TCC Engenharia Elétrica 4

 

 

SFISAJF IF\ \GEYF\ F@ARDASG

^ADXFD@DYSALAIGID8 DEDSJAG ^GSG F BTYTSF

T\F IG YDLEF@FJAG ^ADXFD@ÁYSALG G^@ALGIG GF\ LDEYSF\ TSCGEF\

Jugru`mfs 3>7:

   

 

SFISAJF IF\ \GEYF\ F@ARDASG 

^ADXFD@DYSALAIGID8 DEDSJAG ^GSG F BTYTSF

T\F IG YDLEF@FJAG ^ADXFD@ÁYSALG G^@ALGIF GF\ Laigid LDEYSF\ TSCGEF\ Gef

Yrgcg`mf id Lfel`usìf id Lursf gprdsdetgif î Bglu`igid Gemgejudrg id Jugru`mfs, lfof rdquasatf pgrlag` pgrg g fctdeêìf if tïtu`f id jrgiugif do Dejdemgrag D`átralg. Fradetgifr8 Bgcageg \a`vg

Jugru`mfs 3>7:

 

 

SFISAJF IF\ \GEYF\ F@ARDASG  F@ARDASG 

^ADXFD@DYSALAIGID8 ^ADXFD@DYSALAIG ID8 DEDSJAG ^GSG F BTYTSF

T\F IG YDLEF@FJAG ^ADXFD@ÁYSALG G^@ALGIG GF\ LDEYSF\ TSCGEF\

Yrgcg`mf id Lfel`usìf id Lursf gprdsdetgif î Bglu`igid Gemgejudrg id Jugru`mfs, lfof rdquasatf pgrlag` pgrg g fctdeêìf if tïtu`f id jrgiugif do Dejdemgrag D`átralg 

CGELG D]GOAEGIFSG

^rfb. Dspdlag`astg Geirá G`cuqudrqud

^rfb. Dspdlag`astg Diugrif Cfegoaea

^rfb. Dspdlag`astg Diugrif if \getfs I‑D`ag

Jugru`mfs, 3:  3: id Efvdocrf id 3>7:  3>7: 

 

 

Idialf dstd trgcg`mf gfs odus pgas qud od idrgo g iardêìf lfrrdtg d fs desaegodetfs pgrg debrdetgr tfifs fs fcstçlu`fs idstg d g tfigs gs pdssfgs qud bazdrgo pgrtd ig oaemg bfrogêìf prfbassafeg` d pdssfg`.

 

 

GJSGIDLAODEYF\ Rdemf gjrgidldr dstd trgcg`mf gfs odus pgas Sfeg`if d L`guiag, d gf odu aroìf Kgaqud, qud bfrgo g oaemg cgsd d odus dxdop`fs id pdssfgs g sdrdo sdjuaigs. G oaemg egofrgig Bdregeig, pd`g lfoprddesìf gf tdopf idialgif g dstd trgcg`mf. Gjrgidêf tgocáo tfifs fs ifldetds ig Bglu`igid Gemgejudrg id Jugru`mfs, pd`g dsbfrêf, dopdemf d gofr pd`f desaef if lfetdøif lursgif gf `fejf if lursf, qud sìf id suog aopfrtãelag g dstg ofefjrgbag. ^fr ø`taof d eìf odefs aopfrtgetd gjrgidêf gfs odus lf`djgs g goajfs id bglu`igid g tfifs qud lfetracuïrgo id ogedarg iardtg fu aeiardtg pgrg rdg`azgêìf idstd trgcg`mf.

 

 

F@ARDASG, Sfirajf ifs \getfs. ^adzfd`dtralaigid8 Dedrjag ^grg f Buturf. 3>7:. Jugru`mfs. \ìf ^gu`f. Ofefjrgbag id Jrgiugêìf if lursf id Dejdemgrag D`átralg, if Idpgrtgodetf id Dejdemgrags, ig Bglu`igid Gemgejudrg id Jugru`mfs, Jugru`mfs (\^). Crgsa`. 3>7:.

SD\TOF F prdsdetd trgcg`mf vasfu dvaidelagr f lfeldatf id dedrjag padzfd`átralg gp`algif gf lftaiagef id jrgeids ldetrfs urcgefs d lfof pfid sdr uta`azgif pgrg jdrgêìf id dedrjag d`átralg pgrg gtdeidr fs sdtfrds id a`uoaegêìf pøc`alg id rugs, gvdeaigs d rfifvags d aeiøstrags. Dstd tdog bfa dslf`maif pd`f bgtf ig tdlef`fjag padzfd`átralg sdr uog g`tdregtavg do pftdelag` ef qud tgejd g jdrgêìf id dedrjag d`átralg sustdetçvd` d prçtalg, feid pdssfgs lgoaemgeif do uog lg`êgig pfido jdrgr dedrjag subaladetd pgrg gcgstdldr uog çrdg id a`uoaegêìf pøc`alg fu uo trgesiutfr d`dtrùealf jdrgeif dlfefoag d sucstatuaeif g dedrjag d`átralg lfevdelafeg`. Fs igifs idstg pdsquasg bfrgo fctaifs gtrgvás id `avrfs, ifluodetfs, lgtç`fjfs ig çrdg id d`dtralaigid d bfetd id dedrjag, grtajfs ladetïbalfs, lgrgltdrazgeif g odsog lfof uog rdvasìf id `atdrgturg. \dus jgstfs d uog pfssïvd` sf`uêìf pgrg rdiuêìf id lustfs d g`tdregtavg sustdetçvd`, qud á g jdrgêìf id d`dtralaigid gtrgvás ig padzfd`dtralaigid. F rdsu`tgif idstg pdsquasg bfa g rdvasìf id `atdrgturg sfcrd g tdlef`fjag id padzfd`dtralaigid lfof uog dedrjag g`tdregtavg qud dstç jgemgeif dspgêf ef sdtfr dedrjátalf, vasgeif igr supfrtd g futrgs bfetds id jdrgêìf id dedrjag d`átralg ef pgïs.

^g`gvrgs lmgvd8 ^adzfd`dtralaigid; lmgvd8 ^adzfd`dtralaigid; \ustdetgca`aigid; Dedrjag; Sdefvçvd`; @aopg.

 

 

F`avdarg, Sfirajf ifs \getfs. ^adzfd`dltralaty8 Dedrjy bfr tmd Buturd. Buturd. 3>7:. Jugru`mfs. \gf ^gu`f. Jrgiugtafe Ofefjrgpm fb tmd D`dltralg` Dejaeddraej lfursd, Idpgrtodet fb Dejaeddraej, Bglu`ty fb Gemgejudrg id Jugru`mfs, Jugru`mfs (\^). Crgza`. 3>7:.

GC\YSGLY Ymas pgpdr gaos tf majm`ajmt tmd lfeldpt fb padzfd`dltral dedrjy gpp`adi tf tmd iga`y `abd fb `grjd urcge ldetdrs gei mfw at lge cd usdi tf jdedrgtd d`dltral dedrjy tf sdrvd tmd puc`al strddt `ajmtaej, gvdeuds gei majmwgys gei aeiustrads. Ymas tmdod wgs lmfsde cdlgusd padzfd`dltral tdlmef`fjy as g pftdetag` g`tdregtavd tf sustgaegc`d gei prgltalg` d`dltral pfwdr jdedrgtafe, wmdrd pdfp`d wg`kaej fe g saidwg`k lge jdedrgtd defujm dedrjy tf supp`y g puc`al `ajmtaej grdg fr ge d`dltrfeal trgesiuldr jdedrgtaej sgvaejs gei rdp`glaej lfevdetafeg` d`dltral pfwdr. Ymd igtg fb tmas rdsdgrlm wdrd fctgaedi tmrfujm cffks, ifluodets, lgtg`fjs fb tmd grdg fb d`dltralaty gei dedrjy sfurld, sladetabal grtal`ds, lmgrgltdrazaej at gs g `atdrgturd rdvadw. Ats dxpdesds gei g pfssac`d sf`utafe bfr lfst rdiultafe gei sustgaegc`d g`tdregtavd, wmalm as tmd jdedrgtafe fb d`dltralaty tmrfujm padzfd`dltralaty. Ymd rdsu`t fb tmas rdsdgrlm wgs tmd `atdrgturd rdvadw fe padzfd`dltralaty tdlmef`fjy gs ge g`tdregtavd dedrjy tmgt as jgaeaej spgld ae tmd dedrjy sdltfr, gaoaej tf suppfrt ftmdr sfurlds fb d`dltralaty jdedrgtafe ae tmd lfuetry.

Kdywfris88 ^adzfd`dltralaty; \ustgaegca`aty; Dedrjy; Sdedwgc`d; L`dge.  Kdywfris

 

 

\TOÇSAF

AEYSFITÊÌF ............................................................................................................ =  7 ^ADXFD@DYSALAIGID8 TOG EFRG YDLEF@FJAG......................... ............ .......................... ................... ...... 7>  7.7 G@YDSEGYARG SDEFRÇRD@ D \T\YDEYÇRD@ .......................... ............. .......................... ..................... ........ 7>  7.3 G FSAJDO .......................................................................................................... 7>  7.< ^ADXFD@DYSALAIGID EF LFYAIAGEF ........................ ........... .......................... .......................... ....................... .......... 73  7.  < G^@ALGÊÔD\ D GRGEÊF\ YDLEF@ÜJALF\............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. 37  7>), g idslfcdrtg ig padzfd`dtralaigid eìf sd idu pfr glgsf, g odsog bfa bfrtdodetd aeb`udelagig pd`fs dstuifs qud ^adrrd Lurad hç mgvag rdg`azgif do parfd`dtralaigid d tgocáo do saodtrag id lrastgas. ^adrrd dvaidelafu qudlrastg`. fs pf`fs sìf lragifs do g`juogs iardêôds aeb`udelagif pd`g saodtrag pgrtalu`gr if Getdrafrodetd, futrg idslfcdrtg hç mgvag saif rdg`azgig, g parfd`dtralaigid, vgragêôds id tdopdrgturg qud pfido lu`oaegr euog lgidag id dbdatfs d`átralfs ef lrastg`, lfemdlaig lfof parfd`dtralaigid. F dbdatf padzfd`átralf dstç ouatf rd`glafegif lfo f dbdatf parfd`átralf. G lfedxìf detrd gs iugs idslfcdrtgs á bueigodetg`. Yfifs fs ogtdragas parfd`átralfs sìf aetraesdlgodetd padzfd`átralfs. ^gssgifs do uo gef ig idslfcdrtg, fs aroìfs ^adrrd d Hglquds fcsdrvgrgo qud fs ogtdragas qugeif sucodtaifs g uog iabdrdeêg id pftdelag`, drg dxdrlaig uog tdesìf d`átralg efs çtfofs id sdu aetdrafr, prdlasgeif sd ofvdr pgrg rdtfregr gf cg`geêf, jdrgeif uog idbfrogêìf (dbdatf padzfd`átralf aevdrtaif).

 

73

^grg Dargs (3>7:) fs lrastgas padzfd`átralfs, sd sucodtaifs g dsbfrêfs odlãealfs ouatf g`tfs, pfido jdrgr g`tgs tdesôds. \d fs odsofs bfrdo lfrrdtgodetd ogedhgifs, pfido sdrvar pgrg g`aodetgr uo sastdog d`átralf. Gs ldrãoalgs padzfd`átralgs gprdsdetgo idpfas id pf`grazgigs od`mfrds prfpradigids do lfopgrgêìf lfo fs lrastgas, g`áo id jdfodtrags d iaodesôds b`dxïvdas, pd`f bgtf id sdrdo bgcralgigs pfr odaf ig saetdrazgêìf id püs ldrãoalfs lfebfrogifs vag prdesgjdo fu dxtrusìf. Bajurg 3 “ ^raelïpaf “ ^raelïpaf id jdrgêìf id d`dtralaigid pd`f oátfif padzfd`átralf

 Bdarg id laèelags (3>7:) Bfetd8 Bdarg Bfetd8

Yfigs dssgs idslfcdrtgs pfido prfpalagr g prfiuêìf id d`dtralaigid gtrgvás if ofvaodetf, g`jf qud do ldetrfs urcgefs á bgla`odetd delfetrgif d lftaiagef, pfideif sdr ouatf gprfvdatgif do iavdrsfs `flgas lfof ldetrfs lfodrlagas d igeldtdrags pfr dxdop`f. 7.< ^ADXFD@DYSALAIGID EF LFYAIAGEF G padzfd`dtralaigid vdo sdeif tdstgig lfestgetdodetd do aeøodrgs `flg`aigids if oueif, g bao id sd fctdr dedrjag `aopg d gutfssustdetçvd` pgrg f qud sd g`odhg gp`algr, lfof á f lgsf id lgsgs id igeêg, rfifvags egs qugas fs rgigrds sìf g`aodetgifs pfr dstd oátfif, lgrrdjgifrds id cgtdrag id ld`u`gr qud sìf lgrrdjgifs pd`g dedrjag ifs pgssfs d aeøodrfs dquapgodetfs qud hç sd gprfvdatgo idstg dedrjag. \djueif Ig \a`vdarg (3>7>), ef gef id 3>>: eg laigid id Sftdriì bfa aegujurgig g praodarg igeldtdrag qud ael`uau do sdus pasfs f ofid`f padzfd`átralf.

 

7<

\djuaigodetd do @feirds surjau g igeldtdrag \uryg, eg qug` sdus usuçrafs lfesdjudo jdrgr 2>% ig dedrjag lfesuoaig ef dstgcd`dlaodetf. ^gvdjde (3>79) gbarog qud bfa lragif ef Saf id Hgedarf gtrgvás id uog pgrldrag lfo g \md``, uo lgopf id butdcf` ef qug` pfssua 3>> p`glgs padzfd`átralgs, d qud gs odsogs lfrrdspfeido pd`g jdrgêìf id 3> g % ig dedrjag lfesuoaig pfr rdb`dtfrds qud supfrtgo gtá 7> mfrgs `ajgifs. G`áo, iassf fs odsofs pasfs bfrgo uta`azgifs do uo bdstavg` id oøsalg, ef qug` bfa pfssïvd` gtrgvás igs ogas id 34>.>>> pasgigs lgrrdjgr 7>.>>> td`dbfeds ld`u`grds. \djueif ^d`aejdarf (3>72), uog pdsquasg rdg`azgig pd`g ueavdrsaigid id Id`gwgrd, efs Dstgifs Teaifs, gprdsdetfu qud fs praelapgas pfetfs qud gs pdssfgs fcsdrvgo getds id trflgr sdus lgrrfs g lfocustìf pfr lgrrfs d`átralfs sìf8 g gutfefoag, f lustf d f tdopf id rdlgrjg ig cgtdrag. ^desgeif eassf, ifas dejdemdarfs ig ueavdrsaigid id Fetçraf, Efgoge Ogkka d Sdofe ^fp-A`adv, ef Lgegig, idlaiargo aetrfiuzar egefjdrgifrds padzfd`dtralfs idetrf ifs pedus, qud sd idbfrogo egturg`odetd lfo f rfigr id uo vdïlu`f, pd`g sug b`dxaca`aigid d fsla`gêôds igs dstrgigs. \lmu`z (3>79) rdssg`vg qud g dedrjag jdrgig pd`g padzfd`dtralaigid á oïeaog, á jdrg`odetd tdo gp`algêìf do dquapgodetfs id a`uoaegêìf fu saeg`azgêìf, ogs sd `dvgrofs do lfetg qud f Crgsa` uta`azg do dedrjag d`dtralaigid f dquavg`detd î 1,: ca`môds id KZm pfr gef, lfrrdspfeideif g >1) uog futrg gp`algêìf sdrag g aestg`gêìf id jdrgifrds padzfd`átralfs do rfifvags. Dstç sf`uêìf lf`dtg g dedrjag odlãealg trgesoataig pd`f gutfoüvd` î dstrgig lfevdrtd g odsog do d`dtralaigid, gprfvdatgeif idssg bfrog dedrjag qud jdrg`odetd á aeuta`azgig. Çrdgs urcgegs sìf gs ogas prfpïlags d gidqugigs pgrg g uta`azgêìf idstg tdlef`fjag, pfas lfo g ofvaodetgêìf muogeg do jrgeids ldetrfs lfodrlagas, laigids, dslf`gs, pçtafs d dvdetfs, pfid-sd jdrgr dedrjag d`átralg eg qug` pfid-sd g`aodetgr, gcgstdldr g`jues gocadetds fu uo aoüvd` tfif, lfof uog ueavdrsaigid, rdsaièelag, `fhgs, sdo edldssatgr fu gpdegs uta`azgr uog pdqudeg pgrld`g ig dedrjag ig lfeldssafeçrag ig rdjaìf.

 

79

7.79), d`dtrfealgodetd, g padzfd`dtralaigid d sdus ogtdragas padzfd`átralfs sìf g cgsd pgrg uog vgstg jgog id sdesfrds d trgesiutfrds. Çrdgs lfof odlgtrùealg d rfcütalg uta`azgo lgig vdz ogas dstg tdlef`fjag, ef qug` gs gp`algêôds vgrago idsid sdesfrds, trgesiutfrds d pdrlfrrdo f lgoaemf ifs rdssfegifrds qud idtdroaego gs brdquèelags id fpdrgêìf id aestruodetfs id odiaig, lfof lrfeùodtrfs, rd`üjafs d oalrfprfldssgifrds. G bajurg < a`ustrg uo sdesfr padzfd`átralf uta`azgif eg aeiøstrag.

Bajurg < “ \desfr “ \desfr padzfd`átralf

 Edwtfe L. Crgjg (3>79) Bfetd8 Edwtfe Bfetd8

Do iaspfsatavfs qud edldssatgo id uog g`aodetgêìf id eïvd` id tdesìf cgaxf, d luhf lfesuof tgocáo á id pdqudeg aetdesaigid, g uta`azgêìf id uo trgesbfrogifr padzfd`átralf pfid sdr uog g`tdregtavg lfesaidrçvd` do rd`gêìf gfs ofid`fs lfevdelafegas, qud bgzdo usf id trgesbfrogifrds gcgaxgifrds.

 

74

Bajurg 9 “ Larluatf “ Larluatf rdtabalgifr lfo trgesbfrogifr padzfd`átralf

Bfetd8 Edwtfe Bfetd8  Edwtfe L. Crgjg (3>79)

Igifs fs dxdop`fs lfelrdtfs d lfoprfvgigodetd dbaladetds, pfid-sd lfesaidrgr qud g dedrjag padzfd`átralg á uog ütaog g`tdregtavg pgrg lf`gcfrgêìf fu suprdssìf id idogeig do `flgas feid g dedrjag d`átralg á id iabïla` gldssf fu id lustf d`dvgif pgrg g aestg`gêìf id oátfifs lfevdelafegas, lfof td`dbfeds guxa`agrds id rfifvags, rgigrds, td`ôds id g`drtg rfifvaçrafs, saeg`azgêìf id dodrjèelag do dstrgigs, a`uoaegêìf pøc`alg, eg d`dtrùealg, eg efvg aeiøstrag qud sd uta`azg id oátfifs id tdlef`fjag gvgeêgig lfof g rfcütalg d detrd futrgs gp`algêôds ef odaf urcgef ef qug` mç jrgeid ofvaodetgêìf muogeg fu id vdïlu`fs. Mç praodargodetd uog edldssaigid id sd lfoprddeidr g bueif f idvaif buelafegodetf d ogeusdaf idstg tdlef`fjag, g bao id tdr p`def lfemdlaodetf id lfof d feid sdrç pfssïvd` gp`algr f oátfif padzfd`átralf do ldetrfs urcgefs fu egs aeiøstrags d gtá do rdsaièelags.

 

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3 BTEIGODEYF\ IG ^ADXFD@DYSALAIGID G pg`gvrg ^adzf frajaeg if jrdjf ‐padzdae‟, qud tdo lfof sajeabalgif prdssafegr. ^adzfd`dtralaigid (d`dtralaigid id prdssìf) sd fchdtavg pd`g lgpglaigid id ldrtfs ogtdragas sd tfregrdo pf`grazgifs d`dtralgodetd qugeif dstìf suhdatfs g g`juog bfrog id strdss. Dstd efod bfa igif pfr Mgekd` ef gef id 7==7 pgrg efodgr f bdeùodef idslfcdrtf uo gef getds pd`fs aroìfs Lurad. 3.7 MA\YÜSAG \djueif Lg``astdr (3>>2), ef gef id 7==>, Hglquds d ^adrrd Lurad tfregrgo pøc`alg g praodarg gofstrg eg bfrog id tdstds id uog `ajgêìf uta`azgeif f bdeùodef padzfd`átralf id bfrog oglrfslüpalg d g dstruturg lrastg`azgig. F sdu dxpdraodetf cgsdgvg-sd euog odiaêìf dbdtavg id lgrjgs ef qug` qud surjago do odaf g supdrbïlad id lrastgas prdpgrgifs, f qug` drgo sucodtaifs g uo jrgeid dsbfrêf odlãealf. F qugrtz, tfpgz, sg` id Sfulmd``d d lgeg id gêølgr sìf dxdop`f idstds lrastgas. Lfetaeug Lg``astdr (3>>2) sg`adetgeif qud dstgs rdspfstgs bfrgo uo idspdrtgr pgrg aogjaegêìf d aesastèelag ifs Lurad, `dvgeif do lfesaidrgêìf qud sd lfesdjuau sfodetd lfo lf`g, bafs, taebfa`, ogjedtfs pdrogedetds (ïoge) d uo ofeülu`f id hfg`mdarf. Detrd f ldeçraf ladetïbalf igqud`g ápflg, dstd glfetdlaodetf bfa lfesaidrgif g`jf dspgetfsf d prfetgodetd bfa lmgogig id padzfd`dltralaigid, id bfrog tg`, g iastaejua-`g id futrfs bdeùodefs ladetïbalfs lfof g d`dtralaigid pfr lfetgtf (d`dtralaigid dstçtalg) d parfd`dltralaigid (d`dltralaigid lragig pd`g tdopdrgturg d`dvgig ifs lrastgas). Lg``astdr (3>>2) gbarog qud fs Lurad rd`gtgrgo qud tgocáo sd taemg uog lfrrdspfeièelag oøtug detrd fs dbdatfs d`átralfs ig g`tdrgêìf id tdopdrgturg d f strdss odlãealf id ldrtf lrastg`, d qud sd vg`drgo idssg lfrrdspfeièelag eìf sü pgrg lfo f aetuatf id dslf`mdr fs lrastgas g dxpdraodetgr, ogs tgocáo pgrg id`aoatgr fs `aoatds idssds odsofs lrastgas. Detrdtgetf, Lg``astdr (3>>2) rd`gtg qud fs aroìfs Lurad eìf pfiago prdvdr qud fs lrastgas qud rdg`azgvgo f dbdatf iardtf, puidssdo ig odsog bfrog rdg`azgr f dbdatf aevdrsf, fu sdhg, aehdtg-sd uo lgopf d`átralf d lfof rdsu`tgif fctèo-sd

 

7:

strdss. Dstd dbdatf bfa idiuzaif do bfrogs ogtdoçtalg lfo cgsd efs praelïpafs bueigodetgas ig tdrofiaeãoalg rdg`azgif pfr @appoge do 7==7. Fs Lurad rgtabalgrgo id aodiagtf f ‐dbdatf aevdrsf‟ d lfetaeugrgo aesastdetds id lfesdjuar prfvgs id tfig g rdvdrsaca`aigid igs idbfrogêôds d`dtrf-d`gstf-odlãealgs efs lrastgas padzfd`átralfs. Dargs (3>7:) dxp`alg qud f dbdatf padzfd`átralf bfa uta`azgif id bfrog prçtalg pafedargodetd pfr ^gu` @gejdvae eg uta`azgêìf do sfegrds ef idlfrrdr ig praodarg judrrg oueiag`. Tta`azfu @gejdvae lrastgas id qugrtzf glfp`gifs g ogssgs odtç`algs (aevdetgeif f trgesiutfr tapf @gejdvae) pgrg jdrgr u`trg-sfo eg bgaxg id brdquèelag id g`juogs idzdegs id kMz‑s. Gpüs f tároaef ig praodarg judrrg oueiag`, idvaif î rdsastèelag id sd dxlatgr trgesiutfrds jdrgifs lfo lrastgas id qugrtzf pfr dstds edldssatgrdo id jdrgifrds id g`tg tdesìf, aealafu-sd f g lragêìf id ogtdragas padzfd`átralfs saetátalfs. Dargs (3>7:) rd`gtg qud dstds dsbfrêfs lu`oaegrgo eg idslfcdrtg d gpdrbdaêfgodetf detrd fs gefs id 719> d 714>, igs ldrãoalgs padzfd`átralgs id Yatgegtf id Cçraf pd`g dxtaetg Teaìf \fvaátalg d Hgpìf, d igs ldrãoalgs padzfd`átralgs id Yatgegtf Xarlfegtf id Lmuocf (^XY‑s) pd`fs Dstgifs Teaifs. Gs pdsquasgs id sf`uêôds sü`aigs id ^cXrF >:) iaz qud g padzfd`dtralaigid egig ogas á if qud f bdeùodef id lragr uog lgrjg d`átralg euo idtdroaegif ogtdrag`, qugeif g odsog á suhdatg g uog prdssìf odlãealg fu uog prdssìf iaeãoalg, d lfetrgragodetd, uog idbfrogêìf qugeif aopfstg g uo lgopf id aetdesaigid d`átralg. Ef ofodetf do qud uo ogtdrag` padzfd`átralf á dstaou`gif pfr odafs d`átralfs gtrgvás id uog iabdrdeêg id pftdelag` lfof fcsdrvgif eg bajurg 4, gs sugs iaodesôds sd g`tdrgo.

 

7=

Bajurg 4 - G`tdrgêìf - G`tdrgêìf id iaodesôds gf dstïou`f d`átralf id uog tdesìf

 Egig`ae (3>>:) Bfetd8 Egig`ae Bfetd8

Eg bajurg 2, Egig`ae (3>>:) rd`gtg qud iugs p`glgs lfopfstgs id odtg` aesdraigs sfcrd g supdrbïlad sìf uta`azgigs lfof d`dtrfifs. Euo praodarf lfetgtf fs d`dtrfifs sd delfetrgo do lurtf larluatf gtrgvás id uo gopdrïodtrf. Wugeif flfrrd uog bfrêg, prdssafegeif f ogtdrag` padzfd`átralf, á lragig uog idesaigid id lgrjgs eg supdrbïlad if ogtdrag` do lfetgtf lfo fs d`dtrfifs. Dstd tapf id pf`grazgêìf pgrg Egig`ae (3>>:) lrag uo lgopf d`átralf qud jdrg uog lfrrdetd igs lgrjgs d`átralgs `avrds qud dxastdo ef lfeiutfr. Lfebfrod vgrag f sdu saeg`, gs lgrjgs d`átralgs if lfeiutfr vìf sd iastracuar. Dstg lfrrdetd, idefoaegig id lgrjgs `avrds á lfestgetd gtá g pf`grazgêìf balgr edutrg. Ef ofodetf do qud g prdssìf sfcrd f lrastg` á rdofvaig, g pf`grazgêìf idsgpgrdld, d lfesdqudetdodetd g lfrrdetd id lgrjgs `avrds pgssg g sdr aevdrtaig, rdtfregeif î lfeiaêìf id aeïlaf. Dstd prfldssf á rdjastrgif ef gopdrïodtrf qud dxacd ifas palfs id lfrrdetd lfetrçrafs. \d bfssd lf`flgif uo rdldptfr id dedrjag d`átralg gf aevás if gopdrïodtrf, d aesdraig uog prdssìf, g lfrrdetd arag b`uar gtrgvás ig lgrjg, d pfstdrafrodetd g dedrjag odlãealg pfidrag gssao sdr gprfvdatgig.

 

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Bajurg 2 “ Jdrgêìf “ Jdrgêìf id lgrjg d`átralg gtrgvás if dstïou`f pfr uog bfrêg

 Egig`ae (3>>:) Bfetd8 Egig`ae Bfetd8

Dargs (3>7:) rd`gtg qud sd fs d`dtrfifs dstavdrdo do uo larluatf gcdrtf, detìf á lragig uog tdesìf qud pfssua vïelu`fs lfo g lgrjg. Idstd hdatf, fs ogtdragas padzfd`átralfs giquardo g lgpglaigid id lragr tdesôds id eïvdas d`dvgifs. To ogtdrag` padzfd`átralf á pfr lfesdquèelag lgpgz id gjar lfof uo lfopfedetd id idtdlêìf, gtugifr, fu fs ifas, tfregeif f sdu usf aetdrdssgetd do iaspfsatavfs if dstgif sü`aif, lfopgltfs, lfo gop`g lfebageêg d dbaladetds. ^grg Dargs (3>7:), tgocáo tdo vg`aigid pgrg saegas qud eìf sìf lfetïeufs. \d do uog satugêìf, f lrastg` rdldcdr uog vacrgêìf, uo saeg` d`átralf lfrrdspfeidetd dstgrç lfetaif efs d`dtrfifs. Eg bajurg :, á a`ustrgif f lfopfrtgodetf id uo ogtdrag` padzfd`átralf do odaf g uo lgopf g`tdregif, bdeùodef usgif, lfof dxdop`f, do guslu`tgifrds. Bajurg : -  -  Ogtdrag` padzfd`átralf sucodtaif g uo lgopf g`tdregif

Bfetd8 Dargs Bfetd8  Dargs (3>7:)

 

3>

^grg Dargs (3>7:), uo futrf gspdltf rd`dvgetd á g rd`gêìf ig brdquèelag if saeg` gp`algif lfo g brdquèelag id rdssfeãelag egturg` if lrastg`. F dbdatf tdo g oçxaog aetdesaigid qugeif gocgs gs brdquèelags sìf ajugas. Fsla`gifrds d ba`trfs fpdrgo pfr dstd praelïpaf. Futrf bgtf g sdr lfesaidrgif sìf sugs prfpradigids d`átralgs d odlãealgs, pgrg fs dbdatfs iardtf fu aevdrsf. 3.3.7 ^rfpradigids d`átralgs d odlãealgs Grodeigea (3>72) iaz qud, id uo ofid`f jdrg` f prfldssf padzfd`átralf pfid sdr lfesaidrgif lfof g lfevdrsìf id dedrjag odlãealg do d`dtralaigid (iardtf) fu g lfevdrsìf id dedrjag d`átralg do dedrjag odlãealg (aevdrsf). Tog rdprdsdetgêìf dsqudoçtalg á a`ustrgig eg bajurg =.

Bajurg = - Sdprdsdetgêìf - Sdprdsdetgêìf dsqudoçtalg padzfd`átralfig lfevdrsìf id dedrjag ef dbdatf

Bfetd8 Grodeigea Bfetd8  Grodeigea (3>72)

F dbdatf padzfd`átralf pfid sdr idslratf id bfrog saop`abalgig, eìf lfesaidrgeif g saodtrag if ogtdrag`, pd`gs sdjuaetds dqugêôds8 I ? iY + δ D (iardtf) (7) \ ? sY + i D (aevdrsf) (3) Feid8   I8 vdtfr ids`flgodetf d`átralf;

•

  Y8 tdesìf odlãealg;

•

  D8 lgopf d`átralf;

•

  \8 idbfrogêìf;

•

 

•

δ8

pdroassavaigid iad`átralg;

  s8 lfdbaladetd d`çstalf; •  i8 lfdbaladetd padzfd`átralf. •

 

37

< G^@ALGÊÔD\ D GRGEÊF\ YDLEF@ÜJALF\ ^grg ^gvdjde (3>79) g gp`algêìf if dbdatf padzfd`átralf qud pfid sdr øta` pgrg rdg`azgr odiaêôds id vacrgêìf, bfrêg, prdssìf fu idbfrogêìf. \ìf dxdop`fs id odlgeasofs id odiaêôds8 •  Yrgesiutfrds id ^rdssìf, Bfrêg fu Gld`drgêìf (lfevdrsìf id dedrjag odlãealg do d`dtralaigid);   Gtugifrds (lfevdrtd dedrjag d`átralg do dedrjag odlãealg);

•

  Yrgesoassfrds d Sdldptfrds id u`trgsfo;

•

  Odiaifrds id iastãelag (tdopf ef qug` sd prfpgjg f sfo);

•

  Odiaifrds id b`uxf id `ïquaifs d jgsds (Dbdatf Ifpp`dr);

•

  Ttrgsfefjrgbag;

•

  Sdbdrèelag id Brdquèelag;

•

  Yrgesiutfr id id Ydopdrgturg Ydopdrgturg (g brdquèelag id rdssfeãelag do bueêìf bueêìf ig tdopdrgturg);

•

  Oalrfbfeds;

•

  Doassfrds id \fo (gtugifr). Do g`aodetgêìf id dquapgodetfs id cgaxg tdesìf f lfesuof á ouatf pdqudef g pgrtar ig g`tg tdesìf ig rdid id dedrjag, f usf id uo trgesbfrogifr padzfd`átralf á uog sf`uêìf vaçvd` do sucstatuaêìf îs sf`uêôds trgialafegas lfof, pfr dxdop`f, gqud`gs qud bgzdo usf id bfetds id trgesbfrogifr. Fs prüxaofs tüpalfs trgtgo id prfhdtfs qud uta`azgo g padzfd`dtralaigid d guxa`ago do iavdrsfs •

sdtfrds ig sfladigid. 7:), fs sdesfrds id dedrjag p`uvag` pfssudo g lgpglaigid id jdrgr gpdegs 7 wgtt id pftèelag pfr mfrg, pfr gef, pfr odtrf qugirgif, qugetag qud á 7 oa`mìf id vdzds odefr if qud g d`dtralaigid lragig g pgrtar ig dedrjag sf`gr eg Brgeêg. G qugetaigid id dedrjag jdrgig pd`fs sdesfrds gaeig á oïeaog, ogs g pdsquasg rdprdsdetg uog aidag aefvgifrg. 72) gbarog qud gs feigs u`trg-sùealgs sìf lragigs pfr trgesiutfrds u`trg-sùealfs qud lfevdrtdo dedrjag d`dtralaigid do dedrjag odlãealg d vald-vdrsg d pfido pfssua gs sdjuaetds lgrgltdrïstalgs8   ^rfpgjgêìf id dedrjag pfr feigs odlãealgs gtrgvás id uo trgesiutfr

•

(ouigo id bfrogtf fu vacrgo qugeif á gp`algig uog lfrrdetd d`átralg g`tdregig);   Feig qud sd prfpgjg do uo ogtdrag`;

•

  Odafs ouatf idesfs rdb`dtdo g`tg pfrldetgjdo dedrjag;

•

  Lgptgêìf (pfr futrf trgesiutfr) ig feig rdb`dtaig, trgesbfrogeif do saeg` d`átralf d `fjf idpfas sdeif lfevdrtaig do aogjdo;

•

>2) rd`gtg qud gs cg`geêgs d`dtrùealgs qud sìf vastgs do supdrodrlgifs fu gtá odsof gs cg`geêgs uta`azgigs do `gcfrgtürafs id dstuifs pgrg rdg`azgr odiaêìf id pdqudegs ogssgs tèo sdu buelafegodetf aeb`udelagif

 

3<

pd`g padzfd`dtralaigid, pfas ogedhgo lrastgas qud sd pf`grazgo gf sfbrdrdo uog idbfrogêìf. >7), fs ogtdragas padzfd`átralfs sìf delfetrgifs do vaf`ôds d`átralfs d do aeøodrfs futrfs aestruodetfs ousalgas pgrg lfevdrtdr gs vacrgêôds odlãealgs id sugs lfrigs fu futrgs pgrtds do saegas d`átralfs qud sìf detìf gop`agifs d lfevdrtaifs do sfo gtrgvás id gop`abalgifrds. >7) rdssg`tg qud gjfrg, dxastdo efvgs idslfcdrtgs ef lgopf ig egeftdlef`fjag qud pdroatdo gfs aevdstajgifrds gprfvdatgr g dedrjag igs vacrgêôds id cgaxg brdquèelag gtrgvás id egeftucfs padzfd`átralfs. Ef lfrpf muogef dssgs vacrgêôds sìf jdrgigs pd`f cgtaodetf lgriïglf, pd`fs ofvaodetfs rdspargtürafs fu gtá odsof pd`g lfrrdetd sgejuïedg pfr dxdop`f. G bajurg 1 a`ustrg uo dxdop`f id lgrrdjgifr padzfd`átralf. Bajurg 1 “ Lgrrdjgifrds “ Lgrrdjgifrds ^adzfd`dtralfs

Bfetd8 Cdrogee Bfetd8  Cdrogee (3>>7)

Gssao, dstg tdlef`fjag tdo jrgeid pftdelag` buturf pfas pfidofs pfr dxdop`f, lgrrdjgr f sogrtpmfed gpdegs oueaig g dedrjag ifs ofvaodetfs if lfrpf.

 

39

>2), uo trgesbfrogifr padzfd`átralf iabdrdetd ifs trgesbfrogifrds lfevdelafegas, qud sd cgsdago ef praelïpaf if ogjedtasof, tdo sdu buelafegodetf cgsdgif eg vacrgêìf. Aehdtg-sd uog tdesìf id detrgig euo lurtf dspgêf id uog cgrrg ldrãoalg (ogtdrag` padzfd`átralf), lfof pfr dxdop`f ^XY, d dstg tdesìf lfof lfesdquèelag jdrg uog vacrgêìf eg cgrrg gtrgvás if dbdatf padzfd`átralf aevdrsf. G bajurg 7> dxacd uo ofid`f id trgesbfrogifr padzfd`átralf. Bajurg 7> “ Yrgesbfrogifr “ Yrgesbfrogifr ^adzfd`átralf

 Lg``astdr (3>>2) Bfetd8 Lg``astdr Bfetd8

Lfetaeug Lg``astdr (3>>2) dxp`algeif qud g brdquèelag id vacrgêìf ig cgrrg á ajug` g sug brdquèelag id rdssfeãelag, qud efrog`odetd fsla`g id 7>> Ka`fmdrtz g 7 Odjgmdrtz. Tog tdesìf ogas d`dvgig á detìf lragig do futrg sdêìf ig cgrrg. Ygxgs id guodetf id ogas 7>>>87 hç bfrgo idofestrgigs. >2), g dbalaèelag ig jdrgêìf id dedrjag pfr ogtdragas padzfd`átralfs sd d`dvg irgogtalgodetd, do gtá 7>>% qugeif f odsof ogtdrag` trgcg`mg do iaodesôds detrd 3> d 3< egeùodtrfs. Ogs, rdldetds rdsu`tgifs id uog pdsquasg bdatg do pgrldrag detrd iugs ueavdrsaigids efrtd-godralgegs pfido mgca`atgr f usf idstg tdlef`fjag pgrg rdlgrrdjgr td`dbfeds ld`u`grds, usgeif gpdegs g prüprag vacrgêìf ig vfz muogeg.

 

34

Tog pfssaca`aigid sdrag g gp`algêìf id uo ba`od dspdssurg pdqudeg id uo ogtdrag` padzfd`átralf sfcrd uo oalrfbfed d uo g`tf-bg`getd id uo ld`u`gr, pfr dxdop`f. Gs vacrgêôds ig vfz muogeg lfopraodo f ogtdrag`, qud glgcg jdrgeif oaeøslu`gs idslgrjgs id dedrjag. G bajurg 77 rd`gtg f dxdop`f latgif. Bajurg 77 “ Dxdop`f id Gp`algêìf

Bfetd8 Lg``astdr Bfetd8  Lg``astdr (3>>2)

>:) iaz qud g padfzfd`dtralaigid bgz uo pgpd` ld`fbged sd trgesbfrogr do uo ogtdrag` aetd`ajdetd. Oalrfrfcùs, sdesfrds cafidjrgiçvdas d oalrf-gvaôds id pgpd` lgpgzds id vfgr "cgtdeif gs gsgs". Dstgs sìf gs gp`algêôds if ld`fbged, dvaidelagigs pd`fs pdsquasgifrds do uo grtajf puc`algif ef hfreg` Oglrfof`álu`gs. G bajurg 73 dxacd fs sdesfrds padzfd`átralfs cafidjrgiçvdas. Bajurg 73 “ 73 “ \desfrds padzfd`átralfs padzfd`átralfs cafidjrgiçvdas

Bfetd8 Egig`ae Bfetd8  Egig`ae (3>>:)

 

32

G tdlef`fjag padzfd`átralg lrdsld id uog ogedarg dspgetfsg qud hç á pfssïvd` lragr dquapgodetfs cafidjrgiçvdas idssg tdlef`fjag. Gtá dstd ofodetf, bfrgo rd`gtgifs aeøodrfs gspdltfs pfsatavfs, f lgpïtu`f sdjuaetd rdtrgtg gs vgetgjdes d idsvgetgjdes ig uta`azgêìf ig tdlef`fjag padzfd`átralg.

 

3:

9 LFE\AIDSGÊÔD\ BAEGA\ G prfofêìf if lfetdøif idstg ofefjrgbag qud sd delfetrg efs of`ids id uog rdvasìf id `atdrgturg, pdroatau g fcsdrvgêìf gf sastdog id jdrgêìf id dedrjag d`átralg gtrgvás if oátfif padzfd`átralf, d lfof f odsof pfidrag sdr øta` do ldetrfs urcgefs d aeiustragas, pfr odaf id dstuif sfcrd f sdu buelafegodetf d sdus pfetfs brglfs d bfrtds. Dstg ofefjrgbag sd pfsalafeg id bfrog bgvfrçvd` gf qudstafegodetf rd`glafegif do sdu aeïlaf, do lfop`dodetf lfo fs fchdtavfs odesurgifs eg aetrfiuêìf idstd trgcg`mf, lfebarogeif ef idlfrrdr id sdus lgpïtu`fs qud g tdlef`fjag id jdrgêìf padzfd`átralg pfid sdr uta`azgig do ldetrfs urcgefs d aeiøstrags d pfssua iavdrsgs gp`algêôds ef lftaiagef igs odsogs. G padzfd`dtralaigid surjau lfo uog g`tdregtavg aetdrdssgetd gfs f`mfs if sdtfr dedrjátalf, id bfetd rdefvçvdas d sustdetçvdas, pfas pfid sdr jdrgig gtrgvás id ouatfs oátfifs, idsid pgssfs id uog pdssfg eg lg`êgig gtá pd`g pgssgjdo id uo lgrrf pd`g rfifvag. \du idsdevf`vaodetf tdlef`üjalf gf `fejf id sug mastürag pfssaca`atfu iavdrsfs gvgeêfs eg aeiøstrag d ef lftaiagef, guodetgeif g prfiutavaigid d supraeif g idogeig id iavdrsfs gpgrd`mfs d`átralfs do iavdrsfs sdtfrds lfof ofstrfu f sdjueif lgpïtu`f. Gtrgvás if lfemdlaodetf if sdu lfeldatf d mastürag, iavdrsfs ladetastgs d doprdsgs puidrgo gprfvdatgr ig padzfd`dtralaigid d lragr dquapgodetfs d gpraofrgr basalgodetd g bfrog lfo qud á jdrgig g d`dtralaigid gtrgvás id ogtdragas padzfd`átralfs, rdiuzaeif lustfs id bgcralgêìf, lfof dvaidelag f tdrldarf lgpïtu`f. Lfo f gvgeêf tdlef`üjalf ig padzfd`dtralaigid, bfa pfssïvd` lfelrdtazgr iavdrsfs tapfs id prfhdtfs d dquapgodetf qud guxa`ago ef lftaiagef id ldetrfs urcgefs d aeiustrags, uog aebaeaigid id prfiutfs, qud vìf idsid trgesbfrogifrds d sdesfrds padzfd`átralfs gtá lgrrdjgifrds id ld`u`gr g`aodetgifs pfr odaf id pgssfs muogefs, tfregeif dstd ofid`f id jdrgêìf id dedrjag tftg`odetd vaçvd` d gldssïvd`, rgtabalgeif f qugrtf lgpïtu`f. ^fr bao, vg`d glrdsldetgr qud fs fchdtavfs prdtdeiaifs bfrgo gtaejaifs, lfesaidrgeif fs rd`gtfs ifs gutfrds rdbdrdelagifs efs lgpïtu`fs gf `fejf idstd trgcg`mf, tgetf qud prfpalafu uo rdsu`tgif lfelasf id uog rdvasìf id `atdrgturg d qud rdspfeid iardtgodetd gf prfc`dog prfpfstf, do ldetrfs urcgefs d aeiustrags, g

 

3=

padzfd`dtralaigid á øta` id vçrags bfrogs d oátfifs, d dstç lgig vdz ogas aesdraig ef lftaiagef ig pfpu`gêìf lfo sdus dquapgodetfs. Á sujdraif lfof lfop`dodetf g dstg rdvasìf id `atdrgturg, uog pdsquasg prfbueig sfcrd dedrjags lfop`dodetgrds, qud guxa`ago f oátfif lfevdelafeg` id iastracuaêìf id d`dtralaigid, d lfof gs odsogs gtugo do iavdrsgs rdjaôds if pgïs d if oueif.

 

31

SDBDSÈELAG\ GSODEIGEA, Za``age G`vds; dt. g`. Lfemdldeif g ^adzfd`dtralaigid, uog efvg bfrog id jdrgêìf id dedrjag d`átralg. Sdvastg d`átralg. Sdvastg Ladetïbalg Ou`taiaslap`aegr Eøl`df if Lfemdlaodetf. Gef 7. Rf`. 1. pp 72. CDSOGEE, Lá`af. Dedrjag ef Crgsa`8 pgrg qud6 ^grg qudo6 Lrasd d g`tdregtavgs pgrg uo pgïs sustdetçvd`. sustdetçvd`. \ìf ^gu`f8 Diatfrg @avrgrag ig Bïsalg8 BG\D, 3>>7. LG@@A\YDS, Za``ago I. Bueigodetfs ig Laèelag d Dejdemgrag ifs Ogtdragas .3, Ogtdragas  .3, di. Saf id Hgedarf8 @avrfs tálealfs d ladetïbalfs, 3>>2. IG \A@RDASG, D., 3>7>. "D`dtralaigid if gpdrtf". gpdrtf". Iaspfeïvd` do8 0mttp8//rdvastgpdsquasg.bgpdsp.cr/3>7>/>4/9.sdt.3>7:. DASG\, H. G. Ogtdragas padzfd`átralfs. padzfd`átralfs. Ae8 GIGOFZ\KA, H.L. \desfrdsLgp. 3. Iaspfeïvd` do tdlef`fjags   tdlef`fjags d gp`algêôds. gp`algêôds. 0mttp8//www.gtlp.lfo.cr/aogjdes/prfiutfs/ldrgoalgs/grtajfs/\desfrdsVYdfragVdVG p`alglfds.pib5. Gldssf do8 >9.sdt.3>7:. BDASG ID LAÈELAG\. ^rfiuzaeif dedrjag d`átralg. d`átralg. Iaspfeïvd` do8 0mttp8//bdargidladelags.lfo.cr/prfiuzaeifdedrjagd`dtralg5. 0mttp8//bdargidladelags.lfo.cr/prfiuzaeifde drjagd`dtralg5. Gldssf do8 >7.sdt.3>7:. HFME\FE, O. Z.; LMGKKG@GKG@, I. G.; MGS^DS, S. G.; KGYX, H. @. Lfopgrasfe fb tmd d`dltrfodlmgealg` dbbdlts ae wdt gei iry cfed. cfed. Hfureg` fb Cafodlmgeals, v. 7>:. "Idtdroaegêìf ig bfrêg pdsf, g pgrtar ifs aopgltfs id do8 pasgigs, uta`azgeif uo sdesfr padzfd`dtralf".  Iaspfeïvd` padzfd`dtralf".  0mttp8//www.cac`aftdlgiajatg`.uealgop.cr/ifluodet/6lfid?vt`s>>>94.fut.3>7:. EDZ \LADEYA\Y, 3>7:. Iaspfeïvd` do8 0mttps8//www.edwsladetast.lfo5. Gldssf do8 >4.fut.3>7:. L. CSGJG, Edwtfe. Lfof buelafego fs ogtdragas parfd`átralfs d padzfd`átralfs. Iaspfeïvd` do8  do8  0mttp8//www.edwtfelcrgjg.lfo.cr/aeidx.pmp/lfofbuelafeg/94:7-grt29.sdt.3>7:.

 



^GLMDLF, Bgcageg. Dedrjags Sdefvçvdas8 crdvds lfeldatfs. Lfehueturg d ^`gedhgodetf.. \g`vgifr, 3>>2. ^`gedhgodetf ^GRDJDE, 3>79. Iaspfeïvd` do8 0mttp8//pgvdjde.lfo/mfod5. Gldssf do8 >4.fut.3>7:. ^D@AEJDASF, Sgofs, Ogag ^aodetg, Dvgrastf ig \a`vg. Jdrgêìf id dedrjag gtrgvás id ogtdragas padzfd`átralfs. Saf padzfd`átralfs. Saf id Hgedarf8 LDBDY, 3>72.