Teaching Guide For Music and Dyslexia
July 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Teaching Guide For Music and Dyslexia...
Description
W`hjefdb O`hrd`rs wfte Gyso`xfh
Lusfj
8
H s`rf`s cn sp`jfho `gujhtfcd bufg`s `gujhtfcd t`hjefdb bufg`s
Fdjousfcd fd @urcp` tercube Mdcwo`gb` hdg W`jedcocby
Yrck`jt dc; MH198-1980-981
We` @urcp`hd Jcllfssfcd suppcrt ncr te` prcgujtfcd cn tefs puaofjhtfcd gc`s dct jcdstftut` hd `dgcrs`l`dt cn te` jcdt`dts wefje r`no`jts te` vf`ws cdoy cn te` hutecrs, hdg te` Jcllfssfcd jhddct a` e`og r`spcdsfao` ncr hdy us` wefje lhy a` lhg` cn te` fdncrlhtfcd jcdthfd`g te`r`fd. 1
W`hjefdb Lusfj tc Ztug`dts wec ehv` Gyso`xfh
:
7
Jcdt`dt Fdjousfcd fd @urcp` tercube mdcwo`gb` hdg t`jedcocby .......... ..................... ...................... ..................... .................... .......... 2
W`hjefdb bufg`s ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................. ...... 2 Fdjousfcd bufg` cd bccg prhjtfj`s ncr fdjousfv` o`hrdfdb hdg t`hjefdb ................................ ................................ 2 ZLHQW `-o`hrdfdb .............................................................. ..................................................................................... .............................................. ............................. ...... 2 Ncr hoo lht`rfhos prcguj`g ay tefs prck`jt................................................... prck`jt.......................................................................... .......................... ... 2 Fdtrcgujtfcd tc tefs t`hjefdb bufg` ................................................................................... 5 Zp`jfhofz`g p`ghbcbf`s ncr t`hjefdb lusfj tc stug`dts s tug`dts wfte gyso`xfh ...................... ........... ...................... ........... 6
Gyso`xfh hdg cte`r gfnnfjuotf`s ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................. ....... 6 Gyso`xfh hdg lusfj .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................. ......................... 89 Lusfjfhds wfte gyso`xfh .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ...................................... ................ 88 Lusfjho gyso`xfh ‚ gc`s ft `xfsts cr dct3 .......................................... ................................................................. ................................... ............ 81 Jehoo`db`s r`ohtfdb tc te` sp`jfnfj o`hrdfdb gfnnfjuoty ....................................................... 87
Yrcao`l hr`hs ....................................... ............................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................... ............. 87 Z`on-jcdnfg`dj` hdg lctfvhtfcd ........................................................... ................................................................................. ............................... ......... 8 80 0 H g`sjrfptfcd cn sufthao` t`hjefdb l`tecgcocbf`s hdg prhjtfj`s ...................................... 82
Luotf-s`dscry t`hjefdb ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ................................... ............. 82 Aufogfdb hsscjfhtfcds ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 85 Nfrst ecofstfj hpprchje= te`d s`qu`dtfho ................................ ...................................................... ............................................. ......................... 86 Jclpo`x l`tecgs ..................................... ........................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ 19 Zuzumf l`tecg ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ......................... 19 Mcghoy l`tecg ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ......................... 19 Crnn L`tecg .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ 18
O`hrdfdb t`jedcocbf`s ncr fdjousfv` t`hjefdb cn lusfj tc stug`dts wfte gyso`xfh .............. ... ........... 11 Psfdb te` acgy hdg te` `v`ryghy tccos ‚ s`dscry-lctcr t`jedcocbf`s ............................. ............................. 11
Lusfjho bohss`s fd te` lusfj johss`s .................................. ........................................................ ............................................. ......................... 11 M``pfdb te` reytel ....................................................... .............................................................................. .............................................. ........................... .... 11 Mfdh`ste`tfj l`tecgs ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ....................................... ................ 1: Ehdg sfbds ........................................................ .............................................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 1: Ghojrcz` @ureytelfjs ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ....................................... ................ 17 Accl wehjm`rs cr a`oos ........................... ................................................. ............................................. ............................................. ........................... ..... 17 Jcocur ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 17 W`jedcocbfjho tccos ................................... ......................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ 1> Jr`htfcd cn fdgfvfguho se``t lusfj ................................. ....................................................... ............................................ ............................... ......... 1> Ze``t lusfj `gftcr prcbrhls .............................. .................................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... 1> 0
Q`jcrg`g lusfj hdg g`lcdstrhtfcd ..................................... ........................................................... ............................................. ......................... 12 Yrcbrhls hdg hppofjhtfcds ncr prhjtfj`............................................ ................................................................... ................................... ............ 1 12 2 Zullhry cn hgvfj`s ncr t`hje`rs ................................... ......................................................... ............................................ ............................... ......... 15 L`tecgs ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................... ............. 15 Zcoutfcds tc te` prcao`l hr`hs ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................ .. 1 15 5 Wrfjms ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ....................................... ................ 15 Ztr`dbte`dfdb.................................... Ztr`dbte`dfdb............. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ................................... ............ 16 ^fg`cs ......................... ....................................... ........................... .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... .......................... ................... ...... :9 Zcurj`s ncr tefs bufg`...................................................................................................... :8
>
Fdjousfcd fd @urcp` tercube mdcwo`gb` hdg t`jedcocby Fdncrlhtfcd cd te` nudghl`dtho prfdjfpo`s, prhjtfj`s, `gujhtfcdho lht`rfho hdg t`hjefdb hfgs us`g tc t`hje vhrfcus suak`jts tc stug`dts wfte sp`jfho d``gs hr` n`w hdg nhr a`tw``d. Fd scl` jhs`s, lht`rfho ehs a``d pr`phr`g ncr fdt`rdho us` ht sp`jfhofs`g sjeccos cr fd cte`r jocs`g `dvfrcdl`dts. Fd cte`r jhs`s, mdcwo`gb` ehs a``d phss`g nrcl t`hje`r tc t`hje`r hs phrt cn wcrmpohj` trhfdfdb. Dc syst`lhtfj lht`rfho cd p`ghbcbfjho prfdjfpo`s, prhjtfj`s, `gujhtfcdho lht`rfho hdg t`hjefdb hfgs `xfst ncr hr`hs suje hs t`hjefdb nfrst ohdbuhb` t`hjefdb, ncr`fbd ohdbuhb` t`hjefdb, lhte`lhtfjs hdg lusfj ncr te` aofdg, phrtfhooy sfbet`g hdg gyso`xfj. Rfte tefs fd lfdg, te` bcho cn tefs @urcp`hd prck`jt fs tc nurte`r g`v`ocp, flpo`l`dt hdg gfss`lfdht` bccg prhjtfj`s fd te` hr`h cn fdjousfv` `gujhtfcd hdg o`hrdfdb t`jedcocbf`s ay g`ofv`rfdb ter`` prflhry jclpcd`dts; W`hjefdb Bufg`s, Bufg` cd bccg prhjtfj`s Fdjousfv` o`hrdfdb hdg W`hjefdb hdg ZLHQW @-o`hrdfdb cak`jts.
W`hjefdb bufg`s Fd jclpo`tfdb te` prck`jt, QcacArhfoo` phrtd`rs ehv` jr`ht`g h s`rf`s cn tw`ov` `gujhtfcdho bufg`s jcv`rfdb nudghl`dtho prfdjfpo`s, prhjtfj`s, `gujhtfcdho lht`rfho hdg t`hjefdb hfgs jcv`rfdb nfrst ohdbuhb` t`hjefdb, ncr`fbd ohdbuhb` t`hjefdb, lhte`lhtfjs hdg lusfj ncr te` aofdg, phrtfhooy sfbet`g hdg gyso`xfj.
Fdjousfcd bufg` cd bccg prhjtfj`s ncr fdjousfv` o`hrdfdb hdg t`hjefdb Fd suppcrt cn tefs, te` prck`jt ehs jcoo`jt`g hdg jcooht`g fdncrlhtfcd cd bccg fdjousfcd prhjtfj`s fd nfv` s`o`jt hr`hs (t`hje`r smfoos, hot`rdht` l`gfh, suppcrt strujtur`s, pr`phrhtfcd ncr fdjousfcd hdg t`hjefdb `dvfrcdl`dts) wefje hr` puaofse`g fd h jhthocbu` cn bccg prhjtfj`s.
ZLHQW `-o`hrdfdb Nfdhooy, te` prck`jt wfoo hghpt h jclpr`e`dsfv` s`t cn `gujhtfcdho lht`rfho cd te` QcacArhfoo` s`rvfj` pr`phr`g fd te` OOO Og. QcacArhfoo` ZLHQW prck`jt fdtc h s`t cn o`hrdfdb ca k`jts ncr pcpuohr `-o`hrdfdb `-o`hrdfdb pohtncrls ncr w`a w`a hdg thao`t g`pocyl`dt. g`pocyl`dt.
Ncr hoo lht`rfhos prcguj`g ay tefs prck`jt A`jhus` te` lht`rfho jcv`rs t`hjefdb cn stug`dts cn vhrfcus hb`, te`y hr` dhl`g stug`dts, o`hrd`rs, pupfos hdg jefogr`d. We` lht`rfho hosc r`no`jts te` gfnn`r`dt juotur` hdg o`v`o cn fdjousfcd prhjtfj`s cn te` prck`jt phrtd`rs. We` bufg` fs dct h suastftut` ncr ncrlho trhfdfdb cn t`hje`rs.
2
Fdtrcgujtfcd tc tefs t`hjefdb bufg` Gyso`xfh fs ay dcw h wfg`oy mdcwd aut pccroy udg`rstccg sp`jfnfj o`hrdfdb gfshafofty. Ft jhd a` gfnnfjuot tc g`nfd` a`jhus` te` jhus`s udg`royfdb fts l`hsurhao` lhdfn`sthtfcds jhd a` v`ry vhrfhao`. Ecw`v`r, gyso`xfh fs h r`ho prcao`l, wefje hnn`jts te` o`hrdfdb cn r`hgfdb hdg wrftfdb cn lhdy fdgfvfguhos hdg wecs` `nn`jts lhy a` `xhj`raht`g ay hd fdhg`quht` `gujhtfcd. We` jclpo`xfty cn te` prcao`l fs fdjr`hs`g ay te` nhjt teht gyso`xfh hdg r`hgfdb hdg wrftfdb gfnnfjuotf`s lhy vhry hjjcrgfdb tc te` juoturho hdg ofdbufstfj ahjmbrcudg. We`r` hr` s`v`rho g`nfdftfcds cn gyso`xfh aut prcahaoy te` lcst nr`qu`dtoy us`g cd fs te` g`nfdftfcd fdtrcguj`g ay te` Fdt`rdhtfcdho Gyso`xfh Hsscjfhtfcd (FGH) fd 1991; ‟Gyso`xfh fs h sp`-
jfnfj o`hrdfdb gfshafofty (ZpOG) teht fs d`urcafcocbfjho fd crfbfd. Ft fs jehrhjt`rfz`g ay gfnnfjuotf`s wfte hjjurht` hdg/cr nou`dt wcrg r`jcbdftfcd hdg ay pccr sp`oofdb hdg g`jcgfdb hafoftf`s. We`s` gfnnfjuotf`s typfjhooy r`suot nrcl h g`nfjft fd te` pecdcocbfjho jclpcd`dt cn ohdbuhb` teht fs cnt`d ud`xp`jt`g fd r`ohtfcd tc cte`r jcbdftfv` hafoftf`s hdg te` prcvfsfcd cn `nn`jtfv` johssrccl fdstrujtfcd. Z`jcdghry jcds`qu`dj`s lhy fdjoug` prcao`ls fd r`hgfdb jclpr`e`dsfcd hdg r`guj`g r`hgfdb `xp`rf`dj` teht jhd flp`g` brcwte cn vcjhauohry hdg ahjmbrcudg mdcwo`gb`.“
Gyso`xfh fs h efgg`d gfshafofty tecubet tc hnn`jt hrcudg 89% cn te` pcpuohtfcd, 7% s`v`r`oy. s`v`r` oy. Ft fs te` lcst jcllcd cn te` ZpOGs. Ft fs `ss`dtfho tc m``p fd lfdg fn w` whdt tc udg`rsthdg te` prcao`l cn o`hrd`rs wfte gyso`xfh, teht te` lcst nr`qu`dt typ` cn gyso`xfh fs jhus`g dct cdoy ay pecdcocbfjho gfnnfjuotf`s. We` gfnn`r`dj` cn te`s` o`hrd`rs‖ why cn o`hrdfdb fs hd cv`rhoo sp`jfhofty fd te` fdncrlhtfcd
prcj`ssfdb. Yrcao`ls lhy hosc hrfs` fd dcd-oft`rho hr`hs suje hs lusfj. We` a`st lusfj t`hjefdb prhjtfj`s jhd e`op tc hvcfg gfnnfjuotf`s wfte lusfj dct cdoy fd jhs` cn gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs, aut cn hoo o`hrd`rs. Wefs bufg` prcvfg`s fdsfbet fdtc ecw gyso`xfh jhd fdnou`dj` lusfj o`hrdfdb hdg weht te` a`st t`hjefdb l`tecgs hr`, hs w`oo hs weht te` jcllcd hafoftf`s hdg `nn`jts hr` teht lhm`s lusfj h sp`jfho hr`h cn fdt`r`st jcdj`rdfdb gyso`xfh. We` johrfnfjhtfcd cn te` jcdj`pts hdg jcdd`jtfcds jhd o`hg tc h lcr` gfr`jt`g fdt`rv`dtfcd acte fd te` nf`og cn gyso`xfh hdg fd t`hjefdb lusfj. O`hrd`rs wfte gyso`xfh hr` jehoo`db`g, a`jhus` te`y hr` lcr` s`dsftfv` tc te` o`hrdfdb `dvfrcdl`dt. Yrcao`ls ncudg fd te` o`hrdfdb `dvfrcdl`dt hr` te`r`ncr` cnt`d r`fdncrj`g ay tefs s`dsftfvfty. W`hjefdb hdg o`hrdfdb l`tecgs subb`st`g subb`st`g fd tefs bufg` jhd a` us`g hs h ncudghtfcd ncr jr`htfdb hd fdjousfv` t`hjefdb `dvfrcdl`dt.
5
Zp`jfhofz`g p`ghbcbf`s ncr t`hjefdb lusfj tc stug`dts wfte gyso`xfh We` gyso`xfj arhfd fs dct a`tt`r cr wcrs` tehd cte`r arhfds, aut ft wcrms `nn`jtfv`oy fd h gfnn`r`dt why. Wc b`t te` lcst cut cn te`s` ‟sp`jfho arhfds“ w` d``g tc try tc udg`rsthdg te`l.
Gyso`xfh hdg cte`r gfnnfjuotf`s Gyso`xfh fs h typ` cn d`urcocbfjhooy-ahs`g hjef`v`l`dt gfnnfjuoty hdg fd lhdy jhs`s, ft bc`s tcb`te`r wfte cte`r sflfohr sp`jfhotf`s.
Hoo te`s` d`urcocbfjhooy-ahs`g gfnnfjuotf`s ehv` jcdb`dftho hdg hjqufr`g ncrls. Hotecube te`y hr` fdg`p`dg`dt cn fdt`oofb`dj`, te` `dvfrcdl`dt fdnou`dj`s te`fr `l`rb`dj` hdg te` s`v`rfty cn te` hjef`v`l`dt gfnnfjuotf`s. Fdstrujtfcd jhd pr`v`dt cr hlpofny te` gfnnfjuotf`s. We`r` hr` j`rthfd jehrhjt`rfstfjs teht o`hrd`rs wfte gyso`xfh pcss`ss;
Ecofstfj fdncrlhtfcd prcj`ssfdb.
Yccr s`ds` tcwhrgs g`thfos.
Qfje flhbfdhtfcd.
Gfnnfjuoty wfte hutclhtfcd cn lctfcd, hjtfcds hdg mdcwo`gb`.
Zecrt t`rl l`lcry.
Zecrt t`rl htt`dtfcd sphd.
Gfv`rt`g htt`dtfcd.
Flpuosfvfty.
Q`sto`ssd`ss.
Yr`n`r`dj` cn te` nhst n hst scoutfcds.
Fdno`xfafofty.
Hutcdcly.
Z`dsfafofty.
6
G`p`dgfdb cd te` hr`h cn gfnnfjuotf`s, te` jehrhjt`rfstfjs ofst`g hacv` jhd hpp`hr fd gfnn`r`dt hr`hs hdg s`v`rfty o`v`os. R` jhd jcdsfg`r tefs ofst h ahsfj phjmhb` teht cnt`d jehrhjt`rfz`s o`hrd`rs wfte gyso`xfh. Gyso`xfh fs dct l`r`oy te` gfnnfjuoty fd r`hgfdb hs te` wcrg ―gyso`xfh‖ subb`sts. subb`sts. Gyso`xfh jhd
hpp`hr hs phrt cn d`urcocbfjhooy-ahs`g hjef`v`l`dt gfnnfjuotf`s a`ycdg gyso`xfh fts`on. Ecw`v`r, `v`d fn gfnnfjuotf`s hr` oflft`g tc gyso`xfh, te` ahjmbrcudg jhus`s lhy a` v`ry gfnn`r`dt, hdg lcstoy luotfpo`. We` gfnnfjuoty jhd a` hdy cn te`s` a`ocw;
Yecdcocbfjho hwhr`d`ss.
Hugftcry prcj`ssfdb.
^fsuho prcj`ssfdb.
Zphtfho crf`dthtfcd.
Lctcr hafoftf`s.
Z`qu`dtfho prcj`ssfdb.
Hs suje, p`rscds wfte gyso`xfh hr` lcr` pr`gfspcs`g tc wcrm ecofstfjhooy hdg wfte o`ss ncjus. Wefs jhd jhus` acte gfnnfjuotf`s hdg hgvhdthb`s fd hdy jcbdftfv` hr`h hdg hnn`jt hafoftf`s a`ycdg r`hgfdb.
Gyso`xfh hdg lusfj Q`s`hrje ehs secwd teht lusfj hdg ohdbuhb` smfoos hr` r`oht`g fd acte dcrlho-r`hg`rs hdg gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs.8 Ztugf`s prcv`g h strcdb r`ohtfcdsefp a`tw``d lusfjho gfsjrflfdhtfcd hafof-
tf`s hdg ohdbuhb`-r`oht`g smfoos.1 Lusfjho dct`s gfsjrflfdhtfcd pr`gfjt`g pecdcocbfjho smfoos, wefje fd turd pr`gfjt`g r`hgfdb hafoftf`s fd acte gyso`xfj hdg dcd-gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs. Gyso`xfj lusfj o`hrd`rs hr` o`ss prcnfjf`dt ht l`ocgfj gfsjrflfdhtfcd. We`s` nfdgfdbs subb`st h gfr`jtfcd we`r` gyso`xfh fs gfshgvhdthb`cus ncr lusfj o`hrdfdb. Cd te` cte`r ehdg, lusfj fdt`rv`dtfcd teht str`dbte`ds te` ahsfj hugftcry lusfj p`rj`ptfcd smfoos cn jefogr`d wfte gyso`xfh lhy hosc r`l`gfht` scl` cn te`fr ohdbuhb` g`nfjfts. Hs o`hrdfdb lusfj fs h luotf-s`dscrfho prcj`ss, ft jhd ehv` pcsftfv` fdnou`dj` cd te` r`hgfdb hafoftf`s. We` scudg gfsjrflfdhtfcd hdg pecdcocbfjho hwhr`d`ss hr` te` lcst cavfcus hr`hs,
hdg teus te`r` hr` hor`hgy h eub` hlcudt cn sjf`dtfnfj r`suots tc prcv` ft. Ecw`v`r cte`r cv`rohppfdb hr`hs a`tw``d r`hgfdb hdg lusfj hafoftf`s jhd a` fg`dtfnf`g, hdg teht why pcfdt
8
Hdvhrf, `t ho. (1991) Q`ohtfcds hlcdb lusfjho smfoos, pecdcocbfjho prcj`ssfdb, hdg `hroy r`h-
gfdb hafofty fd pr`sjecco jefogr`d. Kcurdho cn @xp`rfl`dtho Jefog Ysyjecocby, 5:, pp. 888 ‚8:9. 1
[htcrr` Q. K, Ahul Z. Q (1981) (1981 ) Lusfjho L`ocgy hdg Zp``je Fdtcdhtfcd; Zfdbfdb h Gfnn`r`dt
Wud`. YOcZ Afco 89(2); `8998:21. 89
tc te` hr`hs cn fdt`r`st jcdsfg`rfdb te` jcdd`jtfcd a`tw``d lusfj o`hrdfdb hdg gyso`xfh. Q`s`hrje ehs secwd teht o`hrdfdb lusfj jhd ehv` g`v`ocpl`dtho `nn`jt cd h wfg` rhdb` cn hr`hs r`oht`g tc te` sjecco hjef`v`l`dts;
Zcudg gfsjrflfdhtfcd.
Yecdcocbfjho hwhr`d`ss.
B`cl`trfj r`pr`s`dthtfcd.
Zecrt t`rl l`lcry.
Htt`dtfcd.
@x`jutfv` nudjtfcds.
Z`qu`dtfho prcj`ssfdb.
Lctcr jccrgfdhtfcd.
Jclphrfdb tefs ofst wfte te` gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs‖ jehrhjt`rfstfjs subb`sts lhdy lutuho hr`hs. Ft l`hds teht lusfj o`hrdfdb jhd a` h jehoo`db` ncr te` gyso`xfj arhfd, aut ft hosc l`hds teht o`hrdfdb lusfj fs lcr` flpcrthdt ncr te` o`hrd`rs wfte gyso`xfh jclphr`g tc cte`rs.
Lusfjfhds wfte gyso`xfh Gyso`xfj lusfjfhds hr` rhr`. Jcdsfg`rfdb te` lhdy hr`hs teht hr` jcllcd fd lusfj hdg r`hgfdb hafoftf`s, ft s``ls tc a` udg`rsthdghao`. Kust hs te`r` hr` gyso`xfj wrft`rs hdg pc`ts hdg lhte`lhtfjfhds wfte gysjhojuofh, te`r` hr` gyso`xfj lusfjfhds hdg gyso`xfh secuog dct a` h r`hscd ncr dct a`jclfdb h lusfjfhd. Gfnnfjuotf`s hr` dct te` shl` hs gfshafoftf`s. O`hrd`rs wfte gyso`xfh d``g lcr` fdgfvfguhofz`g fdstrujtfcds hdg sp`jfho whys tc `xj`o. Zcl` w`oo-mdcwd gyso`xfj lusfjfhds fdjoug`;
J`ofd` Ayrd`, scprhdc.
Je`r, sfdb`r hdg hjtr`ss.
Dc`o Bhoohbe`r, lusfjfhd nrcl te` Chsfs.
Lfr`foo` Lhtef`u, sfdb`r.
Czzy Csacurd`, lusfjfhd hdg sfdb`r nrcl te` Aohjm Zhaahte.
Cavfcusoy, te`r` hr` gyso`xfj lusfjfhds aut jclphr`g tc te` cte`r hr`hs cn `xj`oo`dj` r`ohtfv`oy, n`w nhlcus lusfjfhds jhd a` ncudg. Ft s``ls hs fn gyso`xfh fs h ehrgoy jclp`dshao` gfshgvhdthb` ncr a`jclfdb `xj`oo`dt fd te` hr`h cn lusfj. Ecw`v`r, te` jhs` jhd a` jcdsfg-
88
`r`g gfnn`r`dtoy. O`hrdfdb lusfj ehs prcv`g tc ehv` te`rhp`utfj `nn`jts cd te` gyso`xfh fdscnhr hs `hroy lusfj o`hrdfdb lhy pr`v`dt te` lhdfn`st r`hgfdb gfnnfjuotf`s .: Cd te` cte`r
ehdg, `hroy gfnnfjuotf`s lhy efdg`r te` jefog fd a`jclfdb `dteusfhstfj hacut lusfj. Fd hggftfcd, te` `dvfrcdl`dt lhy dct a` jcdnfrlhtcry we`d `xpcs`g tc te` jefog‖s gfnnfjuotf`s. Ofm`oy, cdoy jefogr`d wfte r`hooy strcdb fdd`r grfv` tc o`hrd lusfj jhd ar`hm tercube te` ahrrf`rs. Ft fs flpcrthdt tc gfnn`r`dtfht` lusfj o`hrdfdb nrcl p`rncrlhdj`. Lhdy `xj`oo`dt lusfjfhds hr` hao` tc nudjtfcd ht h prcn`ssfcdho o`v`o o `v`o pur`oy o`hrdfdb hdg p`rncrlfdb lusfj ay `hr. Ncr `xhlpo`, Yhuo LjJhrtd`y fs udhao` tc r`hg dct`s. We`r` fs dc `vfg`dj` e` ehs gyso`xfh, aut e` fs h bfnt`g lusfjfhd wftecut te` hafofty tc r`hg lusfj. Wc r`hg hdg p`rncrl lusfj, lhdy gfnn`r`dt hr`hs cn te` arhfd ehv` tc wcrm tcb`te`r. Q`s`hrje secws teht te` arhfd prcj`ss`s pftje (sphtfho fdncrlhtfcd) hdg reytel (sylaco r`jcbdftfcd) gfnn`r`dtoy hdg ht gfnn`r`dt hr`hs cn te` arhfd. 7 We` phtt`rd cn hjtfvhtfcd ncr r`hgfdb o`tt`rs, dula`rs cr lusfjho sylacos fs gfnn`r`dt hjrcss te` arhfd. Refo` r`hgfdb o`tt`r, dula`rs hdg lusfj dct`s sehr` scl` d`twcrms, te`y hr` phrtoy fdg`p`dg`dt, hdg tcthooy fdg`p`dg`dt nrcl lusfj hafoftf`s. Jcds`qu`dtoy, te`r` hr` lhdy jclafdhtfcds cn gfnnfjuotf`s we`d ft jcl`s tc te` jcdd`jtfcd a`tw``d gyso`xfh hdg lusfj hafoftf`s. D`fte`r cn te`l ruo`s cut scl`cd` nrcl a`jclfdb h lusfjfhd.
Lusfjho gyso`xfh ‚ gc`s ft `xfsts cr dct3 Q`s`hrje o`hg tc te` jcdjousfcd, teht sp`jfnfj lusfjho gyso`xfh jcuog cjjur. Hjjcrgfdb tc te` r`s`hrje`rs, tefs g`nfjft lhy a` r`oht`g tc pftje cr lusfjho sylacos cr acte. Ecw`v`r, dc jcdjousfv` jhs` cn lusfjho gyso`xfh ehs y`t a``d lhg`.0 Fdncrlhtfcd prcj`ssfdb hdg te` ahjmbrcudg hafoftf`s teht ncrl te` smfoos hr` cv`rohppfdb hdg hdy gfsturahdj`s fd cd` hr`h jhd jhus` gfnnfjuotf`s fd cte`r hr`hs. Ecw`v`r, tercube hghptfv` jclp`dshtfcd l`tecgs lcst cn te` prcao`ls jhd a` hggr`ss`g. Weht lhy `xpohfd wey ft fs gfnnfjuot tc nfdg jo`hr jhs`s.
:
A. Z. Khhrslh H. K. K. L. Qufkss`dhhrs R. ^hd g`d Arc`jm Gyso`xfh hdg O`hrdfdb Lusfjho Dc-
thtfcd (8665) H Yfoct Ztugy Hddhos cn Gyso`xfh 75 8:2-807 8:2 -807 7
Clhr, Qcehdf, Ehfostcd`, Kuofh J. Rhrr`d, Khd` @., Jrutje, Z`ahstfhd K., Rhrr`d, Khscd G.
(1989) We` jcbdftfv` crbhdfzhtfcd cn lusfj mdcwo`gb`; h jofdfjho hdhoysfs. Arhfd. Hpr= 8::(7); 8199 ‚818:. 0
Eæa`rt, Zyovf`= Juggy, Ocoh O. (199>) Lusfj-r`hgfdb g`nfjf`djf`s hdg te` arhfd. Hgvhdj`s fd
Jcbdftfv` Ysyjecocby. ^co 1. Dc 1-:, pp 866-19>. 81
Re`te`r te` sc jhoo`g ―lusfjho gyso`xfh‖ fs hd fdg`p`dg`dt sydgrcl` cr ft fs k ust hdcte`r hr-
tfnfjfho jht`bcry, te` lhfd thsm fs tc nfdg te` strcdb hdg w`hm pcfdts cn h o`hrd`r hdg nfdg te` lhtjefdb fdstrujtfcd tc o`hrd lusfj hs w`oo hs o`hrdfdb tc hjqufr` hdy cte`r smfoos prcp`roy.
8:
Jehoo`db`s r`ohtfdb tc te` sp`jfnfj o`hrdfdb gfnnfjuoty Yrcao`l hr`hs Gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs lhy `djcudt`r prcao`ls fd cd` cr lcr` cn te` ncoocwfdb hr`hs;
Hugftcry smfoos.
Lctcr smfoos.
Zphtfho smfoos.
^fsuho p`rj`ptfcd.
Wflfdb smfoos.
Zecrt-t`rl l`lcry.
Yecdcocbfjho prcj`ssfdb.
Jc-crgfdhtfcd.
Jcdj`dtrhtfcd.
Crbhdfshtfcd.
Z`qu`djfdb.
Jcdsfg`rfdb te` hafoftf`s teht lusfj o`hrdfdb r`qufr`s, ft fs cavfcus teht gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs nhj` sfbdfnfjhdt ahrrf`rs fd tefs r`sp`jt. We` jcllcdoy fg`dtfnf`g prcao`ls ncr tecs` wfte gyso`xfh we`d stugyfdb lusfj fdjoug`;
O`hrdfdb dcthtfcd.
@y`-`hr-ehdg jc-crgfdhtfcd.
L`ocgfj hdg reytelfj r`p`tftfcd.
Lhfdthfdfdb h st`hgy a`ht.
Fd lcr` g`thfos;
Q`hgfdb lusfj hjjurht`oy, wftecut o`hvfdb cut cr hggfdb tcd`s. Dct howhys fd te`
shl` pohj` fd te` sjcr`.
Hjjurht` r`jcbdftfcd cn reytelfj nfbur`s teht occm hofm`.
Hjjurht` dcthtfcd cn lusfj, `sp`jfhooy fd `xhlfdhtfcds, we`r` te` `xtrh t`dsfcd arfdbs lcr` `rrcrs.
Rrftfdb lusfj gfjthtfcds (pftje`s, reytel hdg/ cr jecrgs) hs te` pupfo wrft`s scl`tefdb `os` gcwd tehd weht e` l`hdt tc gc hdg e` jhddct s`` efs lfsthm`.
O`hrdfdb hdg r`l`la`rfdb te` jcdjr`t` crg`r cn sjho`s hdg hrp`bbfcs (trfhgs, s`v`dtes, fdv`rsfcds, `tj.). 87
Q`l`la`rfdb h l`ocgfj (reytelfj) perhs` hdg a`fdb hao` tc sfdb cr johp ft ahjm. Ycssfaoy efs nhdthsy lhm`s scl`tefdb `os` cut cn te` crfbfdho perhs`, cr e` jhd cdoy r`l`la`r phrt cn weht e` e`hrg.
Zfbet-r`hgfdb `fte`r pohyfdb cr sfdbfdb.
Wrhdsohtfdb wrftt`d cr fooustrht`g fdstrujtfcds hacut t`jedfqu` (ncr `xhlpo`, nfdb`rfdb jehrts) nrcl te` accm cr te` achrg tc te` fdstrul`dt.
Jcudtfdb r`sts cr l`hsur`s cn r`sts fd hd `ds`lao`.
Yohyfdb te` hjjclphdfl`dt cr jcudt`rpcfdt phrt.
Q`hgfdb wcrgs hdg lusfj sfluothd`cusoy.
Wrhdspcsfdb lusfj.
Q`hgfdb nrcl twc cr lcr` jo`ns (hs fd trclacd`, vfcoh, vfcofd, j`ooc.)
Psuhooy te` prcao`ls ncrl `dcube r`hscd tc bfv` up lusfj o`hrdfdb. We` gyso`xfj arhfd ehs h vhst jhphjfty tc o`hrd, kust dct te` usuho why. We` gfnnfjuotf`s hrfs` a`jhus` te` gyso`xfj o`hrd`r‖s arhfd d``gs lcr` stfluof tc g`v`ocp h smfoo. Ecw`v`r, hnt`r te` ―pfjtur`‖ fs jclpo`t`, ft wcuog wcrm cd h v`ry efbe o`v`o. We` ―hoo cr dcd`‖ why cn o`hrdfdb
l`hds h ocdb tfl` wftecut g`t`jthao` g`v`ocpl`dt. We` ohjm cn te` usuho st`p-ay- st`p hpprchje fs jehrhjt`rfstfj tc te` gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs‖ `v`ry lhdfn`sthtfcd. We` o`hrd`r hdg hosc te` `dvfrcdl`dt p`rj`fv` dc cr v`ry oftto` prcbr`ss ncr h sfbdfnfjhdt p`rfcg cn tfl`.
Z`on-jcdnfg`dj` hdg lctfvhtfcd We` rcct cn te` prcao`l lhy a` te` fdt`rpr`thtfcd cn te` socw prcbr`ss. We` b`d`rho hpprchje fs teht hao` o`hrd`rs o`hrd nhst hdg pccr o`hrd`rs o`hrd socw. Ft s``ls tc a` h ocbfjho hpprchje, aut ft fs wrcdb. @nn`jtfv` o`hrdfdb o`hgs tc efbe hafoftf`s, aut `nn`jtfv` o`hrdfdb fs dct cd` typ` cn o`hrdfdb. Qhte`r, `nn`jtfv` o`hrdfdb fs p`rscdhofz`g o`hrdfdb fdvcovfdb lhdy gfnn`r`dt l`tecgs wefje lhy cr lhy dct a` `nn`jtfv`. We`r` hr` lhdy gyso`xfj gy so`xfj o`hrd`rs wfte `xj`oo`dt oft`rho, lhte`lhtfjho hdg lusfjho hafoftf`s, y`t te`r` n`w wfte cutsthdgfdb hafoftf`s fd te`s` hr`hs. Wecs` wec `xj`o prcahaoy ehg sunnfjf`dt tfl` hdg r`j`fv`g prcp`r fdstrujtfcd fd h suppcrtfdb `dvfrcdl`dt tc g`v`ocp te`fr hafoftf`s. Gu` tc te` fdjcrr`jt kugb`l`dt cn te` socw prcbr`ss cn gyso`xfh o`hrd`rs, lhdy s`jcdghry prcao`ls hdg gfsturahdj`s lhy hrfs` hdg ehrg`d te` ofn` cn gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs hdg te`fr
t`hje`rs. We` lcstoy fg`dtfnf`g hr`;
Ocw s`on-`st``l.
80
Nrustrhtfcd.
@xehustfcd.
Hdxf`ty.
N`hr cn nhfour`.
8>
H g`sjrfptfcd cn sufthao` t`hjefdb l`tecgcocbf`s hdg prhjtfj`s We` lhfd n`htur` cn fdjousfv` fdstrujtfcd fs teht ft cnn`rs gfnn`r`dt whys ncr te` o`hrd`rs tc o`hrd, fdjougfdb te` l`tecgs teht nft o`hrd`rs wfte sp`jfho d``gs suje hs tecs` wfte gyso`xfh. H t`hje`r d``gs tc mdcw h vhrf`ty cn l`tecgs hdg o`t te` o`hrd`r secw wefje cd` sufts te` a`st. We` lcst flpcrthdt thsm fs tc `dsur` teht stug`dts hr` sujj`ssnuo fd crg`r tc pr`s`rv` te`fr fdt`r`st hdg lctfvhtfcd tc o`hrd. We` a`st why tc t`hje fs tc mdcw te` fdgfvfguho's strujtur` cn hafoftf`s hs w`oo hs fdgfvfguho jclp`dshtfcd t`jedcocbf`s hdg hghpt o`hrdfdb l`tecgcocby hjjcrgfdboy. We`r` hr` p`rscdho phtt`rds cn te` str`dbtes hdg w`hmd`ss`s cn h gyso`xfj o`hrd`r a`ycdg te` jehrhjt`rfstfjs jhus`g ay gyso`xfh. Zcl` l`tecgs jhd a` us`nuo ncr `v`ryacgy, we`r`hs cte`rs hr` hr ` hgvhdthb`cus cdoy ncr s`o`jt`g o`hrd`rs. Jcdsfg`rfdb teht gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs nr`qu`dtoy lfx up stfluof, t`hjefdb ehs tc a` strujtur`g, juluohtfv`, hdg tecrcube. H o`hrd`r secuog d`v`r a`jcl` a` jcl` udj`rthfd, a`jhus` hnt`r hdy-
tefdb ehs a``d lfx`g up, ft wfoo a` udsthao` mdcwo`gb` ncr`v`r. Fd teht r`sp`jt, o`ss fs lcr`. D`w lht`rfho secuog dct a` fdtrcguj`g a`ncr` te` pr`vfcus mdcwo`gb` ehs a``d shn`oy hjqufr`g. Q`p`tftfcd fs te` lcte`r cn o`hrdfdb, hdg `v`d lcr` sc ncr gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs. @nn`jtfv` l`tecgs jhd a` brcup`g hs ncoocws;
Luotf-s`dscry hpprchje ‚ ‚ ft us`s gfnn`r`dt lcghoftf`s hdg jrcss-lcghoftf`s tc g``p`d te` `nn`jt cn te` stfluof.
Hsscjfhtfcds ‚ ‚ fdncrlhtfcd jhd a` sthafofz`g fn ft fs jcdd`jt`g tc hdcte`r, hor`hgy sthao` mdcwo`gb` cr hdytefdb teht jhd a` h jcdd`jtfcd tc te` d`w fdncrlhtfcd.
―Nfrst ecofstfj te`d s`qu`dtfho‖ hpprchje ‚ ‚ rhte`r tehd sthrtfdb wfte st`p-ay-st`p st`p -ay-st`p l`tecgs, ft bfv`s te` ohrb` pfjtur` hdg aufogs te` g`thfos tc ft l`tecgfjhooy.
Luotf-s`dscry t`hjefdb Luotf-s`dscry o`hrdfdb fs te` dcrlho why cn eulhd o`hrdfdb, y`t tefs hpprchje fs cnt`d dct us`g. Psfdb lcr` lcghoftf`s l`hds teht pccr`r s`ds`s b`t suppcrt nrcl a`tt`r s`ds`s, hdg teht s`ds`s suppcrt `hje cte`r. We` lcr` suppcrtfdb pcfdts w` ehv`, te` lcr` sthao` te` o`hrdfdb wfoo a`jcl`. Hs hd `xhlpo`, e`r` fs weht Ze`foh Cbo`tecrp`> subb`st`g hs luotf-s`dscry l`tecgs tc
t`hje te` sjho` cn J lhkcr cd h pfhdc; Ze` jclafd`s te` hugftcry hdg mfdh`ste`tfj s`ds`s. Ft e`ops h oct fn pupfos e`hr te`ls`ov`s shy hocug weht te`y d``g tc o`hrd, r`fdncrjfdb tefs ay n``ofdb te`fr nfdb`rs we`r` pcssfao`.
>
Hutecr cn te` accm ―Fdstrul`dtho Lusfj ncr Gyso`xfjs‖ 82
Nfbur` 8; Jrha whomfdb
H prhjtfj` cn te` nfdb`rs hdg te` dct`s fs te` jrha whom. We` o`hrd`r jhd prhjtfj` nfdb`r lcv`l`dts wefo` o`hrdfdb te` dhl`s cn te` m`ys. We`s` `x`rjfs`s jhd a` hghpt`g ncr fdstrul`dts cte`r tehd te` pfhdc. Fn ycu hr` t`hjefdb te` nout`, te` o`hrd`r jhd s``, e`hr hdg n``o te` nfdb`rfdb n fdb`rfdb cd te` phgs. Cd te` trulp`t, te` pcsftfcd cd te` vhov`s hdg cd te` vfcofd, te` nfdb`rfdb cd te` strfdbs. H pfjtur` cn te` m`yachrg wfte te` nfdb`r dula`rs cn te` sjho` cd ft jhd hosc a` e`opnuo. Ecw`v`r, scl` o`hrd`rs gc dct tefdm fd t`rls cn nfdb`r dula`rs, sc cte`r whys ehv` tc a` fdv`dt`g. We` sjho` jhd a` wrftt`d cut hs dct`s cd te` pfhdc hacv` te` m`ys.
Aufogfdb hsscjfhtfcds Re`d t`hjefdb h o`hrd`r wfte gyso`xfh, cd` d``gs tc aufog d`w fdncrlhtfcd cd `xfstfdb mdcwo`gb`. We` sthao` pcfdts jhd tf` te` d`w pcfdts. Hsscjfhtfcds jcdd`jt s`phrht` ft`ls. We`y jhd a`rte te` lcst flpcrthdt `o`l`dts, hdg cte`r g`thfos jhd a` htthje`g tc te`s` sthao` pcfdts. @xhlpo`; Re`d o`hrdfdb sjho`s, te` stug`dts jhd jcl` up wfte hdy pfjtur` teht e`ops te`l
r`l`la`r teht h sjho`. Ztug`dts lhy, ncr `xhlpo`, r`l`la`r te` G lhkcr sjho` hs te` cd` wfte Nfse hdg Jefps fd ‚ te` Nfse r`pr`s`dtfdb N sehrp hdg Jefps r`lfdgfdb te`l cn te` J sehrp. Gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs lhy jcdnus` o`nt hdg rfbet. Hvcfg usfdb te`s` t`rls ay r`pohjfdb te`l wfte cte`rs. Vcu jhd jcdd`jt tc hdy cak`jts cr `qufpl`dt fd te` rccl. @xhlpo`; O`nt tc te` wfdgcw, rfbet tc te` gccr. We` stug`dt jhd o`hrd tc nfdg te` hdjecrs fd
hdy rccl. Wefs wcrms w`oo fd jhs` cn te` pfhdc aut lhy a` lcr` gfnnfjuot wfte fdstrul`dts fd te` ehdg hs te` stug`dt jhd lcv` hdg turd tc cte`r gfr`jtfcds. Re`d pohyfdb te` vfcofd cr hdcte`r strfdb fdstrul`dt, ft fs `hsy tc gfnn`r`dtfht` a`jhus` cn te` hsyll`trfj pcstur`; Wc te` vfcofd, tc te` stfjm. Fd te` ohjm cn suje cavfcus gfnn`r`dj`s, te` t`hje`r ehs tc `djcurhb` te` stug`dt tc nfdg scl`tefdb teht jcuog e`op tc gfnn`r`dtfht` te` gfr`jtfcds. Qfaacds cd h ehdg, `tj., jcuog jcdstftut` hsscjfhtfcd pcfdts. We`r` hr` whys cn p`rj`fvfdb hdg o`hrdfdb o` hrdfdb teht hr` dct jcllcd= suje whys hr` cnt`d dct us`g aut lhy secw v`ry pr`jfs`oy te` sp`jfho rcut`s cn te` sp`jfho o`hrd`rs. Jhs` stugf`s lhy r`v`ho suje sp`jfhotf`s. 85
@xhlpo`; H gyso`xfj lusfj o`hrd`r r`pcrt`g teht a`jhus` se` jcuog dct o`hrd o `hrd nou`dt dct`
r`hgfdb, se` ehg tc o`hrd te` lusfj ay e`hrt fn se` whdt`g tc pohy. Hs e`r lusfj s`ds` whs dct bccg `dcube tc a` hao` tc pohy te` lusfj hnt`r e`hrfdb, nfrst se` ehg tc l`lcrfz` te` pfhdc pf`j`s. Ze` jcuog pohy lhdy pf`j`s ay e`hrt a`jhus` se` l`lcrfz`g te` lcv`l`dts ay hsscjfhtfdb te` s`qu`dj`s tc spcdthd`cusoy hrfsfdb flhbfdhry stcrf`s cn te` pfhdc m`ys (hd`jgctho r`n`r`dj` nrcl bufg` jcdtrfautcr).
Nfrst ecofstfj hpprchje= te`d s`qu`dtfho We` m`y fs teht ft fs `hsf`r tc ohy cut h puzzo` fn ycu jhd s`` te` pfjtur` teht secuog a` te` r`suot, tehd tc try wfte te` slhoo pf`j`s wftecut hdy efdt cn te` afb pfjtur`. Wc s`` te` jcdd`jtfcds, te` afb pfjtur` fs hd hgvhdthb`. Yhtt`rds a`ocdb tc te` str`dbte cn te` gyso`xfj arhfd . Ft fs `hsf`r tc r`l`la`r h weco` pfj-
tur` tehd h s`qu`dj`. Ncr `xhlpo`, tc r`l`la`r h YFD jcg`, h gyso`xfj arhfd rhte`r r`l`la`rs te` phtt`rd cn te` m`yphg tehd te` s`qu`dj` cn te` dula`rs. Hosc, h pecd` dula`r fs `hsf`r tc r`l`la`r usfdb h pfjtur` cn te` m`yphg hdg te` lcv`l`dts cd ft. Zflfohroy, lfdg lhps jhd a` cn br`ht e`op tc te` gyso`xfj arhfd a`jhus` te`y hr` ecofstfj hdg ht te` shl` tfl` secw g`thfo. Re`d o`hrdfdb lusfj, gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs lhy dct r`hg fdgfvfguho dct`s `hsfoy, aut rhte`r te` sehp`s hs te`y hpp`hr. Ycfdtfdb cut phtt`rds ‚ ‚ acte l`ocgfj hdg reytelfj ‚ jhd e`op tc g`jfpe`r te` lusfj= ft sflpofnf`s tefdbs. Zcl`tfl`s fd h pf`j` cn lusfj te`r` hr` cdoy h n`w ahrs tc o`hrd hs lhdy ahrs hr` r`p`ht`g. Ft fs dct j`rthfd teht te` o`hrd`r dctfj`s ft, aut te` t`hje`r jhd j hd pcfdt te`l cut. M``pfdb sflfohr nfdb`rfdbs fd sflfohr phsshb`s fs h typ` cn h lcv`l`dt phtt`rd. Zfo`dtoy jec-
r`cbrhpe te` dct`s cd te` m`ys, n``ofdb te` phtt`rd udg`r te` nfdb`rs jhd e`op tc wcrm cut h phtt`rd. H sp`jfho jhs`; H prcn`ssfcdho pfhdfst wfte gyso`xfh shw phtt`rds hdg sehp`s fd lusfj, cn
wefje ‚ tc e`r surprfs` ‚ cte`r lusfjfhds s``l`g ohrb`oy udhwhr`. Ze` thoms fd efbeoy brhpefj t`rls hacut ehvfdb h jo`hr pfjtur` cn `hje jclpcsftfcd ‚ p`rj`fv`g hs h kcurd`y tercube h ter``-gfl`dsfcdho ohdgsjhp` cn strujtur`s, lfo`stcd`s, ohdglhrm ohdglhrmss hdg jcocurs. Ze` nfdgs wcrmfdb cd rfbet hdg o`nt ehdgs s`phrht`oy hdg socwoy fs nhtho ‚ te` pfjtur` fs nrhbl`dt`g.2
2
Lhjlfoohd, K`ddy (1990) Lusfj hdg gyso`xfh - hdg ecw Zuzumf e`ops, @urcp`hd Zuzumf Hssc-
jfhtfcd R`a-Kcurdho, Zprfdb. www.`urcp`hdsuzumf.crb 86
Jclpo`x l`tecgs We`r` hr` w`oo-g`v`ocp`g prcbrhls tc t`hje lusfj, hdg te` hpprchje hdg te` `o`l`dts `o `l`dts te`s` prcbrhls us` hr` v`ry jocs` tc te` d``gs cn te` gyso`xfj o`hrd`r. Zuzumf l`tecg
Zefdfjef Zuzumf‖s lusfj fdstrujtfcd l`tecg lflfjs te` o`hrdfdb cn te` lcte`r tcdbu`. Wefs
hpprchje tc t`hje jefogr`d lusfj fs `nn`jtfv` hosc ncr gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs. Ft fs sflfohr tc s`jcdgohdbuhb` o`hrdfdb, wefje fs dc prcao`l ncr h gyso`xfj o`hrd`r hlcdb dhtfv` sp`hm`rs, ncoocwfdb te` o`hrdfdb cn te` lcte`r tcdbu`. We` Zuzumf hpprchje s``ls tc hggr`ss lhdy cn te` prcao`ls fg`dtfnf`g fd te` r`s`hrje oft`rhtur` ncr ycudb lusfjfhds wfte gyso`xfh. We` Zuzumf l`tecg fs e`opnuo ncr te` gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs, sullhrfs`g ay te` ncoocwfdb;
Ztrujtur`g hdg syst`lhtfj o`hrdfdb.
Juluohtfv`, te`r` hr` `dcube r`p`tftfcds hdg o`hrd`rs lhfdthfd te`fr phst r`p`rtcfr`.
Fdftfhooy pohyfdb ay `hr hotecube o`hrdfdb dcthtfcd nrcl te` `hrof`st sthb`=
Lusfjho hdg t`jedfjho pcfdt fd cd` pf`j` a`ncr` prcbr`ssfdb=
Ps`s hurho, vfsuho hdg mfdh`ste`tfj s`ds`s=
Octs cn n``gahjm hdg g`lcdstrhtfcds ay r`jcrgfdbs cn te`fr pf`j`s, cas`rvhtfcd cn cte`r o`hrd`rs‖ o`sscds, hdg whtjefdb te`fr t`hje`r‖ g`lcdstrhtfcd=
Zhn` o`hrdfdb ay pohyfdb reytel bhl`s hdg sfdbfdb hjtfvfty bhl`s wfte cte`r jefogr`d fd udfscd, gu`ts, cr cte`r `ds`lao`s ht brcup o`sscds=
@lpehsfs cd t`jedfqu` nrcl te` v`ry nfrst o`sscd, te`y o`hrd tc a` hwhr` cn `v`ry lcv`l`dt=
@lpehsfs cd lusfjfhdsefp, te`y o`hrd tc ofst`d jhr`nuooy tc te` scudgs te`y hr` lhmfdb
Dhturho, hdy jefog wec jhd sp`hm efs/e`r dhtfv` ohdbuhb` ehs te` pct`dtfho tc o`hrd tc pohy lusfj
Mcghoy l`tecg
[cothd Mcghoy whs h Eudbhrfhd jclpcs`r, hutecr, `gujhtcr hdg `xp`rt cd Eudbhrfhd ncom scdbs. We` l`tecg whs g`v`ocp`g ay efs jcoo`hbu`s hdg stug`dts ahs`g cd efs t`hjefdbs. We` hpprchje hdg te` prhjtfj` cn te` l`tecg hr` v`ry jocs` tc te` whys gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs d``g. E`r` hr` scl` flpcrthdt dct`s;
@v`rycd` fs jhphao` hdg ehs te` rfbet tc lusfjho oft`rhjy.
19
Zfdbfdb fs te` ncudghtfcd cn lusfjho o`hrdfdb.
Lusfj `gujhtfcd lust a`bfd wfte te` v`ry ycudb.
Bhl`s, lcv`l`dts, fdstrul`dts, r`hgfdb hdg wrftfdb lusfj wfte sfdbfdb hr` fdjcrpcrht`g.
We` prcj`ss ncoocws h jefog's dhturho o`hrdfdb g`v`ocpl`dt;
Hurho - Crho ‚ Mfdh`ste`tfj
Rrftt`d - ^fsuho ‚ Hastrhjt
H lcgfnf`g v`rsfcd cn te` Jurw`d‖s5 ehdg sfbds fs us`g fd te` Mcghoy L`tecg tc t`hje stu-
g`dts ecw tc sfdb fd pftje. We` luotf-s`dscry l`tecg fs cd` cn te` lcst `nn`jtfv` phrts cn tefs lusfj o`hrdfdb hpprchje. Crnn L`tecg
Wefs hpprchje fs h why cn fdtrcgujfdb hdg t`hjefdb jefogr`d lusfj cd h o`v`o teht te`y jhd `hsfoy jclpr`e`dg. Lusfjho jcdj`pts hr` o`hrd`g tercube sfdbfdb, jehdtfdb, ghdj`, lcv`l`dt, grhlh hdg te` pohyfdb cn p`rjussfcd fdstrul`dts. Flprcvfshtfcd, jclpcsftfcd hdg h jefog's dhturho s`ds` cn pohy hr` `djcurhb`g. Octs cn lusfj g`vfj`s hr` us`g gurfdb te` Crnn o`sscds; xyocpecd`s, jhsthd`ts, a`oos, trfhdbo`s, jylahos thlacurfd`s, tflphdf, bcdbs, st``o gruls hdg jcdbh gruls hdg lhdy cte`r p`rjussfcd fdstrul`dts hr` phrt cn te` t`hjefdb. Q`hgfdb quct`s ay Jhro Crnn `xpohfds wey efs l`tecg fs `sp`jfhooy us`nuo ncr gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs; "@xp`rf`dj` nfrst, te`d fdt`oo`jtuhofz`." "Zfdj` te` a`bfddfdb cn tfl`, jefogr`d ehv` dct ofm`g tc stugy. We`y wcuog luje rhte`r pohy, hdg fn ycu ehv` te`fr fdt`r`sts ht e`hrt, ycu wfoo o`t te`l o`hrd wefo` te`y pohy...“
"@o`l`dtho lusfj fs d`v`r kust lusfj. Ft's acudg up wfte lcv`l`dt, ghdj` hdg sp``je, hdg sc ft fs h ncrl cn lusfj fd wefje cd` lust phrtfjfpht`, fd wefje cd` fs fdvcov`g dct hs h ofst`d`r aut hs h jc-p`rncrl`r."6
5
Kced Jurw`d whs h jcdbr`bhtfcdho lfdfst`r hdg Arftfse `gujhtcr. E` pcpuohrfs`g h syst`l cn lusfjho dcthtfcd mdcwd hs te` tcdfj sco-nh crfbfdhooy g`v`ocp`g ay Zhrhe Hdd Jocv`r. Fd jcdkudjtfcd wfte te` sco-nh syoohao`s, e` g`v`ocp`g ehdg sfbds. 6
ettp;//lusfj`g.hacut.jcl/cg/o`sscdpohds/tp/crnnl`tec ettp;//lusfj`g.hacut.jcl/cg/o`sscdpohds/tp/crnnl`tecg.etl g.etl 18
O`hrdfdb t`jedcocbf`s ncr fdjousfv` t`hjefdb cn lusfj tc stug`dts wfte gyso`xfh Rcrmfdb wfte gyso`xfj stug`dts fs h bccg cppcrtudfty tc g`v`ocp jr`htfvfty fd t`hjefdb wefo` hosc bhfdfdb h a`tt`r udg`rsthdgfdb cn ecw stug`dts o`hrd fd b`d`rho. Lhdy t`jedcocbf`s jhd a` e`opnuo fd tefs prcj`ss. Hdjf`dt hdg lcg`rd tccos e`op r`hofz` te` sp`jfho l`tecgs. W`jedcocby cn te` 18st j`dtury jhd bhfd fg`hs nrcl te` ushb` cn te` acgy hdg tccos fd lusfj. Gfbftho hssfstfv` hdg stugy t`jedcocbf`s jhd a` us`g tc prcvfg` hd `nn`jtfv` o`hrdfdb `dvfrcdl`dt ncr `v`ryacgy.
Psfdb te` acgy hdg te` `v`ryghy tccos ‚ s`dscry-lctcr t`jedcocbf`s Lhdy `v`ryghy tccos jhd a` us`g hs lusfjho fdstrul`dts. fdstrul`dts. Lusfjho bohss`s fd te` lusfj johss`s
Zfdbfdb bohss`s hr` dct cdoy hd `dt`rthfdl`dt ht te` gfdd`r thao`, aut hosc h lusfj tcco teht jhd a` us`g fd lusfj johss`s. H w`t nfdb`r lcvfdb hocdb te` rfl cn te` bohss, hdg wftefd h n`w s`jcdgs h sp`jfho scudg jhd a` prcguj`g. We` bohss`s jhd a` tud`g ay grfdmfdb cr hggfdb scl` grcps cn wht`r, udtfo te` bohss`s sfdb tcb`te`r fd h sflpo` jecrg, cr h weco` sjho`. We` prcp`r dct`s jhd a` prcguj`g ay jclphrfdb te` scudg cn te` bohss tc hdcte`r fdstrul`dt cr usfdb hd `o`jtrcdfj tud`r, tudfdb hpp, tudfdb ncrm cr t`o`pecd`. H bccg tud`r hpp fs Yfhdc Wud`r.
Wefs sflpo` tcco jhd e`op tc udg`rsthdg h oct nrcl te` peysfjs cn lusfj, wefo` jr`htfdb wcdg`rnuo scudgs. @v`d tecs` wfte gysprhxfh, gfnnfjuoty fd hjtfvftf`s r`qufrfdb jccrgfdhtfcd hdg lcv`l`dt, ehs h jehdj` tc us` ft. M``pfdb te` reytel
Lhdy tccos hr` hvhfohao` ncr reytel prhjtfj`. Zthrtfdb wfte cwd acgy phrts wefje hr` howhys ht ehdg, cr usfdb hdy ecus`ecog cak`jts, ofm` Ztclp. Z`` Ztclp fd te` mftje`d; mftje`d; ettps;//www.ycutua`.jcl/whtje3vJZpnj9 Yrhjtfjfdb jhd a` nud wfte strhdb` cak`jt bfvfdb cut gfnn`r`dt scudgs. Y`rjussfcd fd phfrs cr fd brcups e`op te` o`ss hao` l`la`rs tc a` sujj`ssnuo. We` brcup p`rjussfcd `djehdts `v`ryacgy.
11
Jups hr` cd` cn te` lcst pcpuohr tccos ncr reytel bhl`s dcwhghys. Lcr` hdg lcr` gfnnfjuot jecr`cbrhpef`s jhd a` g`v`ocp`g. Dct cdoy m``pfdb te` a`ht, aut hosc l`lcrfzfdb s`qu`dj`s jhd a` trhfd`g ay tefs bhl`. Mfdh`ste`tfj l`tecgs
We` eulhd acgy, te` s`dscry hdg lctcr crbhds c rbhds hr` phrt cn te` lusfj. We` lcr` te`y hr` us`g fd o`hrdfdb, te` `hsf`r hdg lcr` sthao` r`suot jhd a` hjef`v`g. Ehdg sfbds
We`r`'s h ocdb efstcry cn r`ohtfdb te` dct`s cn te` sjho` tc te` acgy - bcfdb ahjm lcr` tehd h tecushdg y`hrs tc Bufgc cn Hr`zzc hdg te` "Bufgcdfhd ehdg" flhb` teht pr`s`dts te` lusfjho sjho` ht vhrfcus kcfdts cn `hje nfdb`r.
Wcghy, te` sfbds g`vfs`g ay Kced Jurw`d fd te` 85te j`dtury hr` hsscjfht`g wfte te` Mcgèoy l`tecg cn t`hjefdb. We` ehdg sfbds jcv`r hd cjthv` cn h lhkcr sjho`, hdg `hje fs p`rncrl`g fd h gfnn`r`dt v`rtfjho pcsftfcd. Fn jcocurs hr` hgg`g, te` l`tecg hosc ehs luotf-s`dscry suppcrt.
1:
Ghojrcz` @ureytelfjs
Ztug`dts jhd o`hrd reytel hdg strujtur` ay ofst`dfdb tc lusfj hdg `xpr`ssfdb weht te`y e`hr tercube spcdthd`cus acgfoy lcv`l`dt. Ncr `xhlpo`, dct` vhou`s hdg reytels hr` r`pr`-
s`dt`g ay st`ppfdb hdg johppfdb. Hosc, sco-nh fs phrt cn te` Ghojrcz` o`sscds tc lhm` o`hrdfdb h tctho s`dscry-lctcr prcj`ss. Re`d syoohao`s hr` hssfbd`g tc te` dct`s cn te` sjho`, te`y `dhao` te` lusfjfhd tc e`hr te` pftje`s l`dthooy wefje jhd a` s``d hs h dct`, hdg hosc jhd a` vcjhofz`g. Hjtfvfty hdg nr`` `xpocrhtfcd hr` br`ht tc suppcrt o`hrdfdb. Flprcvfshtfcd usfdb fdstrul`dts hdg te` acgy `djcurhb`s flprcv`l`dt cn te` flhbfdhtfcd, jr`htfv` `xpr`ssfcd, fdd`r e`hrfdb, lusfj hppr`jfhtfcd hdg udg`rsthdgfdb cn lusfjho jcdj`pts. Accl wehjm`rs cr a`oos
Accl wehjm`rs jr`ht` gfstfdjt tcd`s we`d wehjm`g hbhfdst h surnhj`. We` tcd` fs g`t`rlfd`g ay te` o`dbte cn te` tua`. We` tua`s hr` jut tc te` jcrr`jt o`dbtes tc ncrl te` `fbet dct`s fd h J lhkcr gfhtcdfj sjho`. We` tua`s jr`ht` tcd`s fd luje te` shl` why hs cte`r tua`-sehp`g fdstrul`dts.
Dct te` jcocur cdoy, aut fd te` nfrst pohj` te` sfz` cn te` tua`s hr` cn h br`ht e`op tc dhvfbht` hlcdb te` dct`s. Jcocur
Jcocurs hr` cnt`d us`g we`d t`hjefdb lusfj tc gyso`xfj stug`dts.
H s`t cn a`oos fd hdcte`r jcocur`g fdstrul`dt s`t. E`r`, te` jcocur jcg`s hr` gfnn`r`dt. V`t, hdy jcg` fs e`opnuo ncr h lusfj o`hrd`r, `sp`jfhooy cd` wfte pccr hdhoytfj fdncrlhtfcd prcj`ssfdb.
17
We` lusfj se``ts jr`ht`g ncr te`s` fdstrul`dts jhd a` us`g ncr gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs tc sthrt tc o`hrd dct`s. Hnt`r suasthdtfho prhjtfj`, te` jcocurs jhd a` o`nt cut hdg `v`d h gyso`xfj lusfjfhd wfoo a` hao` tc r`hg te` se``t. Ehdg sfbds hdg te` jcocur`g dct`s jhd a` jclafd`g tc suppcrt h luotf-s`dscry hpprchje.
Hdcte`r `xhlpo`; Efbe-ofbet`r p`ds fd ter`` gfnn`r`dt jcocurs ‚ cd` jcocur tc efbeofbet
sehrps, hdcte`r ncr nohts hdg nfdhooy cd` ncr dhturhos. Hosc, r`p`ht`g ahrs fd lusfj jhd a` jcocur-jcg`g ncr `hs`r r`jcbdftfcd. Ofm`wfs`, jcocurs lhy a` us`g tc fg`dtfny gydhlfjs.
Dct` r`hgfdb jhd hosc a` thubet usfdb jcocur. We` jcocur sthnn syst`l cn dcthtfcd g`vfs`g ay Lhrbhr`t Euafjmf r`oht`s `hje dct` tc te` jcocur cn te` rhfdacw fd h jyjofjho why. Cte`r syst`ls ncoocw te` rhfdacw jcocurs, aut sthrt gfnn`r`dtoy ofm` te` accl wehjm`rs, a`oos cr xyocpecd`s. H accm tfto`g ―H Qcs`tth Ztcd`‖ jcv`rs te` jcdd`jtfcd a`tw``d scudg hdg lusfj. We` ncoocw-
ettp;//www.vfrtucscfsl.jcl fdb ofdms r`ohy tefs fdncrlhtfcd; fdncrlhtfcd; ettp;//www.vfrtucscfsl.jcl
We`r` fs h VcuWua` ofdm tc te` fdtrcgujtfcd fd trcgujtfcd cn te` jcdj`pt; jcdj`pt; ettp;//ycutu.a`/^fu`58lcUfs, hdg h VcuWua` ofdm tc G`aussy‖s Hrha`squ` fd nuoo jcocur usfdb te` jcdj`pt; ettp;//ycutu.a`/YqFtW^KZEdP
10
Jcocur jcg`s fs dct sthdghrgfs`g hdg gfnn`r`dt jcocurfdb sje`l`s hr` a`fdb us`g. Lhdy lusfjho p`cpo` stht` teht N fs r`g, aut te`r` hr` scl` wec shys ft fs br``d, `tj. We`r` fs h g`aht` we`te`r peysfjs jhd bfv` te` rfbet hdsw`r usfdb nr`qu`djf`s. Cte`rs hrbu`s teht n``ofdb cn te` p`cpo` fs te` lcr` r`o`vhdt we`d ft jcl`s tc te` jcocurs cn te` dct`s. Ft fs gfnnfjuot tc g`jfg` wefje jcocur jcg` secuog a` us`g, aut ft fs hgvfshao` tc jeccs` hdg us` h jcocur jcg` jcdsfst`dtoy. We` jcocurs wfoo a` e`opnuo ncr h wefo`, hdg te`d `v`d `v` d te` gyso`xfj o`hrd`r wfoo a` hao` tc o`hv` te` jcocurs hdg r`hg te` dct`s.
W`jedcocbfjho tccos W`jedcocby jhd suppcrt o`hrdfdb fd lhdy whys. Fdgfvfguhofz`g lusfj se``ts jhd a` jr`ht`g. Ofm`wfs`, r`jcrgfdbs hdg prhjtfj` prcbrhls lhm` te` lusfj o`hrdfdb lcr` `nn`jtfv`. W`xt hdg flhb` `gftcr prcbrhls, tud`rs hdg te` trhfdfdb prcbrhls hr` te` lcst cavfcus t`jedcocbfjho tccos ncr te` lusfj o`hrd`rs. @sp`jfhooy gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs d``g t`jedcocbfjho hfgs tc jr`ht` fdgfvfguho o`hrdfdb tccos hdg `dvfrcdl`dts.
Jr`htfcd cn fdgfvfguho se``t lusfj Ze``t lusfj lhy a` lcgfnf`g hdg cptflfs`g tc te` fdgfvfguho gyso`xfj o`hrd`r luje fd te` shl` why hs ncdt nhj`s, sfz`s hdg jcocurs jhd a` us`g tc `hs` r`hgfdb. Zubb`stfcds tc o`hrd lusfj hs h gyso`xfj o`hrd`r nrcl h gyso`xfj lusfjfhd; 8. @dohrb` te` lusfj se``ts. 1. Yut jcrr`spcdgfdb jcocurs ht a`bfddfdb hdg `dg cn ofd`s (br``d ht `dg cn cd` ofd` hdg a`bfddfdb cn d`xt ofd`, te`d aou`, te`d br``d, `tj.) tc nhjfoftht` te` `y` nfdgfdb te` d`xt ofd`. :. Ghrm`d te` lfggo` ofd` cn te` sthv` hdg te` nfrst o`gb`r ofd`s hacv` hdg a`ocw. 7. Q`wrft` te` lusfj sc teht hoo te` st`ls ehv` te` shl` gfr`jtfcd. 0. Lhm` sur` teht te` lusfj fs wrftt`d fd prcpcrtfcdho dcthtfcd (teht ehon dct`s cjjupy twfj` hs luje sphj` hs quhrt`r dct`s) tc nhjfoftht` reytel r`hgfdb. We`r` hr` s`v`rho lhfdstr`hl prcbrhls hvhfohao` tc lcgfny se``t lusfj. Hs suje, te`r` fs dc d``g tc us` sp`jfho hppofjhtfcds, tecube te`y hr` hosc hvhfohao`.
Ze``t lusfj `gftcr prcbrhls Psfdb h lusfj se``t `gftcr dct cdoy suppcrts jr`htfcd cn fdgfvfguhofz`g lusfj se``ts= wefo` wcrmfdb cd te` se``t, te` o`hrd`r jhd g`v`ocp h g``p`r udg`rsthdgfdb cn te` dcthtfcd. We`r` hr` lhdy nr`` lusfj se``t `gftcr prcbrhls. Zcl` `xhlpo`s;
Lus`sjcr` nr`` se``t lusfj `gftcr; `gftcr; ettps;//lus`sjcr`.crb ettps;//lus`sjcr`.crb
1>
Nfdho` jr`ht`s crje`strhtfcds cn up tc 5 sthv`s hdg `dt`rs dct`s ay jofjmfdb te`l fdtc te` sthnn cr flpcrtfdb LFGF cr LusfjULO nfo`s. nfo`s. ettps;//www.nfdho`lusfj.jcl/prcgujts/nfdho`-dct`phg ujts/nfdho`-dct`phg
Noht fs h jcoohacrhtfv` lusfj dcthtfcd scntwhr`, w`a-ahs`g lusfj sjcr` `gftcr tc jcoohacrht` hdg jclpcs`; jclpcs`; ettps;//noht.fc ettps;//noht.fc
Q`jcrg`g lusfj hdg g`lcdstrhtfcd Q`jcrgfdbs e`op tc r`l`la`r te` lusfj ay ofst`dfdb tc ft lhdy tfl`s. Ecw`v`r, ft ehs hdcte`r flpcrthdt hgvhdthb`. Refost ofst`dfdb tc te` lusfj, h nfdb`r jhd ncoocw te` ofd` cn te` lusfj cd te` phb` sflfohroy hs ncoocwfdb te` t`xt wfte te` nfdb`r wefo` r`hgfdb. Cd` cn te` lhfd ncjus`s cn te` Zuzumf l`tecg fs tc o`hrd tc pohy h pf`j` cn lusfj ay ofst`dfdb tc ft hs ahaf`s o`hrd tc sp`hm ay e`hrfdb te`fr lcte`r sp`hm. Yrcvfgfdb r`jcrgfdbs cn te` lusfj tc a` pohy`g, hdg r`buohroy g`lcdstrhtfdb perhs`s hdg phsshb`s fd te` o`sscd, fs `ss`dtfho ncr gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs. Z`v`rho r`jcrgfdb hppofjhtfcds hr` hvhfohao`;
Hughjfty fs h nr``, cp`d scurj`, jrcss-pohtncrl hugfc scntwhr` ncr luotf-trhjm r`jcrgfdb hdg `gftfdb; `gftfdb; ettp;//www.hughjftyt`hl.crb ettp;//www.hughjftyt`hl.crb
OLLZ fs hd hugfc wcrmsthtfcd ncr jr`htfdb gfbftho lusfj; lusfj; ettps;//olls.fc ettps;//olls.fc
Zp`m fs nr`` scntwhr` hvhfohao` ncr Pdfx, Rfdgcws hdg Lhj CZ U. Ft e`ops tc hdhoys` hugfc nfo`s ay secwfdb te`fr sp`jtrcbrhl; sp`jtrcbrhl; ettp;//sp`m.jj ettp;//sp`m.jj
Lfxxx fs hd cp`d scurj` jclput`r prcbrhl ncr GK lusfj, d dhtfv`oy htfv`oy suppcrts lcst jcllcd lusfj nfo` ncrlhts, hdg jhd a` jcdtrcoo`g wfte LFGF hdg EFG jcdtrcoo`rs; ettp;//www.lfxxx.crb ettp;//www.lfxxx.crb
Yrcbrhls hdg hppofjhtfcds ncr prhjtfj` W`jedfjho scoutfcds jhd hosc e`op o`hrdfdb hdg prhjtfjfdb. We`r` hr` nr`` cdofd` prcbrhls hdg hppofjhtfcds ncr jclput`r hdg lcafo` g`vfj`s tc o`hrd lusfj, g`v`ocp hdg prhjtfj` lusfj hafoftf`s. We` a`st pohj` tc sthrt; ettp;//www.lfo`s.a` ettp;//www.lfo`s.a` Hohfd A`dahssht‖s l`tecg jhd a` us`nuo ncr scl` gyso`xfj o`hrd`rs. E` us`s jcdd`jtfcds cn scudgs tc trhfd te` `hr. Efs trhfdfdb ―Nudjtfcdho @hr Wrhfd`r‖ fs hvhfohao` cdofd` hdg ncr lcafo`
g`vfj`s ncr nr``. Zcl` cte`r `xhlpo`s;
Dct` Wrhfd`r; ettp;//hdgrcfg-hpm.crb/hpm/jcl.afbacxohas.dct`trhfd`r/8.9>/frfsehdgrcfg/dct`+trhfd`r+( ohas.dct`trhfd`r/8.9>/frfseh dgrcfg/dct`+trhfd`r+(sfbet+r`hgfdb)/ sfbet+r`hgfdb)/
12
Yfhdc Jclphdfcd ‚ ‚ jecrgs, sjho`s, prcbr`ssfcds; ettps;//pohy.bccbo`.jcl/stc ettps;//pohy.bccbo`.jcl/stcr`/hpps/g`thfos3fg
View more...
Comments
