbekenftcs pdrd pnricrdrmcs sefc nf md umezdaeñf y clhnvc acf nm qun åstcs scf acfstruebcs, adbd pczc qun ns pnricrdbc nfn ufd tdrnd iufbdknftdm pcr mc audm sn jdf bnsdrrcmmdbc besftcs pcs bn pczcs d mc mdrgc bn md jestcred nf md efbustred. Pdrd mmnvdr d adlc ufd amdseadaeñf bn adbd pc bn pczc qun sn pnricrd ns acfvnfenftn jdanr ufd snpdrdaeñf nf bcs grupcs prefaepdmns dufqun fc fnansdredknftn uf grupc tnfgd qun rnsumtdr nxamuynftn bnm ctrc. Mcs pcs bn pczcs pnricrdbcs punbnf snr amdseadbcs nf8 d) Pczcs pcr pcr trdynatcred trdynatcred bernaaec bernaaecfdm, fdm, y l) Pczcs Pczcs pcr pc c iufaeñf iufaeñf.. Mds snaaecfns snaaecfns seguenft seguenftns ns kunstrdf nm pc bn pczc pdrd adbd grupc.

Pczcs pcr trdynatcred bernaaecfdm.  D pdrr bnm bnsdrrcmmc bn mcs pczcs bernaaecfdmns jd nxesbc ufd dkpmed fnansebdb pcr dmadfzdr clhnv clh nvcs cs adbd adbd vnz käs ackpmead ackpmeadbcs bcs pcr mc audm audm nm bnsdrr bnsdrrcmm cmmc c bn pcz pczcs cs acf ufd ufd trd trdyna ynatcr tcred ed beinrnftn d md vnradm iunrcf rnqunrebcs pdrd dmadfzdr beajcs clhnvcs bn beaem daansc, yd snd pcr aunscfns dklenftdmns c scaedmns (p. n. dmgøf ydaekenftc qun sn nfaunftrn pcr bnldhc bn ufd pclmdaeñf). Mds seguenftns pcs bn pnricrdaecfns qun punbnf snr amdseadbds pcr su trdynatcred bernaaecfdm scf mcs bn prefaepdm dpmeadaeñf nf md efbustred pntrcmnrd bnlebc d su dkpmec kdrgnf bn dpmeadaeñf.

Pczcs bernaaecfdmns bn pc "Q".   Pdrd ackprnfbnr bn icrkd amdrd ackc ns qun nstn pc bn pczc ns acfstruebc, bnlnf snr ackprnfbebcs dmgufcs acfanptcs qun snräf bnsaretcs käs dbnmdftn nf ctrds snaaecfns. Mcs pczcs bn pc "Q" dmadfzdf nm clhnvc bn eftnrås bn kdfnrd vnradm dufqun nstn clhnvc fc sn ns nfaunftrn bernatdknftn pcr bnldhc bnm dpdrnhc c kdquefdred bn pnricrdaeñf. Bn kdfnrd acfarntd, uf pczc qun snrä pnricrdbc ldhc nstd icrkd acknfzdrä acf ufd snaaeñf vnradm qun erä bnsbn nm nquepc bn pnricrdaeñf jdstd uf puftc prnvedknftn bntnrkefdbc ldhc aämaumcs qun snrä acfcaebc ackc puftc bn drrdfqun c Oeao-c Pceft (OCP, pcr sus segmds nf efgmås), nstn OCP snrä nm efeaec bn md mmdkdbd snaaeñf bn acfstruaaeñf c Luemb Qnacf, beajd snaaeñf snrä nf md audm ns dmadfzdbc nm äfgumc bn bnsvedaeñf fnansdrec pdrd mmngdr dm clhnvc.

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RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

Pczcs bernaaecfdmns bn pc "Q-kcbeiadbc".  Mcs pczcs bernaaecfdmns acf nstd icrkd acfstdf bn bcs snaaecfns sekemdrns y rnmdvdknftn bn acfstruaaeñf sekemdr d mcs pczcs bn icrkd "Q". Mds snaaecfns ackpdrbds nftrn uf pczc bn icrkd Q y bn icrkd Q-kcbeadbc scf md snaaeñf bn acfstruaaeñf y md snaaeñf bn dgudftn c kdftnfekenftc. Jdstd nstcs puftcs, nm pczc bn pc "Q" y "Q-kcbeadbc" fc prnsnftdf beinrnfaed, ns md snaaeñf nf md qun nftrd nf acftdatc acf md icrkdaeñf md qun sn vnrä kcbeadbd. Nm pczc bn icrkd "Qkcbeadbc" prnsnftd ufd snaaeñf bn adëbd acf uf adklec këfekc nf nm adkefc bnm pczc, ns bnaer, nm pczc nftrd nf acftdatc acf uf äfgumc bn efamefdaeñf pcac knfcr dm äfgumc prnsnftn nf md snaaeñf bn kdftnfekenftc. Nf md Iegurd 4.: sn punbn clsnrvdr uf pczc pnricrdbc bn pc "Qkcbeadbc".

  Pczcs bernaaecfdmns bn pc "H" c "Qmdft".   Ackc su fcklrn mc efbead, nstn pc bn pczc snrä acfstruebc jdstd cltnfnr md icrkd bn ufd mntrd H. Nstn pc bn acfgurdaeñf bn pczc ns bn acfstruaaeñf sekemdr d mcs dftnrecrns, acf md beinrnfaed bn qun åstn adrnan bn md snaaeñf aurvdbd anradfd d md sdmebd jcrezcftdm, ns bnaer, nstn pc bn pczc dtrdvensd md icrkdaeñf clhnvc knbedftn ufd snaaeñf tdfgnfaedm y qun yd fc vd d adkledr md efamefdaeñf bnm äfgumc audfbc nstå mmngun d md snaaeñf bn eftnrås.

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RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

Bn egudm kdfnrd qun mcs pcs dftnrecrns, nstn pc bn pczc vd d nstdr ackpunstc pcr beinrnftns snaaecfns. Md preknrd snaaeñf bn acfstruaaeñf bn uf pczc pc Qmdft, snrä ufd snaaeñf vnradm auyc clhnvc snd dmadfzdr md prciufbebdb rnqunrebd pdrd nm OCP.

  Pczcs bernaaecfdmns bn acfstruaaeñf acffud.  Ctrc pc bn pczc qun punbn snr pnricrdbc bn icrkd bernaaecfdm ns nm mmdkdbc pczc bn acfstruaaeñf acffød, nstn pc bn pczc nfn bn efeaec mcs keskcs prefaepecs qun mcs pczcs dftnrecrns. Nstn pc bn pczc adrnanrä bn ctrd snaaeñf qun sn punbn nfacftrdr nf nm pc bn pczc "Q", "Q-kcbeadbc" c "Qmdft". Md pnricrdaeñf bn uf pczc bn acfstruaaeñf acffød snrä, bn egudm kdfnrd qun mcs bnkäs, ufd snaaeñf vnradm pcr bnldhc bnm nquepc bn pnricrdaeñf jdstd qun nm OCP snd dmadfzdbc d md prciufbebdb rnqunrebd. Audfbc sn jd mmngdbc dm OCP, snrä efeaedbd md snaaeñf bn acfstruaaeñf, nstd snaaeñf bn efeaec bn md bnsvedaeñf bnm pc pczc zc sn kdft kdftnf nfbr brä ä jd jdst std d qu qun n sn dm dmad adfa fan n nm cl clhn hnvc vc,, ns bn bnae aer, r, md snaae snaaeñf ñf bn dg dgud udft ftn n c kdftnfekenftc bn egudm kdfnrd qun md snaaeñf bn adëbd fc snräf pdrtn bn nstn pc bn pczcs.

Pczcs bernaaecfdmns jcrezcftdmns . Nstn pc bn pczcs bn kdfnrd acfarntd y tdm audm su fcklrn mc efbead, vd d acfsesr bn ufd pnricrdaeñf dmtdknftn bnsvedbd, nf prcknbec nftrn :0-400 grdbcs bn bnsvedaeñf bn md vnradm, audmquenr pczc qun sn nfaunftrn nf nstn rdfgc bn bnsvedaeñf pcbrä snr acfsebnrdbc uf pczc jcrezcftdm dufqun uf äfgumc bn 50 grdbcs snrä md bnfeaeñf acfarntd bnm pczc jcrezcftdm. Md Iegurd 4.44 ns ufd kunstrd bn uf pczc bn nstds adrdatnrësads. Md acfstruaaeñf bn nstn pc bn pczcs snrä d pdrr bn ufd snaaeñf vnradm ldhc nm dpdrnhc bn pnricrdaeñf pdrd dmadfzdr nm OCP bntnrkefdbc. ^fd vnz qun sn jd dmadfzdbc nm OCP, acknfzdrä md snaaeñf bn acfstruaaeñf, nm äfgumc bntnrkefdbc pdrd md efamefdaeñf nf nstd snaaeñf pcbrä snr acfsnrvdbc c kcbeadbc pcstnrecrknftn pdrd mcgrdr md pnfntrdaeñf bnm clhnvc. Pczcs kummdtnrdmns. Nstn pc bn pnricrdaecfns bn pczcs ns prcldlmnknftn md käs ackpmeadbd pcr mcs rnqunrekenftcs fnansdrecs pdrd besnôdr ufd snren bn pczcs kummdtnrdmns. Mcs pczcs bn nstn pc scf bn kdfnrd acfarntd uf acfhuftc bn pczcs bernaaecfdmns pnricrdbcs d pdrr bn ufd scmd efstdmdaeñf supnraedm, nm dguhnrc pnricrdbc d trdvås bn beajd efstdmdaeñf supnraedm punbn snr mmdkdbd pnricrdaeñf prekdred c kdbrn, d pdrr bn md audm jdaenfbc cpnrdaecfns bn bnsvëc sn vdf cl cltnf tnfnr nr käs käs pc pczc zcss pd pdrd rd nxp nxpmc mctd tdrr uf cl clhn hnv vc c bd bdbc bc acf acf nm ln lnfn fna aec ec bn fc rn rndm dmez ezdr dr käs käs pnricrdaecfns efbnpnfbenftns. Md Iegurd 4.4< kunstrd uf nhnkpmc bn nstn pc bn pnricrdaeñf bernaaecfdm. Nm tnkd snrä prciufbezdbc nf adpëtumcs pcstnrecrns.  Pczcs pcr su ufaeñf.  Nxestn ctrd amdseadaeñf bn pczcs pnricrdbcs, nstc ns bnlebc d su iufaeñf y nm clhnvc acf nm audm nstäf senfbc pnricrdbcs. Adbd cpnrdaeñf bn nxpmcrdaeñf y prcbuaaeñf acfstd bn bevnrsds ntdpds pcr mc audm adbd ufd bn åstds rnquenrn bn md pnricrdaeñf bn pczcs, pcr mc qun mcs pczcs pnricrdbcs burdftn adbd ufd bn nstds ntdpds tnfbräf beinrnftns clhnvcs. Mcs prefaepdmns pczcs pnricrdbcs scf mcs pczcs nxpmcrdtcrecs, mcs pczcs bnmeketdbcrns y pcr ømkc mcs pczcs bn bnsdrrcmmc? bn nstcs ømkcs sn punbnf bnrevdr vdrecs pcs bn pczcs acf beinrnftns dpmead dpm eadaec aecfns fns,, åstcs åstcs punbnf punbnf snr bn nxpmctd nxpmctdaeñ aeñf, f, bn efynaae efynaaeñf, ñf, bn dmevec dmevec y bn clsnrvd clsnrvdaeñ aeñf f c kcfetcrnc. D acffudaeñf sn bnsareln nm prefaepdm clhnvc bn adbd ufc bn nstcs pczcs. Pczcs bn nxpmcrdaeñf. Nstn pc bn pczcs punbn snr acfsebnrdbc ackc nm efeaec bnm bnsdrrcmmc bn uf adkpc yd qun nfn ackc clhnvc md pnricrdaeñf bn ufd zcfd pdrd dfdmezdr se ns qun ns ufd zcfd ekprngfdbd bn jebrcadrlurcs. Nm prefaepdm clhnvc bn åstcs ns md cltnfaeñf bn kunstrds, rnacrtns, føamncs, rngestrcs c audmquenr ctrc kdtnredm qun snd bn umebdb y dyubn dm nquepc gncmñgeac pdrd bntnrkefdr md umebdb bnm eftnrvdmc nf pnricrdaeñf. Md pnricrdaeñf bn uf pczc

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RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

nxpmcrdtcrec fc sn rndmezd bn kdfnrd dmndtcred sefc qun acf bdtcs prnvecs bn acrrnmdaeñf sn punbnf pun bnf acfseb acfsebnrdr nrdr zcfds zcfds snk snknhdf nhdftns tns prnved prnvedknf knftn tn bnsdrr bnsdrrcmm cmmdbd dbdss c nstubec nstubecss dftnre dftnrecrn crnss d md pnricrdaeñf ackc nstubecs sëskeacs, bn kdfnrd tdm qun nm prefaepdm clhnvc bn md pnricrdaeñf bn nxpmcrdaeñf ns md kdycr cltnfaeñf bn eficrkdaeñf acf nm knfcr føknrc bn acstcs.

Pczcs bnmeketdbcrns. Rdkleåf acfcaebcs ackc pczcs bn nvdmudaeñf, åstcs nfnf ackc clhnvc bntnrkefdr nm tdkdôc bnm ydaekenftc, nm pc bn uebc qun nstä bnftrc bnm keskc y bn egudm kdfnrd qun mcs pczcs bnsaretcs dftnrecrknftn, rnadldr eficrkdaeñf ackpmnknftdred qun punbd rnsumtdr bn umebdb pdrd ctrds ärnds ackc scf md gncmñgead y md efgnfenrëd bn ydaekenftcs. ^fd vnz qun nm ydaekenftc y sus uebcs scf acfcaebcs, ns pcselmn jdanr uf dfämeses bnm pc bn pnricrdaeñf y tnrkefdaeñf qun snrä acfvnfenftn pdrd cltnfnr uf kdycr lnfnaec bnm ydaekenftc d nxpmctdr. Bn daunrbc acf mc nstdlmnaebc dftnrecrknftn bnln fctdrsn qun md iufaeñf bn mcs pczcs bnmeketdbcrns tnfbrä rnpnrausecfns nf nm bnsdrrcmmc iuturc bnm adkpc.

Pczc bn bnsdrrcmmc. Nstn pc bn pczcs ns tdm vnz nm qun tnfgd ufd kdycr gdkd bn dpmeadaecfns, nxestnf vdrecs pcs bn pczcs bn bnsdrrcmmc nftrn mcs qun sn nfaunftrdf mcs pczcs bn prcbuaaeñf, mcs pczcs bn efynaaeñf, mcs pczcs bn dmevec y mcs bn clsnrvdaeñf c kcfetcrnc.

Pnrcrdaeñf \dbedm.  Acf nm duknftc bn md bnkdfbd nfnrgåad sn jd efarnknftdbc md fnansebdb bn nxpmctdr funvcs adkpcs c snguer dprcvnajdfbc nscs adkpcs qun iunrcf mcs preknrcs nf snr bnsdrrcmmdbcs pnrc qun nf md datudmebdb sn nfaunftrdf nf acfbeaecfns fc tdf idvcrdlmns pdrd su prcbuaaeñf. Nm nkpc jd pdsdbc d trdvås bn nmmcs y ns pcr nstd rdzñf qun sn nfaunftrdf ldhc acfbeaecfns ackpmeadbds pdrd snguer su dprcvnajdkenftc, idatcrns ackc ufd beskefuaeñf acfsebnrdlmn nf md prnseñf bnftrc bn nmmcs c nm bdôc prcvcadbc pcr su bnsdrrcmmc, snd åstn md pnricrdaeñf c tnrkefdaeñf bn uf pczc c dmgufd cpnrdaeñf prnved bn nskumdaeñf bnftrc bnm keskc ackc punbnf snr md efynaaeñf bn uebcs ue bcs c md dae daebe beada adaeñf eñf bnm eft eftnrv nrvdmc dmc pdr pdrd d rns rnstdu tdurdr rdr nm nkpuhn nkpuhn c acfbua acfbuave vebdb bdb bnf bnftrc trc bnm ydaekenftc rnspnavdknftn, jdf ackpmeadbc md nxpmctdaeñf bn beajcs ydaekenftcs.

Pnrcrdaeñf acf tulnrëd bn rnvnskenftc. 

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RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

Md efbustred jd rnqunrebc fcvnbdbns pdrd acffudr acf mds cpnrdaecfns nf adkpcs adbd vnz käs ackpmnhcs pnrkenfbc bdôdr nf knfcr knbebd md icrkdaeñf y acfsnaunftnknftn mcgrdr knhcrdr md prcbuaaeñf bnm ydaekenftc. Nstcs rnqunrekenftcs jdf bnrevdbc nf funvcs dvdfans tnafcmñgeacs qun jdf idaemetdbc d mcs cpnrdbcrns bespcfnr bn nmnknftcs fnansdrecs pdrd acftrdrrnstdr pcselmns beaum be aumtdb tdbns ns burdft burdftn n md pnr pnricr icrdae daeñf ñf bn pczcs pczcs pntrcm pntrcmnrcs nrcs.. Nstcs Nstcs bnspme bnspmengun ngunss aenf aenfacs acs fc fnansdredknftn segfeadf qun sn jdf arndbc funvcs bespcsevcs, se fc tdkleåf qun sn jd mcgrdbc bnsdrrcmmdr ctrds tåafeads d pdrr bn nmnknftcs qun yd jdf sebc umezdbcs acf nm clhnvc bn cpkezdr mds cpnrdaecfns bn pnricrdaeñf. ^fc bn nstcs adscs jd sebc md pnricrdaeñf acf tulnrëd bn rnvnskenftc c Adsefg Bremmefg (AB) nf efgmås, ufd tnafcmcgëd bn bnsdrrcmmc rnmdvdknftn funvd qun sn jd nficad nficadbc bc nf nm usc bn nmnk nmnknft nftcs cs acfvnf acfvnfaec aecfdm fdmns ns pdr pdrd d bnsdrr bnsdrrcmm cmmdr dr ufd tåafea tåafead d effcvdbcrd qun pnrketn md beskefuaeñf bnm nkpc fc prcbuavc bn md pnricrdaeñf bn uf pczc, dsë  ackc knhcrdr ctrcs dspnatcs bnm bnsdrrcmmc bn uf ydaekenftc. Mcs preknrcs trdldhcs umezdfbc nstd nst d tåafead tåafead scf rnm rnmdv dvdkn dknftn ftn df dfguc gucs, s, präaa präaadkn dknftn ftn bdt bdtdf df bn uf seg segmc mc dträs, dträs, duf dufqun qun md pnricrdaeñf bn pczcs umezdfbc ufd sdrtd bn rnvnskenftc nf mugdr bn ufd tulnrëd acfvnfaecfdm jdf sebc ekpmnknftdbcs bn icrkd rngumdr ackc ufd dmtnrfdvd bnsbn jdan bcs båadbds.

Pnrcrdaeñf Ldhc Ldmdfan.  Nm kufbc pntrcmnrc jd prnsnftdbc uf kdycr føknrc bn rntcs d mc mdrgc bn mcs dôcs, nstc ns bnlebc d qun sn rnquenrn rndmezdr mds nxpmctdaecfns bn ydaekenftcs acf ufd rnaupnrdaeñf kdycr bn mcs jebrcad jebrcadrlu rlurcs rcs acftnf acftnfebc ebcss nf åst åstcs. cs. Dft Dftnre nrecrk crknft nftn n sn pds pdsdld dld pcr dmtc dmtc nm bdô bdôc c qun sn cadsecfdld d dmgufd icrkdaeñf dm snr pnricrdbd, prefaepdmknftn bnrevdbc bnm jnajc bn qun nxesd ufd grdf adfbdb bn ydaekenftcs qun pcbrëdf nxpmctdrsn bn ufd kdfnrd bnsknsurdbd y qun sef ekpc ekpcrt rtdr dr mds mds acfs acfsna naun unfa faed edss bn nstc nstc md adf adfbd bdb b bn jebr jebrca cadr drlu lurc rcss rn rnau aupn pnrd rdbd bd nr nrd d mc suaenftnknftn grdfbn ackc pdrd qun audmquenr cpnrdaeñf bn prcbuaaeñf iunrd nvdmudbd ackc prcvna prc vnajcs jcsd. d. Nf mcs øm ømkcs kcs nkpcs nkpcs nm bns bnsdrr drrcmm cmmc c bn yda ydaeke ekenftc nftcss jd rnq rnqunr unrebc ebc bn uf kdycr kdycr føknrc føk nrc bn dfämes dfämeses es y nstube nstubecs cs qun pnrket pnrketdf df ufd rna rnaupn upnrda rdaeñf eñf supnre supnrecr, cr, nm acf acffu fuc c dvdfan dvdfan tnafcmñgea tnafcmñ geac c nf md efbust efbustred red jd pnr pnrke kebc bc nm bns bnsdrr drrcmm cmmc c bn funvds funvds kdfnrds kdfnrds pdrd duk duknft nftdr dr md rnaupnr rnau pnrdae daeñf ñf bn jebrca jebrcadrl drlurc urcss efa efamus musc c bnsbn bnsbn mds preknr preknrds ds ntdpds ntdpds bn gnstda gnstdaeñf eñf bn uf pc pczc zc

7

 

RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

pntrcmnrc. Acf nstc, sn jd lusadbc md kdfnrd bn beskefuer n efamusc fumeadr nm bdôc cadsecfdbc d ufd icr icrkda kdaeñf eñf bns bnsbn bn md ntd ntdpd pd bn pnr pnricr icrdae daeñf ñf bn uf pczc, pczc, sn jdf ekp ekpmnk mnknft nftdbc dbc bei beinrnf nrnftns tns kåtcbcs y tåafeads pdrd mcgrdr beajd tdrnd, tdm ns nm adsc bnm bnsdrrcmmc bn md Pnricrdaeñf Ldhc Ldmdfan (^LB, pcr sus segmds nf efgmås), ufd tnafcmcgëd bn pnricrdaeñf qun bn kdfnrd prekcrbedm lusad md rnbuaaeñf bnm bdôc d md icrkdaeñf, dsë ackc nm efarnknftc bn md rnaupnrdaeñf bnm jebrcadrlurc bnftrc bnm ydaekenftc. Md tnafcmcgëd ^LB iun bnsdrrcmmdbd d pdrr bn aenrtc prcansc umezdbc acf nm pdsc bnm nkpc qun sn acfcan ackc Kdfnhc bn md Prnseñf burdftn md Pnricrdaeñf (KPB, pcr sus segmds nf efgmås).

:

 

RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

Pnrcrdaeñf kummdtnrdm.  Acf nm trdfsaurrer bn mcs dôcs, nm bnsdrrcmmc bn uf kdycr føknrc bn adkpcs bn jebrcadrlurcs dmr dmrnbn nbnbcr bcr bnm kuf kufbc bc jd duknft duknftdbc dbc bnl bnlebc ebc d mds fna fnanse nsebdb bdbns ns nfn nfnrgå rgåad adss qun nm duk duknft nftc c pclmdaecfdm nf nm pmdfntd ekpmead. Md fnansebdb bn cltnfnr ufd kdycr adfbdb bn nfnrgëd sn jd vestc rnnhdbc nf md fnansebdb bn bnsdrrcmmd bnsdrrcmmdrr funvds funvds tnafcmcgëds tnafcmcgëds qun prcpcraecf prcpcraecfnf nf bes besftds ftds pcselemebdbns bn acffudr nm dvdfan bnftrc bn adkpcs funvcs c tdkleåf bn dqunmmcs adkpcs qun yd jdf sebc scknbcs d prcbuaaeñf burdftn aenrtc nkpc y dsë, dqunmmcs pczcs qun sn arnëdf dgctdb dgc tdbcs cs c meket meketdbc dbcss pcr dmgufd dmgufd acfbea acfbeaeñf eñf eft eftnrf nrfd d bnm ydaeke ydaekenft nftc c punbnf punbnf snr mmnvdb mmnvdbcs cs d pr prcb cbua uaae aeñf ñf bn fu funvc nvc knbe knbedf dftn tn uf se sest stnk nkd d bn ac acfn fnxe xecf cfns ns y rn nft nftrd rdbd bds. s. Md pn pnri ricr crdae daeñf ñf kummdtnrdm cirnan nstds cpaecfns pdrd acffudr acf nm bnsdrrcmmc bn uf pczc qun yd jd sebc nxpmctdbc dftnrecrknftn c rndmezdr uf pc bn acfnxeñf d uf pczc bn funvc bnsdrrcmmc pdrd cltnfnr uf duknftc bn md prcbuaaeñf. Md pnricrdaeñf kummdtnrdm ns ufd tnafcmcgëd bn uf bnsdrrcmmc rnmdvdknftn rnaenftn, nstd tuvc su "lcck" burdftn md båadbd bn mcs dôcs 50, iun burdftn nstd åpcad audfbc nstn pc bn tnafcmcgëd acknfzñ d umezdrsn bnlebc d md vnrsdmebdb bn uf pczc audfbc ns bnsdrrcmmdbc acf md eftnfaeñf bn pnricrdr ufc c käs mdtnrdmns bn egudm icrkd qun sn punbn jdanr uf rn bnsdrrcmmc bn dmgøf pczc qun yd jd nstdbc nf prcbuaaeñf burdftn aenrtc nkpc c qun efamusc yd jdlëd sebc bntnrkefdbc ackc anrrdbc. Fc clstdftn, mcs preknrcs kummdtnrdmns bnm kufbc bdtdf bn knbedbcs bnm segmc ZZ audfbc sn rndmezdrcf mds preknrds pnricrdaecfns bn nstn pc nf uf adkpc nf md dfgud ^feñf Qcveåad, jcy \used.

5

 

RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

Pnrcrdaeñf bn Dguds Prcufbds. Md pnricrdaeñf bn pczcs bn beaem daansc sn jd acfvnrbc nf md ntdpd seguenftn bn md nxpmctdaeñf bn jebrcadrlurcs d fevnm kufbedm, ns bnaer, adbd vnz sn tcrfd käs ackpmeadbc nxtrdnr nm rnaursc bn mcs ydaekenftcs pntrcmnrcs rnstdftns nf nm kufbc. Md nxpmctdaeñf bn mcs ydaekenftcs amdseadbcs ackc Fc Acfvnfaecfdmns efamuyn dqunmmcs ydaekenftcs bn mutds, tdftc bn danetn ackc bn gds, mcs ydaekenftcs bn dmtcs fevnmns bn ackpdatdaeñf c ”gjt‛ y mcs ydaekenftcs bn dguds prciufbds (UDP). Nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs rnquenrnf bn ctrc pc bn tåafeads pdrd mcgrdr acfnatdr mcs nstrdtcs ekprngfdbcs acf jebrcadrlurc acf dmgufd efstdmdaeñf supnraedm y nstc ns bnlebc d mds acfbeaecfns ef eftn tnrf rfds ds qu qun n åstc åstcss pr prnsn nsnft ftdf df.. Mcs Mcs Ud Udae aeke kenf nftc tcss Fc Ac Acfv fvnf nfae aecf cfdm dmns ns pc pcsnn snnf f uf vc vcmu mukn knf f acfsebnrdlmn bn jebrcadrlurcs acftnfebcs nf nmmcs, ns pcr nstn kcvc qun mcs dvdfans bn md efbustred nstäf dpuftdfbc d cpkezdr nm bnsdrrcmmc bn åstcs pdrd mcgrdr uf idatcr bn rnaupnrdaeñf kdycr y jdanr bn su nxpmctdaeñf ufd cpnrdaeñf rnbetudlmn nacfñkeadknftn. Qe lenf, md efvnrseñf fnansdred pdrd su nxpmctdaeñf ns dmtd, nm vcmuknf qun punbn rnaupnrdrsn ns nm suaenftn ackc pdrd acfsebnrdrmd ufd cpnrdaeñf idalmn. Grdfbns rnsnrvds bn jebrcadrlurcs d fevnm kufbedm nstäf acftnfebds bnftrc bn nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs, adscs ackc mcs Nstdbcs ^febcs acf nm jebrcadrlurc dscaedbc d mutds c lenf, Fcrungd y Kåxeac acf grdfbns rnsnrvds bn rnaursc daukumdbcs nf icrkdae icr kdaecfn cfnss ldh ldhc c dguds dguds prciuf prciufbds bds nstäf nstäf lusadf lusadfbc bc sdsid sdsidanr anr sus fna fnanse nsebdb bdbns ns nfn nfnrgå rgåads ads nxpmctdfbc nstcs ydaekenftcs. Md pn pnri ricr crda daeñ eñf f bn pc pczc zcss nf dgud dgudss pr prci ciuf ufbd bdss nfn nfn rn rnge gest strc rcss ku kuy y df dfgu gucs cs,, åstc åstcss bd bdtd tdf f dprcxekdbdknftn bn mds ømkds båadbds bnm segmc ZEZ, nstds pnricrdaecfns desmdbds nf nm nkpc acrrnspcfbnf d mcs efeaecs bnm acftdatc bnm jcklrn acf mds pnricrdaecfns sulkdrefds. Nftrdfbc nf kdtnred, kdtnre d, ns bnaer bnaer,, audfbc audfbc mds pnricrdaecfns pnricrdaecfns sulkdrefds sulkdrefds iunrcf rndmezdbds rndmezdbds acf nm clhnvc clhnvc bn

40

 

RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

nxtrdnr jebrcadrlurc bnsbn icrkdaecfns pcr bnldhc bnm mnajc kdrefc sn nfnf rngestrcs bn md sngufbd ketdb bnm segmc ZZ c pdrnfbc bn md båadbd bn 45>0. Nm bnsdrrcmmc rnmdvdknftn tdrbëc bn nstcs adkpcs sn bnleñ d qun mcs ydaekenftcs qun jdlëdf sebc nxpmctdbcs iunrcf acstd bnftrc. Nstcs Nst cs ydaeke ydaekenftc nftcss acstd acstd bnftrc bnftrc jdf sebc md kdycr kdycr iunftn iunftn bn cltnfa cltnfaeñf eñf bn kdtnre kdtnred d prekd prekd nfnrgåad pcr kuajc nkpc, pcr tdm kcvc md nxpmcrdaeñf kdrëkd nf lusad bn nstn rnaursc fc sn tcrfñ fnansdred sefc jdstd qun sn kdfeinstñ md nxegnfaed bn duknftdr md prcbuaaeñf nfnrgåad bnlebc d md dmtd bnkdfbd bn md jukdfebdb nf arnaekenftc. Mds pnricrdaecfns sulkdrefds nstäf amdseadbd amdse adbdss bn daunr daunrbc bc acf nm rdftn bn dgud qun bnln snr scrtnd scrtndbc bc pdrd jdanr acftdatc acf nm mnajc kdrefc, audftc käs nxtnfsc snd åstn, snrä fnansdrec nm usc bn beinrnftns nquepcs acf md fdmebdb bn mcgrdr pnricrdaecfns sngurds y dmtdknftn prcbuavds, se lenf nm prcansc qun sn mmnvd d adlc pdrd pnricrdr ydaekenftcs sulkdrefcs segun mcs keskcs prefaepecs sef ekpcrtdr md nxtnfseñf bn beajc rdftn bn dgud, punbnf rnqunrersn dmgufds kcbeadaecfns qun rnsumtnf bn acfvnfenfaed d md cpnrdaeñf.

Pnrcrdaeñf acf Efynaaeñf bn Fetrñgnfc.  Acfstdftnknftn ns fnansdrec nm bnsdrrcmmc bn efvnsgdaecfns aenfads qun mmnvnf d uf knhcr prcgrnsc bn uf adkpc pntrcmnrc. Nstcs dvdfans tnafcmñgeacs mmnvdf dm cpnrdbcr d bespcfnr bn uf kdycr føknrc bn cpaecfns pdrd acftrdrrnstdr mds dbvnrsebdbns qun sn prnsnftdf bëd acf bëd audfbc sn rnquenrn pnricrdr uf pczc pntrcmnrc. Md løsqunbd bn besftds cpaecfns lrefbd uf kdycr føknrc bn cpcrtufebdbns bn knhcrdr nm dprcvnajdkenftc bn uf ydaekenftc, se lenf nf md datudmebdb datud mebdb ns pcselmn pcselmn tnfnr daansc d präaadknft präaadknftn n tcbcs mcs pcs bn ydaek ydaekenftc enftcss nxestnftns, nxestnftns, md adrrnrd pntrcmnrd djcrd nstä nficadbd n ficadbd d md cpkezdaeñf bn md acfstruaaeñf bn uf pczc qun pnrketd ufd rnaupnrdaeñf knhcrdbd bnm jebrcadrlurc acftnfebc nf audmquenr pc bn icrkdaeñf. Pdrnfbc bn mds tåafeads tåafeads y/c tnafcm tnafcmcgë cgëds ds bn pnricr pnricrdae daeñf ñf bnsdrr bnsdrrcmm cmmdbd dbdss d mc mdr mdrgc gc bnm nkpc, nkpc, sn jdf trdldhdbc, bnsaulenrtc y knhcrdbc mds kdfnrds bn pnricrdr uf pczc, nstc jd bnrevdbc nf mds tåafeads bn pnricrdaeñf fc acfvnfaecfdmns. D su vnz, md efvnsgdaeñf acffud bn nstds tåafeads jd pnrkebc qun åstds segdf bnsdrrcmmäfbcsn acf md cpaeñf bn bnspmngdr tnafcmcgëds dmtnrfdvds d mcs kåtcbcs prnvedknftn umezdbcs. Rdm ns nm adsc bn md Pnricrdaeñf acf Efynaaeñf bn Fetrñgnfc (PEF). Nstn kåtcbc bn pnricrdaeñf iun bnsdrrcmmdbc d pdrr bn md pnricrdaeñf acf dern, pcstnrecrknftn md efynaaeñf bn gds fdturdm y fdmezdfbc acf md efynaaeñf bn ctrcs gdsns. Pcstnrecrns efvnsgdaecfns pnrkenrcf rndmezdr md PEF y ctrds dpmeadaecfns ackc nm bnsdrrcmmc bn md Pnricrdaeñf Arecgåfead. Md pnricrdaeñf bn pczcs umezdfbc dern c gds fdturdm bdtd bn md båadbd bn mcs dôcs >0, d pnsdr bn snr uf kåtcbc bn pnricrdaeñf rnmdvdknftn dfguc, åstn jd tnfebc knhcrds acffuds d mc mdrgc bn mcs dôcs bnsdrrcmmdfbc nstn pc bn pnricrdaeñf umezdfbc ctrc pc bn gdsns ackc scf nm fet fetrñg rñgnfc nfc.. Bn kdfnrd kdfnrd käs nspnaë nspnaëad, ad, ufd bn mds prefae prefaepdm pdmns ns dpm dpmead eadaec aecfns fns bn md pnricr pnricrdae daeñf ñf jdaenfbc jdaenf bc usc bn fet fetrñg rñgnfc nfc nstä nficad nficadbd bd nf md bes beskef kefuae uaeñf ñf bnm bdôc qun sn cadsec cadsecfd fd d md

44

 

RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

icrkdaeñf burdftn mcs trdldhcs bn aeraumdaeñf bnm uebc bn pnricrdaeñf, bn egudm icrkd qun nm bdôc cadsecfdbc nf mds cpnrdaecfns bn anknftdaeñf. Nm uhc bn fetrñgnfc knzamdbc acf nm uebc bn acftrcm beskefuyn md NAB bnftrc bnm pczc, bn tdm kdfnrd qun md beskefuaeñf bn md prnseñf nhnraebd pcr md acmukfd jebrcstäad bnftrc bnm pczc sn trdbuzad nf ufd rnbuaaeñf bnm uebc mtrdbc jdaed ufd icrkdaeñf qun prnsnftn dmtds pnrkndlemebdbns, dmtds pcrcsebdbns c snaaecfns acf uf grdf føknrc føk nrc bn irdatu irdaturds rds.. Md dpmead dpmeadaeñ aeñf f bn md efynaae efynaaeñf ñf bn fetrñg fetrñgnfc nfc nficadbd nficadbd bn nst nstd d icr icrkd kd sn nfaunftrd bnsaretd d icfbc bnftrc

Ctrds Rnafcmcgëds.  Md pnricrdaeñf bn uf pczc pntrcmnrc fc ns ldsdbd øfeadknftn nf mds tåafeads bnsaretds nf mcs adpëtumcs dftnrecrns, ns fnansdrec jdanr uf rnacfcaekenftc bn dmgufcs bn mcs nmnknftcs arëacs qun scf efvcmuardbcs burdftn md pnricrdaeñf bn audmquenr pczc. Nstcs nmnknftcs scf bn sukd ekpcrtdfaed pdrd ufd cpnrdaeñf acrrnatd nf md acfstruaaeñf bn uf pczc, ns bnaer, nm acrrnatc iu iufa faec ecfd fdke kenf nftc tc y dp dpme mead adae aeñf ñf bn mc mcss kesk keskcs cs pu punb nbnf nf tr trdb dbua uaer ersn sn nf knhc knhcrn rnss pr präa äaad adss bn rnfbekenftc, dsë ackc bn sngurebdb. Dmgufcs bn nstcs nmnknftcs arëacs nf md pnricrdaeñf bn pczcs pntrcmnrcs scf mcs uebcs bn acftrcm, mds ldrrnfds y nm acftrcm bn md pnrbebd bn aeraumdaeñf? adbd ufc bn nstcs nmnknftcs nfn clhnvcs besftcs nf ufd pnricrdaeñf y scf besnôdbcs d trdvås bn clhnvcs nspnaëacs

Udaekenftcs acfvnfaecfdmns y fc acfvnfaecfdmns.   Md amdseadaeñf bn uf ydaekenftc ackc acfvnfaecfdm c fc acfvnfaecfdm nstä nficadbd d mds icrkds c kåtcbcs nf mcs audmns sn nxtrdn nm jebrcadrlurc bn åstcs, ns bnaer, pdrd tnfnr daansc d nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs sn rnquenrn bn tåafeads y/c nquepcs nspnaedmns. Qe lenf audmquenr pczc punbn pun bn nkp nkpmnd mndrr tåafea tåafeads ds beinrn beinrnftn ftnss pdrd pdrd su acfstr acfstruaa uaaeñf eñf,, tcbcs tcbcs mcs ydaeke ydaekenft nftcs cs qun nf md datudmebdb scf amdseadbcs ackc Fc Acfvnfaecfdmns rnquenrnf bn nstn pc bn acfsebnrdaecfns nspnaedmns. nspnae dmns. Ctrc bn mcs dspnatcs qun bnfnf bnfnf d mcs ydaeken ydaekenftcs ftcs Fc Acfvnfaecf Acfvnfaecfdmns dmns ns nm prcansc bëdgnfåac pcr nm audm pdsdrcf, ns bnaer, dqunm prcansc pcr nm audm sn acficrkñ nm sestnkd pntrcmnrc bn beajc ydaekenftc pcstnrecr dm bnpñsetc bn md kdtnred crgäfead qun ackpcfn nm jebrcadrlurc.

4<

 

RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

Nf nstd snaaeñf sn nficadrä d md bnsarepaeñf y aadrdatnrësads drdatnrësads bn mcs ydaekenftcs Fc Acfvnfaecfdmns yd qun pcr bnsadrtn nm rnstc snräf ydaekenftcs acfvnfaecfdmns. Nf md datudmebdb nxestnf audtrc pcs bn ydaekenftcs qun scf acfsebnrdbcs ackc Fc Acfvnfaecfdmns, åstcs scf mcs seguenftns8    

Udaekenftcs bn Mutds c Regjt. Udaekenftcs bn Dguds Prciufbds y ^mtrdpcriufbds. Udaekenftcs JP/JR. Drnfds Letukefcsds.

Udaekenftcs bn Mutds c Regjt. Nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs scf rnacfcaebcs pcr md gnfnrdaeñf bn md kdtnred crgäfead nf md keskd rcad qun md vd d acftnfnr, ns bnaer, md rcad gnfnrdbcrd bnm sestnkd snrä md keskd rcad dmkdaåf y md rcad snmmc dm keskc nkpc, pcr mc audm, fc nxestn kegrdaeñf bnsbn md rcad gnfnrdbcrd jdaed nstrdtcs käs supnraedmns. ^fd bn mds prefaepdmns adrdatnrësads bn nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs ns md dmtd ackpdatdaeñf pcr md audm pdsdrcf burdftn su icrkdaeñf, nstd ackpdatdaeñf gnfnrd qun nm nspdaec pcrcsc bnm nstrdtc sn rnbuzad acfsebnrdlmnknftn acf nm audm ufd pnricrdaeñf acfvnfaecfdm fc ns adpdz bn prcbuaer ufd acfnxeñf nftrn nm ydaekenftc y md supnraen, Iegurd D4.1. Pcr tdm kcvc, pdrd tnfnr daansc d nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs scf rnqunrebds cpnrdaecfns bn irdaturdkenftc jebräumeac acf md audm, md efynaaeñf bn uebc d dmtd prnseñf pnrketn irdaturdr md rcad dmtdknftn ackpdatdbd y acfnatdr nm ydaekenftc acf nm pczc y pcstnrecrknftn d md supnraen.

Udaekenftcs JP/JR. Nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs, d beinrnfaed bnm rnstc, vdf d prnsnftdr vdredaecfns nf mds acfbeaecfns efeaedmns bn prnseñf y tnkpnrdturd. Burdftn nm prcansc bn icrkdaeñf bn uf yd ydae aeke kenf nftc tc,, nm kdtn kdtnre redm dm qu qun n vd pc pcse seae aecf cfäf äfbc bcsn sn pc pcrr nfae nfaekd kd bn md kdtnr kdtnred ed cr crgä gäfe fead ad qu qun n pcstnrecrknftn vd d icrkdr nm jebrcadrlurc prcbuan qun nstä kdtnred sn ackprekd y pcr mc tdftc mcs uebcs acftnfebcs nf mcs pcrcs bn nstds rcads sn rnprnsecfdf, dsë ackc tdkleåf duknftd su tnkpnrdturd. Udaekenftcs bn Drnfds Letukefcsds. Nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs scf ydaekenftcs scknrcs n efamusc punbnf prnsnftdrsn nf snknhdfzd d ufd kefd, md pdraumdrebdb bn nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs ns qun sn trd trdtd, td, ack ackc c su fc fcklr klrn n mc efbead efbead,, bn ydaeke ydaekenft nftcs cs bn drnfds drnfds dmtdk dmtdknftn nftn pcrcs pcrcsds ds qun sn nfaunftrdf nfaunf trdf ekprng ekprngfdb fdbds ds bn danetn danetn kuy pnsdbc pnsdbc,, su nxtrda nxtrdaaeñ aeñf f ns rnm rnmdv dvdkn dknftn ftn snf snfaem aemmd, md, md snpdrdaeñf bnm danetn y mds drnfds ns md qun rnsumtd beaumtcsd, rnquenrn bn prcanscs quëkeacs nxtnfscs mc audm jdan qun sn rnquenrd nxtrdnr grdfbns adfbdbns bn drnfds pdrd nxtrdnr uf vcmukn vcm uknf f kuajc kuajc knfcr knfcr bn jebrca jebrcadrl drlurc urc.. Md kdycr kdycr acftrd acftrdbea beaaeñ aeñf f qun prn prnsnf snftd td nstn pc bn ydaekenftcs ns md nfcrkn adfbdb bn gdsns melnrdbcs y md acftdkefdaeñf qun nstc acfmmnvd, tdm ns nm adsc bn md prcvefaed adfdbenfsn bn Dtjdldsad, Dmlnrtd (Iegurd D4.9). Ackc sn knfaecfñ dm efeaec bn nstn dfnxc, audmquenr ydaekenftc qun fc aukpmd mds adrdatnrësads bn mcs ydaekenftcs dftns knfaecfdbcs nstdrä nftrdfbc nf md amdseadaeñf bn Udaekenftcs Acfvnfaecfdmns

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RNAFEADQ BN PN\IC\DAECF U RN\KEFDAECF FC ACFYNFAECFDM

\NIN\NFAEDQ

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