Teaching Scienceinthe New Normal

 

Pdd kfs`ussflis, stots, oik outhlr prljfbds jlr thfs puebf`otfli ot3 https3//www.rdsdor`hmotd.idt/puebf`otfli/0;=;8=:0:

[do`hfim P`fdi`d fi [hd Idw Ilrgob3 Tikdrstoikfim [hd Dxpdrfdi`ds lj   Cuiflr Hfmh P`hllb P`fdi`d [do`hdrs  Ortf`bd  fi  CTUIOB QDIKFKFNOI GFQO ½ Kd`dgedr 5151 KLF3 ?1.506:1/cpg ?1.506:1/cpgfpo/v5?f5.pp fpo/v5?f5.pp?;:-?:5 ?;:-?:5

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Mfbedrt Poitls Orrfdto

Gorn Coysli Qos`uo Omefsft

Qhfbfppfid Ilrgob Tifvdrsfty

Kd Bo Pobbd Tifvdrsfty

?5 QTEBF@O[FLIP   = @F[O[FLIP 

? QTEBF@O[FLI   1 @F[O[FLIP 

PDD QULJFBD

Plgd lj thd outhlrs lj thfs puebf`otfli ord obsl wlrnfim li thdsd rdbotdk prlcd`ts3

P`hllb bdokdrshfp Zfdw prlcd`t

Obb `litdit jlbblwfim thfs pomd wos upblokdk ey Mfbedrt Poitls Orrfdto li Orrfdto li ?6 Kd`dgedr 5151.

[hd usdr hos rdqudstdk dihoi`dgdit lj thd klwiblokdk jfbd.

PDD QULJFBD

 

 

 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQ GFQO  O    

d-FPPI3 5441-?0?0 | p-FPPI3 518=-68;6 http3//curiob.jnfp.uifbo.o`.fk/fikdx.php/cpgfpo/

[do`hfim P`fdi`d fi [hd Idw Ilrgob3 Tikdrstoikfim [hd Dxpdrfdi`ds lj Cuiflr Hfmh P`hllb P`fdi`d [do`hdrs  [do`hdrs  ?,5

5

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Mfbedrt Poitls Orrfdto , Cdiobyi @oeoio Koi`db , Gorn Coysli Qos`uo Omefsft   ?

@lbbdmd lj Mrokuotd Ptukfds oik [do`hdr Dku`otfli Udsdor`h, Qhfbfppfid Ilrgob Tifvdrsfty Tifvdrsfty,, Qhfbfppfids 5 Kdportgdit lj Cuiflr Hfmh P`hllb, Kli Els`l [d`hif`ob Fistftutd, Qhfbfppfids 

Oestro`t3  [hd @lvfk-?6 poikdgf` hos tondi oeo`n dvdrylid thot bdk tl bfvfim uidxpd`tdkby fi

oi divfrligdit `obbdk thd idw ilrgob. Lid lj thd sd`tlrs sdrflusby ojjd`tdk ey thfs hdobth `rfsfs fs dku`otfli. ]fth il jo`d-tl-jo`d `bossds uitfb o vo``fid hos eddi kfs`lvdrdk, thd Kdportgdit lj Dku`otfli-Qhfbfppfids (KdpDk) edbfdvdk thot dku`otfli shlubk `litfiud fi s`hllb ydor 5151-515? thrlumh libfid oik lthdr obtdriotfvd glkobftfds. [hd tdo`hdrs fi o prfvotd sd`torfoi s`hllb fi Goifbo edmoi prdporfim os dorby os Cuid 5151 bdokfim tl thd `rdotfli lj o bbdorifim dorifim `litfiufty pboi. Lid lj thd suecd`ts fi thd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb sdrflusby ojjd`tdk fi klfim libfid tdo`hfim oik bdorifim fs P`fdi`d. [hfs stuky ofgs tl dxpblrd oik uikdrstoik thd dxpdrfdi`ds oik `hobbdimds lj thd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs ojtdr lid tdrg lr obglst thrdd gliths lj tdo`hfim fi thd idw ilrgob. [hd stuky jluik lut thot P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs wdrd prdpordk oik thd `urrf`ubug wos glkfjfdk. Fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs wdrd dihoi`dk oik vorflus `hobbdimds wdrd gdt bfnd stukdit kfs`fpbfid, kdbfvdry oik dxd`utfli lj bdorifim tosns, bfgftdk tfgd jlr thd fgpbdgditotfli lj thd `lgpdtdi`fds, oik stukdit portf`fpotfli.  portf`fpotfli.  Ndywlrks3 tdo`hfim s`fdi`d libfid, `hobbdimds lj libfid tdo`hfim, s`fdi`d tdo`hdrs `rdotfvfty, fiftfotfvds oik lpplrtuiftfds.   Oestron3 Qoikdgf @lvfk-?6 gdimdcutnoi sdguo lroim yoim gdiydeoenoi hfkup kf bfimnuimoi ton wocor yoim kfsdeut ndhfkupoi ilrgob eoru. Poboh sotu sdntlr yoim tdrndio kogpon sdrfus korf nrfsfs ndsdhotoi fif okoboh pdikfkfnoi. [oipo ndbos totop guno hfimmo vonsfi kftdgunoi,  Kdportdgdi Qdikfkfnoi-Jfbfpfio (KdpDk) pdr`oyo eohwo pdikfkfnoi horus kfboicutnoi poko tohui ocoroi 5151-515? gdbobuf libfid koi glkobftos obtdriotfj bofiiyo. Qoro muru kf sdnlboh swosto kf Goifbo gubof edrsfop sdcon Cuif 5151 yoim gdimoroh poko pdgeuotoi rdi`oio  pdgedbocoroi edrndsfiogeuimoi. edrndsfiogeuimoi. Poboh sotu goto pdbocoroi kf sdnlboh gdidimoh pdrtogo yoim tdrndio kogpon sdrfus kobog gdbonunoi pdgedbocoroi libfid okoboh FQO. Qdidbftfoi fif edrtucuoi uitun gdimmobf koi gdgohogf pdimobogoi koi toitoimoi poro muru FQO PGQ sdtdboh sotu sdgdstdr otou hogpfr tfmo euboi gdimocor kf ilrgob eoru. Ptukf tdrsdeut gdidgunoi eohwo muru Pofis tdboh kfsfopnoi koi nurfnubug tdboh kfglkfjfnosf. Gotdrf pdgedbocoroi kftf kftfimnotnoi imnotnoi koi edreomof toitoimoi kftdguf sdpdrtf ndkfsfpbfioi sfswo, pdiyogpofoi koi pdbonsoiooi tumos  pdgedbocoroi, wontu yoim tdreotos tdreotos uitun pdbonsoiooi nlgpdtdis nlgpdtdisf, f, koi portfsfposf sfswo. sfswo.  Noto nui`f3 gdimocor sofis sd`oro libfid, toitoimoi pdimocoroi libfid, nrdotfvftos muru sofis, fifsfotfj koi pdbuoim. 

Mfbedrt Poitls Orrfdto dt ob. Dgofb3  orrfdto.msApiu.dku.ph  Dgofb3

KLF3 http3//kx.klf.lrm/?1.506:1/cpgfpo/v5?f5.pp?;:-?:5  KLF3  http3//kx.klf.lrm/?1.506:1/cpgfpo/v5?f5.pp?;:-?:5  Ud`dfvdk3 16 Ilvdgedr 5151 O``dptdk3 ?? Kd`dgedr 5151

 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

?;= 

FI[ULKT@[FLI

Lid lj thd glst owoftdk o`tfvftfds kurfim thd ydor fs thd lpdifim lj `bossds. @hfbkrdi, tddiomdrs, oik dvdi yluim okubts ord dx`ftdk tl ml eo`n tl s`hllb ojtdr o twlglith vo`otfli. Ft fs fi s`hllb whdrd thdfr fitdrdsts, fitdrdsts , nilwbdkmd, oik snfbbs ord hlidk, oik jrfdikshfp edmfis. P`hllb bfjd prdpords dvdry stukdit tl o efmmdr oik `hobbdimfim bfjd  portf`uborby fi pursufim lid‖s `orddr. Os o stukdit tonds oilthdr stdp up thd stofr`osd,

suecd`ts ord okkdk fi hfs stukfds. [hfs fs tl gond hfs o`okdgf` oik `horo`tdr jlrgotfli glrd hlbfstf` oik fi-kdpth. Jrlg mrokd s`hllb tl sdiflr hfmh s`hllb, P`fdi`d oik Gothdgotf`s ord thd `listoit suecd`ts thot `oi ed jluik. @lisfkdrdk os thd twl glst `hobbdimfim eut fitdrdstfim suecd`ts, bdsslis ed`lgd glrd kfjjf`ubt os lid prlmrdssds tl thd idxt bdvdb. [do`hdrs ord obsl `hobbdimdk tl gond thd P`fdi`d oik Goth bdsslis fitdrdstfim oik dimomfim `lisfkdrfim thot thd suecd`ts ord kfjjf`ubt ey ioturd. Edtwddi Goth oik P`fdi`d, ft fs P`fdi`d thot rdqufrds boelrotlry wlrn. Ptukdits ord k rrowi owi glrd tl P`fdi`d ed`ousd ft fivlbvds o ‒rdob‗ oppbf`otfli lj thdlrfds bdoridk fi thd `bossrllg. [hd ioturd lj s`fdi`d dku`otfli fivlbvds stukdits fi s`fditfjf` fivdstfmotfli. P`fditfjf` fivdstfmotfli fi`bukds thd woy thfinfim, ottftukd, oik stdps s`fditfjf` o`tfvftfds tl letofi prlku`ts oik nilwbdkmd lj s`fdi`d. Ptukdits shlubk ed oebd tl fitdmrotd edtwddi snfbbs, nilwbdkmd oik ottftukds, tl kdvdblp nilwbdkmd lj `li`dptuob uikdrstoikfim edttdr. Lid lj thd glst fgplrtoit eosf` snfbbs fi s`fditfjf` fiqufry fs thd snfbb lj thd s`fdi`d  prl`dss. P`fditfjf` prl`dss snfbbs ord o sdt lljj snfbbs usdk fi `liku`tfim s`fditfjf` o`tfvftfds,  prlku`fim oik usfim s`fditfjf` fijlrgotfli, oik prlebdg slbvfim. Pu`h snfbbs `oi ed o `horo`tdr fi stukdit‖s sdbj fj thdy hovd th d lpplrtuifty tl kl sl fi dfthdr bdorifim lr boelrotlry o`tfvftfds. [hd lpplrtuifty `oi ed mfvdi tl stukdits fj thd t hd bdorifim divfrligdit fs orroimdk fi su`h o woy thot thdy `oi dimomd fi s`fdi`d o`tfvftfds tl fgprlvd thdfr s`fdi`d prl`dss snfbbs (Pojooh, Gusbfg, & Bfbfowotf, 51?=). P`fdi`d dku`otfli fs lid lj thd glst fgplrtoit suecd`ts fi s`hllb kud tl fts rdbdvoi`d tl stukdits‖ bfvds oik thd uifvdrsobby oppbf`oebd prlebdg -slbvfim oik `rftf`ob thfinfim snfbbs ft usds oik kdvdblps. [hdsd ord bfjdblim snfbbs thot obblw stukdits tl mdidrotd fkdos, wdfmh kd`fsflis fitdbbfmditby oik dvdi uikdrstoik thd dvfkdi`d edhfik  puebf` plbf`y-gonfim. [do`hfim td`hilblmf`ob bftdro`y, `rftf`ob thfinfim oik prlebdgslbvfim thrlumh s`fdi`d dku`otfli mfvds stukdits thd snfbbs oik nilwbdkmd thdy iddk tl su``ddk fi s`hllb oik edylik. P`fdi`d dku`otfli ofgs tl kdvdblp s`fditfjf` bftdro`y oglim bdoridrs thot wfbb  prdpord thdg tl ed fijlrgdk oik portf`f portf`fpotfvd potfvd `ftfzdis whl ord oebd tl gond cukmgdits oik kd`fsflis rdmorkfim oppbf`otflis lj s`fditfjf` nilwbdkmd thot goy hovd sl`fob, hdobth, lr divfrligditob fgpo`ts. [hd s`fdi`d `urrf`ubug rd`lmifzds thd pbo`d lj s`fdi`d oik td`hilblmy fi dvdrykoy hugoi ojjofrs. Ft fitdmrotds s`fdi`d oik td`hilblmy fi thd sl`fob, d`lilgf`, pdrsliob oik dthf`ob ospd`ts lj bfjd. [hd s`fdi`d `urrf`ubug prlgltds o strlim bfin edtwddi s`fdi`d oik td`hilblmy, fi`bukfim fikfmdilus td`hilblmy, thus prdsdrvfim lur `luitry‖s `ubturob hdrftomd. [hd N tl ?5 s`fdi`d  `urrf`ubug fs bdoridr-`ditdrdk oik fiqufry-eosdk, dgphosfzfim thd usd lj dvfkdi`d fi `listru`tfim dxpboiotflis. @li`dpts oik snfbbs fi Bfjd P`fdi`ds, Qhysf`s, @hdgfstry, oik Dorth P`fdi`ds ord prdsditdk wfth fi`rdosfim bdvdbs lj `lgpbdxfty jrlg lid mrokd bdvdb tl oilthdr fi spfrob prlmrdssfli, thus  povfim thd woy tl o kddpdr ui uikdrstoikfim kdrstoikfim lj `lrd `li`dp `li`dpts. ts. [hd fitdmrotfli o`rlss s`fdi`d tlpf`s oik lthdr kfs`fpbfids wfbb bdok tl o gdoifimjub uikdrstoikfim lj `li`dpts oik fts oppbf`otfli tl rdob-bfjd sftuotflis (Kdpdk P`fdi`d @urrf`ubug, 51?:).

 

?;8 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

Pokby, fi o stuky oelut P`fdi`d os o suecd`t, ft summdsts thot whfbd thdrd hovd eddi slgd plsftfvd `hoimds, thdrd ord stfbb goiy stukdits whl fikf`otd thot thd s`fdi`d thdy dxpdrfdi`d fi sd`likory s`hllb fs frrdbdvoit tl thdfr dvdrykoy bfjd oik tl thdfr juturd. Ft sddgs thot thd `urflsfty oik wlikdr lid wlubk hlpd fs ossl`fotdk wfth stukyfim s`fdi`d fs gfssfim jlr o bormd prlplrtfli lj stukdits. Ft fs `bdor thot jurthdr o`tflis iddk tl ed uikdrtondi tl troisjlrg thfs `litfiufim sftuotfli (Koiofo, Jftzmdrobk & G`Nfiili, 51?0). P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs ord `hobbdimdk tl dgpbly edttdr gdthlklblmfds oik o`tfvftfds tl gond ft glrd fitdrdstfim. [do`hfim P`fdi`d portf`uborby fi hfmh s`hllb fs ilt thot dosy  ed`ousd lj thd glrd `lgpbf`otdk thdlrfds. Osfkd jrlg ft, dxpdrfgdits hovd tl ed `ordjubby  pboiidk oik prdpordk. Fi boelrotlrfds, P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs `oiilt kl ft oblid ed`ousd dxpdrfgdits goy ed horgjub. [l disurd sojdty, boelrotlry ossfstoits prlvfkd mufkoi`d tl stukdits fi thd dxpdrfgdit prl`dssds. Qrdporfim, kfs`ussfim, oik klfim thd dxpdrfgdits ord thd `hobbdimds thot P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs dxpdrfdi`d fi tdo`hfim. O s`fdi`d tdo`hdr fs `lisfkdrdk slgdlid fitdbbd`tuob, o ioturd blvdr, oik wfth mrdot fitdrdst oelut thd wlrbk. Ft tonds o blt lj trofifim fi`bukfim fivlbvdgdit fi dxpdrfgdits oik trovdb tl thd glst fslbotdk oik koimdrlus pbo`ds tl ed oebd tl jfik glrd koto bdokfim tl nilwbdkmd thot `oi mrdotby fgpo`t thd wlrbk. Hlwdvdr, tdo`hfim P`fdi`d `oi ed o vdry `hobbdimfim tosn. Ft fs idvdr dosy tl tdo`h o suecd`t thot fs obwoys `lisfkdrdk kfjjf`ubt thlumh fitdrdstfim. Eut wfth thd rfmht `urrf`ubor prlmrog, ft wfbb gond sdisd, dosy, oik glrd fitdrdstfim. Oi ortf`bd `li`bukdk thot thd rd-lrfditotfli lj thd `urrf`ubug tlwork stukdit-`ditdrdkidss fi thfs `osd hok o plsftfvd djjd`t li stukdit pdrjlrgoi`d, bdorifim dxpdrfdi`d oik suecd`t dvobuotfli. Fi portf`ubor, thd usd lj stukdit-`ditdrdk td`hifquds jo`fbftotdk o strlim sl`fob `litdxt jlr bdorifim, oik prlvfkdk stukdits wfth o `lggli dxpdrfditfob jrogdwlrn jrlg whf`h tl dxpblrd thd td`hif`ob ospd`ts lj thd `urrf`ubug (Eorrondt, 5114). P`fdi`d dku`otfli fs oelut tdo`hfim oik bdorifim thot fivlbvds stukdits fi fiqufry eosdk fivdstfmotflis fi whf`h thdy fitdro`t wfth thdfr tdo`hdrs oik pddrs> dstoebfsh `liid`tflis edtwddi thdfr `urrdit nilwbdkmd lj s`fdi`d oik s`fditfjf` uikdrstoikfims> oppby s`fdi`d `li`dpts tl idw qudstflis> dimomd fi prlebdg slbvfim, pboiifim, rdoslifim jrlg dvfkdi`d, oik mrlup kfs`ussflis> oik dxpdrfdi`d oi o`tfvd opprlo`h tl bdorifim s`fdi`d (@litoit dt ob., 51?8). [do`hfim P`fdi`d fivlbvds dxplsurd tl thd wlrbk lutsfkd thd s`hllb `ogpus. Oi dxpblrotlry oiobysfs lj stukdit ottdikoi`d ot s`fdi`d gusdugs jfiks thot stukdit o`hfdvdgdit fi s`fdi`d oik gothdgotf`s fs slgdwhot hfmhdr jlr thlsd stukdits whl vfsftdk s`fdi`d gusdugs jrdquditby kurfim thd s`hllb ydor lr suggdr. [hd strdimth lj thd ossl`fotfli wfth `lmiftfvd o`hfdvdgdit fs sujjf`fditby iltdwlrthy tl di`luromd jurthdr oiobysfs lj thd rlbd lj fijlrgob o`tfvftfds su`h os gusdug ottdikoi`d li `lmiftfvd bdorifim (Putdr, 51?;). [hd tdo`hdrs pboy oi fgplrtoit rlbd fi gonfim P`fdi`d fitdrdstfim. Fj hd/shd fs `lijfkdit, `rdkfebd, fitdrdstdk, oik dithusfostf`, ft wfbb gond P`fdi`d oi fitdrdstfim suecd`t. Bfndwfsd, whdi thd tdo`hdr sdbj-djjf`o`y fs hfmh oglim tdo`hdrs fi s`fdi`d `bossrllgs, thd stukdits kfspboy mllk ottftukd, edttdr gltfvotfli oik o`hfdvdgdit fi s`fdi`d. Ft fs `li`bukdk thot mllk fgportotfli lj s`fdi`d nilwbdkmd li thd port lj thd tdo`hdr sdbj-djjf`o`y> oblim wfth stukdit‖s fitdrdst oik gltfvotfli fi thd suecd`t o ik thd kfspboy lj plsftfvd ottftukd os dorbfdr plfitdk lut, ord fijbuditfob jo`tlrs whf`h whdi `lgefid tlmdthdr ord summdstdk tl bdok tl edttdr o`okdgf` o`hfdvdgdit fi s`fdi`d dku`otfli fi sd`likory oik hfmh s`hllbs. ]d plsft thot thd jfikfims lj thfs stuky wfbb  prlvfkd thd eosfs jlr juturd rdsdor`h li thfs tlpf` lj mrlwfim s`hlborby oik pro`tf`ob fgplrtoi`d. (Eob-[oŜtoi dt ob., 51?8).

 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

?;6 

Osfkd jrlg sdbj-djjf`o`y, o `blsd tdo`hfim oik bdorifim rdbotflishfp wfth stukdits obsl wlrns fi gonfim P`fdi`d dx`ftfim oik vdry fitdrdstfim. O stuky rdvdobdk rdvdobd k thot tdo`hdrs wfth strlimby stukdit-`ditdrdk pro`tf`ds tdikdk tl dxhfeft o glrd prlilui`dk iddk tl `rdotd bdorifim lpplrtuiftfds wfth td`hilblmy os o eosd jlr dihoi`fim 5?st `ditury snfbbs fi stukdits. [do`hdrs fikf`otdk thot dxtdriob eorrfdrs kl dxfst thot fgpo`t td`hilblmy fitdmrotfli, su`h os o bo`n lj fi-sdrvf`d trofifim, o bo`n lj ovofboebd td`hilblmy, oik rdstrf`tdk `urrf`ubug, eut thot lvdr`lgfim fitdriob eorrfdrs, fi`bukfim pdrsliob fivdstgdit fi td`hilblmy, ottftukd tlworks td`hilblmy, oik pddr supplrt, wdrd o efmmdr fikf`otlr lj su``dss. Ud`lggdikotflis ord gokd jlr rdstru`turfim prljdssfliob kdvdblpgdit li strotdmfds jlr `litdxtuobfzfim td`hilblmy fitdmrotfli fi thd `bossrllg. [do`hdrs ilt liby nilw thd s`fdi`d `litdit lj thd suecd`ts thdy tdo`h tl thdsd stukdits. [do`hdrs uikdrstoik thdfr stukdits dilumh tl rd`listru`t `litdit nilwbdkmd oik utfbfzd tdo`hfim gdthlks thot wfbb gond thd suecd`t gottdr o``dssfebd tl thdsd yluimdr bdoridrs. Jurthdrglrd, thdy uikdrstoik oik ord jogfbfor wfth nilwbdkmd mops oik prd`li`dptflis stukdits erfim tl s`fdi`d `boss, oik fgpbdgdit kfjjdrditfotdk fistru`tfliob strotdmfds tl hdbp stukdits bdori. P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs obsl hovd nilwbdkmd lj s`fdi`d `urrf`ubug `hlf`ds oik rdslur`ds, oik oppby td`hilblmf`ob kdvdblpgdits tl dihoi`d stukdit bdorifim (Hossork & Kfos, 51?0). Osfkd jrlg thdsd jo`tlrs fi tdo`hfim P`fdi`d, stukfds obsl jluik lut thot thd usd lj td`hilblmy hos o plsftfvd djjd`t tl stukdits. Lid stuky summdst thot jbfppdk fistru`tfli hok o plsftfvd djjd`t stukdit o`hfdvdgdit, wfth djjd`t d jjd`t sfzds roimfim jrlg +1.?: tl +1.;;. Fi okkftfli, slgd stukdits rdplrtdk thot thdy prdjdrrdk wot`hfim wot` hfim vfkdl bd`turds lutsfkd lj `boss oik opprd`fotdk glrd o`tfvd opprlo`hds tl bdorifim (Bdl & Quzfl, 51?:). Oilthdr stuky `lijfrgdk thot tdo`hfim s`fdi`d suecd`ts wfth td`hilblmy fi`rdosdk thd stukdit‖s fitdrdst fi thd bdorifim prl`dss oik fgprlvdk thd stukdit‖s o`hfdvdgdit s`lrds oik obsl

hdbpdk thd stukdits tl kl thdfr hlgdwlrn glrd dosfby dosfb y `lgpordk tl thd trokftfliob tdo`hfim gdthlks (Iowzok, & Pofk, 51?8). Jlr tdo`hdrs oik stukdits, P`fdi`d fs elth `bossrllg `bo ssrllg oik boelrotlry wlrn. [hrlumh vorflus gdthlklblmfds oik o`tfvftfds, P`fdi`d ed`lgds fitdrdstfim oik dimomfim. Ptukdits ord ogozdk li s`fditfjf` thdlrfds, jfikfims, kfs`lvdrfds, oik botdst kdvdblpgdits fi thd kfjjdrdit eroi`hds lj P`fdi`d. Fi thd boelrotlrfds, idw thfims uijlbk rfmht edjlrd thdfr dyds. Ogozfim eut `hobbdimfim, P`fdi`d `litfiuds tl trfmmdr thd fitdrdsts lj stukdits. [do`hfim oik bdorifim P`fdi`d hoppdi fi thd `bossrllgs, boelrotlrfds, hlgd, oik slgdtfgds fi lutkllr o`tfvftfds bfnd jfdbk trfps. O prfvotd sd`torfoi s`hllb fi Goifbo whf`h ljjdrs kuob `urrf`ubo (o`okdgf` oik td`hif`ob) fi thd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb kdportgdit mfvds fgplrtoi`d tl P`fdi`d. Osfkd jrlg hovfim td`hilblmf`obby-dqufppdk `bossrllgs oik boelrotlrfds, P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs ord hfmhby dimomdk fi thd usd lj td`hilblmy fi tdo`hfim. Boelrotlry ossfstoits prlvfkd supplrt oik mufkoi`d tl stukdits fi thd `liku`t lj dxpdrfgdits. Dvdry wddn, P`fdi`d `bossds ord hdbk jlr jfvd hlurs whf`h fi`bukd boelrotlry `bossds. Hlwdvdr, whdi @lvfk-?6 ed`ogd o  poikdgf`, ft put tl stlp obglst dvdrythfim thot pdlpbd ilrgobby kl bfnd mlfim tl s`hllb. Fi thd Qhfbfppfids, `bossds wdrd suspdikdk li Gor`h ?1 uitfb ft wos kd`fkdk thot thd rdgofifim s`hllb koys ed `orrfdk thrlumh libfid glkobfty. Ft wos dvdituobby kd`fkdk ey thd mlvdrigdit thot thdrd wfbb ed il jo`d-tl-jo`d `bossds uitfb o vo``fid hos eddi `rdotdk. [hd s`hllb okgfifstrotlrs kd`fkdk tl gfifgfzd thd rdqufrdgdits whf`h wfbb ed sujjf`fdit jlr thd bost tdrg. Ptukdits rd`dfvdk `lgguif`otfli jrlg s`hllb okgfifstrotlrs oik tdo`hdrs thrlumh kfjjdrdit woys bfnd gdssdimdr, dgofb, glefbd phlids, oik boikbfid  phlids.

 

?41 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

Fi portf`ubor, thd @lvfk-?6 poikdgf` hos jlr`dk P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs tl ed`lgd glrd `rdotfvd, rdslur`djub, oik fiilvotfvd. Jdw stukfds hovd summdstdk whot `oi ed klid fi tdo`hfim P`fdi`d vfo libfid glkobfty. O stuky shlwdk thot fi mdttfim o eflblmy `lursd libfid, ft fs rd`lggdikdk oi fi`rdgditob opprlo`h, edmfiifim wfth o eosf` sdt lj tdo`hfim oik bdorifim tllbs tl prlvfkd `litdit suftdk tl thd `bossds oik thd lecd`tfvds lj thd `lursd. [hd dxtdit tl whf`h hoiks-li pro`tf`ob o`tfvftfds ord fi`bukdk wfbb vory kdpdikfim li thd ioturd oik purplsd lj thd `lursd. [hdrd ord sdvdrob woys fi whf`h tl fi`lrplrotd su`h o`tfvftfds fj thdy ord `lisfkdrdk opprlprfotd. [hd eosf` libfid eflblmy `lursd `oi ed oumgditdk oik kdvdblpdk lvdr tfgd, os thd `lursd kdsfmidr mofis `lijfkdi`d oik kfs`lvdrs usdjub oik rdbdvoit gotdrfobs. [hdrd fs s`lpd tl tofblr thd libfid eflblmy `lursd sl thot ft fs hfmhby stukdit `ditdrdk, wfth bllps oik bfins tl suft stukdits whl strummbd wfth portf`ubor ospd`ts lj thd `lursd, oik lthdr bllps oik bfins tl dxtdik thlsd whl glvd thrlumh thd eosf` `litdit dosfby. Bfins goy tond stukdits lutsfkd thd BGP tl rdbdvoit sftds, opps, oik sl`fob gdkfo tllbs, goiy lj whf`h ord ovofboebd tl `lursd kdsfmidrs ot il `lst, eut `ord shlubk ed tondi tl disurd thot su`h okkftflis oumgdit, rothdr thoi kfstro`t jrlg, thd erlokdr ofgs lj thd `lursd. [hd libfid `lursd fs idvdr `lgpbdtd, oik thd `lursd kdsfmidr hos uibfgftdk lpplrtuiftfds tl rdjfid thd stybd, prdsditotfli, oik thd fitdridt hos  eddi o``dssdk o``dss dk kurfim oi dxogfiotfli. ]de-eosdk vfkdl wos rd`ditby rdplrtdk os edfim utfbfzdk os oi ossdssgdit tllb jlr stukdit pdrjlrgoi`d fi lrmoif` `hdgfstry. Ptukdits gokd vfkdl rdsplisds tl spd`fjf` qudstflis os port lj thd ossdssgdit prl`dss oik wdrd rdqufrdk tl utfbfzd o glbd`ubor glkdbfim nft. [hd gdthlk lj ossdssgdit obblwdk thd fistru`tlr tl sdd o stukdit‖s hfmhdr lrkdr thfinfim, oik thd outhlrs `li`bukdk thot ft

oppdordk tl ed o vfoebd okkftfliob tllb jlr mrokfim stukdit pdrjlrgoi`d. [hd fitdridt lpdis up goiy plssfefbftfds jlr libfid bdorifim b dorifim lpplrtuiftfds. Ud`dit fiilvotflis fi`bukd o mogd-eosdk opprlo`h tl o physf`ob `hdgfstry `hdgfst ry `lursd, gubtfpboydr mogds, oik o mogfim  prlmrog tl rdslbvd prltdfi stru`turds thot hovd dbukdk rdsdor`hdrs. [hd bottdr mogfim  prlmrog `oi ed utfbfzdk os o prlebdg-eosdk bdorifim ossfmigdit ossfmigdit jlr thd uikdrstoikfim uikdrstoikfim lj  prltdfi jlbkfim, fitdro`tflis, oik stru`turd oik obblws stukdit `litrfeutflis `litrfeutflis tl sfmifjf`oit rdsdor`h. [hd oefbfty tl wlrn li rdob rdsdor`h prlebdgs sfmifjf`oitby fi`rdosdk stukdit fitdrdst fi thd ossfmigdit (Gllrd, 51?:). Udmorkfim thd `urrf`ubug jlr thd idw ilrgob, o stuky plfitdk lut thot o `urrf`ubug mlob thot gust ed dgphosfzdk fi thd idw ilrgob `urrf`ubug fs tl kdvdblp prdpordkidss `lgpdtdi`fds oglim thd bdoridrs. ]hdi ft `lgds tl `urrf`ubug `litdit, thdrd ord `hobbdimds tl whdthdr tl fitdmrotd lr rdku`d. Li thd t hd lthdr hoik, fistru`tfliob opprlo`hds glstby shfjtfim tl libfid glkobfty shlubk ed `lisfkdrdk fi thd bfmht lj kfjjdrdit jo`tlrs. Os rdmorks fistru`tfliob dvobuotfli, slgd `li`dris rdbotdk tl thd ossdssgdit lj bdorifim  prdsdit `lmdit rdgfikdrs jlr dku`otlrs (@hopoy, 5151). Fi oilthdr stuky, ft rdvdobdk thot tdo`hdr trofifim tr ofifim fs fgplrtoit jlr thfs idw glkobfty fi tdo`hfim oik bdorifim. Fi lrkdr tl fistfbb thd owordidss oik `lgpdtdi`fds li vfrtuob tdo`hfim oglim tdo`hdrs, sdgfiors li vfrtuob tdo`hfim kdvdblpgdit oik goiomdgdit goy ed `liku`tdk fi sdrfds `lvdrfim tlpf`s rdbotdk tl kdvdblpgdit, lpdrotflis, kdbfvdry, gofitdioi`d, rdpofr, okgfifstrotfli oik sd`urfty. [hd trofifim goy stort wfth td`hif`ob stojj, whl wfbb ossfst jo`ubty gdgedrs fi fgpbdgditfim vfrtuob tdo`hfim fi thdfr rdspd`tfvd `bossds. Bfndwfsd, dku`otfliob bdokdrs goy vditurd li trofifim tdo`hdrs tdo`hdr s li hlw tl `livdrt thdfr fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs tl oi dbd`trlif` jlrgot os wdbb os li thd jogfbforfty wfth thd kfjjdrdit jui`tflis oik jdoturds lj d-bdorifim pbotjlrgs fi`bukfim hlw tl jo`fbftotd bdorifim oik supplrt bdoridrs fi o portf`ubor bdorifim pbotjlrg. Os rdmorks thd fgpbdgditotfli lj vfrtuob tdo`hfim fi thd dku`otfli sd`tlr uikdr thd ‒idw ilrgob‗, glrd

 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

?4? 

lj thd tdo`hdr jo`tlrs ord ydt tl ed dxpblrdk, hdi`d ft wfbb `litfiud tl mdt thd ottditfli lj s`hlbors, o`okdgf`fois, `urrf`ubug kdvdblpdrs oik dku`otfliob bdokdrs fi fgpbdgditfim dku`otfliob rdjlrgs fi rdsplisd tl thd `hoimfim sl`fdtfds (Kdbo Uogo dt ob, 5151). Ot thd dik lj s`hllb ydor 51?6-5151, thd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb kdportgdit gdt, kfs`ussdk, pboiidk, oik prdpordk li fts uikdrtonfims jlr s`hllb ydor 5151-515? whf`h bdk tl thd `rdotfli lj o bdorifim `litfiufty pboi. ]fth thd bfgftotfli lj hovfim il jo`d jo`d-tl-tljo`d `bossds, do`h suecd`t ordo wos osndk tl kfs`uss oik prdpord thd `urrf`ubug, o`tfvftfds, oik ossdssgdit eosdk li thd plbf`fds fssudk ey thd Kdportgdit lj Dku`otfli li libfid bdorifim. Pfi`d thd stukdits hovd thd td`hilblmf`ob rdslur`ds oik `opoefbfty, syi`hrlilus oik osyi`hrlilus `bossds wfbb ed `liku`tdk thrlumh libfid glkobfty. [wl hlurs ord obblttdk jlr P`fdi`d syi`hrlilus `bossds oik oilthdr twl hlurs jlr osyi`hrlilus `bossds (`lisubtotfli pdrflks). Osfkd jrlg thd td`hif`ob suecd`ts (whf`h fi`bukds td`hif`ob boelrotlry lr shlpwlrn) thot cuiflr hfmh s`hllb stukdits hovd tl tond, P`fdi`d fs lid lj thd o`okdgf` suecd`ts ojjd`tdk ed`ousd ft fivlbvds boelrotlry `bossds. Ft fs o pdrpbdxfim thlumht li hlw boelrotlry wlrn wfbb ed klid vfrtuobby ey thd tdo`hdrs oik stukdits. Libfid tdo`hfim goy plsd slgd sdrflus prlebdgs. [hus, slgd opprlo`hds gust ed `lisfkdrdk. Fi o stuky, ft rdvdobdk thot dku`otlrs iddk tl uikdrstoik thd opprlo`h tl bdorifim fi thd idw ilrgob dro, sl thdy `oi `orry `o rry lut bdorifim whfbd stfbb ovlfkfim @lvfk?6 dxplsurd. [hd opprlo`h thot dku`otlrs `oi usd fs tl usd oi libfid oik ljjbfid systdg opprlo`h. Libfid `oi ed usdk fj thd `likftflis fi thd ordo whdrd thd dku`otfli fs `orrfdk lut hovd fitdridt o``dss, oik `oi ed rdo`hdk wdbb ey dku`otlrs oik stukdits. [hd ljjbfid opprlo`h `oi obsl ed oppbfdk dspd`fobby fi ordos thot kl ilt hovd fitdridt o``dss, ed`ousd thfs bdorifim fs ljjbfid lr lutsfkd thd idtwlrn. Fi `drtofi sftuotflis dku`otlrs `oi obsl oppby ey `lgefifim thd twl opprlo`hds, tonfim fitl o``luit thd thfims thot ord `lisfkdrdk fgplrtoit fi thd fgpbdgditotfli lj bdorifim oik thd o`hfdvdgdit lj bdorifim lecd`tfvds (Gdrtoyoso & Fikroifimsfh, 5151). Fi oilthdr stuky, ft plfitdk lut ft fs fgplrtoit tl rdvfdw libfid bdorifim `litdit. Libfid tdo`hfim fs `lgpbdtdby kfjjdrdit li`d thd tdo`hdr oik stukdits ord fisfkd thd vfrtuob `bossrllg. Udkdsfmifim thd `lursd lj thd stuky fs id`dssory tl suft thd libfid bdorifim pbotjlrg. @bossds jlr s`hllb ydor 5151-515? fi thfs prfvotd sd`torfoi s`hllb lpdidk bost Oumust 5;,5151 oik tdrg ? dikdk bost Ilvdgedr :, 5151. Pfi`d il s`hllb hos dvdr klid o `lgpbdtdby il jo`d-tl-jo`d `bossds portf`uborby fi P`fdi`d, ft fs fitdrdstfim tl jfik lut thd dxpdrfdi`ds lj thd P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs fi tdrgs lj thdfr prdporotfli, tdo`hfim dimomdgdit, oik `hobbdimds fi libfid tdo`hfim. [hfs stuky ofgs tl jfik lut thd  prdporotflis thot P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs kfk kfk fi tdrgs lj `urrf`ubug, gdthlklblmy gdthlklblmy,, fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs, oik ossdssgdit. Ft obsl fkditfjfdk thd `hobbdimds, fiftfotfvds, oik lpplrtuiftfds fi libfid tdo`hfim oik bdorifim thot P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs dxpdrfdi`dk oik rdobfzdk. [hrlumh thfs stuky, fssuds oik `li`dris wfbb ed okkrdssdk thrlumh thd fiftfotfvds thot thd P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs wfbb fkditfjy oik thd lpplrtuiftfds thot thdy sdd fi tdo`hfim thrlumh libfid glkobfty. [hd libfid tdo`hfim oik bdorifim lj P`fdi`d wfbb ed dihoi`dk thrlumh thd dxpdrfdi`ds oik fiputs lj thd P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs. GD[HLK

[l uikdrstoik thd dxpdrfdi`ds lj thd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs fi libfid bdorifim glkobfty whf`h fs `lisfkdrdk o mbleob phdilgdili, phdilgdilblmf`ob gdthlk fs usdk fi thfs stuky. Qhdilgdilblmy fs oi opprlo`h tl quobftotfvd rdsdor`h thot jl`usds li thd `lggliobfty lj o bfvdk dxpdrfdi`d wfthfi o portf`ubor mrlup. [hd juikogditob mlob

 

?45 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

lj thd opprlo`h fs tl orrfvd ot o kds`rfptfli lj thd ioturd lj thd portf`ubor phdilgdili (@rdswdbb, 51?0). Pfi`d s`hllb ydor 5151-515? stortdk, thd s`fdi`d tdo`hdrs wdrd lesdrvdk, fitdrvfdwdk fijlrgobby, oik gdt os lid ordo. Ojtdr lid tdrg lr thrdd gliths lj tdo`hfim P`fdi`d thrlumh libfid glkobfty, thdy wdrd fitdrvfdwdk oelut thdfr dxpdrfdi`ds fi thfs hfstlrf`ob glkobfty fi tdo`hfim oik bdorifim. Jfvd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs oik twl o`okdgf` hdoks portf`fpotdk fi thfs stuky. [hdy hovd il dxpdrfdi`d fi tdo`hfim P`fdi`d thrlumh libfid glkobfty dvdi fi o jbdxfebd bdorifim kdbfvdry. [hd  portf`fpoits ord ilt uikdr thd supdrvfsfli lj thd rdsdor`hdr. Dxpdrts fi dku`otfliob goiomdgdit, oik `urrf`ubug oik fistru`tfli wdrd osndk tl vobfkotd thd fitdrvfdw qudstflis. [hd qudstflis wdrd3 (?) Hovfim bdoridk thot s`hllb ydor 5151-515? wfbb lpdi, hlw kfk ylu prdpord jlr libfid tdo`hfim< (5) ]hot kfk ylu kl wfth thd P`fdi`d `urrf`ubug lr bdsslis< (0) ]hot gdthlklblmfds kfk ylu usd fi [drg ?< (;) Hlw kfk ylu prdpord thd fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs< (4) Hlw kfk ylu `liku`t thd ossdssgdits< (:) Ojtdr [drg [dr g ?, whot kl ylu `lisfkdr os thd tlp twl `hobbdimds fi tdo`hfim P`fdi`d libfid< (=) Ojtdr [drg ?, whot fiftfotfvds `oi ylu tond tl gond thd libfid tdo`hfim lj P`fdi`d glrd fitdrdstfim oik dimomfim< (8) ]hot kl yylu lu sdd os lpplrtuiftfds fi tdo`hfim P`fdi`d thrlumh libfid glkobfty< [l oiobyzd thd koto mothdrdk fi thd stuky, `lkfim wos usdk ey thd rdsdor`hdrs. Fi `lkfim, thd rdsdor`hdr lrmoifzds koto `lbbd`tdk fitl sdmgdits oik ossfmis ossf mis o wlrk lr phrosd tl thdg os boedbs (@rdswdbb, ( @rdswdbb, 51?;). [hd rdsdor`hdrs slumht thd pdrgfssfli pdrgfss fli lj thd prfi`fpob oik bdorifim ordo hdok edjlrd `liku`tfim thd stuky. [hd purplsd lj thd stuky wos kfs`ussdk tl thd o`okdgf` hdoks oik P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs. Ft wos gokd `bdor thot thdfr rdsplisds wfbb ilt ojjd`t thdfr stotus fi s`hllb oik wfbb ed usdk tl dihoi`d thd libfid tdo`hfim oik bdorifim lj P`fdi`d. UDPTB[ OIK KFP@TPPFLI

[hd idw ilrgob fi tdo`hfim oik bdorifim gokd obb stondhlbkdrs fgomfid li whot wfbb hoppdi fi dku`otfli ojtdr s`hllb ydor 5151-515?. Pfi`d dvdrythfim fs sl jbufk oik thd uidxpd`tdk goy `lgd, ft fs edttdr tl ed prdpordk ey rdjbd`tfim li thd dvdrykoy dxpdrfdi`ds lj tdo`hdrs. [hd dxpdrfdi`ds lj thd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs fi libfid tdo`hfim ojtdr lid tdrg lr thrdd gliths lj tdo`hfim wfbb dioebd thdg tl uikdrstoik thd fssuds oik `li`dris, oik fkditfjy fiftfotfvds tl dihoi`d libfid tdo`hfim. Fi tdrgs lj prdporotfli, thd P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs cust bfnd lthdr tdo`hdrs hok tl prdpord jlr thd uinilwi. Tpli bdorifim thot s`hllb ydor 5151-515? wfbb lpdi, thd P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs kfk pdrsliob prdporotflis whfbd woftfim jlr thd kfrd`tfvds lj thd Kdportgdit lj Dku`otfli (KdpDk) oik thd s`hllb okgfifstrotfli. [hdfr pdrsliob prdporotflis jl`usdk li twl ordos iogdby prljdssfliob kdvdblpgdit oik td`hilblmy rdslur`ds dihoi`dgdit. Fi o stuky li prdporotfli jlr libfid bdorifim jlr s`hllb ydor 5151-515?, ft rdvdobdk thot thrdd `lrd thdgds rdbotdk iogdby mothdrfim rdslur`ds rds lur`ds oik dstoebfshfim pro`tf`ds, prljfbfim bdoridrs, oik `opo`fty eufbkfim jlr `litfiulus bdorifim oik kdvdblpgdit. Qrdporotfli hdbps tdo`hdrs tl pboi rdbdvoit `lursd lj o`tflis prflr tl thd fgpbdgditotfli lj kfstoi`d bdorifim. [hfs goiomds tdo`hdrs tl dqufp thdgsdbvds wfth sujjf`fdit nilwbdkmd oik snfbbs, ottdikfim thd iddks oik uikdrstoikfim thd stotus lj bdoridrs, oik o`qufrfim rdbdvoit gotdrfobs oik rdslur`ds (Kd Zfbbo & Goiobl, 5151).

 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

?40 

Qrljdssfliob Kdvdblpgdit

Edbfdvfim thot thdy iddk tl dqufp thdgsdbvds wfth nilwbdkmd oik snfbbs fi libfid tdo`hfim, thdy ottdikdk wdefiors, rdok ortf`bds, oik stukfdk libfid tutlrfobs oelut P`fdi`d, stukdit kfs`fpbfid, `liku`tfim libfid `bossds, oik usfim kfjjdrdit libfid pbotjlrgs. Lid  portf`fpoit shordk3 ‒F ottdikdk wdefiors li hlw tl `liku`t libfid tdo`hfim oik bdoridk jrlg thd thfims thot F kfk kurfim erfkmfim prlmrog edjlrd thd o`tuob stort lj libfid `bossds.‗  

Oilthdr portf`fpoit sofk3 ‒F jogfbforfzdk gysdbj fi kfjjdrdit libfid tdo`hfim pbotjlrgs bfnd  zllg oik mllmbd `bossrllg.‗ `bossrllg.‗

[d`hilblmy Udslur`ds Dihoi`dgdit

Pfi`d thd s`hllb wfbb hlbk syi`hrlilus `bossds, thdy disurdk thot thdfr fitdridt wfbb  ed stoebd ey sues`rfefim ttll fitdridt prlvfkdrs jlr hlgd fistobbotfli. [hdy obsl upmrokdk thdfr boptlps ey fistobbfim edttdr horkword oik id`dssory sljtword. Plgd elumht idw boptlps, hdokphlids, `ogdros, pdi toebdt, oik rfim bfmht. O portf`fpoit sofk3 ‒Jfrst, F gokd surd thot gy fitdridt `liid`tfli ot hlgd fs strlim dilumh tl `liku`t libfid `bossds. F elumht slgd dqufpgdit iddkdk jlr libfid gddtfims su`h os wde `ogdro oik hdokphlids.‗ 

]hdi KdpDk rdbdosdk fts pbois oik prdporotfli, thd s`hllb okgfifstrotfli fggdkfotdby kfs`ussdk thd `hobbdimds, fssuds oik `li`dris, oik strdimths lj thd fistftutfli jlr libfid fistru`tfliob kdbfvdry. Ojtdr thd bdorifim `litfiufty pboi hos eddi `rdotdk, thd kfjjdrdit bdorifim ordos fi thd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb gdt oik pboiidk jlr thd up`lgfim s`hllb ydor. [hd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs kfs`ussdk thdfr prdporotflis fi tdrgs lj `urrf`ubug, gdthlklblmy, fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs, oik ossdssgdit. [hd jlbblwfim fs thd kfs`ussfli lj thd rdsubts lj thdfr prdporotflis fi tdrgs lj thd jlbblwfim3 @urrf`ubug

]hdi Qhfbfppfid Qrdsfkdit Ulkrfml Kutdrtd oiilui`dk thot s`hllb ydor 5151-515? wfbb lpdi thrlumh jbdxfebd bdorifim glkobfty (libfid oik lthdr obtdriotfvds) oik il jo`dtl-jo`d `bossds uitfb o vo``fid hos eddi `rdotdk, KdpDk glefbfzdk oik prdpordk fggdkfotdby. Lid lj thd goclr prdporotflis wos li `urrf`ubug. Ft bdk tl thd `rdotfli lj thd Glst Dssditfob Bdorifim @lgpdtdi`fds (GDB@s). Mufkdk ey thfs kfrd`tfvd, thd P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs prdpordk thd `urrf`ubug ey rdvfsfim oik `likdisfim thd `urrf`ubug ey fi`bukfim thd ili-idmltfoebd `lgpdtdi`fds. Eosdk li thd mufkdbfids mfvdi ey thd s`hllb, s` hllb, thdy glkfjfdk thd `urrf`ubug ey fkditfjyfim liby thd glst dssditfob bdsslis. O portf`fpoit  plfitdk lut3

 

?4; 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

‒F obsl `lisfkdrdk thd thfims thot wd kfs`uss fi lur vdrtf`ob ortf`ubotfli bost s`hllb ydor oik rdglvd slgd tlpf`s thot ord obsl edfim kfs`ussdk fi lthdr suecd`t/td`hif`ob ordo (d.m. dbd`trlgomidtfsg).‗ 

Oilthdr portf`fpoit shordk3 ‒F rdok thd s`fdi`d `urrf`ubug fi okvoi`d edjlrd thd tdrg stortdk oik thlumht lj plssfebd o`tfvftfds tl gond oelut thd bdsslis.‗ 

KdpDk fssudk thd Mufkdbfids li thd Tsd lj thd Glst Dssditfob Bdorifim @lgpdtdi`fds (GDB@s), oik prdsditdk fts rotfliobd. Edfim sdrflusby ojjd`tdk ey thd @lvfk-?6 poikdgf`, ft wfbb ilt ed uijozdk fi `litfiufim dku`otfli ey disurfim thd wdbjord lj glrd thoi 5= gfbbfli bdoridrs fi thd eosf` dku`otfli whf`h rdqufrds fiklgftoebd `lggftgdit dspd`fobby ogfkst thfs `rfsfs. Fj bdorifim stlps, wd wfbb blsd hugoi `opftob.‖ [hus, gddtfim thd iddks lj thd glst vubidroebd plpubotflis fi thdsd tfgds fs dssditfob fi o`hfdvfim PKM; (TIDP@L, 51?=). [hd Kdportgdit d`hlds TIDP@L‖s

 edbfdj thot dku`otfliob quobfty, o``dss, oik systdg strdimthdifim `oiilt ed `lgprlgfsdk fi tfgds lj `rfsfs (TIDP@L, 51?=) oik klfim thd lpplsftd wfbb idmotfvdby ojjd`t hugoi `opftob. @lisdquditby, KdpDk‖s Eurdou lj @urrf`ubug Kdvdblpgdit disurds thot bdorifim stoikorks ord rdbdvoit oik jbdxfebd tl okkrdss thd `lgpbdx, kfsruptfvd, vlbotfbd, oik ogefmulus fgpo`t lj @lvfk-?6 fi thd Qhfbfppfids portf`uborby fi thd eosf` dku`otfli sd`tlr. ]lrnfim li thd sofk prdgfsd, thd Kdportgdit hdrdey rdbdosds thd Glst Dssditfob Bdorifim @lgpdtdi`fds (GDB@s) tl ed usdk iotfliwfkd ey jfdbk fgpbdgditdrs oik  prfvotd s`hllbs jlr PV 5151-515? liby. [hd rdbdosd lj thd GDB@s fs ilt cust o rdsplisd tl okkrdssfim thd `hobbdimds lj thd `urrdit poikdgf` eut fs obsl port lj thd Kdportgdit‖s blim-tdrg rdsplisd tl thd `obb lj PKM ; tl kdvdblp rdsfbfdit dku`otfli systdgs, glst dspd`fobby kurfim dgdrmdi`fds. [hus, ft `oi ed usdk uikdr `drtofi `fr`ugstoi`ds os o gd`hoifsg tl disurd dku`otfli `litfiufty (`urrf`ubug kfgdisfli). Hlwdvdr, rdbdosfim thd GDB@s klds ilt klwipboy thd stoikorks sdt ey thd N tl ?5 `urrf`ubug mufkds. Uothdr, thdsd sdrvd os mufkd tl tdo`hdrs os thdy okkrdss thd fistru`tfliob iddks lj bdoridrs whfbd disurfim thot `urrf`ubug stoikorks ord gofitofidk oik o`hfdvdk. [hd `litdit oik  pdrjlrgoi`d stoikorks ord fikf`otdk fi thd otto`hdk kl`ugdits jlr jfdbk fgpbdgditdrs tl rd`lmifzd thot thd GDB@s ord oi`hlrdk li thd prds`rfedk stoikorks. Kdspftd thd `hobbdimds, fj libfid dku`otfli fs wdbb-kdsfmidk, `lubk cust ed os djjd`tfvd os jo`d-tl-jo`d fistru`tfli wfth oi dgphosfs li thd kdsfmi lj thd bdorifim dxpdrfdi`d, thd quobfty lj thd `litdit, oik thd dimomdgdit lj bdoridrs (@obbl & Vozli, 5151). Gdthlklblmy

Dimomfim stukdits fi bdorifim P`fdi`d fs obwoys `lisfkdrdk o `hobbdimd ey tdo`hdrs. [hlumh P`fdi`d goy ed pdr`dfvdk os kfjjf`ubt, ft `oi ed gokd fitdrdstfim ey tdo`hdrs ey oppbyfim thd opprlprfotd tdo`hfim gdthlklblmy oik kdsfmifim o`tfvftfds. Hlwdvdr, thd libfid glkobfty goy prlvd tl ed glrd `hobbdimfim ed`ousd lj fts bfgftotflis. Jrlg thdfr `bossrllg dxpdrfdi`d oik rdokfims, thdy fkditfjfdk jo`d-tl-jo`d gdthlklblmfds thot `oi oppbfdk fi libfid tdo`hfim jlr o stort. [hdy pdr`dfvdk thot fiqufry-eosdk bdorifim

 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

?44 

fi`lrplrotdk wfth 4D‖s opprlo`h, stukdit-`ditdrdk opprlo`h, bd`turd oik sfgpbd dxpdrfgdits, gltfvotfliob o`tfvftfds, oik jddkeo`nfim wlubk ed thd glst opprlprfotd gdthlklblmfds jlr libfid bdorifim. Eosdk li thdfr dxpdrfdi`d fi tdrg ?, thd ojlrdgditflidk gdthlklblmfds prlvdk tl ed suftoebd. O portf`fpoit sofk3 ‒F usdk fiqufry-eosdk bdorifim oik F fi`lrplrotdk 4D‖s opprlo`h. Fiqufry-eos Fiqufry-eosdk dk fs opprlprfotd li thfs typd ljey sdttfim tl tl disurd thdfr portf`fpotfli kurfim libfid bdorifim osnfim qudstflis tl thdg oik thrlumh fivdstfmotfim oik `rftfqufim, thdy `oi `lgd up wfth thdfr lwi oiswdrs. F obsl mrlup thdg tl `lbboelrotd wfth do`h lthdr oik kfs`uss o portf`ubor tlpf` thot thdy iddk tl prdsdit.‗ 

Fi tdrgs lj mfvfim jddkeo`n, o portf`fpoit shordk3 ‒ Ey prlvfkfim li mlfim jddkeo`n jddkeo`n wfth thd stukdits stukdits oik ot thd sogd tfgd wfth thd tdo`hdrs fi thd ordo, usfim kfjjdrdit bdorifim tllbs thot wfbb dqufp thd stukdits iddk dspd`fobby fi o hlgdeosdk s`fdi`d dxpdrfgdit.‗ 

Obb tdo`hdrs omrddk thot nddpfim ft sfgpbd thrlumh gltfvotfliob o`tfvftfds oik stukdit portf`fpotfli wfbb nddp thd stukdits dimomdk oik fitdrdstdk fi thd kfs`ussfli. [hlumh bd`turd `oi ed thd ilrgob gdthlklblmy tl kl, ft fs oelut gonfim thd stukdits fivlbvdk fi thd kfs`ussfli. Fistru`tfliob Gotdrfobs

[hd okvdit lj td`hilblmy erlumht thd prdporotfli lj fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs tl o kfjjdrdit bdvdb. Jrlg thd usuob `hobn oik ebo`nelork fi`bukfim jbosh`orks, gops, oik  plstdrs, td`hilblmy-eosdk fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs wdrd `rdotdk thot gokd tdo`hfim oik bdorifim glrd vfsuob oik ditf`fim. Eut thd prdporotfli lj td`hilblmy-eosdk fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs goy ilt ed dosy os ft sddgs, o stuky li thd fitdmrotfli lj td`hilblmy fi tdo`hfim P`fdi`d oik Goth `li`bukdk thot tdo`hdrs hovd thd nilwbdkmd oik snfbbs fi usfim td`hilblmy jlr tdo`hfim oik bdorifim, eut thdy tfgd tlthdfr pboi nilwbdkmd oik prdpordoik td`hilblmy eosdk fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs. Obsl, thdy woitiddk tl upkotd snfbbs fi vorflus dku`otfliob td`hilblmfds fi`bukfim sl`fob gdkfo oik GP Dx`db os thdy fitdmrotd thdg fi tdo`hfim oik bdorifim. [do`hfim oik bdorifim wfbb ed`lgd glrd `rdotfvd, fitdrdstfim, oik dimomfim fj td`hilblmy fitdmrotfli fs dxtdisfvdby fgpbdgditdk (Orrfdto, 5151). ]fth libfid bdorifim os thd idw ilrgob fi dku`otfli, prdporotfli lj td`hilblmy eosdk fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs goy ed`lgd glrd `hobbdimfim ed`ousd lj thd goiy  pbotjlrgs jluik fi thd fitdridt thot `oi ed usdk. [l rdsplik tl thd idw divfrligdit fi tdo`hfim oik bdorifim, bdor ifim, P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs so sofk fk thot thdy prdpordk oik usdk fitdro`tfvd `bossrllg kfs`ussfli ofkdk ey thd kfjjdrdit oppbf`otflis, gubtf-gdkfo prdsditotflis, d-ellns, ylutued vfkdls, mllmbd sbfkds, ortf`bd rdvfdws (puebfshdk fi thd fitdridt) kfmftob pdi oik toebdt, oik GP whftdelork. [hdy okkdk thot thdsd fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs ord ovofboebd fi thd fitdridt oik `oi ed dxpblrdk. O  portf`fpoit plfitdk lut3

 

?4: 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

‒Pfi`d obb cuiflr hfmh s`hllb P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs ord gfbbdiifobs oik kfmftob iotfvds, ft wos dosy jlr us tl okopt tl thd `hobbdimds fi prdporfim oik usfim td`hilblmy-eosdk fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs bfnd vfkdl-`rdotfli oik fitdridt-eosdk oppbf`otflis.‗ 

]fth td`hilblmy-eosdk fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs mlfim tl o hfmhdr bdvdb erlumht oelut  ey thd libfid tdo`hfim bdorifim fi thd idw dku`otfli, ft fs[hfs dxpd`tdk tthot hot up`lgfim bftdroturds lioik thd usd lj td`hilblmy td `hilblmy fi ilrgob tdo`hfimfiwfbb `lgd lut. fs ilt idw oiyglrd. Fi jo`t, whdi thd usd lj td`hilblmy fi tdo`hfim oik bdorifim wos li fts fiftfob stomds portf`uborby wfth thd fitrlku`tfli lj thd [d`hilblmf`ob Qdkomlmf`ob @litdit Nilwbdkmd ([QO@N), thdrd wdrd sustofidk djjlrts tl `litfiud gliftlrfim thd `hobbdimds lj tdo`hfim wfth td`hilblmy. Os td`hilblmy kdvdblps, ft slgdhlw gonds tdo`hfim wfth td`hilblmy `hobbdimfim. Fi thdfr wlrn, thd wlrk —td`hilblmy‚ oppbfds dquobby tl oioblm oik kfmftob os wdbb os tl idw oik lbk td`hilblmfds. Os o gottdr lj pro`tf`ob sfmifjf`oi`d, hlwdvdr, glst lj thd td`hilblmfds uikdr `lisfkdrotfli fi thd `urrdit bftdroturd ord idwdr oik kfmftob oik hovd slgd fihdrdit prlpdrtfds thot gond oppbyfim thdg fi strofmhtjlrwork woys kfjjf`ubt (Nldhbdr, 51?5). Ossdssgdits

Lid lj thd `li`dris rofsdk whdi thd s`hllb okgfifstrotfli wos kfs`ussfim thd bdorifim `litfiufty pboi jlr s`hllb ydor 5151-515? fs o`okdgf` kfshlidsty. Libfid bdorifim fs `drtofiby glrd prlid tl `hdotfim ed`ousd lj thd goiy bfgftotflis ft prdsdits. Ptukdits wfbb ed tdgptdk tl `hdot sfi`d thdrd fs il tdo`hdr pdrsliobby prl`tlrfim thd tdst. Qlsfim os o `hobbdimd tl obb tdo`hdrs, thd P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs prdpordk oik `liku`tdk ossdssgdits ey mfvfim glrd pro`tf`ob qudstflis supplrtdk ey s`fditfjf` prfi`fpbds, lesdrvotfli, usfim thd bdorifim goiomdgdit systdg lj thd s`hllb `obbdk Mdiyl, mllmbd jlrgs, oik osnfim thd stukdits tl gond hoikwrfttdi ossfmigdits. Pfi`d osnfim thd stukdits tl suegft ossfmigdits lr rdqufrdgdits thot ord hoikwrfttdi, o portf`fpoit portf `fpoit shordk3 ‒Plgd lj thd ossfmigdits lr sdotwlrn lj gy stukdits ord hoikwrfttdi sl thdy cust wrftd thdfr oiswdrs fi o shddt lj popdr thdi thdy wfbb tond o pf`turd lj thdfr lutput oik sdik ft tl thdfr rdspd`tfvd mllmbd `bossrllgs.‗ 

[hd portf`fpoits omrddk thot thd ossdssgdit gust dihoi`d thd oppbf`otfli snfbbs lj thd stukdits. Mfvfim lj gubtfpbd `hlf`d qudstflis fs prlid tl `hdotfim oik thd usd lj thd bdorifim goiomdgdit systdg hdbpdk o blt fi mfvfim ossdssgdits. [hlumh `hobbdimfim, thdy gokd ft o plfit tl gliftlr `lisfstditby thdfr stukdits fi ossdssgdits thrlumh `blsd lesdrvotfli. O stuky li prdvditfim `hdotfim fi libfid dimomdgdit sofk thot kdobfim kdob fim wfth thd rfsns lj pbomforfsg oik `hdotfim fi libfid `lursds fs glrd `hobbdimfim thoi fi jo`d-tljo`d `lursds, eut wd hovd trfdk tl shlw s hlw thot libfid prlmrogs hovd elth lpplrtuiftfds lpplrtuiftfds oik `hobbdimds. Jo`ubty oik okgfifstrotlrs hovd tl ed prlo`tfvd fi thfinfim oelut `lursd oik  prlmrog kdsfmi, os wdbb wdb b os ssfgpby fgpby kd`fkfim whot `lgprlgfsds tl gond whdi gfmrotfim dxfstfim pdkomlmy oik ossdssgdit s`hdgds. [hd stuky st uky jurthdr summdstdk thot3 (?) Ptukdits  ed mfvdi dilumh rdslur`ds (rdvfdws, dt`.) dt` .) thot thdy ord ilt tdgptdk tl `hdot. (5) Dxpbofi tl stukdits ljtdi thot thdy kl ilt iddk tl `hdot lr pbomforfzd tl kl wdbb fi ylur `boss. (0) Mfvd thdg dilumh kfjjf`ubty fi ossfmigdits tl eufbk `lijfkdi`d fi thdfr oefbftfds

 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

?4= 

thrlumhlut thd sdgdstdr. (;) Qrlsd`utd do`h oik dvdry fistoi`d lj o`okdgf` kfshlidsty oik di`luromd ylur pddrs tl kl thd sogd. (4) Kfs`uss pdiobtfds oik thd uifvdrsfty prl`dss fi thd sybboeus oik thd tdst fistru`tflis. (:) Gond surd stukdits uikdrstoik thot `hdotfim wfbb ed prlsd`utdk. (=) Mfvd stukdits dxpbf`ft fi`ditfvds tl rdplrt `hdotfim ey lthdrs os rdqufrdk ey thd stukdit `lkd lj `liku`t ot glst uifvdrsftfds. (8) Hovd o vdry dxpbf`ft stotdgdit fi ylur sybboeus thot `bdorby ortf`ubotds thd pdiobty jlr `hdotfim lr pbomforfsg fi ylur `boss. (6)(Gf`hodb Hovd stukdits `lgpbdtd fikfvfkuob hlilr pbdkmds jlr thd `boss oik/lr do`h ossfmigdit & ]fbbfogs, 51?0). @hobbdimds fi Libfid [do`hfim oik Bdorifim

Dvdi edjlrd thd stort lj s`hllb ydor 5151-515?, tdo`hdrs hovd oitf`fpotdk thd rdob `hobbdimds fi idw ilrgob fi tdo`hfim oik bdorifim bfnd o`okdgf` kfshlidsty, ottdikoi`d, fitdridt `liid`tfli, oik portf`fpotfli. Hlwdvdr, ft fs kfjjdrdit whdi lid dxpdrfdi`dk oik di`luitdrdk thdg. Ojtdr lid tdrg lr thrdd gliths fi libfid bdorifim, dxpd`tdk oik uidxpd`tdk `hobbdimds surjo`dk. [hd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs hovd di`luitdrdk `hobbdimds thot `oi ed okkrdssdk idxt tdrg. Hlwdvdr, thdrd ord slgd `hobbdimds thot `oi liby ed rdslbvdk fi thd rdob `bossrllg. [hdy shordk thot supplrt lj lthdr stondhlbkdrs, stukdit kfs`fpbfid, kdbfvdry oik dxd`utfli lj bdorifim tosns, bfgftdk tfgd jlr thd fgpbdgditotfli lj thd `lgpdtdi`fds, stukdit portf`fpotfli, oik tlpf`s jlr rdob boelrotlry wlrn ord thd gofi `hobbdimds thdy di`luitdrdk. O portf`fpoit `bdorby plfitdk lut3 ‒[hd j frst frst `hobbdimd fs, hlw `oi wd shlw tl lur stukdits thd oppbf`otfli oik usds lj slgd bdsslis sfi`d wd `oiilt `liku`t oiy boelrotlry dxpdrfgdits. [hd sd`lik `hobbdimd fs thd fgpbdgditotfli lj obb `lgpdtdi`fds li do`h ydor bdvdb pdr tdrg sfi`d wd hovd liby twl gddtfims pdr wddn uibfnd fi jo`d-tl-jo`d sdttfim whdrdfi wd gddt jlur tfgds t fgds o wddn.‗ 

Li boelrotlry wlrn portf`uborby tlpf`s thot ord jlr rdob boelrotlry, o portf`fpoit bogditdk3 ‒[hdrd ord slgd tlpf`s fi P`fdi`d thot wfbb ed opprd`fotdk fj klid fi o rdob Boelrotlry Ft fs fgplssfebd thdsd tlpf`s tloik ed kfs`ussdk oik klid sdt-up. ot hlgd. [hdrd ord jlr rfsns fivlbvdk gotdrfobs thot ord ilt ovofboebd tl stukdits.‗

[hd @lvfk-?6 poikdgf` hos prdsditdk o blt lj `hobbdimds tl tdo`hdrs oik stukdits fi tdo`hfim oik bdorifim. Ft `oi ed krowi thot thd rdob `bossrllg lr boelrotlry `oiilt ed rdpbo`dk ey thd vfrtuob `bossrllg. Ptukdit kfs`fpbfid rdgofis o `hobbdimd ed`ousd thdy ord ilt physf`obby prdsdit oik thdfr pordits ord gliftlrfim thdg. [hdrd goy ed `osds thot  pordits or d tlbdrotfim thdfr `hfbkrdi‖s wrlim klfims ey bdttfim thdg `lggft o`okdgf` kfshlidsty. Udmorkfim stukdit portf`fpotfli, tdo`hdrs `oi liby kl os gu`h os thdy `oi fi dimomfim thdg fi rd`ftotfli. [hdy `oi turi ljj thdfr `ogdro oik gf`rlphlids kurfim libfid bdorifim oik prdtdik thot thdy ord bfstdifim. Ptondhlbkdrs goy ilt shlw strlim supplrt `lisfstditby fi thfs idw ilrgob. Oi dvobuotfli dvdry lid tdrg lr quortdr `oi ed klid sfi`d thd sftuotfli fs sl jbufk. Fi o stuky `liku`tdk oelut thd `hobbdimds lj libfid bdorifim kurfim thfs poikdgf`, ft dxpbofidk thot thfs tdrrfebd tfgd lj jotd hos toumht us thot

 

?48 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

dvdrythfim fs uiprdkf`toebd oik wd iddk tl ed rdoky tl jo`d `hobbdimds. Obthlumh thfs luterdon kfk ilt mfvd us gu`h tfgd tl pboi wd shlubk tond o bdssli jrlg thfs thot pboiifim fs thd ndy. ]d shlubk pboi dvdrythfim, il gottdr fj pboi O jofbs, wd shlubk hovd pboi E rdoky. [hfs `oi liby ed klid fj wd kl s`diorfl pboiifim. [hdrd fs o iddk tl prflrftfzd obb thd `rftf`ob oik `hobbdimfim sftuotflis whf`h goy l``ur oik pboi o``lrkfimby. [hfs  poikdgf` hos obsl toumht us thot stukdits gust plssdss `drtofi snfbbs su`h os snfbbs lj  prlebdg-slbvfim, `rftf`obgust thfinfim, glst glst fgplrtoitby okoptoefbfty tl survfvd thd `rfsfs. Dku`otfliob fistftutflis eufbkoik rdsfbfdi`d fi thdfr systdgs tl disurd oik prflrftfzd thd  prdsdi`d lj thdsd snfbbs fi thdfr stukdits (Khowoi, 5151). Fiftfotfvds jlr o Edttdr Libfid Libf id [do`hfim oik Bdorifim

[hd prdporotfli jlr thd libfid tdo`hfim oik bdorifim bdorif im glkobfty goy hovd prlvfkdk o  ellst oik `lijfkdi`d tl P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs. ]fth thd `hobbdimds di`luitdrdk, idw fkdos oik rdobfzotflis ord krowi jrlg thdsd dxpdrfdi`ds povfim thd woy jlr fiftfotfvds tl ed tondi fi thd libfid glkobfty thot wfbb ossfst fi dihoi`fim tdo`hfim oik bdorifim fi thd rdgofifim gliths lj s`hllb ydor 5151-515?. [hdy sofk thot prlvfkfim fitdro`tfvd mogds, `rdotfvfty fi fgpbdgditfim thd 4D‖s, dimomfim fi glrd hoiks -li o`tfvftfds, bdssdifim thd o`tfvftfds oik vblmmfim os fiftfotfvds fi tdo`hfim P`fdi`d. O portf`fpoit shordk3 ‒F thlumht t hot hot F og ilt mllk fi vblmmfim. F trfdk klfim ft oik usdk ft tl dimomd gy stukdits fi `boss kfs`ussfli. [l gy surprfsd, thdy bfndk ft oik F kd`fkdk tl `litfiud vblmmfim. [hfs fs whot F `oi kl dvdi ojtdr thfs poikdgf`.‗ Edbfdvfim thot lid‖s `rdotfvfty wfbb ed kdvdblpdk, o portf`fpoit dx`ftdkby sofk3 ‒F wfbb try `listru`tfvfsg opprlo`h whdrdfi stukdits wfbb `listru`t thdfr lwi uikdrstoikfim lj bdsslis eosdk li thdfr s`hdgo, krfbbs lr tosns oik dxpdrfdi`ds. Obsl, F wfbb fi`bukd glrd libfid dxpdrfgdits fi thd bdssli-kfs`ussfli ed`ousd thdfr `rdotfvfty wlrns wdbb whdi wd kl ft.‗  

[l dimomd thd stukdits glrd fi P`fdi`d, o portf`fpoit shordk3 s hordk3 ‒Ey prlvfkfim fitdro`tfvd mogds fi P`fdi`d vfo libfid, F dxpd`t  potd glrd fi `boss.‗  thot ft wfbb dimomd stukdits tl portf`f potd

Fiftfotfvds hovd tl ed tondi tl gond dku`otfli hoppdi fi o edttdr woy. Libfid dku`otfli whf`h `oi ed `lisfkdrdk kfstoi`d bdorifim wfbb prlvfkd idw fiftfotfvds eosdk li dxpdrfdi`ds oik `hobbdimds. Fi thd dku`otfli sd`tlr, ft hos dilrglus pltditfob tl hdbp lrmoifzotflis okkrdss fssuds lj o``dss tl bdorifim, quobfty lj thd tdo`hfim bdorifim prl`dss oik goiomdgdit lj dku`otfli systdgs. Fi lrkdr tl disurd thd quobfty lj dku`otfli, thd kfstoi`d dku`otfli fistftutflis gust ed `ordjub oelut thd usd lj prlpdr td`hilblmfds oik gdkfo. ]d hovd tl thfin oelut thd usds lj gdkfo oik td`hilblmy fi rdmork tl opprlprfotdidss oik o``dptoefbfty fi thd sl`fdty os wdbb os li thd oefbfty lj thd fistftutfli ljjdrfim thd prlmrog. [hd sl`fl-d`lilgf` oik `ubturob eo`nmrluik lj o pdrsli pd rsli fijbudi`ds thdfr oefbfty tl bdori jrlg kfjjdrdit gdkfo td`hilblmy. Fi lrkdr tl dvlbvd o jubby ortf`ubotdk

 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

?46 

dku`otfli systdg oik jlr thd su``dss lj kfstoi`d dku`otfli oik LKB gust ed sddi os oi dquobby rdsplisfebd gdkfug `lgpbdgditfim thd jlrgob bdorifim systdg. [do`hfim lrmoifzotflis ord oklptfim F@[, dspd`fobby thd `lgputdrs, ]lrbk ]fkd ]de, tdbd`lijdrdi`fim oik dku`otfliob tdbdvfsfli ed`ousd lj thdfr `lst djjd`tfvdidss, o``dss oik jbdxfefbftfds lj `hlf`ds. Djjd`tfvd `lgefiotfli lj gdkfo oik td`hilblmy fs id`dssory jlr ossurfim djjd`tfvdidss lj thd lpdi oik kfstoi`d bdorifim bd orifim systdg ([dog, 5151). Fi oilthdr stuky, ft jluik`lgguif`otfli lut thot tdo`hdroik fiftfotfvds ord fgplrtoit bfnd `lbboelrotfli, sl`fob gdkfo lthdr kfmftob bftdro`y pro`tf`ds, fi`bukfimidtwlrnfim, thd lut-ljs`hllb kfmftob bftdro`y pro`tf`ds. [hdsd ord tdo`hdr fiftfotfvds bdokfim tl thd utfbfzotfli lj kfmftob `liid`tfli pbotjlrgs jlr sl`fobfzotfli oik tdo`hfim oik bdorifim. Fi okkftfli tl kfvfkdiks lj `liid`tfvfsg, vfsuob `lgguif`otfli oik `yedr bfimufstf`s hovd ed`lgd `rftf`ob jlr kfmftob-omd bdoridrs. [do`hdr fiftfotfvds ord o `ru`fob port lj okoptfvd rdsfbfdi`d, os tdo`hdrs iddk tl okcust tl shlrtomds lj kfmftob td`hilblmy rdslur`ds oik `liid`tfvfty (Uwlkzf, 51?8). Lpplrtuiftfds fi Libfid [do`hfim oik Bdorifim

Goiy hovd eddi sofk oelut mdttfim thrlumh thdsd tryfim tfgds oik rdstortfim lur bfvds. Fikddk, thdrd fs o sfbvdr bfifim fi thfs hdobth `rfsfs glst dspd`fobby fi dku`otfli. Kdspftd thd bfgftotflis oik `hobbdimds erlumht oelut ey @lvfk-?6 poikdgf`, dku`otfli `litfiudk oik jluik oi obby fi libfid bdorifim oik tdo`hfim. [hd cuiflr hfmh s`hllb P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs hovd sddi `rdotfvfty fi tdo`hfim wfth il boelrotlry, kfs`lvdrfim idw thfims li thdfr (stukdits) lwi, dxpblrfim glrd woys tl tdo`h s`fdi`d libfid, usfim libfid  puebfshdk rdsdor`hds os fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs, rdobfzfim glrd lpplrtuiftfds jlr fgprlvdgdit, oik ed`lgfim glrd `lijfkdit fi jrlit lj thd `ogdro. O portf`fpoit whl trfdk vblmmfim sofk3 ‒F sdd vblmmfim os oi lpplrtuifty oik ft gonds gd glrd dx`ftdk.  F thfin F‖g sblwby ed`lgfim o vblmmdr rothdr thoi o tdo`hdr.‗ 

Oilthdr portf`fpoit whl sow hlw hfs stukdits ed`lgd glrd dimomdk fi P`fdi`d shordk3 ‒Ptukdits ord glrd fitdrdstdk tl kfs`lvdr idw thfims wfth thdfr lwi. Dspd`fobby fj F mfvdrdbotdk thdg o`tfvftfds thot(d.m. thdy Pdojbllr iddk tl gond kfjjdrdit glkdbs/rdobfo tl lur tlpf` sprdokfim glkdb)‗ 

P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs `lisfkdr thdsd lpplrtuiftfds os gonfim thdg edttdr P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs whl `oi okopt tl thd `hobbdimds lj thd tfgds. [ryfim idw thfims goy ilt sft wdbb tl goiy tdo`hdrs eut thd prdsdit sftuotfli wfbb jlr`d thdg tl tond thd rlok bdss trovdbdk. Os thdy rdo`h thd dik lj thd rlok, thdy wfbb jfik lut thot thdrd thdr d ord stfbb o blt lj lpplrtuiftfds tl gond libfid tdo`hfim oik bdorifim edttdr. Ft goy prdpord thdg whdi thd wlrbk rdturis tl o edttdr ilrgob wlrbk. O stuky jluik lut thot libfid bdorifim mdidrobby hos o blt lj lpplrtuiftfds ovofboebd eut thfs tfgd lj `rfsfs wfbb obblw libfid bdorifim tl ellg os glst o`okdgf` fistftutflis hovd swft`hdk tl thfs glkdb. Ilw, o`okdgf` fistftutflis `oi mroe thfs lpplrtuifty ey gonfim thdfr tdo`hdrs tdo`h oik stukdits bdori vfo libfid gdthlklblmy. [hd pdlpbd hovd obwoys eddi `lgpbo`dit oik idvdr trfdk slgd idw glkds lj bdorifim. [hfs `rfsfs wfbb ed o idw phosd jlr libfid bdorifim oik wfbb obblw pdlpbd tl

 

?:1 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

blln ot thd jruftjub sfkd lj d-bdorifim td`hilblmfds. [hfs fs thd tfgd whdi thdrd fs o blt lj s`lpd fi erfimfim lut surprfsfim fiilvotflis oik kfmftob kdvdblpgdits. Obrdoky, Dk[d`h `lgpoifds ord klfim thdfr eft ey hdbpfim us jfmhtfim thd poikdgf` oik ilt bdttfim bdtt fim bdorifim tl ed put ot o hobt. [do`hdrs `oi pro`tf`d td`hilblmy oik `oi kdsfmi vorflus jbdxfebd  prlmrogs jlr stukdits‖ edttdr uikdrstoikfim. [hd usomd lj libfid bdorifim wfbb tdst elth thd dku`otlr oik bdoridrs. Ft wfbb dihoi`d prlebdg-slbvfim snfbbs, `rftf`ob thfinfim oefbftfds, thdthdstukdits. sftuotfli, usdrs lj omd `oi o``dssoik thdokoptoefbfty libfid tllbsoglim oik rdop edidjftsFi lj thfs tfgd`rftf`ob oik bl`otfli jbdxfefbfty ossoiy ossl`fotdk l`fotdk wfth libfid bdorifim. [do`hdrs `oi kdvdblp fiilvotfvd pdkomlmf`ob opprlo`hds fi thfs  poif`ny sftuotfli, ilw obsl tdrgdk os Qoif`mlmy. Dk[d`h Ptort-ups hovd pbdity lj lpplrtuiftfds tl erfim oelut rokf`ob troisjlrgotflis fi idorby obb thd ospd`ts ossl`fotdk wfth dku`otfli roimfim jrlg, tdo`hfim, bdorifim, dvobuotfli, ossdssgdit, rdsubts, `drtfjf`otfli, kdmrdds, oik sl li. Obsl, fi`rdosfim gorndt kdgoik jlr d-bdorifim fs oi ogozfim lpplrtuifty jlr Dk[d`h stort-ups tl erfim td`hilblmf`ob kfsruptfli fi thd dku`otfli sd`tlr (Khowoi, 5151). Erfimfim syi`hrlilus bdorifim libfid prdsdits sdvdrob `hobbdimds tl elth fistru`tlrs fist ru`tlrs oik stukdits, ydt, ft prlvfkds bdorifim lpplrtuiftfds jlr fistru`tlrs tl rdthfin r dthfin hlw tl erfim jlrwork slgd lj thd bdsslis jrlg libfid bdorifim eo`n tl physf`ob `bossrllgs. [hfs fs tondi portf`uborby fi vfdw lj thd vorflus td`hilblmf`ob okvoi`dgdits oik sl`fdtob shfjts thot, frlif`obby, dioebds us tl troisft jrlg ljjbfid tl libfid bdorifim wfth gfifgug kfsruptfli fi su`h tryfim tfgds ([oi & @hdi, 5151). Dvdi edjlrd thfs @lvfk-?6 poikdgf` `ogd, thdrd wdrd obrdoky fiftfotfvds tondi li tdo`hfim oik bdorifim thrlumh libfid glkobfty. Ft fs `obbdk ebdikdk bdorifim. Ft wos oitf`fpotdk thot hfs goy ed thd juturd lj dku`otfli. ]fth thd poikdgf` jlr`fim dvdrylid tl kl libfid dku`otfli, ft sddgs thot ebdikdk bdorifim fs thd horefimdr lj suestoitfob `hoimd fi hfmhdr dku`otfli oik wfbb ed`lgd dquobby fgpo`tjub fi N-?5 s`hllbfim oik fikustrfob trofifim. Ebdikdk bdorifim, ed`ousd lj fts jbdxfefbfty, obblws us tl goxfgfzd goiy plsftfvd dku`otfli jui`tflis. [hfs goy ed thd idw ilrgob fi thd plst @lvfk-?6  poikdgf` (Kzfueoi dt ob, 51?8). @LI@BTPFLI

[hd stuky jluik lut thot P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs prdpordk wdbb jlr libfid tdo`hfim oik bdorifim ilt nilwfim thd poth libfid tl ed trovdrsdk. prdpordk prljdssfliobby ey ottdikfimkdspftd wdefiors, stukyfim vorflus pbotjlrgs,[hdy oik fkditfjyfim ili-idmltfoebd `lgpdtdi`fds. Li thd lthdr hoik, thdy kfk pdrsliob prdporotflis ey strdimthdifim thdfr td`hilblmf`ob rdslur`ds oik `opoefbftfds. [hdfr fitdridt `liid`tfli gust ed strdimthdidk oik boptlps gust ed upmrokdk tl gddt thd rdqufrdgdits lj vfrtuob tdo`hfim oik bdorifim. Fi tdrgs lj `urrf`ubug, ft wos glkfjfdk oik liby thd glst dssditfob bdorifim bd orifim `lgpdtdi`fds wfbb ed `lvdrdk. Gdthlklblmfds bfnd stukdit-`ditdrdk opprlo`h, fiqufry-eosdk bdorifim, jddkeo`nfim, oik `rdotfvfty wdrd oppbfdk. Fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs wdrd dihoi`dk ey usfim idw libfid pbotjlrgs oik oppbf`otflis, `rdotfim vblms, oik edttdr gubtfgdkfo  prdsditotflis. Ossdssgdits wdrd kklid lid thrlu thrlumh mh thd bdorifim goiomdgdit systdg (Mdiyl), mllmbd jlrgs, oik dvdi osnfim thd stukdits tl gond hoikwrfttdi ossfmigdits. os sfmigdits. Udmorkfim `hobbdimds fi libfid tdo`hfim oik bdorifim, thdy sofk thot supplrt lj lthdr stondhlbkdrs, stukdit kfs`fpbfid, kdbfvdry oik dxd`utfli lj bdorifim tosns, bfgftdk tfgd jlr thd fgpbdgditotfli lj thd `lgpdtdi`fds, stukdit portf`fpotfli, oik tlpf`s jlr rdob boelrotlry wlrn ord thd gofi `hobbdimds. [l okkrdss thd `hobbdimds, thdy sofk thot prlvfkfim

 

 Curiob Qdikfkfnoi Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, GFQO, 5? (5), 5151, 5151, ?;:-?:5 

?:? 

fitdro`tfvd mogds, `rdotfvfty fi fgpbdgditfim thd 4D‖s, dimomfim fi glrd hoiks-li

o`tfvftfds, bdssdifim thd o`tfvftfds oik vblmmfim ord fiftfotfvds thot `oi ed tondi ey thd P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs. Kdspftd thd kfjjf`ubt sftuotfli fi vfrtuob tdo`hfim oik bdorifim, thdy sdd lpplrtuiftfds bfnd `rdotfvfty fi tdo`hfim wfth il boelrotlry, kfs`lvdrfim idw thfims li thdfr (stukdits) lwi, dxpblrfim glrd woys tl tdo`h s`fdi`d s`fd i`d libfid, usfim libfid puebfshdk rdsdor`hds os fistru`tfliob gotdrfobs, rdobfzfim glrd lpplrtuiftfds jlr fgprlvdgdit, oik  ed`lgfim `lijfkdit fi jrlit lj ed thd`li`bukdk `ogdro. thot P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs jfik thot thdfr Eosdkglrd li thd jfikfims, ft `oi  prdporotflis mrdotby hdbpdk thdg fi thd idw ilrgob fi tdo`hfim. Hlwdvdr, kdspftd thd  prdporotflis, idw `hobbdimds dgdrmdk bfnd gonfim stukdits glrd dimomdk fi bdorifim, idw o`tfvftfds, oik klfim boelrotlry wlrn libfid. [hd `hobbdimds `oi ed lvdr`lgd ey tonfim fiftfotfvds oik klfim glrd `rdotfvd o`tfvftfds thot ord kloebd libfid. P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs obsl sdd o sfbvdr bfifim fi thd idw ilrgob ey ed`lgfim glrd upkotdk oik `litfiulusby dimomfim fi thd idw kdvdblpgdits fi P`fdi`d jlr thdrd ord edttdr thfims tl `lgd. Glrdlvdr, thdy sdd thot thdfr dxpdrfdi`ds fi thd idw ilrgob wfbb gond thdg edttdr dku`otlrs portf`uborby os P`fdi`d tdo`hdrs whdi thdy ml eo`n tl thd rdob `bossrllg oik okopt tl thd fi`lgfim idw ilrgob fi dku`otfli ojtdr thd @lvfk-?6 poikdgf`. UDJDUDI@DP

Orrfdto, M. P. (5151). Ossdssgdit lj thd f`t fitdmrotfli fi tdo`hfim goth oik s`fdi`d fi hfmh s`hllb3 Eosfs jlr oi f`t fitdmrotfli prlmrog.  Curiob Qdikfkfnoi GFQO, 5?(?), 64 ‐ ?18. ?18. Eob-[oŜtoi, P., Kovlukf, P. G. G., Gosobfglvo, O. U., Edrsoilv, O. P., Nureoilv, U. O., Elfor`hun, O. Z., & Qovbushfi, O. O. (51?8). [hd fgpo`ts lj tdo`hdr‖s djjf`o`y oik gltfvotfli li stukdit‖s o`okdgf` o`hfdvdgdit fi s`fdi`d dku`otfli oglim sd`likory oik hfmh s`hllb stukdits. Durosfo Cluriob lj Gothdgotf`s, P`fdi`d P`fdi`d oik [d`hilblmy Dku`otfli, ?;(:), 5040-50::.

Eorrondt, C. (5114). [do`hfim rdsdor`h gdthlk usfim o stukdit-`ditrdk opprlo`h