Tecnicas Cualitativas de Toma de Decisiones

 

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FKMFHG FK]QBMWHHFBK ....................................................................................................... 8 F WKFMIM ................................................................................................................... = ]ÆHKFHIX HWIDF]I]F\IX....................................................................................... = DDW\FI MG FMGIX (AQIFKX]BQEFK@).................................................................... = AGKGLFHFBX V \GK]IOIX MG DI DDW\FI MG FMGIX ......................................... 7 BAOG]F\BX YWG SGQEF]G IDHIK_IQ .............................................................. 7 MGXIQQBDDB MG DI ]ÆHKFHI ........................................................................... 7 FKHBK\GKFGK]GX................................................................................................ < XFKÆH]FHI ................................................................................................................ < BAOG]F\BX ........................................................................................................... 0  ISDFHIHFBK MG DI XGXFBK ..................................................................... ............................................... ................................. ........... 0 SQFKHFSFBX ........................................................................................................... 0 \GK]IOIX ............................................................................................................. 0 MGX\GK]IOIX...................................................................................................... : MGHFXFBKGX @QWSIDGX (HBKXGKXB) ................................................................. : \GK]IOIX MG ]BEIQ MGHFXFBKGX GK @QWSB .............................................. : MGX\GK]IOIX MG ]BEIQ MGHFXFBKGX GK @QWSB ....................................... 6 ]ÆHKFHI MGDSJF.................................................................................................... 93 DI SGHGQI ............................................................................................................. 99 FK]GQIHHFØK MFMÉH]FHI .................................................................................... 99 DI KG@BHFIHFØK HBDGH]F\I ............................................................................. 99 EG]BMBDB@ÅI _BSS ............................................................................................ 91 HBKHDWXFBKGX..................................................................................................... 98 AFADFB@QILÅI ........................................................................................................ 9=

1

 

FK]QBMWHHFBK Hbk gd trikshurrfr mg dbs måis mgagebs isuefr eiybrgs rgtbs tiktb i kfvgd pgrsbkid hbeb gk gd hbktgxtb geprgsirfid, db qug gxf`g uki hbkstiktg tbei mg mghfsfbk mghfsfbkgs gs ihgrt ihgrtimi imiss b mgs mgsihg ihgrti rtimis, mis, sfk fepbrtir fepbrtir qug

sg prgsg prgsgktgk ktgk

bastéhudbs, bastéh udbs, sbk prgh prghfsieg fsiegktg ktg gstis sftuihfbk sftuihfbkgs gs sfk rgsbdv rgsbdvgr gr qug `gkgri `gkgrik k hbkldfhtbs, fkhbebmfmimgs y ebdgstfis , gstis sftuihfbkgs sg pugmgk prgsgktir  i kfvgd fktgrpgrsbkid y/b br`ikfzihfbkid. Sbr gsti rizøk gs euy fepbrtiktg mgtgrefkir di kituridgzi mgd prbadgei, fmgktflfhikmb sus hiusis, dis pbsfadgs hbksghugkhfis, y mg gddis pbmgr `gkgrir di eiybr hiktfmim mg idtgrkitfvis pbsfadgs. pbsfa dgs. Iuk iså, gs kghgs kghgsirfb irfb ihdirir qug tbmbs dbs prbadg prbadgeis eis gxf`gk mflgrgktgs tfpbs mg mghfsfbkgs. Gk gd trishursb mg kugstri vfmi, kbs trbpgziebs hbk hiktfmim mg sftuihfbkgs qug kbs ilghtik mg eikgri fkmfvfmuid b hbdghtfvi, sftuihfbkgs i kfvgd liefdfir, sbhfid b diabrid, kbs gklrgktiebs i ebegktbs gk dbs huidgs mgagebs tbeir  id`uki gdghhføk, sbk tik sfepdgs hbeb gdg`fr qug rbpi vby i usir gk hfgrti ihtfvfmim, quæ vby i prgpirir mg ideugrzb, u btris eés hbepdgois hbeb ikuk ik ukhf hfir ir i uk uki i li lief efdfdfi i uk uki i kgli kglist sti i kb kbtftfhf hfi, i, mg mgsp spgm gmfr fr i uk ge gepd pdgi gimb mb.. Sbmråiebs gkuegrir hiktfmim y himi uki hbari uki fepbrtikhfi mflgrgktg piri himi sgr Jueikb. Gk di ihtuidfmim, dis br`ikfzihfbkgs sbk himi vgz eés hbepdgois, himi måi fkhbrpbrik kugvis tghkbdb`åis i su lbrei mg triaioir hbk db qug hbksf`ugk hbepgtfr gk gd egrhimb `dbaidfzimb qug gd eukmb ihtuidegktg eikgoi.

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F WKFMIM ]ÆHKFHIX HWIDF]I]F\IX Huikmb Huikm b kbsbtrbs kbsbtrbs utfdfziebs tæhkfhis huidfti huidftitfvis tfvis piri di tbei mg mghfs mghfsfbkgs, fbkgs, kghgsftiebs kghgs ftiebs aistiktg aistiktg fklbreihføk, fklbreihføk, sbarg hui huidquf dqufgr gr prbad prbadgei gei q qug ug sg prgs prgsgkt gktg, g, rgidfzir hbksudtis, rghbdghtir di eiybr hiktfmim mg fklbreihføk pbsfadg, iuk iså gstb kb kbs `iriktfzi qug di gvfmgkhfi rghbdghtimi sgi vgriz. Siri db`rir qug gd prbhgsb sgi db eés trikspirgktg pbsfadg pbsfadg y tgkgr di trikqufdfmim mg tbeir uki mghfsføk, gxfstgk id`ukis tæhkfhis hbeb? 9. Dduvf Dduvfi i mg fm fmgi giss (A (Ari rifk fkst stbr bref efk` k`)) 1. Xfkghtfhi 8. Mgh Mghfsfb fsfbkg kgss pb pbrr hbks hbksgk gksb sb =. ]æh ]æhkf kfhhi M Mg gdpjf jf.. 7. ]æh ]æhkf kfhi hi mg di pg pghhgr gri i di bpfkfbkgs kb sbk hitg`ørfhis yi qug lbegkti gd fktgrhieafb mflgrgktg mg bpfkfbkgs db qug pugmg mgsgeabhir gk uki egzhdi mg bphfbkgs> gvfti hbkldfhtbs gktrg gxpgrtbs g fkhrgegkti di pbsfafdfmim mg sgr hrgitfvbs> prbeugvg di dfagrtim mg gxprgsføk> y eiktfgkg i tbmbs dbs gxpgrtbs gk f`uidmim pdgki, sfk livbrghgr eés i kfk`ukb. 97

 

Xfk geair`b, gd eætbmb Mgdpjf sg ipbyi gk hrftgrfbs suaogtfvbs> gs diabrfbsb y prgh prghfs fsi i mg bt btrb rb `r `rup upb b piri piri gd gstu gstumf mfb b mg hi himi mi rgsp rgspug ugst sti i y gd gdia iabr brih ihfø føk k mg hugstf hug stfbki bkirfb rfbs> s> tfgep tfgepb b mg goghu goghuhfø hføk k gxt gxtgks gksb> b> y rgq rgqufg ufgrg rg mg uk uki i `rik `rik `ru `rupb pb mg gxpgrtbs piri qug dbs rgsudtimbs tgk`ik uki vidfmgz gstimåstfhi.

GX]I ]ÆHKFHI XG AIXI GK? i)

 Ikbkfeitb mg dbs fktgrvfkfgktgs. fktgrvfkfgktgs.

a)

Qgpgtftfvfmim y rgidfegktihføk hbktrbdimi.

h)

Qgspugsti mgd `rupb gk lbrei gstimåstfhi.

IK]GX MG FKFHFIQ WK MGDSJF XG QGIDF_IK WKI XGQFG MG ]IQGIX SQG\FIX, HBEB XBK? i)

Mgdfeftir gd hbktgxtb y gd jbrfzbktg tgepbrid gk gd qug sg mgsgi rgidfzir di prgvfsføk sbarg gd tgei gk gstumfb.

a)

Xgdghhfbkir gd pikgd mg gxpgrtbs y hbksg`ufr su hbeprbefsb mg hbdiabrihføk. Dis pgrsbkis qug sgik gdg`fmis kb sødb mgagk sgr `rikmgs hbkbhgmbrgs mgd tgei sbarg gd qug sg rgidfzi gd gstumfb, sfkb qug mgagk prgsgktir uki pduridfmim gk sus pdiktgiefgktbs, gk di qug mgagk gvftir di ipirfhføk mg sgs`bs gk di fklbreihføk mfspbkfadg gk gd pikgd.

h)

Gxpdfhir i dbs gxpgrtbs, gk quæ hbksfstg gd eætbmb. Hbk gstb sg prgtgkmg hbksg`ufr di batgkhføk mg prgvfsfbkgs lfiadgs.

LIXGX MGD EÆ]BMB MGDSJF i)

Fmgktflfhihføk mg baogtfvbs. 9<

 

a)

Xgdghh Xgd ghhføk føk mg gxpgrt gxpgrtbs bs y gdi gdiabr abrih ihføk føk mgd prb prbhgm hgmfef fefgkt gktb b i sg` sg`ufr ufr.. Xg mga mgag g fk fklb lbre reir ir i himi himi pi pirt rtfh fhfp fpik iktg tg mg db dbss tfge tfgepb pbss mg hi himi mi hu hugs gstftfbk bkir irfb fb,, mg db dbss baog ba ogtftfvb vbss qu qug g qu qugr grge gebs bs db db`r `rir ir,, mg db dbss hrft hrftgr grfb fbss mg sg sgdg dghh hhfø føk k y mf mfsg sgùb ùb mg hugstfbkirfbs, y huiktåi ebkgtirfb b fkhgktfvbs pbr su hbdiabrihføk.

h)

Dikziefgktbs ftgritfvbs mg hugstfbkirfbs g fmgktflfhihføk mgd `rimb mg ihugrmb gk himi himi pr prg` g`uk ukti ti.. Xg su sugd gdgk gk rg rgid idfz fzir ir prg` prg`uk ukti tiss hu huik iktft tftit itfv fvis is y mg léhf léhfdd rgspugsti.

m)

Xgdghhføk mg rgspugstis piri prghfsir y hbkmgksir di bpfkføk gxpgrti. Dbs rgsudtimbs mg himi uki mg dis gkhugstis, sgrék triseftfmbs i himi gxpgrtb.

Xg gv gvid idÿi ÿi himi himi bpfk bpfkfø føk k y sg ba batftfgk gkg g uk uki i mf mflg lgrg rgkh khfi fi b eg egmf mfi i hu huik iktft tftit itfv fvi i mg mgdd hbksgksb `rupid. Imgeés, sg pugmgk rgidfzir tiktis bdgimis mg hugstfbkirfbs hbeb sg rgqufgrik jisti huepdfr baogtfvbs prghfsbs. V gs qug, i pgsir mg sgr uk eætbmb qug sg fkhduyi gk di fkvgstf`ihføk huidftitfvi, tieafæk sg usik tæhkfhis huiktftitfvis, imgeés mg dbs hbegktirfbs huidftitfvbs mg dbs d bs gxpgrtbs.

DBX SIXBX AÉXFHBX SIQI QGIDF_IQ GX]I ]ÆHKFHI XBK DBX XF@WFGK]GX? i)

 I himi efgearb sg dg mfstrfauyg uki sgrfg mg prg`uktis rgdihfbkimis hbk su érgi mg gspghfidfzihføk. Sbstgrfbregktg sg rghb`gk y gvidÿik dbs hugstfbkirfbs.

a)

 Id måi sf`ufgktg, sg gktrg`i uk kugvb hugstfbkirfb qug eugstri di rgspugsti mg himi pgrsbki id hugstfbkirfb iktgrfbr y tieafæk gd prbegmfb b hbksgksb `gkgrid mgd `rupb. Gstg kugvb hugstfbkirfb tgkmré uk gspihfb gk gd huid sg pfmg sgùidir  di kugv kugvi i bpfk bpfkfø føk k sbar sbarg g di diss pr prg` g`uk ukti tis. s. Xf di rgsp rgspug ugst sti i mg uk fk fkmf mfvf vfmu mub b gs mflgrgktg mgd prbegmfb mgd `rupb, sg dg sbdfhfti uki argvg gxpdfhihføk. 90

 

h)

Mgspuæs mgd sg`ukmb hugstfbkirfb, sg rg`fstri uk tgrhgr y ÿdtfeb hbkouktb mg bpfkfbkgs, fkhduygkmb dbs prbegmfbs rgsudtiktgs mgd sg`ukmb hugstfbkirfb y dis rizb rizbkg kgss mimi mimiss pbr pbr iq iqug ugddddbs bs qu qug g sg sgùi ùidi dirb rbk k uk uki i rgsp rgspug ugst sti i mf mflg lgrg rgkt ktg g mg mgdd prbegmfb.

m)

Qg`fstrir gd ÿdtfeb hbkouktb mg bpfkfbkgs.

Gsti tæhkfhi mi hbeb rgsudtimb uk aikhb mg mitbs mg dis bpfkfbkgs gxprgsimis pbr  dbs gxpgrtbs sbarg himi prg`ukti lbreudimi. Lfkidegktg id ikidfzir dbs hugstfbkirfbs, qufgk mgag tbeir di mghfsføk hbkbhg dis rgspugstis prbegmfb qug gxpgrtbs gk gd hiepb mik i dis mflgrgktgs prg`uktis. ]bmb gstb mgag ddgvirsg i hiab sfk di fktgrihhføk mfrghti gktrg dbs efgearbs mgd `rupb, piri gvftir hbkldfhtbs mfrghtbs. Gsti Gst i tæh tæhkfh kfhi, i, tfg tfgkg kg hbeb hbeb mgsvgk mgsvgktio tioi, i, di fep fepbsf bsfafd afdfmi fmim m mg tritir tritir prb prbadg adgeis eis qu qug g rgqufgrik eés rgspugstis mg dis qug pugmik hitg`brfzirsg.

DI SGHGQI Hbksfstg gk lbreir uk pgqugùb `rupb mg rgprgsgktiktgs hbk hbkbhfefgktbs gspghfidfzimbs gk gd érgi mgd prbadgei, qufgkgs sg sgktirék gk hårhudb piri prbpbkgr prbpbk gr sus fmgis y bpfkfbkgs id rgspghtb, efgktri efgktriss qug gd rgstb mgd `rupb gshuhji. gshuh ji. Kb gsté pgreft pgreftfmb fmb jiadir gktrg så, sg rbtirék gk di egmfmi gk qug fktgrvfgkgk. fktgrv fgkgk. Xg hgmgré gd pugstb i btri pgrsbki pgrsbki y sf jiy id`ufgk qug gstæ mg ihugrmb hbk dis su`grgkhfis ipbrtimis, gktbkhgs idziré di eikb. Dis mghfsfbkgs sbk iprbaimis pbr eiybråi (imefkfs8hfbk, 139:).

MWQIHFØK  Iprbxfeimiegktg  Iprbxfeimiegk tg 9 jbri y egmfi i mbs mbs jbris. 9:

 

\GK]IOIX i)

Xftÿi gd prbti`bkfseb mg di ihtfvfmim gk gd prbpfb `rupb.

a)

Livbrghg uki eiybr fepdfhihføk mg dbs fktg`riktgs, egmfiktg di ipgrturi id mfédb`b.

h)

Sgreftg mgsirrbddir, mgsmg mflgrgktgs øptfhis, uk tgei.

m)

Sgreftg rghb`gr ipbrtihfbkgs mg dbs mflgrgktgs `rupbs, y iså pbmgr gkrfqughgr, dis prbpfis.

g)

Btbr`i trikspirgkhfi id prbhgsb mg tbei mg mghfsfbkgs.

l)

Fkhrgegkti dbs kfvgdgs mg hbeprgksføk gk tgeis hbepdgobs.

GX]QWH]WQI i)

Srfegr hårhudb? Huitrb pgrsbkis sbk dis qug sg sfgktik mg lbrei hfrhudir gk gd hgktrb mgd iudi

a)

Xg`u Xg `ukm kmb b hå hårh rhud udb? b? (@ru (@rupb pb mg ba basg sgrv rvim imbr brgs gs). ). ]rgs ]rgs pg pgrs rsbk bkis is sg sf sftu tuir iråi åik k rbmgikmb id prfegr hårhudb.

h)

]grh ]g rhgr gr hårh hårhud udb. b. Xg sftÿ sftÿi i rb rbmg mgik ikmb mb i db dbss mb mbss prfe prfegr grbs bs hårh hårhud udbs bs.. Gs Gsti tirå råi i hbklbreimb pbr di pirtg rgstiktg mg pgrsbkis mgd `rupb.

m)

Gstg prbhgsb `gkgridegktg fktgrvfgkg uk lihfdftimbr b ebmgrimbr i hir`b mg di tæhkfhi (mir dbs turkbs mg pidiari, hbktrbdir dbs tfgepbs, gth.).

MGXIQQBDDB i)

Gd prfe prfegr gr hår århhud udb b mg pgrs rsbk bkis is,, mgsi mgsirr rrbd bddi di gd tge tgei mg uki lbre lbrei i euy gspghfidfzimi.

a)

Gd sg`ukmb hårhudb mg pgrsbkis ‘qug rbmgiråi id prfegrb- tgkmråi uk pipgd mg —basgrvimbr hråtfhb―, qug tris di gxpbsfhføk mgd tgei mg uki lbrei rgldgxfvi y 96

 

prblukmi, tgkmråi gstg sg`ukmb hårhudb di lukhføk mg ipbrtir ukis rgldgxfbkgs ihgrhi mg db yi tritimb, puktuidfzir, lbhidfzirsg gk id`ukis b su`grfr kugvis ipbrtihfbkgs.

h)

Gd tgrhgr hårhudb, qug iairhiråi di tbtidfmim mgd `rupb, rghb`gråi dis ipbrtihfbkgs mg dbs mbs hårhudbs iktgrfbrgs, tieafæk pbmråi iùimfr ispghtbs kugvbs.

m)

Lfkidegktg, sg hfgrri i di tæhkfhi hbk uki vidbrihføk `dbaid mgd tgei iabrmimb id f`uid qug uki vidbrihføk mg di tæhkfhi gk så efsei.

SQBHGXB Xg mgag hbktir hbk uk pikgd b pfzirri Gdghhføk mg dbs(is) pbrtivbhgs mg `rupbs, Dbs (is) Sbrtivbhgs sg sftÿik gk hårhudb gk gd hgktrb mgd iudi, efgktris sus `rupbs sg gk gkhu hugk gktr trik ik ou oust stb b mg mgtr trés és mg gddi gddiss basg basgrv rvik ikmb mb gd mg mgsi sirr rrbd bddb db mg di tbei tbei mg mghfsfbkgs. 

Xf gd `rupb kb gsté mg ihugrmb hbk gd rueab qug gsté tbeikmb gd prbhgsb, pugmg gktrg`ir i qufgk db rgprgsgkti, uk egksiog pbr gshrftb (hbeb eéxfeb gk trgs bpbrtukfmimgs).

 Iktg uki prbpugsti kbvgmbsi qug kb gstuvfgri mfshutfmi prgvfiegktg pbr dbs pbrtivbhgs, sg btbr`iré ukb b mbs efkutbs piri qug æstbs hbksudtgk hbk su `rupb. Xf id`ukb mg dbs pbrtivbhgs hbksfmgri qug kb tfgkg kimi eés qug i`rg`ir pugmg prbhgmgr i rgtfrirsg mgd hårhudb.

FK]GQIHHFØK MFMÉH]FHI Gsti tæhkfhi sg usi huikmb di mghfsføk lfkid gs mgeisfimb hbepdgoi y di fkvgstf`ihføk iepdfi b dis mghfsfbkgs gsték mfvfmfmis. Xg prbhgmg i sgdghhfbkir mbs `rupbs, ukb ipbrtiré dis vgktiois mgd prbadgei y gd btrb dis mgsvgktiois, mgspuæs sg 13

 

fktgrhieafik tgeis piri mgspuæs mfshutfr sbarg dbs rgsudtimbs. Id`ukis vghgs sg pugmgk gkhbktrir ipbrtgs gk hbeÿk hbksgksb, qug hbkddgvgk i tbeir uki mghfsføk lfkid (Egkmbzi, 1391).

DI KG@BHFIHFØK HBDGH]F\I Gsti tæhkfhi `gkgridegktg gs gd rgsudtimb mgd ihgrhiefgktb mg dbs triaioimbrgs mg di `grgkhfi mg di geprgsi piri uki kg`bhfihføk Gs gd ihgrhiefgktb mg dbs triaioimbrgs mg `grgkhfi piri uki kg`bhfihføk. Ieabs aikmbs mgagk prgsgktir uki gstritg`fi i di egsi mg rgukføk di huid mgag fkhdufr di dfsti mg agkglfhfbs y uki pbsfhføk qug sustgktg himi agkglfhfb. Xf dis pbsfhfbkgs kb hbfkhfmgk gktbkhgs sg prbhgmg i lbreir ihugrmbs. Jiy uk eætbmb qug tfgkg eés bpbrtukfmim mg iyumir id æxftb gk di kg`bhfihføk hbdghtfvi, gs ddieimb di tgbråi mg dis kghgsfmimgs. Xg`ÿk gsti tgbråi, hbk uk egs mg iktfhfpihføk, himi pirtg mglfkg dbs prbadgeis qug sg mfshutfrék gk di egsi mg kg`bhfihfbkgs.. Dug`b, piri gd prbadgei, himi pirtg glghtÿi trgs prbpugstis y gxpdfhi kg`bhfihfbkgs hbeb di ihgptihføk mg gstg puktb sitfslihg dis kghgsfmimgs mg ieais pirtgs. Huikmb pisi uki sgeiki mg kg`bhfihføk y kb sg ji ddg`imb i uk ihugrmb, di mghfsføk lfkid di eikgoiri uk éraftrb fepirhfid. (Egkmbzi, 1391).

EG]BMBDB@ÅI _BSS (_fgd, Brfgktfgrtg, Srbognt, Sdikkfk) Gs mghfr? pdikflfhihføk mg prbyghtbs brfgktimi i baogtfvbs zbpp gs uk sfstgei mg prbhgm prb hgmfefg fefgktb ktbss g fkstrue fkstruegkt gktbs bs piri piri uki pdikflf pdikflfhih hihføk føk mg prb prbygh yghtbs tbs brfg brfgkti ktimi mi i 19

 

baogtfvbs. baogtfv bs. _bpp gs gd eætbmb lfkid mg pikflfhih pikflfhihføk føk mg prbyg prbyghtbs htbs gk di `tz. Hirihtgråstfhis Srbhgmfefgktb mg pdikflfhihføk pbr pisbs suhgsfvbs \fsuidfzihføk y mbhuegktihføk pgreikgktg mg dbs pisbs mg pdikflfhihføk. Gklbqug mg gqufpb (Egkmbzi, 1391).

GXSFKI MG SGXHIMB? Gstg eætbmb gs usimb piri ikidfzir prbadgeis hgktridgs y jiddir sus hiusis, gs euy sfefdir id eætbmb _bpp. Gd mfi`riei mg Hiusi y Glghtb (Gspfki mg Sgshimb) gs uki tæhkfhi `rélfhi iepdfiegktg utfdfzimi, qug pgreftg iprghfir hbk hdirfmim dis rgdihfbkgs gktrg uk tgei b prbadgei y dis pbsfadgs hiusis qug pugmgk gstir hbktrfauygkmb hbktrfauygkmb piri qug gd bhurri. Hbkstr Hbk strufm ufmb b hbk hbk di ipirfgk ipirfgkhfi hfi mg uki uki gspfki gspfki mg pgs pgshi himb, mb, gst gsti i jgr jgrrie riefgk fgkti ti lug ipdfhimi pbr prfegri vgz gk 9678, gk gd Oipøk, pbr gd prblgsbr mg di Wkfvgrsfmim mg ]bnfb, Nibru Fsjfniwi, piri sfktgtfzir dis bpfkfbkgs mg dbs fk`gkfgrbs mg uki léarfhi, huikmb mfshutåik prbadgeis mg hidfmim.

11

 

18

 

HBKHDWXFBKGX

Wk @grgktg tfgkg qug liefdfirfzirsg hbk gd hfrhuftb aésfhb mg tbei mg dis mghfsfbkgs y sus fk`rgmfgktgs. Wki vgz rghbkbhfmbs gstbs fk`rgmfgktgs aésfhbs, mgag prgstirsg itgkhføk id hiréhtgr mg qufgk tbei di mghfsføk, tiktb fkmfvfmuidegktg hbeb gk `rupb. Mgafmb i qug di eiybråi mg dis mghfsfbkgs tfgkgk glghtb sbarg di `gktg, gd @grgktg kb pugmg f`kbrir di fkldugkhfi mg dis rgdihfbkgs jueikis gk uki mghfsføk, gspghfidegktg huikmb sg sgdghhfbki uki tæhkfhi piri tbeirdi. Di rgprgsgktihføk gk mfi`riei mg uk prbadgei mimb pugmg tbeir mflgrgktgs lbreis y pugmg sgr uki iyumi fkviduiadg piri rgukfr y ebstrir gd prbadgei gk pirtfhudir b dbs piréegtrbs mg di mghfsføk. Wk hbkbhfefgktb aésfhb mg dis tgbråis mg dis prbaiafdfmimgs y mg di gstimåstfhi iyumiré gk di prgsgktihføk `rélfhi mg gsti fklbreihføk.

Xfk geair`b, uki vgz qug sg jiyi prbhgsimb tbmi di fklbreihføk y id efseb tfgepb hbeprg hbe prgkmfm kmfmb b hué huédgs dgs sbk dbs dim dimrfd rfddbs dbs aésfhb aésfhbss pir piri i di hbkstr hbkstruhh uhhføk føk mg di tbei tbei mg mghfsfbkgs, iÿk sg rgqufgrg uk fk`rgmfgktg eés piri qug uk @grgktg tbeg dis mghfsfbkgs ihgrtimis. Di pgrsbki qug kb mgsgg hbrrgr rfgs`bs kukhi tgkmré æxftb hbeb @grgktg. Wk @grgktg mgag tgkgr gd augk oufhfb piri siagr qug tikti fklbreihføk fklbrei hføk mgag rghb`gr, di fktgdf fktgdf`gkhf `gkhfi i piri mfrf`fr di fklbrei fklbreihføk hføk y, db eés fepbrtiktg mg tbmb, gd vidbr piri tbeir di mghfsføk qug sg rgqufgrg huikmb æsti hbkddgvi uk rfgs`b. Di huidfmim pgrsbkid mgd vidbr piri ihgptir di rgspbksiafdfmim mg uki mghfsføk ( sgi æsti augki b eidi) sgpiri i dis pgrsbkis brmfkirfis mg qufgkgs tbeik mghfsfbkgs gxhgdgktgs.

1=

 

AFADFB@QILÅI

imefkfs8hfbk. (96 mg Bhtuarg mg 139:). jttp?//imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hb jttp?//imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe e. Batgkfmb mg jttp?//imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe??  jttp?//imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe jttp?//imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe/1391/3:/tghkfhis-huidftitfvis-y-jttp?//imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe/1391/3:/tghkfhis-huidftitfvis-y huiktftitfvis.jted

Egkmbzi, F. ( 3: mg I`bstb mg 1391). imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe. Batgkfmb mg imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe? jttp?//imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe/1391/3:/tghkfhis-huidftitfvis-y-jttp?//imefkfs8hfbk.adb`spbt.hbe/1391/3:/tghkfhis-huidftitfvis-y huiktftitfvis.jted

Kg`bhfbs fbs, G. G. (98 mg Gkgrb mg 1390). 0). augkbskg`bhfbs. Batgkfmb mg augkbskg`bhfbs?

jttp?//www.augkbskg`bhfbs.hbe/mghfsfbkgs-`rupidgsjttp?//www.augkbskg`bhfbs.hbe/mghfsfbkgs-`rupidgs -

vgktiois-y-mgsvgktiois-k1::=

XIDI_IQ, I. S. (83 mg Eiyb mg 1390). Srgzf . Batgkfmb mg Srgzf?

jttps?//prgzf.hbe/iqtzurkiiht8/sfkghtfhi/

jttp?//tu`fekisfihgrgarid.hbe e. Batgkfmb mg tu`fekisfihgrgarid. (96 mg 93 mg 139:). jttp?//tu`fekisfihgrgarid.hb

jttp?//tu`fekisfihgrgarid.hbe?? jttp?//tu`fekisfihgrgarid.hbe

jttp?//tu`fekisfihgrgarid.hbe/jgrriefgktisjttp?//tu`fekisfihgrgarid.hbe/jgrriefgktis -

mg-gstumfb/qug-gs-uki-dduvfi-mg-fmgis-y-hbeb-jihgrdi 17