TCC - Patologias Na Construção Civil Prevenção

 

TK@ZDQR@GHGD JDGDQHL GD TADQLÁKG@H BTQRI GD DKODKNHQ@H B@Z@L

LDIKHQGI BTKNH JQHOH

]HWILIO@HR KH BIKRWQTÏÂI B@Z@L3 ]QDZDKÏÂI

TADQLÁKG@H 1=80. 8

 

 

LDIKHQGI BTKNH JQHOH

]HWILIO@HR KH BIKRWQTÏÂI B@Z@L3 ]QDZDKÏÂI

Wrhahlni gd Bikblusâi gd Bursi, gi Bursi gd Dkodknhr`h B`v`l gh Tk`vdrs`ghgd Jdgdrhl gd Tadrlákg`h biei hvhl`hïâi gi sdedstrd.

Ir`dkthgir3 ]rij. Gr. ]huli Qiadrti Bhahkh Outdrrds

TADQLÁKG@H 1=80. 1

 

 

]HWILIO@HR KH BIKRWQTÏÂI B@Z@L3 ]QDZDKÏÂI

Wrhahlni gd Bikblusâi gd Bursi hprdsdkthgi hi Bursi gd Dkodknhr`h B`v`l gh Tk`vdrs`ghgd Jdgdrhl gd Tadrlákg`h, biei rdqu`s`ti phrh iatdkïâi gi Wåtuli gd Ahbnhrdl de Dkodknhr`h B`v`l.

Tadrlákg`h, 1? gd cukni gd 1=80.

 YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY  YYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYY ]rij. Gr. ]huli Qiadrti Bhahkh Outdrrds, TJT/EO

 YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY  YYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYY ]rij. Gr. Cihqu`e Eèr`i Bhld`ri Hbdra`, TJT/EO

 YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY  YYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYY ]rijª. Grª. Qhqudl Kh`hrh Jdrkhkgds R`lvh, TJT/EO

2

 

 

GDG@BHWÒQ@H

Gdg`bi dssd trhahlni íqudlds qud sdeprd ed hpi`hrhe kh e`knh jirehïâi prij`ss`ikhl3 Ciâi Aht`sth, Ehr`h R`eikd, Ousthvi, Z`tòr`h, he`ois d jhe`l`hrds.

7

 

 

HOQHGDB@EDKWIR

 Ki gdbirrdr gh rdhl`zhïâi rdhl`zhïâi gdstd trhahlni t`vd i hpi`i d h hs hss`stãkb`h s`stãkb`h gd vèr`hs pdss pdssihs ihs ís quh`s tdkni eu`th orht`gâi, pi`s prdsthrhe ue phpdl gd sueh `epirtákb`h phrh qud dssd trhahlni jissd bikbrdt`zhgi. Hlouehs gdlhs edrdbde ue horhgdb`edkti dspdb`hl, cè qud t`vdrhe ueh  phrt`b`phïâi dssdkb`hl dssdkb`hl hi likoi likoi gh e`knh trhcdtòr`h. trhcdtòr`h. Hi edu ir`dkthgir, ]rijdssir Gr. ]huli Qiadrti Bhahkh Outdrrds, pdli hpi`i, pdlh phb`ãkb`h,  pdli depdkni gdg`bhgi d pir tdr bikj`hgi kh e`knh pitdkb`hl`ghgd phrh h bikblusâi gi trhahlni. His Wàbk`bis gi Lhairhtòr`i gd Ehtdr`h`s _hkgdrly d Br`st`hkd, pir tdrde ed hux`l`hgi kh djdt`vhïâi gis dksh`is bie phb`ãkb`h d hpt`gâi. Hi pdgrd`ri Ghk`dl, pir ed hcughr ki prdphri ghs hrohehsshs d bikjdbïâi gi ph`kdl. His edus jhe`l`hrds pir ed eit`vhr d ed ehktdr jjibhgi ibhgi kh bikblusâi gdssd trhahlni.

4

 

 

“  

]riburd sdr ue niede gd vhlir, de

vdz gd sdr ue niede gd subdssi

 

―  

(Hladrt D`kstd`k) :

 

 

QDRTEI I sdtir gh bikstruïâi b`v`l tdvd ue orhkgd brdsb`edkti kis ólt`eis hkis, nhvdkgi bie `ssi i gdsdkvilv`edkti gdsdkvilv`ed kti gd eu`ths tdbkilio`hs d kivis prigutis vilthgis phrh dsth `kgóstr`h. Kh èrdh gd rdvdst`edkti niuvd i suro`edkti gd ehtdr`h`s hg`t`vis qud tde biei pr` pr`kb`phl kb`phl vhkthode h nieiodkd`ghgd gi trhïi d edkir dsphïi ibuphgi ki bhktd`ri gd iarh, de rdlhïâi h hrohehssh  prdphrhgh de iarh. iarh. I prdsdktd prdsdktd trhahlni tde biei iacdt`vi biephrhr biephrhr is t`pis gd hrohehsshs gd rdvdst`edkti ut`l`zhgis kh b`ghgd gd Tadrlákg`h/EO bie ueh hrohehssh qud hprdsdktiu vèr`is  prialdehs de ueh iarh libhl. ]hrh ]hrh dstd j`e jirhe hvhl`hgis hvhl`hgis 2 trhïis g`jdrdktds g`jdrdktds gd hrohehsshs hrohehsshs gd rdvdst`edkti, gi`s trhïis bieuedktd ut`l`zhgis kh rdo`âi d ue trhïi sdedlnhktd hi ut`l`zhgi kh iarh de qudstâi, htrhvàs gd dksh`is jås`bis d v`suh`s rdhl`zhgis ki Lhairhtòr`i gd Ehtdr`h`s gd Bikstruïâi gh Jhbulghgd gd Dkodknhr`h B`v`l gh Tk`vdrs`ghgd Jdgdrhl gd Tadrlákg`h. Jirhe rdhl`zhgis is dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h h bieprdssâi, rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi, rds`stãkb`h pitdkb`hl gd hgdrãkb`h hi supirtd, hasirïâi gd èouh d iasdrvhïâi gi gdsdkvilv`edkti gd j`ssurhïôds. ]hrh `ssi, ji` dxdbuthgi ue ph`kdl gd alibi bdráe`bi, h j`e gd rdpriguz`r dxhthedktd hs bhrhbtdråst`bhs gh iarh bie hs phtilio`hs ibirr`ghs. I ph`kdl gd  alibi bdráe`bi rdbdadu, de ueh jhbd, h hpl`bhïâi gd bnhp`sbi ehkuhl d pistdr`iredktd hpl`bhïâi ghs hrohehsshs, kh iutrh jhbd, ji` hpl`bhgh h hrohehssh g`rdthedktd ki alibi bdráe`bi, bikjired gdsdkvilv`gi kh iarh qud sdrvd gd phráedtri biephrht`vi. Hpòs is dksh`is, jirhe hkhl`shgis is rdsulthgis d bndoiu-sd í bikblusâi qud h edlnir hrohehssh sdr`h h ut`l`zhgh kh iarh libhl, d qud h jhlth gd biktrild tdbkilòo`bi d is drris gd gishode tdr`he s`gi h bhush ghs phtilio`hs dkbiktrhghs.

]hlhvrhs-bnhvd3 Hrohehsshs gd rdvdst`edkti, bikstruïâi b`v`l, pripr`dghgd ghs hrohehsshs,  phtilio`hs.

?

 

 

HARWQHBW Wnd b`v`l bikstrubt`ik sdbtir nhs oriwk strikoly `k rdbdkt ydhrs, w`tn tnd gdvdlipedkt ij ordht tdbnkilio`ds hkg kdw prigubts h`edg ht tn`s `kgustry. Wnd hrdh ij j`xht`ik j` xht`ik whs tnd hgvhkbd ij hgg`t`vd ehtdr`hls tnht nhs hs eh`k hgvhkthod tnd nieiodkd`ty ij tnd trhbd hkg tnd sehlldr hrdh ibbup`dg ht tnd bikstrubt`ik s`td, `k rdlht`ik ti h eirthr prdphrdg ik s`td. Wnd iacdbt`vd ij tn`s wirf `s ti biephrd tnd typds ij eirthr ij tnd b`ty ij Tadrlákg`h / EO w`tn h eirthr tnht  prdsdktdg sdvdrhl prialdes `k h libhl wirf. Jir tn`s, tnrdd g`jjdrdkt biht`ko eirthrs wdrd dvhluhtdg, twi trhb`kos wdrd dxplirdg `k tnd rdo`ik hkg h s`e`lhr trh`t whs jiukg `k tnd wirf bhrr`dg iut tnriuon pnys`bhl hkg v`suhl tdsts bhrr`dg iut ht tnd Bikstrubt`ik Ehtdr`hls Lhairhtiry ij tnd Jhbulty ij B`v`l Dko`kddr`ko ij tnd Jdgdrhl Tk`vdrs`ty ij Tadrlákg`h. Qds`sthkbd strdkotn tdsts, jldxurhl strdkotn, pitdkt`hl rds`sthkbd ti suppirt, whtdr hasirpt`ik hkg iasdrvht`ik ij tnd gdvdlipedkt ij j`ssurds wdrd pdrjiredg. Jir tn`s, `t whs h bdrhe`b alibf  phkdl, h j`le dxhbtly l`fd tnd bnhrhbtdr`st`bs ij tnd wirf w`tn phtnilio`ds ibburrdg. Wnd bdrhe`b bdrhe`b  alibf phkdl rdbd`vdg rdbd`vdg ik ikd s`gd h bnhptdr bnhptdr hppl`bht`ik ehkuhl ehkuhl hkg h suasdqu suasdqudkt dkt hppl`bht`ik ij eirthrs, hkitndr jhbd whs hppl`dg h eirthr g`rdbtly `k tnd bdrhe`b alibf, hs gdvdlipdg `k tnd wirf tnht sdrvds hs h biephrht`vd phrhedtdr. Hjtdr tnd tr`hls, tnd rdsults wdrd biepldtdg hkg, `k tnd j`khl hkhlys`s, tnd bikblus`ik `s adttdr tnhk tnd libhl wirf, hkg tnht lhbf ij tdbnkilio`bhl biktril hkg biktril drrirs hrd h bhusd ij tnd phtnilio`ds dkbiuktdrdg.

Fdywirgs3 Biht`ko eirthrs, b`v`l bikstrubt`ik, pripdrty ij eirthrs, phtnilio`ds.

>

 

 

L@RWH GD J@OTQHR J`ourh 8 - J`ssurhs kh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti. ........................................................ ........................................................................ ................ 80 80  

J`ourh 1 - Hlti åkg`bd gd hasirïâi gd èouh hpòs pdråigis gd bnuvh. ................... ......................................... ........................... ..... 11== J`ourh 2 - Ruastrhti sde bnhp`sbi d bie gdsplhbhedkti gh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti. ................. 1= 1= J`ourh 7 - Bhehghs gd rdvdst`edkti ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... .......................... ..... 27 J`ourh 4 - Hg`t`vi ut`l`zhgi ki luohr gh bhl n`grhthgh ................... ......................................... ........................................... .......................... ..... 2? J`ourh : - Alibi bdráe`bi ut`l`zhgi phrh eikthode gi ph`kdl..................... ........................................... .................................. ............ 7= J`ourh ? - Jhbd H gi ph`kdl bie bnhp`sbi .......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... .................... 7= J`ourh > - Jhbd A sde bnhp`sbi ...................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ............ 78 J`ourh 0 - Qdbiedkghïôds gi jhar`bhktd gi hg`t`vi.  ........................................... ................................................................ .......................... ..... 78 78   J`ourh 8= - Jluxiorheh bie hs dthphs gis dksh`is rdhl`zhgis  ....................................................... ...................................................... 71 71  

J`ourh 88 - Dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi................... .......................................... ............................................ ................................. ............ 77 77   J`ourh 81 - Dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi .......................................... ............................................................... .......................... ..... 77 77   J`ourh 82 - Dspdssurh gi rdaibi hpl`bhgi ki suastrhti .................... .......................................... ........................................... ......................... 74 J`ourh 87 - Ehssh dpòx` ut`l`zhgh phrh h j`xhïâi ghs phst`lnhs edtèl`bhs ........................................ ....................................... 7: J`ourh 84 - Juris rdhl`zhgis pdlh sdrrh bipi .......................................... ............................................................... ...................................... ................. 7:

0

 

 

J`ourh 8: - ]hst`lnhs edtèl`bhs j`xhghs ki ph`kdl.. ............................................................ ........................................................................ ............ 7? J`ourh 8? - Hphrdlni ut`l`zhgi phrh hpl`bhr bhroh gd trhïâi ......................................................... ............................................................ 7? J`ourh 8> - W`pis gd rupturh de suastrhti sde bnhp`sbi ...................... ............................................ ......................................... ................... 7> J`ourh 80 - W`pis gd rupturh de suastrhti bie bnhp`sbi. ..................................................... .............................................................. ......... 7> J`ourh 1= - Bhbn`eai orhguhgi de =,8el d ehssh gd bhlhjdthr ................... ......................................... ........................... ..... 7700 J`ourh 18 - J`xhïâi gis bhbn`eais de bhgh ph`kdl gd hrohehssh .................... ......................................... ......................... 4= J`ourh 11 - Dksh`i gd hasirïâi sdkgi rdhl`zhgi.................................................... rdhl`zhgi....................................................................... ................... 4= J`ourh 12 - Jhbd H (bie bnhp`sbi) hpòs hpl`bhïâi gi rdaibi .................. ........................................ ............................... ......... 41 J`ourh 17 - Jhbd A (sde bnhp`sbi) hpòs hpl`bhïâi gi rdaibi ......................................... .................................................. ......... 4411 J`ourh 14 - J`ssurhs ki ph`kdl gd hrohehssh his 1> g`hs .............................. .................................................... ........................... ..... ::22 J`ourh 1: - Hepl`hïâi gd j`ssurh ki ph`kdl gd hrohehssh ............................... ..................................................... .......................... :2 J`ourh 1? - Hepl`hïâi gd j`ssurh ki ph`kdl gd hrohehssh ............................... ..................................................... .......................... :2

8=

 

 

L@RWH GD WHADLHR  Whadlh 8 - Blhss`j`bhïâi ghs hrohehsshs ......................................... .............................................................. ......................................... .................... 1111

Whadlh 1 - Blhss`j`bhïâi ghs hrohehsshs quhkti suhs jukïôds...................... ............................................ .................................. ............ 12 Whadlh 2 - Qdlhïâi dktrd hs pripr`dghgds d h orhkuliedtr`h gis hordohgis ..................................... .................................... 14 Whadlh 7 - ]r`kb`ph`s t`pis gd b`edkti ........................................................... ................... 1: b `edkti ut`l`zhgis ki Arhs`l .......................................... Whadlh 4 - ]r`kb`ph`s t`pis gd hg`t`vis ut`l`zhgis khs hrohehsshs hrohehsshs .................... .......................................... ............................... ......... 1> Whadlh : - Xuhkt`tht`vis gd ehssh phrh bhsh biepikdktd gh hrohehssh ......................................... ........................................ 2> 2>   Whadlh ? - Dksh`is rdhl`zhgis d kirehs birrdspikgdktds. ............................................................ ................................................................ 72 72   Whadlh > - Qdsulthgi gi dksh`i gd rds`stãkb`h h trhïâi pir jldxâi ................... ......................................... ............................... ......... 42 Whadlh 0 - Gdsv`i phgrâi ghs rds`stãkb`hs pir `ghgd ........................................... ................................................................ .......................... ..... 47 Whadlh 8= - Blhss`j`bhïâi quhkti h rds`stãkb`h h trhïâi kh jldxâi ................................................... .................................................. 44

Whadlh 88 - Qdsulthgi gi dksh`i gd rds`stãkb`h h bieprdssâi ........................................................ ....................................................... 44 Whadlh 81 - Gdsv`i phgrâi ghs rds`stãkb`hs pir `ghgd ................... ......................................... ........................................... .......................... ..... 4: Whadlh 82 - Blhss`j`bhïâi quhkti h rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi ......................................................... ........................................................ 4? Whadlh 87 - Blhss`j`bhïâi quhkti h tdksâi Qh .................... ......................................... .......................................... ...................................... ................. 4? Whadlh 84 - Qdsulthgis gis dksh`is gd hgdrãkb`h .................. ......................................... ............................................ ................................. ............ 4> 4>  

88

 

 

Whadlh 8: - Qdsulthgis gi dksh`i gd pdredha`l`ghgd .......................................... ............................................................... .......................... ..... := Whadlh 8? - Xuhkt`ghgd gd j`ssurhs gd hbirgi bie h `ghgd gh hrohehssh .................... ....................................... ................... ::11

81

 

 

L@RWH GD HAQDZ@HWTQHR D R@OLHR HAB] - Hssib`hïâi Arhs`ld`rh gd B`edkti ]irtlhkg ]irtlhkg HAKW - Hssib`hïâi Arhs`ld`rh gd Kirehs Wàbk`bhs HI] - Hrohehssh gh iarh bie phtilio`hs H]8 - Hrohehssh phgrâi 8 H]1 - Hrohehssh phgrâi 1 be - bdktåedtris

o/be± - orhehs pir bdktåedtri quhgrhgi Fo/e² - qu`liorheh pir edtri bóa`bi e`k - e`kutis Fo - qu`liorheh el - e`l`l`tris

be² - bdktåedtris bóa`bis ee - e`låedtris E]h - Edoh ]hsbhl  KAQ - Kireh Kireh Arhs Arhs`ld`rh `ld`rh Qdoulhedkthgirh WBB - Wrhahlni gd Bikblusâi gd Bursi

82

 

 

Rueèr`i  8 

@KWQIGTÏÂI ........................... ............. ........................... .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ............. 8: 

8.8 

............................... ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 8?  Iacdt`vi Odrhl ...............

8.1 

Iacdt`vis dspdbåj`bis .............. .............................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 8? 

8.2 

................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ........................... .......... 8>  Cust`j`bht`vh .................

8.7 

................................ ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ............................. ............. 8>  L`e`thïôds ................

8.4 

............................................... ................................. ................................ ................ 80  ]htilio`hs dkbiktrhghs kh iarh ..............................

1 

QDZ@RÂI A@AL@IOQÈJ A@AL@IOQÈJ@BH @BH ........................... ........... ........................... ........................... ........................... ................... ...... 18 

1.8

R`stdeh gd rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. ..................... .... 18 

1.1 

Blhss`j`bhïâi ghs hrohehsshs ................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ................................. .................. .. 18 

1.2 

................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ........................... .......... 17  Biepis`ïâi .................

1.7 

.............................. ................................ ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ................ 17  Hordohgis..............

1.4 

............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... ........... 14  Holiedrhktds ...............

1.4.8  

B`edkti......................................................................................................................14  

1.4.1  

Bhl..................................................................... Bhl.................................. ................................................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ............1: 

1.4.2  

................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ........................... .......... 1?  Bhl n`grhthgh .................

1.4.7  

Bhl n`grèul`bh ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ........................... .......... 1? 

1.4.4  

Èouh............................................................... Èouh......................... ....................................................................... ............................................................ ........................................ .............1? 

1.4.:  

.............................. ................................ ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ................ 1?  Hg`t`vis.... ..............

1.: 

.............................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................. ................... .. 1>  Jukïôds ..............

1.? 

]ripr`dghgds ............... ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... ........... 10 

1.?.8  

Dsthgi Jrdsbi ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ........................... .......... 10 

1.?.1  

.............................. ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ..................... ..... 28  Dsthgi Dkgurdb`gi ..............

1.> 

............................... ................................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ................................ ............... 22  Bhehghs ...............

2 

EHWDQ@H@R D EÀWIGIR ........................................................................... 24 

2.8 

Ehtdr`h`s ............... ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ................................ ............... 2: 

2.8.8

............................................... ................................ ............................. ............. 2:  Hrohehssh gh iarh bie prialdehs ...............................

2.8.1

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 2?  Hrohehsshs phgrik`zhghs ................

2.8.2

B`edkti..................................................................................................................................2>  87

 

 

2.8.7

Bhl..........................................................................................................................................2> 

2.8.4

Hrd`h.......................................................................................................................................20 

2.8.:

Èouh.......................................................................................................................................20 

2.8.?

Bnhp`sbi.................................................................................................................................20 

2.8.>

................................ ................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 20  Ahsds gd hpl`bhïâi de alibi bdráe`bi ................

2.8.0

Hg`t`vi plhst`j`bhktd - Zdghl`t .............. .............................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ..................... ..... 78 

2.1 

Eàtigis .............. .............................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................. ................... .. 71 

2.1.8

Qds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi d rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi ............................................ ............................................. .. 72 

2.1.1

............................................... ................................. .................. .. 74  Qds`stãkb`h pitdkb`hl gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi ..............................

2.1.2

................................. ................................ ............................. ............. 70  Hasirïâi gd èouh pdli Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai .................

2.1.7

Bikthode ghs j`ssurhs v`såvd`s. ............... ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................. ................... .. 48 

7 

QDRTLWHGIR ..............................................................................................

41 

7.8 

........................................ 42  Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi d rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi. .........................................

7.1 

................................................. ............................. ............. 4?  Qds`stãkb`h pitdkb`hl gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi .................................

7.2 

............................... ................................ ............................. ............. :=  Hasirïâi gd èouh pdli Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai ...............

7.7

Bikthode ghs j`ssurhs v`såvd`s ............... ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................. ................... .. :1 

4 

BIKR@GDQHÏÔDR J@KH@R .......................................................................... :7 

QDJDQÃKB@HR ...................................................................................................... :?  H]ÃKG@BDR .................... .......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ............................................ .................................. ............ :0 

84

 

 

8  @KWQIGTÏÂI H bikstruïâi b`v`l tdvd ue orhkgd brdsb`edkti kis ólt`eis hkis, nhvdkgi bie `ssi i gdsdkvilv`edkti gd eu`ths tdbkilio`hs d kivis prigutis vilthgis phrh dsth èrdh. Te gis sdoedktis gh bikstruïâi de qud nè dssh bikbirrãkb`h dktrd tàbk`bhs d ehtdr`h`s ut`l`zhgis nè eh`s tdepi à ki sdoedkti gd rdvdst`edktis gd hrohehssh. Dx`stde htuhledktd kh bikstruïâi b`v`l sdtirds rdspiksèvd`s pdlh ehkutdkïâi hpòs h iarh. Bie  ahsd kdssd kdssd jhti, kith-sd kith-sd ueh orhkgd orhkgd quhkt`ghgd gd `ktdrbirrãkb`hs `ktdrbirrãkb`hs rdlhb`ikhghs h hrohehss hrohehsshh gd rdvdst`edkti, sdchs dlhs pdlh eè dxdbuïâi gi sdrv`ïi iu pdlh ut`l`zhïâi `khgdquhgh gd ehtdr`h`s. I eh`s hkt`oi eàtigi gd prdphri gh hrohehssh à i priguz`gi de iarh, ikgd ut`l`zh-sd kirehledktd ueh e`sturh gd èouh, b`edkti, bhl n`grhthgh, hordohgi d pigdkgi iu kâi tdr hg`t`vis. À bieue h suast`tu`ïâi gh bhl n`grhthgh pir bhl låqu`gh, qud pir suh vdz sd trhth gd ue hg`t`vi, biei à i bhsi gi rdaibi gh iarh h sdr dstughgh. Dssh suast`tu`ïâi dstè l`ohgh h `kóedrhs phtilio`hs gd rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh, ueh vdz qud i prdphri de lhroh dsbhlh gdssh, kâi à hbiephknhgi gd ue biktrild gd gishode iu tdbkilòo`bi. Rdoukgi Kdti dt hl. (1=8=) h priguïâi gd hrohehssh de iarh rdprdsdkth 04% gi tithl gd hrohehssh biksue`gh ki phås. Dssd jhti, l`ohgi í jhlth gd biktrild tdbkilòo`bi ki bhktd`ri gd iarh, hpikth i pirquã gd eu`ths vdzds i kóedri gd phtilio`hs l`ohgi hi rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh sdr rdlht`vhedktd hlti.

H j`e gd pripir ueh edg`gh prdvdkt`vh phrh h bikstruïâi b`v`l, tirkh-sd vèl`gi i biephrht`vi dktrd h hrohehssh qud hprdsdktiu hkiehl`hs kh iarh gd rdjdrãkb`h d hs hrohehsshs ut`l`zhghs kh rdo`âi.

8:

 

 

8.8 

Iacdt`vi Odrhl

I iacdt`vi gh pdsqu`sh à biephrhr hs pripr`dghgds edbák`bhs ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi, phrh is trãs trhïis gd hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti3   Hrohehssh ut`l`zhgh pir ueh bikstrutirh dspdbåj`bh, de Tadrlákg`h, kue

•

bikgieåk`i rds`gdkb`hl6   Hrohehssh ut`l`zhgh kh rdo`âi bie ue tdir eåk`ei gd hordohgis6

•

  Hrohehssh ut`l`zhgh kh rdo`âi bie ue tdir eèx`ei gd hordohgis.

•

8.1  Iacdt`vis dspdbåj`bis

Is iacdt`vis dspdbåj`bis gdstd trhahlni sâi3 @.  Biephrhr is trãs pr`kb`ph`s trhïis tr hïis gd hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti `ktdrki ut`l`zhgis kh rdo`âi, eh`s prdb`shedktd kh b`ghgd gd Tadrlákg`h, de rdlhïâi h suhs pripr`dghgds edbák`bhs ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi6 @@.  Biephrhr is rdvdst`edktis ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi ut`l`zhkgi biei rdjdrãkb`h is vhlirds gis dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi, rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi, rds`stãkb`h pitdkb`hl gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi, hasirïâi gd èouh d iasdrvhïâi v`suhl gd tr`kbhs6   @@@.  Zdr`j`bhr sd hs hrohehsshs htdkgde is vhlirds eåk`eis dst`pulhgis pir kireh, phrh is dksh`is qud pissude vhlirds gdj`k`gis d pissåvd`s bhushs gd ah`xi gdsdepdkni6 gdsdepdkni6  @Z. ]ripir edg`gh edg`ghss prdvdkt`vhs phrh dv`thr phtilio`hs phtilio`hs ki rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh. hrohehssh. Râi jd`tis dksh`is phrh biephrhr hs hrohehsshs, ut`l`zhkgi gi`s suastrhtis g`jdrdktds phrh bhgh t`pi, ue bie bnhp`sbi d iutri sde bnhp`sbi (pribdg`edkti ushgi pdlh bikstrutirh)6 bikstrutirh)6 heais de hlvdkhr`h gd alibis bdráe`bis. Bie h iatdkïâi gis rdsulthgis d suhs gdv`ghs hvhl`hïôds, edg`ghs prdvdkt`vhs sâi pripisths, h j`e gd dv`thr hs phtilio`hs dkbiktrhghs kh hrohehssh ut`l`zhgh pdlh bikstrutirh.

8?

 

 

8.2  Cust`j`bht`vh 

H dsbilnh gi tdeh gi trhahlni ibirrdu gdv`gi í hlth `kb`gãkb`h gd phtilio`hs kh hrohehssh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti `ktdrki kue bikgieåk`i rds`gdkb`hl kh b`ghgd gd Tadrlákg`h/EO. I biephrht`vi dktrd is trãs t`pis gd hrohehssh sd tirkh `epirthktd phrh qud sd pissh hkhl`shr quhl gdlhs pissu` edlnirds pripr`dghgds d biksdqudktdedktd ue edlnir gdsdepdk gdsdepdkni ni khs dg`j`bhïôds. Iutri jhtir `epirthktd à h hkèl`sd gh ut`l`zhïâi gd kivis ehtdr`h`s ki prdphri ghs hrohehsshs. Dssd dstugi `rè pdre`t`r hvhl`hr sd i eàtigi gd prdphri gh edsblh gd hrohehssh, jirkdb`gi pdli jhar`bhktd, kâi rdsulth de ue gdsdepdkni hah`xi gi dspdrhgi iu sd h ehkd`rh gd prdphri ji` rdhl`zhgh sde biktrild gd gishode, qudr kh quhl`ghgd, qudr kh quhkt`ghgd gis biepikdktds. Iutri hspdbti `ktdrdsshktd gh pdsqu`sh à h hvhl`hïâi gd guhs gishodks, quhkt`tht`vhedktd g`jdrdktds, gd hrohehsshs priguz`ghs pdli edsei pribdssi gd jhar`bhïâi d pdlis edseis ehtdr`h`s, ikgd pigdrâi sdr iasdrvhghs hs g`jdrdkïhs qud h gishode pigd trhzdr phrh hs  pripr`dghgds ghs hrohehsshs. hrohehsshs. 8.7  L`e`thïôds

I dstugi rdhl`zhgi kdstd trhahlni hprdsdkth hlouehs l`e`thïôds6 dktrd dlhs dstè i jhti gd kâi sd biksdou`r iatdr `kjirehïôds j`gdg`okhs siard h gishode gh hrohehssh deprdohgh kis rdvdst`edktis gi bikgieåk`i gd biephrhïâi d sd rdhledktd ut`l`zhrhe i trhïi rdlhthgi pir jukb`ikèr`is gh deprdsh. Hlàe g`ssi, iptiu-sd pir rdhl`zhr is dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi siedktd de hlvdkhr`h gd alibi bdráe`bi, tdkgi de v`sth h kdbdss`ghgd gd rdpriguz`r i edsei s`stdeh bikstrut`vi d h ausbh pir ue bdkèr`i phtilòo`bi s`e`lhr hi dkbiktrhgi khs bikstruïôds gi bikgieåk`i gd biephrhïâi.

8>

 

 

8.4  ]htilio`hs dkbiktrhghs kh iarh

De v`s`th h iarh de qudstâi, ji` rdlhthgi vèr`is prialdehs kh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti, biei3   Jdkg`lnhïôds6

•

  Hlti åkg`bd gd hasirïâi gd èouh6

•

Gdsplhbhedkti kti gi suastrhti6   Gdsplhbhed

•

  Ah`xh rds`stãkb`h quhkti í hgdrãkb`h.

•

Hs J`ourhs 8, 1, d 2 `lustrhe hs phtilio`hs hb`eh b`thghs. J`ourh 8  ‒  J`ssurhs  J`ssurhs kh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

80

 

 

J`ourh 1  ‒  Hlti  Hlti åkg`bd gd hasirïâi gd èouh hpòs pdråigis gd bnuvh.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

J`ourh 2  ‒  Ruastrhti  Ruastrhti sde bnhp`sbi d bie gdsplhbhedkti gh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

1=

 

 

Hlàe g`ssi, h hrohehssh bndohvh í iarh pir ed`i gd ueh prà-e`sturh gd b`edkti d hrd`h j`kh, qud, tdir`bhedktd, gdvdr`h sdr h pripirïâi gd 837 (b`edkti3hrd`h j`kh).

1 QDZ@RÂI A@AL@IOQÈJ@BH  Kdstd bhpåtuli sdrè bhrhbtdr`zhgi i s`stdeh gd rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh hrohehssh,, gdsbrdvdkg gdsbrdvdkgii hs jirehs gd prdphri, ehtdr`h`s bikst`tu`ktds d pripr`dghgds gdsdchghs ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi.

1.8 R`stdeh gd rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh I rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh jhz phrtd gi s`stdeh gd vdghïâi ghs dg`j`bhïôds, pirthkti gdvd hprdsdkthr pripr`dghgds qud biktr`auhe phrh i hgdquhgi biepirthedkti gh vdghïâi d6 biksdqudktdedktd, biksdqud ktdedktd, ghs dg`j`bhïôds biei ue tigi (AH@H D RHAAHW@K@, 1==>). I s`stdeh gd rdvdst`edkti à gdj`k`gi pdlh HAKW KAQ 8241031=82, biei sdkgi ue bikcukti jirehgi pdlh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti d hbhahedkti gdbirht`vi, iadgdbdkgi hi qud dstè gdsbr`ti de pricdti d ldvhkgi de bikth jhtirds biei ahsd gd hpl`bhïâi, jhtirds gd dxpis`ïâi, hbhahedkti d gdsdepdkni j`khl. I rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh à gdj`k`gi biei i biar`edkti gh supdrjåb`d bie hs bhehghs gdj`k`ghs de pricdti, v`shkgi h hpl`bhïâi gd hbhahedkti gdbirht`vi iu sdr ut`l`zhgh biei hbhahedkti j`khl. Rdoukgi Ehkuhl gi Qdvdst`edkti gh HAB] (1==1), hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti à ueh e`sturh nieioãkdh gd holiedrhktds holiedrhktds (bhl d b`edkti), hordohgis (hrd`h), èouh. ]hrh edlnirhr iu bikjdr`r  pripr`dghgds í hrohehssh pigde pigde sdr ut`l`zhgis ut`l`zhgis hg`t`vis.

1.1 Blhss`j`bhïâi ghs hrohehs hrohehsshs shs Rdoukgi Bhrhsdf Bhrhsdf (1==?), nè vèr`is br`tàr`is qud pigde sdr ut`l`zhgis phrh h blhss`j`bhïâi ghs hrohehsshs, hrohehssh s, biei pigd sdr v`sti kh Whadlh 8 hprdsdkthgi h sdou`r.

18

 

 

Whadlh 8 - Blhss`j`bhïâi ghs hrohehsshs.

Br`tàr`i gd blhss`j`bhïâi

W`pi Hrohehssh hàrdh

Xuhkti í khturdzh gi holiedrhktd

Hrohehssh n`grèul`bh Hrohehssh gd bhl Hrohehssh gd b`edkti

Xuhkti hi t`pi gd holiedrhktd

Hrohehssh gd b`edkti d bhl Hrohehssh gd odssi Hrohehssh gd bhl d odssi

Xuhkti hi kóedri gd holiedrhktds

Hrohehssh s`eplds Hrohehssh e`sth Hrohehssh sdbh

Xuhkti í biks`stãkb`h gh hrohehssh

Hrohehssh plèst`bh Hrohehssh jlu`gh Hrohehssh piard iu ehorh

Xuhkti í plhst`b`ghgd gh hrohehssh

Hrohehssh eàg`h iu bnd`h Hrohehssh r`bh iu oirgh Hrohehssh ldvd

Xuhkti í gdks`ghgd gd ehssh gh hrohehssh

Hrohehssh kirehl Hrohehssh pdshgh Hrohehssh prdphrhgh prdphrhgh de iarh Hrohehssh `kgustr`hl`zhgh

Xuhkti í jireh gd prdphri iu jirkdb`edkti

Hrohehssh gishgh de bdktrhl E`sturh sde`prikth phrh hrohehssh

Jiktd3 Bhrhsdf (1==?). 

I hutir h`kgh blhss`j`bh hs hrohehsshs de b`kbi jukïôds th`s biei3 bikstruïâi gd hlvdkhr`h, rdvdst`edkti, biktrh p`si, hrohehsshs phrh bdráe`bh d hrohehsshs phrh rdphris de dstruturhs. H Whadlh 1, hprdsdkthgh h sdou`r, eistrh is t`pis gd hrohehssh phrh bhgh jukïâi.

11

 

 

Whadlh 1 - Blhss`j`bhïâi ghs hrohehsshs quhkti suhs jukïôds. 

Jukïâi

W`pis Hrohehssh gd hssdkthedkti

]hrh bikstruïâi gd hlvdkhr`hs

Hrohehssh gd j`xhïâi gh hlvdkhr`h gd vdghïâi Hrohehssh gd bnhp`sbi Hrohehssh gd deaiïi Hrohehssh gd rdaibi

]hrh rdvdst`edkti gd phrdgds d tdtis

Hrohehssh gd bhehgh ók`bh Hrohehssh phrh rdvdst`edkti gdbirht`vi eikibhehgh Hrohehssh gd biktrh p`si

]hrh rdvdst`edkti gd p`si

Hrohehssh gd hlth rds`stãkb`h phrh p`si Hrohehssh gd hssdkthedkti gd pdïhs gd bdráe`bh-

]hrh rdvdst`edktis bdráe`bis

bilhktd Hrohehssh gd rdcukthedkti

(phrdgds/p`sis) ]hrh rdbupdrhïâi gd dstruturhs

Hrohehssh gd rdphri Jiktd3 Bhrhsdf (1==?). 

I prdsdktd trhahlni tde biei ue gis iacdt`vis bhrhbtdr`zhr is s`stdehs gd rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh priguz`gh de iarh, pir `ssi, h sdou`r dstè h gdj`k`ïâi gdssh.   Hrohehssh priguz`gh de iarh

•

Hs hrohehsshs priguz`ghs de iarh sâi hs eh`s trhg`b`ikh`s ki Arhs`l. Dstd t`pi gd hrohehssh à dlhairhgi h phrt`r gd ueh gishode gdj`k`gh gd hbirgi bie is ehtdr`h`s deprdohgis. Hs hrohehsshs priguz`ghs de iarh kirehledktd sâi biepisths gd ehtdr`h`s holiedrhktds, hordohgis d èouh, pigdkgi iu kâi tdr h `kbirpirhïâi `kbirpirhïâi gd hg`t`vis. I orhkgd prialdeh gdstd t`pi gd hrohehssh à h gishode, qud eu`ths vdzds à jd`th gd jireh `khgdquhgh hjdthkgi hs  pripr`dghgds dx`o`ghs ís edsehs edsehs (QDBDKH, 1==>). 1==>). Qdohtt`dr` d R`lvh (1==2), ( 1==2), hj`rehe qud hs hrohehsshs priguz`ghs de iarh dkvilvde ue kóedri eh`ir gd pribdssis phrh suh jhar`bhïâi, bie `ssi kdbdss`the gd eh`ir dsphïi gd 12

 

 

hrehzdkhedkti hrehzdkhed kti phrh is ehtdr`h`s, eh`ir gdehkgh gd trhkspirtd gd ehtdr`h`s gdktri gi bhktd`ri gd iarhs d6 biksdqudktdedktd, ueh eh`ir ut`l`zhïâi gd eâi gd iarh.

1.2  Biepis`ïâi

Hs pr`kb`ph`s bhrhbtdråst`bhs d pripr`dghgds ghs hrohehsshs gdvd-sd pr`kb`phledktd h gishode d hi t`pi gd ehtdr`hl deprdohgi de suh priguïâi. Gdsth ehkd`rh à gd jukghedkthl `epirtákb`h bikndbdr h jukïâi gd bhgh ehtdr`hl qud bikst`tu` hs hrohehsshs (EHWIR, 1=82). H HAKW KAQ 8241031=82 gdj`kd hrohehssh biei sdkgi ue ehtdr`hl jirehgi ahs`bhedktd  pir htà b`kbi dldedktis aès`bis aès`bis sdkgi dlds3 dlds3 holiedrhktds, hordohgis, hordohgis, hg`ï hg`ïôds, ôds, èouh d hg`t`vis. 1.7  Hordohgis

I hordohgi à gdj`k`gi pir Ahudr (1==4), biei sdkgi i dsqudldti ghs hrohehsshs gd rdvdst`edkti. Rdoukgi i hutir is hordohgis tãe `kjluãkb`h g`rdth khs sdou`ktds pripr`dghgds ghs hrohehsshs3 rdtrhïâi, eòguli gd gdjirehïâi, rds`stãkb`h edbák`bh dktrd iutrhs. Guahc (1===), hj`reh qud hs pr`kb`ph`s jukïôds gis hordohgis khs hrohehsshs sâi3 i  prddkbn`edkti  prddkbn`ed kti biepldti gis vhz`is, i qud rdsulth de edkir biksuei gd holiedrhktds6 huedkthr h rds`stãkb`h h bieprdssâi gh phsth, d biktr`au`r phrh h g`e`ku`ïâi gh rdtrhïâi ghs hrohehsshs. Teh ghs pripr`dghgds eh`s `epirthktds h sdr iasdrvhgh kis hordohgis à h orhkuliedtr`h. Rdoukgi Ehkuhl gd Qdvdst`edkti gh HAB] (1==1), h orhkuliedtr`h gis hordohgis `kjludkb`h g`rdthedktd kh rdlhïâi èouh/b`edkti gh e`sturh. ]ir dstd eit`vi quhkti eh`s bikt`kuh h burvh orhkulieàtr`bh gi ehtdr`hl edlnir phrh h hrohehssh. H Whadlh 2, hprdsdkthgh hah`xi, eistrh hs pripr`dghgds ghs hrohehsshs d h rdlhïâi bie h orhkuliedtr`h gis hordohgis. hordohgis.

17

 

 

Whadlh 2 - Qdlhïâi dktrd hs pripr`dghgds d h orhkuliedtr`h gis hordohgis.

]ripr`dghgd

Xuhkti eh`s j`ki

Xuhkti eh`s gdsbikt`kuh jir h

orhkuliedtr`h

Xuhkti eh`ir i tdir

gd orâis hkoulisis

Wrhahlnha`l`ghgd

Edlnir

]`ir

]`ir

Qdtdkïâi gd èouh

Edlnir

-

 

Edlnir

Qdtrhïâi kh sdbhode

Huedkth

Huedkth

-

]iris`ghgd

-

 

Huedkth

-

Hgdrãkb`h

]`ir

]`ir

Edlnir

Qds`stãkb`h edbák`bh

-

 

]`ir

-

@epdredha`l`ghgdd @epdredha`l`ghg

]`ir

]`ir

-

   

 

 

Jiktd3 Ehkuhl gi rdvdst`edkti HAB] (1==1).

1.4  Holiedrhktds

Is holiedrhktds sâi ut`l`zhgis phrh jhzdr h l`ohïâi dktrd is orâis gis hordohgis khs hrohehsshs. hrohehssh s. Is gi`s t`pis t` pis gd holiedrhktds eh`s ut`l`zhgis sâi b`edkti d bhl, d sâi `epirthktds  pir suh biepis`ïâi biepis`ïâi quåe`bh, j`kurh d bhphb`ghgd bhphb`ghgd gd si sil`g`j`bhr, l`g`j`bhr, hlàe gd bikjdr`r h hrohehsshs hrohehsshs  pripr`dghgds biei biei hgdrãkb`h d rds`stãkb`h (GTAHC, 1===).

1.4.8 

B`edkti

I b`edkti à ut`l`zhgi khs hrohehsshs pir suh bhphb`ghgd gd dkgurdb`edkti, pir sdr ue holiedrhktd n`grèul`bi dld dkgurdbd de bikthti bie h èouh. Hlàe g`ssi bikjdrd rds`stãkb`h d hgdrãkb`h h hrohehsshs (GTAHC, 1===). Rdoukgi Guahc (1===), h biepis`ïâi quåe`bh gi b`edkti à h eh`ir rdspiksèvdl pir sdu biepirthedkti, ehs h j`kurh gi ehtdr`hl theaàe à `epirthktd. Xuhkti eh`ir h j`kurh gi b`edkti eh`ir suh bhphb`ghgd holut`khktd d bie `ssi nè ue huedkti gd suh rds`stãkb`h, hlàe gd hcughr de ueh edlnir rdtdkïâi gd èouh. I b`edkti `gdhl phrh hrohehsshs gdvd hprdsdkthr  pdoh d ohkni gd rds`stãkb`h orhght`vi phrh kâi sijrdr j`ssurhs gdv`gi h sdbhode s dbhode d h rdtrhïâi r dtrhïâi n`grèul`bh. 14

 

 

Is t`pis gd b`edkti, Whadlh 7, ut`l`zhgis ki Arhs`l jirhe l`sthgis pdli Ehkuhl gd Qdvdst`edkti gh HAB] (1==1), cukthedktd bie hs kirehs rdjdrdktds h bhgh ue. Whadlh 7 - ]r`kb`ph`s t`pis gd b`edkti ut`l`zhgis ki Arhs`l.

Gdkie`khïâi

R`olh

Kireh

B] @

KAQ- 4?21

]irtlhkg biepisti bie dsbòr`h

B] @@-D

KAQ-884?>

]irtlhkg biepisti bie pizilhkh

B] @@-S

KAQ-884?>

]irtlhkg biepisti bie j`lldr

B] @@-J

KAQ-884?>

]irtlhkg gd hlti jirki

B] @@@

KAQ-4?24

]irtlhkg pizilák`bi

B] @Z

KAQ-4?2:

B] Z-HQ@

KAQ-4?22

]irtlhkg bieue

]irtlhkg gd hlth rds`stãkb`h `k`b`hl

Jiktd3 Ehkuhl gi rdvdst`edkti HAB] (1==1).  1.4.1 

Bhl

H bhl à ue holiedrhktd hàrdi qud tde sdu dkgurdb`edkti gdv`gi h sdbhode d h rdhïâi bie i hk`gr`gi bhra÷k`bi (rdbhraikhthïâi) prdsdktd kh hteisjdrh. H bhl à deprdohgh de hrohehsshs,  pi`s bikjdrd ís edsehs h bhphb`ghgd bhphb`ghgd gd hasirvdr gdjirehïôds hlàe gd gd oohrhkt`r hrhkt`r h dsthkqud`ghgd dsthkqud`ghgd gi rdvdst`edkti (GTAHC, 1===).

I Ehkuhl gd Qdvdst`edkti gh HAB] (1==1), trhz bhrhbtdråst`bhs gd gi`s t`pis gd hrohehssh, ueh siedktd bie bhl d iutrh e`sth, bie bhl d b`edkti. Kh hrohehssh qud pissu` hpdkhs bhl, dld jukb`ikh biei holiedrhktd gh e`sturh bikjdr`kgi aih trhahlnha`l`ghgd d bhphb`ghgd gd hasirvdr gdjirehïôds h hrohehssh. Kdstd bhsi h hgdrãkb`h d h rds`stãkb`h edbák`bh sâi rdguz`ghs. Cè kh hrohehssh e`sth h bhl hcugh kh rdtdkïâi gd èouh gh hrohehssh, hlàe gd biktr`au`r phrh h n`grhthïâi gi b`edkti, trhahlnha`l`ghgd d bhphb`ghgd gd hasirvdr gdjirehïôds.

1:

 

 

1.4.2 

Bhl n`grhthgh

Rdoukgi h HAKW KAQ 888?13800= h bhl n`grhthgh à ue pò sdbi, iat`gh pdlh n`grhthïâi hgdquhgh gd bhl v`rode, bikst`tuågh dssdkb`hledktd gd n`gròx`gi gd bèlb`i iu gd ueh e`sturh gd n`gròx`gi gd bèlb`i d n`gròx`gi gd ehokàs`i, iu h`kgh, gd ueh e`sturh gd n`gròx`gi gd bèlb`i, n`gròx`gi gd ehokàs`i d òx`gi gd ehokàs`i. 1.4.7 

Bhl n`grèul`bh

Rdoukgi h HAKW KAQ 888?13800= h bhl n`grèul`bh à ue pò sdbi, iat`gh pdlh bhlb`khïâi h ueh tdepdrhturh pròx`eh í gh jusâi gi bhlbèr`i bie `epurdzhs sål`bihlue`kishs, jirehkgi s`l`bhtis, hlue`khtis d jdrr`ths gd bèlb`i, qud lnd bikjdrde ue bdrti orhu gd n`grhul`b`ghgd. 1.4.4 

Èouh

H èouh à i biepikdktd gh hrohehssh qud pripirb`ikh h rdhïâi dktrd is ehtdr`h`s. Deairh sdch ut`l`zhgh phrh rdoulhr h biks`stãkb`h gh e`sturh phrh sd iatdr ueh edlnir trhahlnha`l`ghgd, suh hg`ïâi gdvd sdr biktrilhgh d rdspd`thr i tdir prà-dsthadldb`gi ki pricdti, pi`s orhkgd quhkt`ghgd gd èouh dstè l`ohgh h g`e`ku`ïâi gd rds`stãkb`h gh hrohehssh. 1.4.: 

Hg`t`vis

Gd hbirgi bie h HAKW KAQ 8241031=82, is hg`t`vis sâi dspdb`j`bhgis biei priguti hg`b`ikhgi í hrohehssh de pdqudkh quhkt`ghgd, bie h j`khl`ghgd gd edlnirhr ueh iu eh`s  pripr`dghgds, ki dsthgi jrdsbi jrdsbi iu dkgurdb`gi dkgurdb`gi‚. I Ehkuhl gi Qdvdst`edkti gh HAB] (1==1) hprdsdkth is t`pis gd hg`t`vis d suhs jukïôds  pr`kb`ph`s biei biei pigd sdr v`sti kh Whadlh 4 h sdou`r.

1?

 

 

Whadlh 4 - ]r`kb`ph`s t`pis gd hg`t`vis ut`l`zhgis khs hrohehs hrohehsshs. shs. W`pis gd hg`t`vis Qdgutirds gd èouh

Râi ut`l`zhgis phrh edlnirhr h trhahlnha`l`ghgd gh hrohehssh sde hltdrhr h

(plhst`j`bhktd)

quhkt`ghgd gd èouh. Qdguzde h dvhpirhïâi d h dxsughïâi gd èouh gh hrohehssh jrdsbh d

Qdtdktirds gd èouh

bikjdrde bhphb`ghgd gd rdtdkïâi gd èouh jrdktd í subïâi pir ahsds hasirvdktds. Jirehe e`briailnhs gd hr, dstèvd`s, nieiodkdhedktd g`str`auåghs kh

@kbirpirhgir gd hr

hrohehssh, huedkthkgi h trhahlnha`l`ghgd d htuhkgi h jhvir gh  pdredha`l`ghgd.

Qdthrghgirds gd pdoh

Qdthrghe h n`grhthïâi gi b`edkti, pripirb`ikhkgi ue tdepi eh`ir gd ut`l`zhïâi.

Huedkthgirds gd

]ripirb`ikhe hgdrãkb`h quåe`bh hi suastrhti.

hgdrãkb`h Qdguzde h hasirïâi gd èouh gh hrohehssh, ehs kâi h tirkhe `epdredèvdl d N`grijuohktds

 pdre`tde h phsshode gd vhpir vhpir g'èouh. Jiktd3 Ehkuhl gi rdvdst`edkti r dvdst`edkti HAB] (1==1).

Rdoukgi Bhrhsdf d Bhephokilli (800=, hpug GTAHC 1===), hlouks hg`t`vis kâi deprdohe  aih trhahlnha`l`ghgd trhahlnha`l`ghgd hs hrohehsshs hrohehsshs ki dsthgi dsthgi jrdsbi, hlàe gd bhushrde prialdehs gd hgdrãkb`h hgdrãkb`h gdlhs ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi. Biepldedkthkgi dssh `gd`h gis hutirds, h orhkgd `kb`gãkb`h gd jhlth gd hgdrãkb`h gh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti gh iarh dstughgh, pigd dsthr l`ohgh h ut`l`zhïâi dqu`vibhgh gd hg`t`vi plhst`j`bhktd. 1.:  Jukïôds

H dsbilnh gh hrohehssh gdvd ldvhr de biks`gdrhïâi hs jukïôds qud i rdvdst`edkti gdvd dxdrbdr. Hs pr`kb`ph`s jukïôds ghs hrohehsshs gd rdvdst`edkti sâi3 pritdodr d rdoulhr`zhr is libh`s gd hpl`bhïâi sdkgi dstruturhs gd hlvdkhr`h iu bikbrdti, hasirvdr hs gdjirehïôds sijr`ghs  pdlh dstruturh, pripirb`ikhr ue aie hbhahedkti í ahsd gd hpl`bhïâi, pr pritdodr itdodr i suastrhti gh hïâi gh èouh.

1>

 

 

Hs jukïôds ghs hrohehsshs pigde sdr biepriedt`ghs sd kâi niuvdr h dxdbuïâi birrdth gh dstruturh. Rdoukgi Ah`h d Rhaaht`k` (1==>), kâi à jukïâi gi rdvdst`edkti jhzdr h birrdïâi gd `epdrjd`ïôds gh ahsd gdshpruehgh iu gdshl`knhgh.

 

1.?

]ripr`dghgds

Gd hbirgi bie Ah`h d Rhaaht`k` (1==>), phrh qud hs hrohehsshs bueprhe suhs jukïôds hgdquhghedktd, hgdquhgh edktd, à prdb`si qud dlhs hprdsdktde pripr`dghgds dspdb`j`bhs thkti ki dsthgi jrdsbi quhkti ki dkgurdb`gi. H hkèl`sd gdsths pripr`dghgds d gd g d biei sâi `kjludkb`hghs, pigd hcughr h hvhl`hr i biepirthedkti ghs hrohehsshs de g`jdrdktds b`rbukstákb`hs. Rdoukgi Ehkuhl gi Qdvdst`edkti gh HAB] (1==1), hs pripr`dghgds ghs hrohehsshs gdvde sdr biephtåvd`s bie h jireh gd hpl`bhïâi, h khturdzh gi suastrhti, hs bikg`ïôds bl`eèt`bhs gi libhl, hss`e biei sdr biephtåvdl bie i s`stdeh gd hbhahedkti pripisti. 1.?.8 

Dsthgi Jrdsbi

I dsthgi jrdsbi ghs hrohehsshs à i pdråigi dktrd suh priguïâi d h suh hpl`bhïâi ki suastrhti. Hs pripr`dghgds ki dsthgi jrdsbi `ktdrjdrde g`rdthedktd ki rdsulthgi gi rdvdst`edkti, bhsi gdtdbthgi hloue prialdeh khs pripr`dghgds gi dsthgi jrdsbi à pissåvdl hltdrhr h gishode gh hrohehssh,, pir dxdepli, dv`thkgi prialdehs juturis.  hrohehssh

1.?.8.8 Ehssh dspdbåj`bh d tdir gd hr `kbirpirhgi Hi huedkthr i tdir gd hr gd ueh hrohehssh biksdqudktdedktd biksdqudktdedktd h ehssh dspdbåj`bh gdlh g`e`ku`, i qud pigd sdr aie htà bdrti pikti, gdpi`s dstd huedkti pigd bhushr pdrgh gd rds`stãkb`h edbák`bh d hgdrãkb`h gh hrohehssh. Rdoukgi Bhrhsdf (1==?), h ehssh dspdbåj`bh d i tdir gd hr `kbirpirhgi sâi rdspiksèvd`s pir edlnirhr h trhahlnha`l`ghgd ghs hrohehsshs, iu sdch, quhkti eh`ir i tdir gd hr `kbirpirhgi edkir h ehssh dspdbåj`bh gh hrohehssh. Bie h ehssh dspdbåj`bh edkir à eh`s jèb`l gd sd trhahlnhr bie h hrohehssh pi`s rdguz i dsjirïi gi ipdrèr`i, d de orhkgds dsphïis gd tdepi odrh eh`s prigut`v`ghgd. 10

 

 

1.?.8.1 Wrhahlnha`l`ghgd Gd hbirgi bie Bhrhsdf (1==?), h trhahlnha`l`ghgd ohrhktd thkti ueh aih dxdbuïâi gi rdvdst`edkti quhkti ue aie gdsdepdk gdsdepdkni ni gdld. H`kgh sdoukgi h hutirh h trhahlnha`l`ghgd gdvd sdr hcusthgh hi eigi qud h hrohehssh sdrè hpl`bhgh. Dstd hcustd à gd orhkgd `epirtákb`h cè qud hlouehs pripr`dghgds ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi gdpdkgde gh hpl`bhïâi gh hrohehssh bie aih trhahlnha`l`ghgd ki dsthgi jrdsbi, ueh gdsths pripr`dghgds à h hgdrãkb`h. 1.?.8.2 Qdtdkïâi gd èouh H rdtdkïâi gd èouh à h pripr`dghgd ghs hrohehsshs gd biktdr h pdrbh gd èouh phrh h supdrjåb`d gd hpl`bhïâi d phrh i hea`dktd. Teh hrohehssh bie aih rdtdkïâi gd èouh rdthrgh i dkgurdb`edkti gdlh, i qud à gd sueh `epirtákb`h de qudstôds gd hgdrãkb`h, bhphb`ghgd gd hasirvdr gdjirehïôds, rds`stãkb`h edbák`bh dktrd iutris. Is pr`kb`ph`s jhtirds qud `kjludkb`he kh rdtdkïâi gd èouh sâi is t`pis gd ehtdr`h`s ut`l`zhgis d h gishode gd bhgh ue gdlds. Dsth  pripr`dghgd pigd sdr edlnirhgh bie h hg`ïâi gd bhl iu gd iutris hg`t`vis (AH@H D RHAAHW@K@, 1==>). 1.?.8.7 Hgdrãkb`h `k`b`hl Rdoukgi Ah`h d Rhaaht`k` (1==>), h hgdrãkb`h `k`b`hl gh hrohehssh à h bhphb`ghgd qud dlh pissu` gd sd orughr hi suastrhti gd hpl`bhïâi. Dsth uk`âi à jd`th quhkgi h phsth gd b`edkti iu holiedrhktd gh hrohehssh dktrh kis piris, rddktrákb`hs d shl`ãkb`hs gi suastrhti d dktâi ibirrd i dkgurdb`edkti gdlh. H`kgh sdoukgi is hutirds, h hgdrãkb`h `k`b`hl gdpdkgd ghs gdeh`s pripr`dghgds ghs hrohehsshs ki dsthgi jrdsbi, hlàe gd bhrhbtdråst`bhs gh ahsd gd hpl`bhïâi th`s biei3 h piris`ghgd, hs bikg`ïôds gd l`epdzh, ruois`ghgd d ue`ghgd.

2=

 

 

1.?.8.4 Qdtrhïâi kh sdbhode Gd hbirgi bie Bhrhsdf (1==?), à ue pribdssi qud dstè l`ohgi h vhr`hïâi gd vilued gh phsth ghs hrohehsshs. H rdtrhïâi kh sdbhode tde phpdl `epirthktd thkti kh dsthkqud`ghgd quhkti kh gurha`l`ghgd ghs hrohehsshs hrohehsshs.. Ah`h d Rhaaht`k` (1==>) biepldedkthe h `gd`h gd Bhrhsdf (1==?) hj`rehkgi qud h rdtrhïâi kh sdbhode pigd bhushr j`ssurhs qud pir suh vdz pigde iu kâi sdr prdcug`b`h`s. Hs j`ssurhs sò sâi  prdcug`b`h`s quhkgi quhkgi pdre`tde h `kj`ltrhïâi `kj`ltrhïâi gd èouh ki ki rdvdst`edkti cè dkgurdb`gi. H`kgh sdoukgi is hutirds, is jhtirds qud `kjludkb`he dssh pripr`dghgd sâi3 pripirb`ikhedkti gis ehtdr`h`s ehtdr` h`s bikst`tu`ktds gh hrohehssh6   Hs bhrhbtdråst`bhs d i pripirb`ikhedkti

•

  H dspdssurh d i `ktdrvhli gd hpl`bhïôds ghs bhehghs6

•

  I rdspd`ti hi tdepi gd shrrhjdhedkti d gdsdepdki.

•

H `gd`h gis hutirds à biepldthgh pir Bhrhsdf (1==?) qud hj`reh qud h sdbhode gd jireh eu`ti rèp`gh gh hrohehssh gdpi`s gd hpl`bhgh pigd odrhr j`ssurhs. @ssi hbiktdbd pi`s kâi nè tdepi gh hrohehssh ht`ko`r h rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi eåk`eh qud dv`td j`ssurhs ir`ukghs ghs tdksôds `ktdrkhs. H sdbhode rèp`gh pigd sd ghr pdli bl`eh ikgd h hrohehssh dstè sdkgi hpl`bhgh, iu pdlh hlth thxh gd hasirïâi gi suastrhti. 1.?.1 

Dsthgi Dkgurdb`gi

Gd hbirgi bie Wrdv`sil (1=84), hs hrohehsshs ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi pissude pripr`dghgds qud  pigde sdr hvhl`hghs hvhl`hghs g`rdthedktd g`rdthedktd de birpis birpis gd privh d iutrhs qud gdvde gdvde sdr hvhl`hgis hvhl`hgis l`ohk l`ohkgi gi dsths hrohehsshs h ue suastrhti. 1.?.1.8 Hgdrãkb`h H hgdrãkb`h à h pripr`dghgd ghs hrohehsshs qud rdprdsdkth h rds`stãkb`h d h dxtdksâi gi bikthti dktrd h hrohehssh d i suastrhti. Rdkgi hss`e h hgdrãkb`h gdvd sdr dstughgh ldvhkgi-sd de bikth thkti hs bhrhbtdråst`bhs ghs hrohehsshs quhkti gi suastrhti ikgd sâi hpl`bhghs (BHQHRDF,1==?). 28

 

 

H edg`ïâi gd hgdrãkb`h dstè prdv`sth kh kireh HAKW KAQ 82?7031=82, ikgd dstè dxprdssi i usi gd gi`s tdstds phrh qud sdch hvhl`hgh h hgdrãkb`h. I pr`ed`ri, trhth-sd gd ue tdstd gd  pdrbussâi ikgd sd ahtd bie ue `kstruedkti råo`gi råo`gi kh phrdgd, phrdgd, iasdrvh iasdrvhkgi kgi sd dlh hprdsdkth sie sie bhvi, sd `ssi ibirrdr gdvd-sd rdjhzdr i rdvdst`edkti. I iutri tdstd à pir ed`i gd hphrdlnis, jhzdkgi ue dksh`i gd rds`stãkb`h h trhïâi. 1.?.1.1 Bhphb`ghgd gd hasirvdr gdjirehïôds H bhphb`ghgd gd hasirvdr j`ssurhs à h pripr`dghgd qud hs hrohehsshs gdvde pissu`r phrh g`ss`phr pdqudkis dsjirïis, ir`ukgis gh bhehgh gd ahsd sde hprdsdkthr j`ssurhs, qud pisshe biepriedtdr h dsthkqud`ghgd d h gurha`l`ghgd ghs hrohehsshs. Hs gdjirehïôds pigde sdr orhkgds iu pdqudkhs. Bhad hi rdvdst`edkti r dvdst`edkti g`ss`phr siedktd hs gdjirehïôds edkirds, qud sâi ir`o`khghs pir bhush gh ue`ghgd iu vhr`hïâi gh tdepdrhturh. Hs gdjirehïôds gd orhkgd hepl`tugd biei, pir dxdepli, hs ir`ukghs gd rdbhlquds gh dstruturh kâi sâi hasirv`ghs pdli rdvdst`edkti (AH@H D RHAAHW@K@, R HAAHW@K@, 1==>). H hasirïâi gd gdjirehïôds, sdoukgi Ah`h d Rhaaht`k` (1==>) gdpdkgd3  H)

Gi eiguli gd gdjirehïâi gh hrohehssh3 h bhphb`ghgd gd hasirvdr gdjirehïâi

huedkth, quhkgi eiguli g`e`ku` (edkir biksuei gd b`edkti)6 b`edkti)6 A)

Gh dspdssurh ghs bhehghs3 h bhphb`ghgd gd hasirvdr dsjirïis huedkth bikjired

huedkth h dspdssurh ghs bhehghs. Ehs i huedkti gdvd sdr biktrilhgi phrh kâi hjdthr iutrhs  pripr`dghgds biei biei h hgdrãkb`h6 B) Ghs cukths gd trhahlni gi rdvdst`edkti3 khs cukths gd trhahlni ibirrd h g`v`sâi gi rdvdst`edkti de plhbhs edkirds qud pir suh vdz g`ss`phe eh`s jhb`ledktd hs tdksôds6 G)

Gh tàbk`bh gd dxdbuïâi3 kh phrtd gd dxdbuïâi, i gdsdepdk gdsdepdkii gd jireh birrdth d kh kh

nirh bdrth jhz bie qud i suro`edkti gd j`ssurhs g`e`kuh. 1.?.1.2 Qds`stãkb`h edbák`bh H rds`stãkb`h edbák`bh ghs hrohehsshs à h bhphb`ghgd qud hs hrohehsshs tãe gd rds`st`r h dsjirïis jås`bis dxtdrkis th`s biei harhsâi supdrj`b`hl, `ephbti d h biktrhïâi tdrei/n`orisbòp`bh. Dsth pripr`dghgd dstè rdlhb`ikhgh his hordohgis d his holiedrhktds gh 21

 

 

hrohehssh, sdkgi qud quhkti eh`ir jir h quhkt`ghgd gd holiedrhktd, eh`ir rds`stãkb`h tde h hrohehssh.. Hlàe g`ssi, h dxdbuïâi hrohehssh dxdbuïâi theaàe `ktdrjdrd (AH@H D RHAAHW@K@, 1==>). 1.?.1.7 ]dredha`l`ghgd H pdredha`l`ghgd à h pripr`dghgd ghs hrohehsshs qud dstè l`ohgh í phsshode gd èouh. H hrohehssh pir sdr ue ehtdr`hl ahsthktd pirisi pdre`td h phsshode gd èouh thkti ki dsthgi låqu`gi quhkti ki dsthgi ohsisi. I rdvdst`edkti gdvd sdr `epdredèvdl `epdg`kgi h pdrbilhïâi gd èouh, ehs hi edsei tdepi gdvd pdre`t`r h b`rbulhïâi gi vhpir. Is pr`kb`ph`s jhtirds qud `kjludkb`he phrh ueh phrdgd `epdredèvdl sâi3 hs bhrhbtdråst`bhs gh ahsd, h biepis`ïâi d gishode gh hrohehssh, h dxdbuïâi gi rdvdst`edkti, d h dspdssurh gh bhehgh gd rdvdst`edkti (AH@H D RHAAHW@K@, 1==>). Bhrhsdf (1==?), biepldedkth h `gd`h gis hutirds hb`eh d hj`reh qud h pdredha`l`ghgd à ueh ghs pr`kb`ph`s pripr`dghgds ghs hrohehsshs gd rdvdst`edkti gd jhbnhgh. Rdoukgi h hutirh, sd kâi jir ade dxdbuthgi, i rdvdst`edkti pigd bhushr ghkis thkti kh dstàt`bh quhkti kh dstruturh gi `eòvdl, hlàe gd prialdehs gd n`o`dkd n` o`dkd d shógd ghs pdssihs qud jrdqudkthe i edsei. 1.?.1.4 Gurha`l`ghgd Ah`h d Rhaaht`k` (1==>) b`th hlouks jhtirds qud `kjludkb`he kh gurha`l`ghgd gi rdvdst`edkti dktrd dlds dstâi3 h j`ssurhïâi, h dspdssurh gh bhehgh gd rdvdst`edkti, h hïâi gd e`brirohk`seis, h aih quhl`ghgd gh hrohehssh d is rdphris.   1.>  Bhehghs

I s`stdeh gd rdvdst`edkti pigd sdr jirehgi pir ueh iu vèr`hs bhehghs biei kh J`ourh 7, bhgh ueh gdlhs bie bhrhbtdråst`bhs d jukïôds g`jdrdktds (BHQHRDF, 1==?).

22

 

 

J`ourh 7 - Bhehghs gd rdvdst`edkti.

Jiktd3 Bhrhsdf (1==?). 1.>.8 

Bnhp`sbi

Rdoukgi Bhrhsdf (1==?), i bnhp`sbi à ueh bhehgh hpl`bhgh siard h ahsd gd jireh orissd`rh bie i iacdt`vi gd edlnirhr h hgdrãkb`h d nieiodkd`zhr suhs bhrhbtdråst`bhs gd hasirïâi. H HAKW KAQ 8241031=82 gdj`kd bnhp`sbi biei bhehgh gd prdphri gh ahsd, hpl`bhgh gd jir jireh eh biktåkuh d gdsbikt`kuh, bie h j`khl`ghgd gd uk`jire`zhr h supdrjåb`d quhkti è hasirïâi d edlnirhr h hgdrãkb`h gi rdvdst`edkti‚. Hearizdw`bz (1=84) gdj`kd i bnhp`sbi biei sdkgi ue rdvdst`edkti r dvdst`edkti róst`bi gd hrohehssh bie trhïi dktrd 831 d 832 (b`edkti3 ( b`edkti3 hrd`h orissh). Rdoukgi i hutir h hpl`bhïâi gd bnhp`sbi de tdtis d phrdgds `kgdpdkgdktdedktd gi ehtdr`hl, gdvde sdr jd`ths bie h ahsd gd hpl`bhïâi  prdv`hedktd uedgdb`gh. ]hrh h hpl`bhïâi de tdti rdbiedkgh-sd h hg`ïâi gd hgds`vi phrh hrohehssh, phrh ohrhkt`r edlnir hgdrãkb`h. H`kgh sdoukgi i hutir h burh gi bnhp`sbi gdeirh 17 nirhs, pigdkgi-sd dktâi hpl`bhr h bhehgh gd deaiïi. I bnhp`sbi theaàe pigd sdr ut`l`zhgi biei hbhahedkti róst`bi de èrdhs dxtdrkhs. 1.>.1 

Deaiïi

I deaiïi à ueh e`sturh nieioãkdh gd b`edkti, bhl d hrd`h, de suhs gdv`ghs pripirïôds bhlbulhgh, gd hbirgi bie h supdrjåb`d gd hpl`bhïâi. À biks`gdrhgi i birpi gi rdvdst`edkti d tde biei pr`kb`ph`s jukïôds3 h vdghïâi d h rdoulhr`zhïâi gh ahsd d h pritdïâi gh dg`j`bhïâi biktrh hïâi gd hodktds hordss`vis (HEAQISD_@BS, 1=84). 27

 

 

Gd hbirgi bie h HAKW KAQ 8241031=82 i deaiïi à bhrhbtdr`zhgi biei bhehgh gd rdvdst`edkti dxdbuthgh dxdbuthgh phrh biar`r d rdoulhr`zhr h supdrjåb`d gh ahsd iu bnhp`sbi, prip`b`hkgi ueh supdrjåb`d qud pdre`th rdbdadr iutrh bhehgh, gd rdaibi iu gd rdvdst`edkti gdbirht`vi, iu qud sd bikst`tuh ki hbhahedkti. 1.>.2 

Qdaibi

Bikjired Hearizdw`bz (1=84), i rdaibi à ueh hrohehssh e`sth gd b`edkti hrd`h d bhl,  pigdkgi iu kâi biktdr biktdr hloue t`pi gd hg`t`vi, qud à gishgh bikji bikjired red h supdrjåb`d de qud sdrè hpl`bhgh. H hpl`bhïâi gi rdaibi gdvd sdr jd`th siedktd hpòs h bilibhïâi gd tighs hs `ksthlhïôds dlàtr`bhs d n`grèul`bhs, d hktds gh bilibhïâi gd righpàs d ouhrk`ïôds. H supdrjåb`d qud vh` rdbdadr i rdaibi gdvd dsthr l`eph d uedgdb`gh. Gd hbirgi bie h HAKW KAQ 8241031=82 i rdaibi à bhrhbtdr`zhgi biei bhehgh gd rdvdst`edkti ut`l`zhgh phrh biar`edkti gi deaiïi, prip`b`hkgi ueh supdrjåb`d qud pdre`th rdbdadr i rdvdst`edkti gdbirht`vi iu qud sd bikst`tuh ki hbhahedkti hbhahedkti j`khl. 1.>.7 

Ehssh ók`bh

I rdaibi gd ehssh ók`bh, bikndb`gi theaàe biei rdaibi phul`sth, sdoukgi Bhrhsdf (1==?) à h hltdrkht`vh eh`s ut`l`zhgh ki Arhs`l. I rdaibi gd ehssh ók`bh biks`std kh hpl`bhïâi g`rdth gh hrohehssh siard i suastrhti. Dsth bhehgh à gdsdepdkhgh d j`ltrhgh d rdbdad h p`kturh.

2  EHWDQ@H@R D EÀWIGIR  Kdstd bhpåtuli bhpåtuli sdrâi hprdsdkthgis is ehtdr`h`s ehtdr`h`s ut`l`zhgis phrh rdhl`zhïâi rdhl`zhïâi ggii dstugi, cukthedktd bie is dksh`is rdhl`zhgis r dhl`zhgis phrh gdtdre`khr hs pripr`dghgds ghs hrohehsshs d biksdqudktdedktd rdhl`zhr i biephrht`vi dktrd dlhs.

24

 

 

2.8  Ehtdr`h`s

H dsbilnh gis ehtdr`h`s ut`l`zhgis ki trhahlni gdu-sd pdlh g`spik`a`l`ghgd gdlds, kâi sdkgi hkhl`shgi kdknue jirkdbdgir de dspdbåj`bi. Hs hrohehsshs gd rdjdrãkb`h, prdphrhghs phrh sdrde biephrhghs bie h hrohehssh gd ut`l`zhïâi kh iarh bie prialdehs, jirhe gdj`k`ghs pir ueh pdsqu`sh jd`th cukti ís bikstrutirhs gh b`ghgd gd Tadrlákg`h, ikgd sd qudst`ikiu i trhïi eh`s ushgi pir dlhs. Jirhe dksh`hgis trãs t`pis gd hrohehsshs phrh rdvdst`edkti, sdkgi guhs gdlhs hrohehsshs bieuedktd ut`l`zhghs phrh rdvdst`edkti kh rdo`âi d ueh gd trhïi sdedlnhktd í ut`l`zhgh kh iarh bie prialdehs. ]hrh edlnir bieprddksâi gis dksh`is d sdus rdsulthgis hgitiu-sd h sdou`ktd gdkie`khïâi phrh hs hrohehsshs3 h) Hrohehssh gh iarh bie prialdehs 5 HI] a) Hrohehssh phgrâi 8 5 H]8 b) Hrohehssh phgrâi 1 5 H]1

2.8.8  Hrohehssh gh iarh bie prialdehs

I trhïi gd hrohehssh gh iarh bie prialdehs ji` gdj`k`gi pir ed`i gd biksulth hi pricdti d his  prdsthgirds gd sdrv`ïi gh gh iarh6 piràe, piràe, sde kdknueh kdknueh bieprivhïâi bieprivhïâi gibuedkthl. gibuedkthl. Ki pricdti pricdti ji`  pissåvdl vdr`j`bhr is ehtdr`h`s d hs gishodks. À `epirthktd rdsshlthr qud i trhïi hqu` ut`l ut`l`zhgi `zhgi  pigd kâi birrdspikgdr dxhthedktd bie i ut`l`zhgi kdssh iarh, nhch v`sth h priguïâi gd hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti de lhroh dsbhlh rdhl`zhgh ki bhktd`ri gd iarh, sde gdj`k`ïâi gibuedkthl gi trhïi d sde biktrild tdbkilòo`bi. t dbkilòo`bi. Dktrdthkti, phrh dstd trhahlni biks`gdriu-sd i vhlir iat`gi cukti h dsth bikstrutirh biei vdrghgd`ri6 ikgd h hrohehssh ut`l`zhgh, h quhl hprdsdktiu hlti åkg`bd gd phtilio`hs pissu` i sdou`ktd trhïi3 HI] - 837 (b`edkti, hrd`h j`kh), eh`s h hg`ïâi gd èouh d hg`t`vi de iarh.

2:

 

 

IAR3 Ji` ut`l`zhgi ue hg`t`vi plhst`j`bhktd ki luohr gh bhl n`grhthgh, ueh vdz qud dssd ji` i  priguti ut`l`zhgi kh iarh de qud qudstâi. stâi. H J`ourh 4 `lustrh i priguti ut`l`zhgi ut`l`zhgi.. J`ourh 4  ‒  Hg`t`vi  Hg`t`vi ut`l`zhgi ki luohr gh bhl n`grhthgh.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

2.8.1 Hrohehsshs phgrik`zhghs

Is gi`s trhïis gd hrohehsshs phgrik`zhghs phgrik`zhghs jirhe gdj`k`gis pir ed`i gd biksulth rdo`ikhl, ikgd  ausbiu-sd shadr quhl drh i trhïi gd hrohehssh ut`l`zhgi pdlhs bikstrutirhs gh rdo`âi gd Tadrlákg`h phrh h dxdbuïâi gd rdvdst`edkti r dvdst`edkti `ktdrki. Zdr`j`biu-sd qud h g`jdrdkïh dsthvh hpdkhs de rdlhïâi í pripirïâi gd hordohgi ut`l`zhgh, sdkgi qud is sdou`ktds trhïis3 H]8 - 8383> (b`edkti, bhl n`grhthgh d hrd`h j`kh) d H]1 - 838381 (b`edkti, bhl n`grhthgh d hrd`h j`kh).  Kdstd t`pi gd hrohehssh h èouh ji` gishgh gd jireh depår`bh, sdkgi qud sd ausbiu ht`ko`r h edseh biks`stãkb`h kh hpl`bhïâi qud pissuåhe hs hrohehsshs ut`l`zhghs phrh rdaibi kh b`ghgd gd Tadrlákg`h. ]hrh `ssi h hrohehssh drh hpl`bhgh de ueh phrdgd bie i huxål`i gd ueh bilndr 2?

 

 

gd pdgrd`ri, sdkgi qud h hrohehssh kâi gdvdr`h dsthr gurh h pikti gd kâi sd dsphlnhr kh phrdgd, ehs theaàe kâi pigdr`h dsthr eild h pikti gd dsbirrdr. Hlàe g`ssi, tigi i pribdssi ji` rdhl`zhgi pir ue pdgrd`ri qud trhahlnh kh iarh gd rdjdrãkb`h, v`shkgi hss`e, hprix`ehr hi eèx`ei i eàtigi gd prdphri gi eàtigi rdhl.

H Whadlh : gdsbrdvd is quhkt`tht`vis gd ehssh phrh bhgh trhïi.

Whadlh :  ‒  Xuhkt`tht`vis  Xuhkt`tht`vis gd ehssh phrh bhgh biepikdktd gh hrohehssh.

Wrhïi de ehssh B`edkti Bhl N`grhthgh (fo) (fo)

Hrohehssh

Wrhïi

HI] H]8

837 (+ èouh + hg`t`vi) *  8383>

81,74 :,14

H]1

838381

:,14

Hg`t`vi (el)

:,14

Hrd`h J`kh (fo) 70,>= 4=,8

:,14

?7,?

-

14 -

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

(*) gishode dktrdoud pdli jhar`bhktd (hg`ïâi gd èouh d hg`t`vi de iarh)

2.8.2 B`edkti I b`edkti ut`l`zhgi phrh h jhar`bhïâi ghs hrohehsshs HI], H]8 d H]1 ji` i b`edkti B] @@-21. H ut`l`zhïâi gdld à gdv`gi í jhb`l`ghgd bie qud à dkbiktrhgi kh rdo`âi gi dstugi d pir sdr i edsei ut`l`zhgi kh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti gi bikgieåk`i rds`gdkb`hl de qudstâi. 2.8.7 Bhl  Ki prdsdktd trhahlni ji` ut`l`zhgi h bhl bhl n`grhthgh, BN-@, hpdkhs hpdkhs khs hhrohehsshs rohehsshs H]8 d H]1.

2>

 

 

2.8.4 Hrd`h H hrd`h ut`l`zhgh kh dlhairhïâi gis trhïis gd hrohehsshs prdphrhghs de iarh ji` g`spik`a`l`zhgh  pdlh Tk`vdrs`ghgd Tk`vdrs`ghgd Jdgdrhl gd gd Tadrlákg`h, Tadrlákg`h, sdkgi sdkgi qud dlh dlh ji` sdbh hktds gh rdhl`zhïâi rdhl`zhïâi gis dksh`is dksh`is  phrh kâi `ktdrjdr`r kh rdlhïâi èouh/b`edkti. Hlàe g`ssi, ji` ut`l`zhgh hrd`h j`kh phrh s`eulhr h orhkuliedtr`h ut`l`zhgh kh iarh. À `epirthktd shl`dkthr qud i jhar`bhktd gi hg`t`vi biedkthgi hb`eh, suodrd h ut`l` ut`l`zhïâi zhïâi gd hrd`h eàg`h. Dktrdthkti biei kh iarh de qudstâi kâi sd iadgdbdu h dssh rdbiedkghïâ rdbiedkghïâi, i, rdhl`zhkgi hss`e i trhïi bie h hrd`h j`kh. 2.8.: Èouh De tigis is pribdg`edktis d dxpdr`edktis gi trhahlni ji` ut`l`zhgh h èouh jirkdb`gh pdlh rdgd gd g`str`au`ïâi gi GDEHD gd Tadrlákg`h. Kâi jirhe rdhl`zhgis kdknue tdstd rdjdrdktd í èouh. 2.8.? Bnhp`sbi ]hrh i prdsdktd trhahlni ut`l`ziu-sd bnhp`sbi ehkuhl. I trhïi ut`l`zhgi ji` gd 832, b`edkti d hrd`h eàg`h. Kâi jirhe rdhl`zhgis tdstds gi bnhp`sbi ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi. 2.8.> Ahsds gd hpl`bhïâi de alibi bdráe`bi ]hrh h eikthode gi ph`kdl, is alibis bdráe`bis ut`l`zhgis jirhe bdg`gis pdli lhairhtòr`i gd Ehtdr`h`s gd Bikstruïâi gh Jhbulghgd gd Dkodknhr`h B`v`l gh Tk`vdrs`ghgd Jdgdrhl gd Tadrlákg`h. H g`edksâi gis alibis à gd 0x80x10be, d bhgh jhbd gi ph`kdl gd 84=x8==be ji` g`v`g`gh de trãs phrtds `ouh`s j`bhkgi hss`e bie hs g`edksôds gd 4=x8==be. Is alibis bdráe`bis rdbdadrhe h hpl`bhïâi gd bnhp`sbi ehkuhl kh jhbd H d kh jhbd A kâi sd hpl`biu phrh s`eulhr h s`tuhïâi de qud ibirrd kh iarh bie phtilio`hs. I busti (eâi gd iarh d ehtdr`h`s) dst`ehgi phrh eikthode gi ph`kdl ji` Q$ 14=,==. H J`ourh :, ? d > `lustrhe h edtigilio`h gdsbr`th.

20

 

 

Hlàe g`ssi, ji` rdhl`zhgh h j`xhïâi gd shrrhjis phrh h sdphrhïâi gis rdaibis bie trhïis gd hrohehssh g`jdrdktds. Gdssh jireh, theaàe ji` pissåvdl ohrhkt`r h dspdssurh uk`jired gi rdaibi, gd 1be siard i ph`kdl, s`e`lhr í ut`l`zhgh kh iarh gd rdjdrãkb`h. J`ourh :  ‒  Alibi  Alibi bdráe`bi ut`l`zhgi phrh eikthode gi ph`kdl.

  Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

J`ourh ?  ‒  Jhbd  Jhbd H gi ph`kdl bie b ie bnhp`sbi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). 7=

 

 

J`ourh > - Jhbd A sde bnhp`sbi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

2.8.0 Hg`t`vi plhst`j`bhktd - Zdghl`t I jhar`bhktd rdbiedkgh qud sd ut`l`zd 8==el gi priguti phrh bhgh 4=fo gd b`edkti. Gdssh jireh, ji` jd`th ueh pripirïâi g`rdth phrh 81,74fo gd b`edkti ikgd ji` iat`gi is 14el gd hg`t`vi hprdsdkthgis hktdr`iredktd. H J`ourh 0 `lustrh h rdbiedkghïâi rdbiedkghïâi gdsbr`th kh deahlhode gi priguti. J`ourh 0  ‒  Qdbiedkghïôds  Qdbiedkghïôds gi jhar`bhktd gi hg`t`vi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). 78

 

 

2.1

Eàtigis

]hrh i biephrht`vi ghs hrohehsshs jirhe rdhl`zhgis ueh sàr`d gd dksh`is (bhephknh dxpdr`edkthl), qudr ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi, qudr ki pròpr`i rdvdst`edkti gi ph`kdl, tdkgi pir iacdt`vi gdtdre`khr quh`s hs hrohehsshs pissude edlnirds pripr`dghgds d hs pissåvd`s bhushs  phrh hs phtilio`hs dkbiktrhghs. dkbiktrhghs. À `epirthktd rdsshlthr qud h bikstruïâi bikstruïâi gi ph`kdl ji` rdhl`zhgh de hea`dktd biadrti phrh qud hs bikg`ïôds bl`eèt`bhs kâi `kjludkb`hssde kis rdsulthgis gis dksh`is.  Kh J`ourh 8= pigd-sd pigd-sd vdr i plhkdchedkti plhkdchedkti gis dksh`is. J`ourh 8= - Jluxiorheh bie hs dthphs gis dksh`is rdhl`zhgis. ]LHKDCHEDKWI GIR DKRH@IR

DKRH@IR KI DRWHGI

DKRH@IR KI

DKGTQDB@GI

QDZDRW@EDKWI

  Qds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi

•

  Qds`stãkb`h gd hgdrãkb`h í

•

trhïâi his 87 g`hs.

his 87, 18 d 1> g`hs.  ‒

 B] 4be x 8=be.

- ]hst`lnh b`rbulhr 4be x 8be.

  Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh

•

jldxâi his 87, 18 d 1> g`hs.

  Hasirïâi

•

gd èouh pdli

Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai his

 B] 7be x 7be x 8:be.

 ‒

87 g`hs.

 

•

Bikthode

ghs

j`ssurhs

v`såvd`s his ?, 87, 18 d 1> g`hs.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). 71

 

 

Wigis is dksh`is rdhl`zhgis jirhe jd`tis sdou`kgi i qud gdtdre`khe hs kirehs. Hs kirehs ut`l`zhghs phrh bhgh dksh`i dstâi gdsbr`ths kh Whadlh ? h sdou`r.  Whadlh ? - Dksh`is rdhl`zhgis d kirehs birrdspikgdktds.

Dksh`i Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi Qds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi Qds`stãkb`h pitdkb`hl gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi Hasirïâi gd èouh pdli Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai

Kirehl`zhïâi HAKW KAQ 821?031==4 HAKW KAQ 821?031==4 HAKW KAQ 8241>31=8= ]IL@RRDK@ (80>:)

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). 

2.1.8 Qds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi d rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi Is vhlirds gd rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi d rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi jirhe iat`gis bikjired gdj`kd h HAKW KAQ 821?031==4. Kdstd dksh`i jirhe eilghgis 0 birpis gd privh pr`seèt`bis bie edg`ghs gd 7x7x8:be d 0 birpis gd privh b`låkgr`bis 4x8=be. Is eilgds jirhe bilibhgis siard ueh edsh gd hgdkshedkti d prddkbn`gis de guhs dthphs, kh quhl bhgh ueh rdbdadu 2= oilpds. Gdpi`s gd prddkbn`gis is birpis gd privh ji` j i` jd`ti i dephrdlnhedkti gh supdrjåb`d. Is birpis sdbhrhe pir 7> nirhs gdktri gis eilgds. Hpòs dstd pdråigi is birpis jirhe gdseilghgis d dspdrhrhe htà sdrde riep`gis, biei eistrh hs J`ourhs 88 d 81. Is dksh`is gd riep`edkti t`vdrhe `kåb`i h phrt`r gis 87 g`hs hpòs h eilghode gis birpis gd  privh. H bhgh ? g`hs, i riep`edkti drh jd`ti de 1 birpis gd privh phrh bhgh hrohehssh, 8 b`låkgr`bi d 8 pr`seèt`bi, ut`l`zhgis ut`l `zhgis de suh rdspdbt`vh jukïâi. À `epirthktd rdsshlthr qud h burh gis birpis gd privh ji` rdhl`zhgh r dhl`zhgh gd jireh suaedrsh de èouh bie bhl d de shlh óe`gh. Dssd pribdssi biktr`au` bie i ohkni gd rds`stãkb`h d i bie biktrild gh j`ssurhïâi.

72

 

 

J`ourh 88 - Dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi. b ieprdssâi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

J`ourh 81 - Dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). 77

 

 

2.1.1 Qds`stãkb`h pitdkb`hl gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi Is rdsulthgis gd rds`stãkb`h pitdkb`hl gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi jirhe iat`gis htrhvàs gd dksh`is rdhl`zhgis bikjired h HAKW KAQ 8241>31=8=. Rdoukgi dlh, i dksh`i à rdhl`zhgi phrh hkhl`shr h hgdrãkb`h gi rdvdst`edkti d pigd sdr rdhl`zhgi thkti de hlvdkhr`h quhkti de bikbrdti.

H dspdssurh gi rdvdst`edkti hpl`bhgi ji` gd 1=ee, biei pigd sdr v`suhl`zhgi kh J`ourh 82. ‒  Dspdssurh J`ourh 82  ‒   Dspdssurh gi rdaibi hpl`bhgi ki suastrhti.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

Hpòs h hpl`bhïâi gh hrohehssh kis ph`kà`s dspdriu-sd 87 g`hs phrh qud jissd rdhl`zhgi i dksh`i gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi. ]hrh h rdhl`zhïâi gdld, bhgh hrohehssh rdbdadu quhtri birtds b`rbulhrds hjhsthgis dktrd s` d ghs dxtrde`ghgds de 4 be. Dstds birtds jirhe jd`tis kh hrohehssh bie ueh sdrrh bipi htà ht`ko`rde i suastrhti. ]istdr`iredktd jirhe bilhghs plhbhs edtèl`bhs, bie ehssh dpòx`, `lustrhghs pdlh J`ourh 87, siard is birtds d rdhl`zhgi i dksh`i.

74

 

 

J`ourh 87  ‒  Ehssh  Ehssh dpòx` ut`l`zhgh phrh h j`xhïâi ghs phst`lnhs edtèl`bhs.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

H J`ourh 84 gdeikstrh is juris rdhl`zhgis bie h sdrrh bipi ki ph`kdl d h J`ourh 8: `lustrh i hs phst`lnhs edtèl`bhs cè j`xhghs bie h ehssh dpòx` b`thgh hktdr`iredktd. J`ourh 84  ‒  Juris  Juris rdhl`zhgis pdlh sdrrh bipi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

7:

 

 

J`ourh 8:  ‒  ]hst`lnhs  ]hst`lnhs edtèl`bhs j`xhghs ki ph`kdl.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

I dksh`i biks`std ahs`bhedktd de hpl`bhr ueh bhroh gd trhïâi khs plhbhs edtèl`bhs, phrh shadr quhl h jirïh kdbdssèr`h phrh qud nhch i gdsprdkg`edkti gh hrohehssh. Jd`ti i hrrhkbhedkti, h kireh gdtdre`kh qud sdch sdch hkhl`shgh i t`pi gd riep`edkti gh hrohe hrohehssh. hssh. H J`ourh 8? `lustrh i hphrdlni ut`l`zhgi phrh hpl`bhr h bhroh gd trhïâi. tr hïâi. J`ourh 8? - Hphrdlni ut`l`zhgi phrh hpl`bhr bhroh gd trhïâi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). 7?

 

 

Bikjired h HAKW KAQ 8241>31=8=, is vhlirds gd rds`stãkb`h gd hgdrãkb`h sâi gdtdre`khgis quhkgi ibirrdr i riep`edkti kh `ktdrjhbd bnhp`sbi/suastrhti d bnhp`sbi/ hrohehssh, phrh ahsds bie hpl`bhïâi gd bnhp`sbi d kh `ktdrjhbd hrohehssh/suastrhti quhkgi h ahsd kâi rdbdad bnhp`sbi. Khs iutrhs jirehs gd rupturh sdoukgi h kireht`vh kâi à gd jhti gdtdre`khgh h rds`stãkb`h. Hs J`ourhs 8> d 80 h sdou`r hprdsdkthe hs jirehs gd rupturhs thkti phrh suastrhtis bie bnhp`sbi quhkti phrh sde. J`ourh 8> - W`pis gd rupturh de suastrhti sde bnhp`sbi.

Jiktd3 HAKW KAQ 8241>31=8=.

J`ourh 80 - W`pis gd rupturh de suastrhti bie bnhp`sbi.

Jiktd3 HAKW KAQ 8241>31=8=.

7>

 

 

2.1.2 Hasirïâi gd èouh pdli Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai ]hrh h vdr`j`bhïâi gh pdredha`l`ghgd í èouh supdrj`b`hl ghs hrohehsshs b`thghs, ji` ut`l`zhgi i Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai (]IL@RRDK@, 80>:). Wrhth-sd gd ue dksh`i kâi kireht`zhgi ki Arhs`l qud pdre`td h quhkt`j`bhïâi gh èouh hasirv`gh pdli rdvdst`edkti hi likoi gd ue pdråigi dspdbåj`bi. ]hrh h rdhl`zhïâi gi dksh`i, ut`l`zh-sd ue bhbn`eai gd v`gri orhguhgi de =,8el h sdr j`xhgi ki rdvdst`edkti bie ehssh gd bhlhjdthr. I bhbn`eai gd v`gri, hpòs gdv`ghedktd j`xhgi bie ehssh gd bhlhjdthr (sde ijdrdbdr vhzhedktis), gdvd sdr prddkbn`gi bu`ghgish bu`ghgishedktd edktd bie èouh htà i kåvdl gd rdjdrãkb`h zdri (prdssâi `k`b`hl gd 01ee gd bilukh gd èouh). Is ehtdr`h`s ut`l`zhgis phrh h dxdbuïâi gi dksh`i pigde sdr v`stis pdlh J`ourh 1=. J`ourh 1=  ‒  Bhbn`eai  Bhbn`eai orhguhgi de =,8el d ehssh gd bhlhjdthr.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

H rdguïâi kh hlturh gd èouh birrdspikgd h vulkdrha`l`ghgd gi ehtdr`hl quhkti í pdkdtrhïâi gh èouh. I dksh`i ji` rdhl`zhgi kis : ph`kà`s gd hrohehssh bie `ghgd gd 87 g`hs, j`xhkgi 8 bhbn`eai de bhgh ue gis ph`kà`s biei `lustrh hs J`ourhs 18 d 11.

70

 

 

J`ourh 18  ‒  J`xhïâi  J`xhïâi gis bhbn`eais de bhgh ph`kdl gd hrohehssh.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).  Dksh`i gd hasirïâi sdkgi rdhl`zhgi. J`ourh 11  ‒  Dksh`i

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

Jirhe rdhl`zhghs ld`turhs gi bhbn`eai h bhgh 8 e`kuti htà biepldthr-sd 84 e`kutis gd dksh`i iu i kåvdl gd èouh ht`ko`r h ehrbh gd 7,= el, jhzdkgi-sd j hzdkgi-sd ue tithl gd guhs ld`turhs de bhgh trhïi gd hrohehssh.

4=

 

 

2.1.7 Bikthode ghs j`ssurhs v`såvd`s.  Ki `ktu`ti gd hvdr`ouhr h quhkt`ghgd d hs bhushs ghs jdkg`lnhïôds, rdo`strhghs khs hrohehsshs dxpdr`edkth`s, ji` jd`ti ueh bikthode ghs j`ssurhs bie ?, 87, 18 d 1> g`hs gd `ghgd, kh quhl tigi i pribdssi ji` rdhl`zhgi pir iasdrvhïâi v`suhl. ]istdr`iredktd, tigis is ghgis jirhe irohk`zhgis de thadlhs.

48

 

 

7 

QDRTLWHGIR

 Kdstd bhpåtuli à hprdsdkthgi i ph`kdl hpòs h hpl`bhïâi hpl`bhïâi gh hrohehssh hrohehssh gd rdaibi, rdaibi, `lustrhgi pd pdlhs lhs J`ourhs 12 d 17. Hlàe g`ssi, sâi biep`lhgis is rdsulthgis iat`gis htrhvàs gis dksh`is rdhl`zhgis khs hrohehsshs, cukthedktd bie h hkèl`sd dsthtåst`bh gd suhs `epl`bhïôds. J`ourh 12  ‒  Jhbd  Jhbd H (bie bnhp`sbi) hpòs hpl`bhïâi gi rdaibi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

J`ourh 17  ‒  Jhbd  Jhbd A (sde bnhp`sbi) hpòs hpl`bhïâi gi rdaibi.

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). 41

 

 

7.8  Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi

d rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi.

Is rdsulthgis gd rds`stãkb`h í jldxâi d í bieprdssâi jirhe iat`gis htrhvàs gi riep`edkti pir `ghgd gd gi`s birpis gd privh, 8 pr`seèt`bi d 8 b`låkgr`bi, pir trhïi gd hrohehssh gi ph`kdl. ]igd-sd pdrbdadr h sdou`r qud hs hrohehsshs qud pissude eh`ir rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi theaàe pissude kh jldxâi. H Whadlh > sdou`r eistrh is vhlirds iat`gis ki dksh`i gd trhïâi  pir jldxâi.  Whadlh >  ‒   ‒  Qdsulthgi  Qdsulthgi gi dksh`i gd rds`stãkb`h h trhïâi pir jldxâi. Dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h h jldxâi Hrohehssh - HI] Hrohehssh - H]8 Hrohehssh - H]1

87 g`hs J - Bhroh eèx`eh gd jldxâi (K) Dspdssurh gi birpi gd privh (ee) Lhrourh gi birpi gd privh (ee) Èrdh gh sdïâi (e±)

8.884,>?

1>4,78

>>,87

20,8=

20,0>

20,4=

20,:4

7=,80

20,0>

=,==844=284

=,==8:=:?0:

=,==84?018

00,07 00,>> 00,04 L - G`stákb`h dktrd is supirtds (ee) Qj - Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi (E]h) 1,:8 =,:? =,18 18 g`hs Hrohehssh - HI] Hrohehssh - H]8 Hrohehssh - H]1 J - Bhroh eèx`eh gd jldxâi (K) 8.8:>,1> 1>:,42 1:7,=? Dspdssurh gi birpi gd privh (ee) 78,11 7=,?> 7=,77 Lhrourh gi birpi gd privh (ee) 2>,? 7=,=1 7=,=: Èrdh gh sdïâi (e±) =,==8404187 =,==8:21=8: =,==8:1==1: L - G`stákb`h dktrd is supirtds (ee) 00,00 00,0= 00,08 Qj - Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi (E]h) 1,?7 =,:? =,:1 1> g`hs Hrohehssh - HI] Hrohehssh - H]8 Hrohehssh - H]1 J - Bhroh eèx`eh gd jldxâi (K) 8.8?=,4> 242,7: 8=4,17 Dspdssurh gi birpi gd privh (ee) 7=,4> 20,0> 20,>=

Lhrourh gi birpi gd privh (ee) Èrdh gh sdïâi (e±) L - G`stákb`h dktrd is supirtds (ee) Qj - Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi (E]h)

20,8= =,==84>::?>

7=,2? =,==8:82002

7=,:? =,==8:8>:::

00,08

00,>0

00,00

1,?7

=,>2

=,14

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

I vhlir gd rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi Qj à iat`gi htrhvàs gh Dquhïâi 8.

 5

8,4ßß   7=2

Dquhïâi 8

42

 

 

Bikjired pigd sdr v`sti ki Orèj`bi 8 h eh`ir rds`stãkb`h h jldxâi ji` gh hrohehssh HI] d h edkir ji` gh H]1. Orèj`bi 8 - Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi. 2

    )    h 1,?4    ]    E 1,4     (    i    â 1,14    x    d     l     j 1    h    k 8,?4    i    â    ï 8,4    h    r    t 8,14     í    h 8    `    b    k =,?4     ã    t    s    `    s =,4    d    Q =,14

Hrohehssh HI] Hrohehssh H]8 Hrohehssh H]1

= 87

18

1>

@ghgd (g`hs)

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

]hrh i dstugi dsthtåst`bi, h hrohehssh H]8 ji` tiehgh biei rdjdrãkb`h pdli sdu tdir `ktdredg`èr`i gd hordohgi, thkti phrh is dksh`is gd trhïâi pir jldxâi quhkti phrh bieprdssâi. Gdstd eigi, tdkgi hpdkhs eh`s ue phráedtri gd hvhl`hïâi, tdeis i gdsv`i phgrâi phrh hs g`jdrdktds `ghgds gd dksh`i, rdprdsdkthgi kh Whadlh 0.

 ‒  Gdsv`i phgrâi ghs rds`stãkb`hs pir `ghgd. Whadlh 0  ‒  Gdsv`i phgrâi ki dksh`i gd trhïâi pir jldxâi @ghgd gi dksh`i ς  87

8,=728=4??2

18

=,0>:0:::>>

1>

8,=:4?1:280

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

H HAKW KAQ 821>831==4, dsthadldbd vhlirds phrh blhss`j`bhr hs hrohehsshs quhkti h suh rds`stãkb`h í jldxâi. Hss`e, h hrohehssh HI] dstè kh blhssd Q7 d hs hrohehsshs H]8 d H]1 sd dkbiktrhe kh blhssd Q8. Is vhlirds rdjdrdktds h bhgh blhssd dstâi hprdsdkthgis kh Whadlh 8=.

47

 

 

Whadlh 8=  ‒  Blhss`j`bhïâi  Blhss`j`bhïâi quhkti h rds`stãkb`h h trhïâi kh jldxâi. Blhssd

Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi Eàtigi gd dksh`i (E]h)

Q8

< 8,4

Q1

8,= h 1,=

Q2

8,4 h 1,?

Q7

1,= h 2,4

Q4

1,? h 7,4

Q:

; 2,4

HAKW KAQ 821?0

Jiktd3 HAKW KAQ 821>831==4.

H Whadlh 88 dxprdssh is rdsulthgis iat`gis ki dksh`i gd bieprdssâi de g`jdrdktds `ghgds gis trhïis gd hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti. ‒  Qdsulthgi Whadlh 88  ‒   Qdsulthgi gi dksh`i gd rds`stãkb`h h bieprdssâi.

Dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h h bieprdssâi 87 g`hs Hrohehssh - HI] Hrohehssh - H]8 Hrohehssh - H]1 J - Bhroh eèx`eh gd bieprdssâi (K) 8=.>01,07 8.0?=,04 :=:,:= G - G`áedtri gi birpi gd privh (e) =,=70>4 =,=70?1 =,=4 Èrdh gh sdïâi (e±) =,==8048?21 =,==80784:: =,==80:2704 4,4> 8,=1 =,28 ς - Wdksâi gd bieprdssâi eèx`eh (E]h) 18 g`hs Hrohehssh - HI] Hrohehssh - H]8 Hrohehssh - H]1 J - Bhroh eèx`eh gd bieprdssâi (K) 81.=82,2> 1.7:?,== 8.8=>,?7 G - G`áedtri gi birpi gd privh (e) =,=70>4 =,=704> =,=7044 Èrdh gh sdïâi (e±) =,==8048?21 =,==802=:7? =,==801>281 :,8: 8,1> =,4? ς - Wdksâi gd bieprdssâi eèx`eh (E]h) 1? g`hs Hrohehssh - HI] Hrohehssh - H]8 Hrohehssh - H]1 J - Bhroh eèx`eh gd bieprdssâi (K) 0.>?7,:? 1.>47,77 8.18:,04 G - G`áedtri gi birpi gd privh (e) Èrdh gh sdïâi (e±) ς - Wdksâi gd bieprdssâi eèx`eh (E]h)

=,=4==2 =,==80:4>41

=,=4==1 =,==80:4=:?

=,=4==8 =,==80:71>8

4,=1

8,74

=,:1

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

I vhlir gd rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi ς à iat`gi htrhvàs gh Dquhïâi 1 .

5

    ß 1⁇ 7

Dquhïâi 1

44

 

 

Bikjired pigd sdr v`sti ki Orèj`bi 1 h eh`ir rds`stãkb`h h bieprdssâi ji` gh hrohehssh HI] d h edkir ji` gh H]1, rdpdt`kgi i qud hbiktdbdu kis rdsulthgis gd rds`stãkb`h í jldxâi. Orèj`bi 1 - Qds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi. ?     )    h    ]    E     (    i    â    s    s    d    r    p    e    i    b     í    h    `    b    k     ã    t    s    `    s    d    Q

: 4

Hrohehssh HI]

7 Hrohehssh H]8

2

Hrohehssh H]1

1 8 = 87

18

1>

@ghgd (g`hs)

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

I gdsv`i phgrâi phrh hs g`jdrdktds `ghgds gd dksh`i dstè rdprdsdkthgi kh Whadlh 81. ‒  Gdsv`i Whadlh 81  ‒   Gdsv`i phgrâi ghs rds`stãkb`hs pir `ghgd.

Gdsv`i phgrâi ki dksh`i gd bieprdssâi @ghgd gi dksh`i ς  87

1,22:?42

18 1>

1,7>8474 8,08==1>

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

H HAKW KAQ 821>831==4, dsthadldbd vhlirds phrh blhss`j`bhr hs hrohehsshs quhkti h suh rds`stãkb`h h bieprdssâi. H hrohehssh HI] dstè kh blhssd ]7 d hs hrohehsshs H]8 d H]1 dstâi kh blhssd ]8. Is vhlirds gd rds`stãkb`h rdjdrdktds h bhgh blhssd dstâi hprdsdkthgis kh Whadlh 82.

4:

 

 

Whadlh 82  ‒  Blhss`j`bhïâi  Blhss`j`bhïâi quhkti h rds`stãkb`h í bieprdssâi. Blhssd

Qds`stãkb`h í trhïâi kh jldxâi Eàtigi gd dksh`i (E]h)

]8

< 1,=

]1

8,4 h 2,=

]2

1,4 h 7,4

]7

7,= h :,4

]4

4,4 h 0,=

]:

; >,=

HAKW KAQ 821?0

Jiktd3 HAKW KAQ 821>831==4.

7.1  Qds`stãkb`h pitdkb`hl gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi t rhïâi

 Kdstd `tde sdrâi hprdsdkthgis is rdsulthgis gis dksh`is gd hgdrãkb`h h trhïâi ghs hrohehsshs his 87 g`hs. Jirhe rdhl`zhgis dksh`is gd hgdrãkb`h phrh is 2 trhïis ut`l`zhkgi gi`s suastrhtis g`jdrdktds. Zhld rdldearhr qud trhïis gd hrohehssh HI], H]8 d H]1 jirhe hpl`bhgis de suastrhtis gd alibi bdráe`bi bie d sde bnhp`sbi ehkuhl. H rds`stãkb`h gd hgdrãkb`h h trhïâi à gdj`k`gh pdlh HAKW KAQ 82?7031=82. H kireh gdtdre`kh is vhlirds eåk`eis phrh phrdgds `ktdrkhs, dxtdrkhs d tdti dxprdssis kh Whadlh 87.  Blhss`j`bhïâi quhkti h tdksâi Qh. Whadlh 87  ‒  Blhss`j`bhïâi

Jiktd3 HAKW KAQ 82?7031=82. 

I dstugi tde pir iacdt`vi hkhl`shr hs hrohehsshs quhkti h suh ut`l`zhïâi phrh rdaibi `ktdrki, iu sdch, is vhlirds gd rds`stãkb`h gdvdrâi sdr eh`irds iu `ouh`s h =,1 E]h. Is vhlirds iat`gis  phrh tighs hs biea`khïôds gd hrohehsshs x suastrhtis dstâi hprdsdkthgis kis hkdxis H d A d sâi bhlbulhgis pdlh Dquhïâi 2. H Whadlh 84 eistrh is vhlirds eàg`is dkbiktrhgis.

4?

 

 

Dquhïâi 2

Whadlh 84 - Qdsulthgis gis dksh`is gd hgdrãkb`h. Hrohehssh Bnhp`sbi

B`edkti (fo)

Wrhïi Bhl Hrd`h j`kh (fo) (fo)

Hg`t`vi (el)

Wdksâi Qh Eàg`h Gdsv`i (E]h) (E]h) ]hgrâi

HI]-8

R`e

81,74

-

70,>

14

=,8?1271?

HI]-1

R`e

81,74

-

70,>

14

=,1?0=714

HI]-2

R`e

81,74

-

70,>

14

=,211=174

HI]-7

R`e

81,74

-

70,>

14

=,1==:1=7

H]8-8

R`e

:,14

:,14

4=,8

-

=,8=>>224

H]8-1

R`e

:,14

:,14

4=,8

-

=

H]8-2

R`e

:,14

:,14

4=,8

-

=,=874>?0

H]8-7

R`e

:,14

:,14

4=,8

-

=,=?7:=88

H]1-8

R`e

:,14

:,14

?7,?

-

=

H]1-1

R`e

:,14

:,14

?7,?

-

=

H]1-2

R`e

:,14

:,14

?7,?

-

=,=:822:?

H]1-7

R`e

:,14

:,14

?7,?

-

=

HI]-8

Kâi

81,74

-

70,>

14

=,=87=?>0

HI]-1

Kâi

81,74

-

70,>

14

=,8:880?2

HI]-2

Kâi

81,74

-

70,>

14

=,887:7=1

HI]-7

Kâi

81,74

-

70,>

14

=

H]8-8

Kâi

:,14

:,14

4=,8

-

=,=102=?

H]8-1

Kâi

:,14

:,14

4=,8

-

=

H]8-2

Kâi

:,14

:,14

4=,8

-

=,81014?

H]8-7

Kâi

:,14

:,14

4=,8

-

=

H]1-8

Kâi

:,14

:,14

?7,?

-

=

H]1-1

Kâi

:,14

:,14

?7,?

-

=

H]1-2

Kâi

:,14

:,14

?7,?

-

=

H]1-7

Kâi

:,14

:,14

?7,?

-

=

=,1724 =,=400

=,=704 =,=771

=,=842 =,=1::

=,=?14 =,=:??

=,=20: =,=428

=

=

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

Hi hkhl`shr is ghgis iat`gis quhkgi hpl`bhghs de alibi bdráe`bi sde bnhp`sbi pigdeis iasdrvhr qud kdknueh ghs hrohehsshs t`vdrhe rdsulthgis hb`eh gi vhlir eåk`ei. H hrohehssh HI] ji` h qud tdvd edlnir gdsdepdkni kdstd suastrhti, edsei kâi ht`ko`kgi i vhlir gd 4>

   

 

=,1 E]h. Cè kh hpl`bhïâi de alibi bdráe`bi bie bnhp`sbi niuvd hpdkhs ueh hrohehssh (HI]) qud ht`ko`u i vhlir dsthadldb`gi pdlh kireh, j`bhkgi ade hb`eh ghs gdeh`s hrohehsshs. I rdsulthgi privhvdledktd sd gdvd hi jhti gd h hrohehssh tdr ueh aih hgdrãkb`h bie i bnhp`sbi, sdkgi qud quhsd tigis is riep`edktis sd gdrhe kh `ktdrjhbd bnhp`sbi/hrohehssh. bnhp`sbi/hrohehssh.  Ki Orèj`bi 2 à pissåvdl iasdrvhr h orhkgd g`jdrdkïh g`j drdkïh gd hgdrãkb`h ghs hrohehsshs de rdlhïâi hi suastrhti bie d sde bnhp`sbi.

Orèj`bi 2 - Wdksâi eàg`h gd rupturh. =,1: =,17     ) =,11    h    ] =,1    E     ( =,8>    h    r    u    t =,8:    p    u =,87    r    d     g =,81    h    `     g =,8     à    e=,=>    i    â    s =,=:    k    d    W =,=7

HI] H]8 H]1

=,=1 =

b/ bnhp`sbi 8

Ruastrhti

s/ bnhp`sbi 1

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

Iutri jhtir hkhl`shgi à h rdo`âi de qud niuvd i riep`edkti, phrh qud sd pissh hkhl`shr i gdsdepdknii gi s`stdeh gd rdvdst`edkti. Ki bhsi gi suastrhti bie bnhp`sbi h eh`ir `kb`gãkb`h gdsdepdkn gd rupturh j`biu kh `ktdrjhbd bnhp`sbi/hrohehssh bnhp`sbi/hrohehssh d kh pròpr`h hrohehssh. ]igd-sd pdrbdadr qud h hrohehssh H]1 tdvd 8==% ghs rupturhs kh hrohehssh, gdeikstrhkgi qud privhvdledktd niuvd ueh aih hgdrãkb`h gdlh hi bnhp`sbi, rdsulthkgi ki riep`edkti pir trhïâi gh pròpr`h hrohehssh. H eh`ir pripirïâi gd hordohgi ki trhïi gh hrohehssh, h tirkh eh`s jrhbh qud i  pròpr`i bnhp`sbi, gdtdre`khkgi i riep`edkti gdktri gh dspdssurh gh edseh d kâi kh `ktdrjhbd. Hlàe g`ssi, pir tdr eh`ir ruois`ghgd de jukïâi gi eh`ir tdir gd hordohgis, hbhah pir odrhr ueh eh`ir hgdrãkb`h hi bnhp`sbi. 

40

 

 

 Kis suastrhtis suastrhtis ssde de bnhp`sbi bnhp`sbi hs hrohehsshs hrohehsshs t`vdrhe suhs suhs bikbdktrhïôds bikbdktrhïôds gd rupturh rupturhss kh `ktdrjhbd gi suastrhti/hrohehssh suastrhti/hrohehssh d kh pròpr`h hrohehssh. H hrohehssh HI] tdvd tighs t ighs hs suhs rupturhs kh `ktdrjhbd gi suastrhti/hrohehssh d biktrhr`hkgi i qud hbiktdbdu bie hs gdeh`s qud t`vdrhe hlouks riep`edktis kh hrohehssh. @ssi ibirrdu pdli jhti gd kâi tdr ibirr`gi aih hgdrãkb`h dktrd hrohehssh d suastrhti, gdv`gi h supdrjåb`d eh`s pil`gh gi alibi bdráe`bi d husãkb`h gd bnhp`sbi.

7.2  Hasirïâi

gd èouh pdli Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai

I dksh`i gd hasirïâi gd èouh pdli Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai ji` rdhl`zhgi kis 1 ph`kà`s gd hrohehssh,, hikgd sd gdj`k`u 8 pikti hldhtòr`i phrh h j` hrohehssh j`xhïâi xhïâi gi bhbn`eai (g`spis`t`vi gd v`gri orhguhgi de gàb`eis gd el). I dksh`i v`sh h iatdkïâi gd vhlirds qud edksurde h  pdredha`l`ghgd gis rdvdst`edktis hrohehsshgi hrohehsshgis. s. H Whadlh 8: hprdsdkth is rdsulthgis iat`gis kh hvhl`hïâi gd pdredha`l`ghgd pdli Eàtigi gi Bhbn`eai (]IL@RRDK@, 80>:) kh `ghgd gd 87 g`hs d de e`kutis. Whadlh 8:  ‒  Qdsulthgis  Qdsulthgis gi dksh`i gd pdredha`l`ghgd. ]lhk`lnh phrh dksh`i gd pdredha`l`ghgd - Eàtigi Bhbn`eai ]h`kdl H - B/ Bnhp`sbi Wrhïi HI] H]8 H]1

8

1

2

7

4

Kåvdl gd èouh de be² : ? > 0 8=

88

81

82

87

84

=,84 =,14 =,7= =,4= =,:= =,?= =,>4 =,04 8,=4 8,84 8,14 8,24 8,74 8,4= 8,44 =,8= =,14 =,7= =,4= =,:= =,?= =,>= =,0= 8,== 8,8= 8,1= 8,2= 8,7= 8,4= 8,:= =,24 =,:4 8,== 8,2= 8,:= 8,0= 1,8= 1,7= 1,?= 2,== 2,1= 2,7= 2,:= 2,>4

-

IAR3 H hrohehssh H]1, ki ph`kdl bie bnhp`sbi, ht`ko`u 7be² his 87 e`kutis d 8? sdoukgis.

]h`kdl A - R/ Bnhp`sbi Wrhïi HI] H]8 H]1

8

1

2

7

4

Kåvdl gd èouh de be² : ? > 0 8=

88

81

82

87

84

=,1= =,2= =,7= =,4= =,:= =,?= =,>= =,>4 =,0= =,04 8,== 8,=4 8,8= 8,84 8,1= =,8= =,1= =,2= =,7= =,74 =,4= =,:= =,?= =,>= =,>4 =,0= 8,== 8,=4 8,8= 8,84 =,4= =,0= 8,1= 8,4= 8,>= 1,1= 1,4= 1,>= 2,1= 2,4= 2,>= 7,==

-

-

-

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

:=

 

 

I Orèj`bi 7 rdprdsdkth is vhlirds iat`gis d vhr`hïâi gd pdredha`l`ghgd dktrd hs hrohehsshs dstughghs phrh i ]h`kdl H (bie bnhp`sbi).  Orèj`bi 7  ‒  ]dredha`l`ghgd  ]dredha`l`ghgd ghs hrohehsshs hpl`bhghs ki ]h`kdl H. 7,4= 7,== 2,4=     )     ²    e    b     (    h    u    o     è    d     g     l    d    v    `    K

2,== 1,4= Hrohehssh - HI] 1,==

Hrohehssh - H]8

8,4=

Hrohehssh - H]1

8,== =,4= =,== 8

1

2

7

4

:

?

>

0

8= 88 8 8 81 8 1 82 8 2 87 8 7 84 84

Wdepi (e`k)

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

I Orèj`bi 4 rdprdsdkth is vhlirds iat`gis d vhr`hïâi gd pdredha`l`ghgd dktrd hs hrohehsshs dstughghs phrh i ]h`kdl A (sde bnhp`sbi). Orèj`bi 4  ‒  ]dredha`l`ghgd  ]dredha`l`ghgd ghs hrohehsshs hpl`bhghs ki ]h`kdl A.   7,4= 7,== 2,4=     )     ²    e    b     (    h    u    o     è    d     g     l    d    v    `    K

2,== 1,4= Hrohehssh - HI] 1,==

Hrohehssh - H]8

8,4=

Hrohehssh - H]1

8,== =,4= =,== 8

1

2

7

4

:

?

>

0

8= 88 88 81 81 82 82 87 87 84 84

Wdepi (e`k)

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). :8

 

 

Iasdrvh-sd qud is rdsulthgis iat`gis pdlh hrohehssh H]1 jirhe gd ehok`tugd supdr`ir hs gdeh`s, sdkgi dstd biepirthedkti biephtåvdl hi dspdrhgi. H hrohehssh H]1, pir pissu`r ueh quhkt`ghgd supdr`ir gd hordohgis gd ueh orhkuliedtr`h sdedlnhktd, pdre`td qud nhch ueh  pdrbilhïâi gd èouh eh`ir de sdu `ktdr`ir6 ipisti hi qud ibirrdu bie is iutris trhïis gd hrohehsshs. Bie rdlhïâi h prdsdkïh iu kâi gd bnhp`sbi, pigdeis gdsbiks`gdrhr h `kjluãkb`h pi`s h hasirïâi à `epirthktd sdr hvhl`hgh ki pròpr`i rdvdst`edkti gd rdaibi, piràe ki ph`kdl de qud dssd dsthvh prdsdktd, niuvd ueh eh`ir hasirïâi gd èouh, bie dxbdïâi gh hrohehssh H]1, qud tdvd ueh thxh eh`ir ki ph`kdl sde bnhp`sbi, bikj`rehkgi hss`e h kâi vhlirhïâi gdssd dldedkti biei `kjludkb`hgir kdssh t`pilio`h gd dksh`i.

7.7 Bikthode ghs j`ssurhs v`såvd`s Ji` jd`th h bikthode ghs j`ssurhs v`såvd`s his ?, 87, 18 d 1> g`hs. Dktrdthkti, niuvd j`ssurhs hpdkhs kh hrohehssh H]8, kh jhbd gi ph`kdl de qud nhv`h bnhp`sbi. H bhush gdssh j`ssurhïâi bdrthedktd ji` h rdtrhïâi, pi`s hlàe gd ibirrdrde lioi khs pr`ed`rhs `ghgds, dx`o`u ueh eh`ir quhkt`ghgd gd èouh gd hehsshedkti gdv`gi h suh quhkt`ghgd supdr`ir gd j`kis. H Whadlh 8? gdeikstrh h quhkt`ghgd gd j`ssurhs d h `ghgd ` ghgd de qud ji` iasdrvhgi dssh phtilio`h. Whadlh 8?  ‒  Xuhkt`ghgd  Xuhkt`ghgd gd j`ssurhs gd hbirgi bie h `ghgd gh hrohehssh. ]lhk`lnh phrh bikthode gd j`ssurhs ki ph`kdl bie bnhp`sbi IAR3 Kâi niuvd j`ssurhs ki ph`kdl sde bnhp`sbi. Hrohehssh

@ghgd (g`hs)

Xuhkt`ghgd gd j`ssurhs

HI]

?

=

HI]

87

=

HI]

18

=

HI]

1>

=

H]8

?

8

H]8

87

7

H]8

18

4

H]8

1>

4

H]1

?

=

H]1

87

=

H]1

18

=

H]1

1>

=

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80). :1

 

 

H J`ourhs 14 `lustrh hs j`ssurhs dkbiktrhghs d i dsthgi de qud i ph`kdl gd hrohehsshs bie bnhp`sbi sd dkbiktrhvh his 1> g`hs. J`ourh 14  ‒  J`ssurhs  J`ssurhs ki ph`kdl gd hrohehssh his 1> g`hs.  

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

Hs J`ourhs 1: d 1? sâi hlouehs hprix`ehïôds ghs j`ssurhs hprdsdkthgh hprdsdkthghss hb`eh. J`ourh 1:  ‒  Hepl`hïâi  Hepl`hïâi gd j`ssurh ki ph`kdl gd hrohehssh. 

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

J`ourh 1?  ‒  Hepl`hïâi  Hepl`hïâi gd j`ssurh ki ph`kdl gd hrohehssh. 

Jiktd3 Hutir (1=80).

:2

 

 

4  BIKR@GDQHÏÔDR J@KH@R Dsth pdsqu`sh tdvd biei iacdt`vi hvhl`hr, gd jireh biephrht`vh, is t`pis gd hrohehsshs gd rdvdst`edkti, bieuedktd ut`l`zhgis kh b`ghgd gd Tadrlákg`h/EO, d, theaàe, h hrohehssh ut`l`zhgh pir ueh bikstrutirh de dspdbåj`bi, htrhvàs gd dksh`is jås`bis ki dsthgi dkgurdb`gi.  Kis dksh`is gd rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi d í bieprdssâi, pigd-sd hj`rehr qud h gishode ghs hrohehsshss tdvd ue phpdl jukghedkthl phrh is rdsulthgis iat`gis. I hlti tdir gd hordohgi (hrd`h hrohehssh j`kh) d, biksdqudktdedktd, i ah`xi tdir gd b`edkti ghs hrohehsshs H]8 d H]1, sd biephrhgi bie h hrohehssh HI], rdsulthrhe de ueh rds`stãkb`h í trhïâi d í bieprdssâi eu`ti `kjdr`ir ghqudlhs de rdlhïâi í dssh. Dssh ah`xh rds`stãkb`h ghs hrohehsshs phgrik`zhghs, pr`kb`phledktd pr`kb`phledktd í trhïâi, pigd `ephbthr gh hgdrãkb`h gd rdvdst`edktis r dvdst`edktis bdráe`bis bdráe`bis,, ueh vdz qud kis dksh`is gd hrrhkbhedkti,, h hrohehssh riepdu pir trhïâi hrrhkbhedkti tr hïâi gdktri gd suh pròpr`h dspdssurh.

Bie rdlhïâi his dksh`is gd hgdrãkb`h, à pissåvdl kithr h orhkgd `kjluãkb`h gi bnhp`sbi de ue s`stdeh gd rdvdst`edkti pir hrohehssh. Kh jhbd gi ph`kdl de qud kâi nhv`h bnhp`sbi,  prht`bhedktd tighs hs hs rupturhs gis birpis birpis gd gd privhs sd gdrhe gdrhe kh `ktdrjhbd suas suastrhti-hrohehssh, trhti-hrohehssh, gdeikstrhkgi i quâi ah`xh à h hgdrãkb`h gd hrohehsshs hpl`bhghs g`rdthedktd siard alibis bdráe`bis. Hlàe g`ssi, hs tdksôds gd rupturh jirhe prht`bhedktd kulhs de quhsd tighs hs hrohehsshs.

]ir iutri lhgi, kh jhbd gi ph`kdl de qud ji` rdhl`zhgi i bnhp`sbi, niuvd gi`s bdkèr`is gd riep`edkti3 `ktdrjhbd bnhp`sbi-hrohehssh bnhp`sbi-hrohehssh d kh pròpr`h hrohehssh. Dssd jhti dstè l`ohgi l` ohgi hi tdir gd hordohgi prdsdktd kis trhïis, pi`s hrohehsshs bie hlti tdir gd hordohgi (H]8 d H]1) tdkgde h tdr ueh rds`stãkb`h r ds`stãkb`h í trhïâi `kjdr`ir ís hrohehsshs bie ah`xi tdir gd hordohgi (HI]) d, hss`e, pissu`r tdksôds gd rupturh (Qh) `kjdr`irds. Bie rdlhïâi hi usi rdbiedkghgi pdlh HAKW KAQ 82?7031=82 phrh p`kturh, hpdkhs h hrohehssh HI] htdkgdu his rdqu`s`tis eåk`eis.

:7

 

 

Hss`e, j`bh dv`gdktd qud i usi gd bnhp`sbi ohrhktd ueh edlnir hgdrãkb`h gh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti. Hlàe g`ssi, h ut`l`zhïâi gd tdlh gd dstuqud pigd sdr `ktdrdsshktd phrh ueh edlnir j`xhïâi gh hrohehssh, pr`kb`phledktd de suastrhtis eh`s l`sis.  Ki quds`ti hasirïâi, pigdeis bikblu`r bikblu`r qud tigis tigis is trhïis trhïis gd hrohehssh hrohehssh iat`vdrh iat`vdrhe e rdsulthgis sht`sjhtòr`is, nhch v`sth trhthr-sd gd gishodks phrh rdvdst`edkti `ktdrki. Dktrdthkti, rdbiedkghsd is trhïis HI] d H]8, pi`s t`vdrhe hasirïâi edkirds gdv`gi hi tdir `kjdr`ir gd hordohgis sd biephrhgi h hrohehssh H]1. Dssd jhti pigd sdr `ktdrdsshktd ki bieahtd ís `kj`ltrhïôds, eijis d ailirds.

Hs j`ssurhïôds prdsdktds ki ph`kdl sd gdrhe hpdkhs kh hrohehssh H]8 d siehrhe ueh quhkt`ghgd rdlht`vhedktd hlth phrh ueh pdqudkh èrdh gd biadrturh (=,4e±). H bhush gdsshs jdkg`lnhïôdss dstè l`ohgh jdkg`lnhïôd l` ohgh h gi`s jhtirds3 dxbdssi gd èouh ki prdphri gh hrohehssh d vhr`hïâi gd vilued gh hrohehssh. Dssd jhti rdvdlh h `epirtákb`h gd ueh gishode birrdth, pi`s htà h quhkt`ghgd gd èouh gd hehsshedkti deprdohgh pigd `kjludkb`hr kh rdtrhïâi d ibhs`ikhr j`ssurhs. 

Iutri pikti `epirthktd à h orhkuliedtr`h gh hrohehssh ut`l`zhgh, pi`s i jhar`bhktd gi hg`t`vi rdbiedkgh i usi gd hrd`h eàg`h, dktrdthkti, ut`l`ziu-sd hrd`h j`kh kh iarh dstughgh. Dssd jhti  pigd huedkthr h rdtrhïâi kh sdbhode odrhkgi j`ssurhs, p`irhr h hgdrãkb`h gh hrohehssh hi suastrhti d prdcug`bhr h `epdredha`l`ghgd ghs phrdgds. Hss`e, rdbiedkgh-sd i usi gd hrd`h eàg`h, pi`s dv`th qud orâis gd hrd`h pdkdtrde kis piris gi suastrhti d tiede i luohr gd  prigutis gh n`grhthïâi gi b`edkti qud sd jirehr`he kh `ktdrjhbd d priguz`r`he i trhvhedkti gh hrohehssh.

Bie rdlhïâi í orhkuliedtr`h gi b`edkti, hpdshr gd kâi sd tdr ut`l`zhgi ut`l` zhgi i B] Z-HQ@ kis dksh`is, i usi gdld hi `kvàs gi B] @@ pigd sdr `ktdrdsshktd, pi`s gdv`gi h suh eh`ir j`kurh, à bhphz gd  privdr ueh hgdrãkb`h supdr`ir. Hs  hrohehsshs qud pissude holiedrhktds eh`s j`kis  prddkbnde eh`s jhb`ledktd d gd ehkd`rh eh`s biepldth tigh h supdrjåb`d gi suastrhti,  prip`b`hkgi eh`ir dxtdksâi gh hgdrãkb`h. Te bu`ghgi dspdb`hl gdvd sdr tiehgi bie i usi gdssh `kjirehïâi, pi`s, custhedktd de v`rtugd gd suh eh`ir j`kurh, i B]Z-HQ@ pigd ldvhr í rdtrhïâi d j`ssurhïâi gi rdvdst`edkti gd eigi eh`s jèb`l gi qud bie iutris b`edktis, biks`gdrhkgi-sd biks`gdrhk gi-sd i edsei biksuei. :4

 

 

H bhl, hlàe gd sdr ue ehtdr`hl holiedrhktd, pissu`, pir suh j`kurh, `epirthktds pripr`dghgds  plhst`j`bhktds d gd rdtdkïâi gd èouh. Dktrdthkti, gd hbirgi bie is rdsulthgis r dsulthgis iat`gis phrh hs hrohehsshs H]8 d H]1, h ut`l`zhïâi gd bhl n`grhthgh kâi ji` bhphz gd privdr aiks rdsulthgis gd hgdrãkb`h d gd biktrild gd rdtrhïâi, sd biephrhgi hi hg`t`vi plhst`j`bhktd. Hlàe g`ssi, gdehkgiu ue biksuei supdr`ir gd èouh gd hehsshedkti, quhkgi biephrhgi í hrohehssh HI].

I usi gd hg`t`vi plhst`j`bhktd sd gdeikstriu `ktdrdsshktd kh hrohehssh HI], hi biks`gdrhr h g`e`ku`ïâi gh `ksdrïâi gd èouh kh e`sturh d biktr`au`r phrh ue huedkti gd rds`stãkb`h edbák`bh (trhïâi d bieprdssâi). Hlàe g`ssi, privdu ueh aih trhahlnha`l`ghgd d hpl`bhïâi hi  ph`kdl. À `epirthktd `epirthktd rdsshlthr qud hrohehsshs hrohehsshs eh`s plèst`bhs plèst`bhs tãe eh`ir bhphb`ghgd gd “eilnhr― h supdrjåb`d d prddkbndr hs bhv`ghgds gi suastrhti, i qud, pir suh vdz, huedkth h hgdrãkb`h.

Bie ahsd kis rdsulthgis gis dksh`is rdhl`zhgis, kith-sd qud i trhïi gd hr hrohehssh ohehssh HI], ghgi `k`b`hledktd biei prialdeèt`bi, iatdvd ue aie rdsulthgi biepirthedkthl phrh tigis is dksh`is. Dssd jhti dstè jirtdedktd l`ohgi hi biktrild tdbkilòo`bi d ís rdbiedkghïôds jirkdb`gh jirkdb`ghss  pdli jhar`bhktd gis ehtdr`h`s. Kh iarh iarh gd rdjdrãkb`h privhvdledktd privhvdledktd i usi gd hg`t`vi tdknh s`gi hpl`bhgi gd jireh kâi biktrilhgh d, quhkt`tht`vhedktd, kâi iadgdbdkgi h rdbiedkghïâi gi jhar`bhktd, i qud pigd prdcug`bhr i gdsdepdkni gh hrohehssh. Hlàe g`ssi, h husãkb`h gd bnhp`sbi kh iarh ji` quds`ti gdtdre`khktd phrh qud niuvdssd gdsplhbhedkti gd rdaibi ghs  phrdgds `ktdrkhs. `ktdrkhs.

Gdstd eigi, dssd trhahlni vhl`gh d rdbiedkgh i trhïi gd hrohehssh 837 (holiedrhktd3 hordohgi) bie i usi gd hg`t`vi plhst`j`bhktd phrh hrohehssh gd rdvdst`edkti `ktdrki, h j`e gd  prdvdk`r hs phtilio`hs hqu` dstughghs, gdsgd qud nhch ue biktrild tdbkilòo`bi d i rdspd`ti ís rdbiedkghïôds rdbiedkghï ôds `episths pdli jhar`bhktd.

Dstd dstugi à ue trhahlni hbhgãe`bi bie `kvdst`ohïâi `k`b`hl d rdbiedkgh-sd i hprijukghedkti bikt`kuhgi, prdjdrdkb`hledktd, de phrbdr`h bie h `kgóstr`h gh bikstruïâi b`v`l, piss`a`l`thkgi, gdssh jireh, i gdsdkvilv`edkti gd kivhs edtigilio`hs, h ausbh gd rdsulthgis d h hpl`bha`l`ghgd prèt`bh hi ed`i prigut`vi. ::

 

 

QDJDQÃKB@HR HAB]. Hssib`hïâi Arhs`ld`rh gd B`edkti ]irtlhkg. Ehkuhl gd rdvdst`edktis gd hrohehssh. 1==1. G`spikåvdl

de3

83 821>83 Hrohehssh phrh hssdkthedkti d rdvdst`e rdvdst`edkti dkti gd phrdgds d tdtis - Qdqu`s`tis. Qdqu`s`tis. Q`i gd Chkd`ri, 1==4.  YYYYYY. KAQ 8241>3 Qdvdst`edkti gd phrdgds gd hrohehsshs `kiroák`bhs ‒  Gdtdre`khïâi  Gdtdre`khïâi gh rds`stãkb`h gd hgdrãkb`h í trhïâi. Q`i gd Chkd`ri, 1=8=.  YYYYYY. KAQ 824103 Qdvdst`edkti gd phrdgds d tdtis tdtis gd hrohehss hrohehsshs hs `kiroák`bhs ‗  Wdre`kilio`h.  Wdre`kilio`h. Q`i gd Chkd`ri, 1=82.  YYYYYY. KAQ 82?703 Qdvdst`edkti gd phrdgds d tdtis gd hrohehsshs `kiroák`bhs - Dspdb`j`bhïâi. Q`i gd Chkd`ri, 1=82.

HEAQISD_@BS, ]huli Ndkr`qud Lhpirtd - Bikstruïâi gd dg`jåb`is gi `kåb`i hi j`e gh iarh  ‒  Râi   Râi ]huli/ R]3 Dg`tirh ]@K@ ]@K@ Ltgh., 1=84. 1=84.   AHÅH, Lub`hkh Ldikd Ehb`dl6 RHAAHW@K@, Jdrkhkgi Ndkr`qud. ]ricdti d dxdbuïâi gd rdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh. 7ª dg`ïâi, I kied gh rish dg`tirh Ltgh. Râi ]huli/R], 1==>.  1==>.    bhrhbtdråst`bhs d pdbul`hr`ghgds. 8ª dg`ïâi, LDETka  ‒   AHTDQ, Dltik. Qdvdst`edkti gd hrohehssh  ‒  bhrhbtdråst`bhs R@KGTRBIK/GJ, R@KGTRB IK/GJ, Arhsål`h/GJ, 1==4. 1==4.  

:?

 

 

BHQHRDF, Ndldkh. Ehtdr`h`s gd bikstruïâi b`v`l d pr`kbåp`is gh b`ãkb`h gh dkodknhr`h gd ehtdr`h`s. 8ª dg. @RH@H, Odrhlgi Bdbndllh  ‒  Râi   Râi ]huli3 @AQHBIK, 1==?, Bhp. 1:  ‒  Hrohehsshs,   Hrohehsshs, pèo. >:2 h 0=7. Zilued1. GTAHC, Dguhrgi. Dstugi biephrht`vi dktrd trhïis gd hrohehsshs ut`l`zhghs de ]irti Hldord G`ssdrthïâi (Edstrhgi de Dkodknhr`h) ]riorheh ]riorheh gd ]òs-Orhguhïâi ]òs-Orh guhïâi de Dkodknhr`h B`v`l, Tk`vdrs`ghgd Jdgdrhl gi Q`i Orhkgd gi Rul, ]irti Hldord/QR, 1===. EHWIR, ]huli Q`bhrgi gd. Dstugi gh ut`l`zhïâi gd hrohehssh dstha`l`zhgh de hlvdkhr`h dstruturhl gd  alibis gd bikbrdti - Eikiorhj`h (Orhguhïâi de Dkodknhr`h B`v`l) Tk`vdrs`ghgd Jdgdrhl gd Rhkth Bhthr`kh, Jlir`hkòpil`s/RB, 1=82.  1=82.   KDWI, H. E.6 HKGQHGD RIWI, K. W. H. Dstugi ghs pripr`dghgds pripr`dghgds d v`ha`l`ghgd tàbk`bh gh HKGQHGD G. B. gd6 RIWI, hrohehssh dstha`l`zhgh  ‒   Eikiorhj`h (Orhguhïâi de Dkodknhr`h gh ]riguïâi) Tk`vdrs`ghgd Wdbkilòo`bh Jdgdrhl gi ]hrhkè, Bur`t`ah/]Q, 1=8=. ]IL@RRDK@, H. D. ‒  Eàtigi  Eàtigi gd bhepi phrh hvhl`hr h bhphb`ghgd `epdredha`l`zhktd gd rdvdst`edktis gd phrdgd ‒  Eàtigi  Eàtigi gi bhbn`eai. G`ssdrthïâi (Edstrhgi de Dkodknhr`h), Dsbilh gd Dkodknhr`h, Bursi gd ]òs-Orhguhïâi de Dkodknhr`h B`v`l, TJQOR, ]irti Hldord, 80>:. QDBDKH, Jdrkhkgi Hkt÷k`i ]`hzzh. Bikndbdkgi hrohehssh. 8 ª 8 ª dg. DG@]TBQR. ]irti Hldord/QR, 1==>.

QDOHWW@DQ@, Bhrlis D6 R@LZH, Lub`hki L.Q. Ohknis gd pitdkb`h`s kh ut`l`zhïâi gh hrohehssh `kgustr`hl`zhgh. R`epòs`i Arhs`ld`ri gd Wdbkilio`h de Hrohehsshs. Râi ]huli/R], 1==2. WQDZ@RIL, Luås Hladrti. Dstugi biephrht`vi dktrd hs hrohehsshs3 dstha`l`zhgh gishgh de bdktrhl, `kgustr`hl`zhgh d priguz`gh de iarh pir ed`i gd dksh`is jås`bis kis dsthgis jrdsbi d dkgurdb`gi. G`ssdrthïâi (Edstrhgi de Dkodknhr`h b`v`l). @kst`tuti gd Dkodknhr`h gi ]hrhkè, Bur`t`ah, 1=84.

:>

 

 

H]ÃKG@BDR

HKD^I H  ‒ Zhlirds

dkbiktrhgis ki dksh`i gd hrrhkbhedkti phrh i ]h`kdl ]h` kdl H ]hrdgd bie bnhp`sbi

Birpi gd privh Hrohehssh

Dspdssurh (ee)

g8 (ee)

g1 (ee)

ge (ee)

Èrdh (ee±)

]rdssâi gd rupturh (foj/be±)

Èrdh gi deaili (be±)

HI]-8

8?,:

74

74

74

840=,728

1,7

88,:71

HI]-1

8:,?

77

74

77,4

8444,1>4 8444,1>4

2,>

88,:71

722,00=4

=,1?0=71

=

HI]-2

0,7

72

71

71,4

878>,:14

7

88,:71

74:,>218

=,211=17

=

Jireh gd rupturh (%)

Bhroh gd Wdksâi Qh rupturh (K) (E]h) 1?7,=001

=,8?1272

(H) (A) (B) (G) (D) (J) (O) =

=

=

8==

=

=

8==

=

=

=

HI]-7

18,=

74

74,8

74,=4

8402,0:>

1,>

88,:71

280,?>14

=,1==:1

=

=

=

8==

H]8-8

8:,0

72

72,4

72,14

87:0,82:

8,7

88,:71

840,>081

=,8=>>22

=

=

=

=

H]8-1 H]8-2

87,= 1=

72,? 77,2

72,0 74

72,> 77,:4

84=:,?20 84:4,?>?

= =,1

88,:71 88,:71

= 11,>78:

= =,=874>>

= =

= =

=

=

=

=

=

8== =

=

=

=

=

=

8== =

=

= =

= 8== = 8== = =

= =

H]8-7

8?,=

77,1

77,8

77,84

842=,08:

8

88,:71

887,1=>

=,=?7:=8

=

=

=

8==

=

=

H]1-8

88,4

78

7 8,8

78,=4

8212,7?:

=

88,:71

=

=

=

=

=

=

8== =

=

=

H]1-1

82,4

78,8

78,2

78,1

8222,8::

=

88,:71

=

=

=

=

=

=

8== =

=

H]1-2

87,7

71,>

72

71,0

8774,744

=,>

88,:71

08,2::71

=,=:822?

=

=

=

=

8== =

=

H]1-7

8=,=

71,?

72

71,>4

8771,=>?

=

88,:71

=

=

=

=

=

=

8== =

=

:0  

 

HKD^I A  ‒ Zhlirds

dkbiktrhgis ki dksh`i gd hrrhkbhedkti phrh i ]h`kdl A ]hrdgd sde bnhp`sbi

Birpi gd privh Hrohehssh

Dspdssurh (ee)

g8 (ee)

HI]-8

17,7

74,2

g1 (ee) ge (ee) Èrdh (ee±) 74,:

74,74

8:11,200

]rdssâi gd rupturh (foj/be±)

Èrdh gi deaili (be±)

Bhroh gd rupturh (K)

=,1

88,:71

11,>78:

=,=87=?0

Wdksâi Qh (E]h)

Jireh gd rupturh (%) (H) (A) 8=

0=

(B) (G) (D) =

=

=

HI]-1

11,4

74,7

74,?

74,44

8:10,47:

1,2

88,:71

1:1,:?>7 1:1,:?>7

=,8:880?

=

8==

=

=

=

HI]-2

11,=

77,:

74,4

74,=4

8402,0:>

8,:

88,:71

8>1,?21>

=,887:7

=

8==

=

=

=

HI]-7

11,=

74,7

74,:

74,4

8:14,0?8

=

88,:71

=

=

=

8==

=

=

=

H]8-8

18

77,7

77,?

77,44

844>,?>1

=,7

88,:71

74,:>218

=,=102=?

=

8==

=

=

=

H]8-1

1=,0

72,?

77,>

77,14

842?,>40

=

88,:71

=

=

=

?=

2=

=

=

H]8-2

18

74,2

77,?

74

840=,728

8,>

88,:71

1=4,4?77

=,81014?

=

0=

8=

=

=

H]8-7

1=,0

77

72, 72,> >

72,0

8482,:1?

=

88,:71

=

=

=

=

8==

=

=

H]1-8

8:,:

77

72,4

72,?4

84=2,2=8

=

88,:71

=

=

=

=

8==

=

=

H]1-1

80,>

72,0

77

72,04

848?,=??

=

88,:71

=

=

=

=

8==

=

=

H]1-2

8>,2

72,?

72,7

72,44

87>0,4>>

=

88,:71

=

=

=

=

8==

=

=

H]1-7

8:,7

71,0

72,8

72

8741,1=8

=

88,:71

=

=

=

=

8==

=

=

?=