TCC Engenharia Elétrica 2
April 7, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download TCC Engenharia Elétrica 2...
Description
@B[ZOMOL ZLMFB ]OEWB
KAKZNOB] BETKZABTOWB] O@YEBATBÎÍL DL ]O]TK@B GLTLWLETBOML
Nubruefls :9:9
@B[ZOMOL ZLMFB ]OEWB
KAKZNOB] BETKZABTOWB] O@YEBATBÎÍL DL ]O]TK@B GLTLWLETBOML
Trbjbefl dk Mlameusíl dk Mursl bprkskatbdl é Oastotuoîíl OK] Gbmuedbdk Bafbanukrb, ml`l rkquosotl pbrmobe pbrb b ljtkaîíl dl tàtuel dk nrbdubdl k` Kankafbrob Keïtromb. Lrokatbdlr3 Mbrels Cuaolr
Nubruefls :9:9
@B[ZOMOL ZLMFB ]OEWB ]OEWB
KAKZNOB] BETKZABTOWB] O@YEBATBÎÍL DL ]O]TK@B GLTLWLETBOML
Trbjbefl dk Mlameusíl dk Mursl bprkskatbdl é Oastotuoîíl OK] Gbmuedbdk Bafbanukrb, ml`l rkquosotl pbrmobe pbrb b ljtkaîíl dl tàtuel dk nrbdubdl k` Kankafbrob Keïtromb.
JBAMB KVB@OABDLZB
Yrlg(b). Totuebîíl Al`k dl Yrlgksslr(b)
Yrlg(b). Totuebîíl Al`k dl Yrlgksslr(b)
Yrlg(b). Totuebîíl Al`k dl Yrlgksslr (b)
Nubruefls, 24 dk Bjroe dk :9:9
Dkdoml kstk trbjbefl bls `kus pbos, or`í, `oafb alovb k b`onls, quk ml` `uotl mbroafl л bplol, aíl `kdorb` ksglrîls pbrb qϋл лϋ mfknbssk btï kstb ktbpb dл `oafb vodb.
BNZBDKMO@KATL] Bnrbdkîl pro`korb`katk b Dkus, plr plr quk sk` kek abdb skrob plssàvke. plssàvke. Nrbtodíl pkels `kus pbos, sub prkskaîb k b`lr oamladomolabe ab `oafb vodb sk`prk. Kstb `lalnrbgob ï b prlvb dk quk ls ksglrîls dkeks pkeb `oafb kdumbîíl aíl glrb` k` víl k vbekrb` b pkab. Bnrbdkîl b `oafb a alovb lovb plr plr ml`prkkadkr ml`prkkadkr bs vârobs flrbs k` q quk uk kstovk kstovk buskatk buskatk plr mbusb dl dkskavlevo`katl dkstk trbjbefl. ]lu nrbtl b tldl mlrpl dlmkatk db Gbmuedbdk Bafbanukrb quk sk`prk trbas`otorb` sku sbjkr ml` `uotl prlgossolabeos`l. pr lgossolabeos`l. Tb`jï` bnrbdkîl b tldls ls `kus mleknbs dk mursl, pkeb lplrtuaodbdk dl mlavàvol k pkeb mllpkrbîíl `utub durbatk kstks bals.
―L oasumkssl ï bpkabs u`b lplrtuaodbdk pbrb ml`kîbr dk alvl ml` `bos oatkeonãamob‐. (Fkary Glrd)
]oevb, @buromol Zlmfb. Kakrnob rkalvâvkos3 O`pebatbîíl dl sostk`b gltlvletboml. :9:9. Aó`krl tltbe dk glefbs =6. Trbjbefl dk Mlameusíl dk Mursl (Nrbdubîíl k` Kankafbrob Keïtromb) ” Gbmuedbdk Bafbanukrb, Nubruefls, :9:9.
ZK][@L L prkskatk trbjbefl voslu kekambr b o`pebatbîíl dl sostk`b gltlvletboml ml`l plssàvke glatk dk kakrnob keïtromb pbrb b slmokdbdk, k` sku mltodobal al Jrbsoe. ]ku ljcktovl glo b`peobr ls flrozlatks pbrb u` alvl topl dk glatk rkalvâvke pbrb nkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk, al qube pldkrâ nkrbr vbatbnkas b pkqukals, `ïdols k nrbadks mlasu`odlrks al pbàs, proamopbe`katk k` rknoûks rk`ltbs, ladk l sostk`b oatkreonbdl o atkreonbdl abmolabe (]OA) aíl mlasknuk btubr. Mlaml`otbatk b ostl, kstb `lalnrbgob tb`jï` rkssbetlu ls o`pbmtls, vbatbnkas k dksvbatbnkas quk kstk topl dk sostk`b pldk rksuetbr bl `kol b`jokatk k bl `kol kmlaô`oml jrbsoekorl. Ml` rkebîíl b `ktldlelnob utoeozbdb, kstb `lalnrbgob sk mbrbmtkrozb ml`l u`b rkvosíl dk eotkrbturb. ]kus dbdls glrb` mlektbdls btrbvïs dk eovrls dl sktlr keïtroml, mbtâelnls k dlmu`katls dls ýrníls ml`pktkatks db ârkb al nlvkral, ml` ossl glo ljtodl u` rksuetbdl qubeotbtovl dls dbdls. L rksuetbdl dkstb pksquosb rksuetlu au`b rkvosíl dk eotkrbturb sljrk l sostk`b gltlvletboml, subs bpeombîûks k kspkmogodbdks pbrb l mltodobal jrbsoekorl.
Ybebvrbs-mfbvk3 Kektromodbdk8 Kakrnob8 Gltlvletboml8 Zkalvâvke8 ]ustkatâvke.
]oevb, @buromol Zlmfb. Zkakwbjek Kakrny3 O`pek`katbtola lg tfk pfltlvletbom systk`. :9:9. Tltbe au`jkr lg pbnks =6. Mlusk mlameusola pbpkr (Nrbdubtola oa kekmtrombe kanoakkroan) ” Gbmuedbdk Bafbanukrb, Nubruefls, :9:9.
BJ]TZBMT Tfk prkskat wlrh bo`kd tl eost tfk o`pek`katbtola lg tfk pfltlvletbom systk` bs b plssojek slurmk lg kekmtrom kakrny glr slmokty, oa tfkor dboey eovks oa Jrbzoe. Ots ljckmtovk wbs tl kxpbad tfk flrozlas glr b akw typk lg rkakwbjek slurmk glr kekmtromoty nkakrbtola, oa wfomf ot mba nkakrbtk bdvbatbnks glr s`bee, `kdou` bad ebrnk mlasu`krs oa tfk mluatry, `boaey oa rk`ltk rknolas, wfkrk tfk abtolabe oatkrmlaakmtkd systk` (]OA) os uabjek tl bmt. Mlaml`otbat tl tfos, tfos `lalnrbpf besl fonfeonftkd tfk o`pbmts, bdvbatbnks bad dosbdvbatbnks tfbt tfos typk lg systk` mba fbvk la tfk kavorla`kat bad tfk Jrbzoeoba kmlal`om kavorla`kat. Zknbrdoan tfk `ktfldlelny uskd, tfos `lalnrbpf os mfbrbmtkrozkd bs b eotkrbturk rkvokw. Ots dbtb wkrk mleekmtkd tfrlunf jllhs oa tfk kekmtromoty skmtlr, mbtbelns bad dlmu`kats grl` tfk ml`pktkat jldoks oa tfk brkb oa tfk nlvkra`kat, wotf wfomf b qubeotbtovk rksuet lg tfk dbtb wbs ljtboakd. Tfk rksuet lg tfos rkskbrmf rksuetkd oa b eotkrbturk rkvokw la tfk pfltlvletbom systk`, ots bppeombtolas bad spkmogomotoks glr Jrbzoeoba dboey eogk.
Hky-wlrds3 Kekmtromoty8 Kakrny8 Yfltlvletbom8 Zkakwbjek8 ]ustboabjek.
.
EO]TB DK OE[]TZBÎÛK] Gonurb 2 ” Yro`korl pboake dk mïeuebs gltlvletbombs............... ............................ ......................... ...................... .......... 2> Gonurb : ” ]ostk`b butôal`l gltlvletboml............................................................... 26 Gonurb = ” ]ostk`b ] ostk`b butôal`l fàjrodl3 kýeoml gltlvletboml glt lvletboml ....................................... .......................... ............. 2? ......................... ............................ ................. :2 Gonurb 4 ” ]ostk`b gltlvletboml eonbdl é kakrnob keïtromb .......... ................. .... :? Gonurb ; ” Ykrspkmtovb db mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb k mustl dl sostk`b GW ............. ................... .................... ....... :? Gonurb 7 ” Ykrspkmtovb dk mustls dk kakrnob gltlvletbomb ................................
EO]TB DK TBJKEB]
Tbjkeb 2 ” Yltkamobe k mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb dk sostk`bs gltlvletbomls k pltkamobe slebr ab Bek`bafb, Kspbafb k Jrbsoe k` :99?.............. ......................... ......................... ........................... ................... :;
EO]TB DK BJZKWOBT[ZB] K ]ONEB] BJOAKK
Bsslmobîíl Jrbsoekorb db Oadós Oadóstrob trob Keïtromb k Kektrôaomb
BJAT
Bsslmobîíl Jrbsoekorb dk Al Alr`bs r`bs Tïmaombs
BJ]LEBZ Bsslmobîíl Jrbsoekorb dk Kak Kakrnob rnob ]lebr Gltlvletbomb BAKKE Bnãamob Abmolabe dk Kakrnob Keïtromb MZK]K]J Mkatrl dk Zkgkrãamob pbrb bs Kakrnobs ]lebr k Kýeomb ]ïrnol dk ]. Jrotl GBYK]Y
Guadbîíl dk B`pbrl é Yksquosb dl Kstbdl dk ]íl Ybuel
OJNK
Oastotutl Jrbsoekorl dk Nklnrbgob k Kstbtàstomb
OJOMT
Oastotutl Jrbsoekorl dk Oaglr`bîíl k` Moãamob k Tkmalelnob
OKB
Oatkrabtolabe Kakrny Bnkamy
@@K
@oaostïrol dk @oabs k Kakrnob
AJZ
Alr`b Jrbsoekorb
YZLDO]T Yrlmkdo`katls dk Dostrojuoîíl dk Kakrnob Kakrnob Keïtromb al ]ostk`b Keïtroml Abmolabe ]OA
]ostk`b Oatknrbdl Abmolabe
2=
][@ÂZOL
2. OATZLD[ÎÍL ................................................................................................... 24 :. KAKZNOB GLTLWLETBOMB K ][B] TLYLELNOB].................... TLYLELNOB]................................. ................... ...... 27 :.2 FO]TÝZOB ............. ......................... ......................... ............................ ............................. ............................ ............................. ......................... .......... 27 :.: TOYL] DK ]O]TK@B] GLTLWLETBOML] ........................................................ 2> :.= ]O]TK@B] B[TÔAL@L] B[TÔAL@L]........................ ............ ......................... ............................ ............................. ............................ ................ 26 :.=.2 ]ostk`b butôal`l fàjrodl fà jrodl........... .......................... ............................ ......................... ........................... ............................ ............... 2? :.=.: ]ostk`bs oslebdls ............................................................................................ :9 :.4 ]O]TK@B] MLAKMTBDL] É É ZKDK KEÏTZOMB ......................... ............ ......................... ..................... ......... :9
= ]O]TK@B GLTLWLETBOML AL JZB]OE K ][B] ]OAN[EBZODBDK] .......... := =.2 B]YKMTL] NELJBO] ...................................................................................... := =.: @OMZLNKZBÎÍL K @OAONKZBÎÍL DO]TZOJ[ÀDB .................................. .................... .................... ...... :4 =.= MKAÂZOL ABMOLABE............. ......................... ......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ........................ ........... :4 =.4 YKZ]YKMTOWB] AL JZB]OE ............. ........................... .......................... ......................... ............................ ........................ ......... :7
4 ;
B]YKMTL] GOABAMKOZL] DL ]O]TK@B GLTLWLETBOML ................... ......................... ...... :> MLA]ODKZBÎÛK] GOABO] ............. ............................ ............................. ............................ .......................... ....................... ........... =:
24
OATZLD[ÎÍL L sktlr dk kakrnobs rkalvâvkos vk` nbafbadl kspbîl b mbdb bal quk pbssb al Jrbsoe. ]ubs plssojoeodbdks dk btkadkr u`b nb`b dk bpeombîûks pbrb supror b dk`badb dk kektromodbdk k` platls rk`ltls lu pbrb jbrbtkbr l mustl dk k`prksbs k pkqukals prldutlrks kstâ sk tlrabadl mbdb vkz `bos kvodkatk k voâvke k` tkr`ls goabamkorls. Dkatrk kstbs glatks rkalvâvkos, b kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb katrb k` dkstbquk, plr skr kxtrk`b`katk vbatbclsb, bjuadbatk k dk gâmoe bpeombîíl al pbàs, dbadl plssojoeodbdk k ml`pek`katl bl nlvkral pbrb vkamkr l dksbgol dk glrakmo`katl dk kakrnob keïtromb dk glr`b glr `b mlatàaub k sustkatâvke. L Jrbsoe, plr tkr do`kasûks mlatoakatbos k skr provoeknobdl ab qukstíl dls skus jol`bs, k meo`b qukatk durbatk tldl bal k` tldl sku tkrrotýrol, sk tlrab l elmbe prlpàmol pbrb bpeombîíl db kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb, al qube sku mb`pl dk bpeombîíl sk tlralu kxtkasl, pldkadl btkadkr dksdk u`b ml`uaodbdk rk`ltb btï nrbadks flspotbos k k`prksbs quk akmkssotb` dk betkrabtovbs voâvkos k eo`pbs pbrb nkrbîíl prýprob dk kakrnob keïtromb, pbrb tbatl fâ b akmkssodbdk dk o`pek`katbîíl dk pleàtombs pójeombs quk btkadb` k gbmoeotk` b utoeozbîíl dl sostk`b gltlvletboml dk u`b glr`b bjrbankatk k mlksb, b`peobadl ls flrozlatks sljrk kstb tkmalelnob. Kstk prlcktl tkvk ml`l prlplstb kabetkmkr k dkstbmbr l quíl b tkmalelnob pbrb nkrbîíl dk kakrnob keïtromb btrbvïs dl `ïtldl gltlvletboml ï jkaïgomb k voâvke pbrb b slmokdbdk jrbsoekorb ml`l u` tldl. Ml` b kvleuîíl tkmaleýnomb dk mlavkrsíl dls `kols pro`ârols pbrb kakrnob keïtromb, l sostk`b gltlvletboml bmbjlu skadl jkakgomobdl als óeto`ls bals, ml` kquopb`katls `kalrks k dk `bolr bmkssojoeodbdk bl pójeoml rksodkamobe k ml`krmobe, rksuetbadl k` u` bu`katl sujstbamobe k` oastbebîûks dk pebmbs k sostk`bs dk nkrbîíl gltlvletbomb, l nrbadk katrbvk ï b jurlmrbmob pbrb o`pebatbîíl dkstb tkmalelnob plr pbrtk dls ýrníls nlvkrab`katbos, btrbsbadl l bvbaîl db `ks`b k` ml`pbrbîíl bs lutrbs tkmalelnobs. Tldls kstks quksotls nkrb` l sknuoatk qukstolab`katl k` gbmk dk lutrbs glatks dk kektromodbdk, quk síl kmlal`omb`katk lu b`jokatbe`katk `bos oavoâvkos, katrktbatl `kals jurlmrâtombs pbrb eojkrbîíl dk o`pebatbîíl3 Ylr quk katíl o`pebatbr u` sostk`b gltlvletboml al btube mkaârol jrbsoekorl dk kakrnob keïtromb<
2;
L ljcktovl pro`ârol dkstb `lalnrbgob glo ljskrvbr k glrakmkr dk u`b glr`b mlamosb, vkrsâtoe k trbaspbrkatk, l quk b kakrnob keïtromb bdvoadb dl sostk`b gltlvletboml pldk mlatrojuor al mkaârol kakrnïtoml, b`jokatbe k slmobe al mltodobal jrbsoekorl, tudl ossl sk jbskbadl al `ldl dk guamolab`katl k k` sub vobjoeodbdk kmlaô`omb pkrbatk bs lutrbs tkmalelnobs pbrb nkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk. B mlektb dk oag oaglr`bîûks lr`bîûks dl tk`b b sk skrr kstudb kstudbdl dl sk dku btrbv btrbvïs ïs dk u`b rkv rkvosíl osíl eotkrârob, tkadl ml`l jbsk butlrks dl sktlr, mbtâelnls k alr`bs vonkatks k` u` b`jokatk kmlaô`oml, b`jokatbe k tïmaoml. L pkràldl dl mlatkódl pksquosbdl, sk dku k` u` kspbîl dk :; bals, sk vbekadl dk oaglr`bîûks `bos mlatk`plrêakbs plssàvke. Glrb` utoeozbdbs bs sknuoatks pbebvrbs-mfbvk ab pksquosb3 gltlvletbomb, kakrnobs rkalvâvkos, kektromodbdk. Tudl ml` l prlpýsotl dk kvodkamobr ls ljcktovls prlplstls dk u`b glr`b oamosb k qubeotbtovb. L mbpàtuel quk sumkdk, bjlrdbrâ l kstudl db tkmalelnob gltlvletbomb k subs tlplelnobs.
27
KAKZNOB GLTLWLETBOMB GLTLWLETBOMB K ][B] TLYLELNOB] :.2 FO]TÝZOB
L Mkatrl dk Zkgkrãamob pbrb bs Kakrnobs ]lebr k Kýeomb ]ïrnol dk ]. Jrotl Mrksksj (2???) dksmrkvk quk l proamàpol db tkmalelnob db kakrnob slebr rk`ktk bl oaàmol db fu`baodbdk, ladk b euz slebr krb utoeozbdb ml`l glatk dk kakrnob pbrb gbzkr glnl k bqukmkr bs mbsbs k ânub dk batonbs plpuebîûks. Câ k` tk`pls `bos rkmkatks, `bos prkmosb`katk al sïmuel VOV, l rkal`bdl gàsoml grbamãs Bekxbadrk Kd`lad Jkmqukrke mlelmlu k` dkstbquk pkeb pro`korb vkz l kgkotl slebr gltlvletboml, qubadl rkbeozbvb kxpkroãamobs ml` kektrldl. L `ks`l l mrobdlr db kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb al bal dk 26=?. Mlatoaub Mrksksj (2???b) rkebtbadl quk ab lronk` db fostýrob db kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb, qubadl glo dksmljkrtb, b `ks`b sk `batkvk plr elanls bals skadl dkgoaodb ml`l u`b tkmalelnob guturostb, mucl usl krb kxmeusovl bls mokatostbs k subs pksquosbs. Ykel gbtl dk k` u` pro`korl lefbr, b `ks`b tkr u` kekvbdl mustl pbrb utoeozbîíl, bmrkdotb- sk quk b kakrnob prlvkaokatk dls rbols slebrks aíl skrob ekvbdb bdobatk pbrb utoeozbîíl als `kols dk prlduîíl dk kakrnob keïtromb. Mlatrbrobadl b odkob batkrolr dk kxmeusovodbdk db kakrnob slebr dkvodl b sku betl mustl, surnorb` dovkrsls bvbaîls gltlvletbomls quk aíl sý bmbrrktbrb` bl oeustrk Bejkrt Koastkoa nbafbr nbafbr l pro`korl Yrã`ol Aljke dk sub mbrrkob, al bal dk 2?:=, mml`l l`l tb`jï` glrb` b mbusb pkeb sleodogombîíl db kakrnob slebr ml`l u`b `ïtldl rkbe k voâvke dk sk nkrbr kakrnob eo`pb, skadl u` `brml ab fostýrob db kakrnob slebr sknuadl (MZK]K]J, 2???b). Woeebevb k Nbzleo (:92:) rkebtb` quk u` dls bmlatkmo`katls quk glo u` `brml pbrb fostýrob db kakrnob slebr, glo qubadl l quà`oml Mbevoa Gueekr, dk abmolabeodbdk b`krombab, prlduzou l prlmkssl dk dlpbnk` dl soeàmol. Gueekr dktbeflu sub dksmljkrtb ml` l gàsoml Nkrbed Ykbrsla, quk bpro`lrlu l kxpkro`katl. Ykbrsla altlu quk b b`lstrb kxojob u` ml`plrtb`katl gltlvletboml k pbrtoeflu b dksmljkrtb ml` Dbrye Mfbpoa. Dkssk `l`katl surnou b mlavkrsíl dk kakrnob slebr k` gltlvletbomb. B ggonurb onurb 2 kxojk l pro`korl pboake dk mïeuebs gltlvletbombs al `uadl.
2>
Gonurb 2 ” Yro`korl pboake dk mïeuebs gltlvletbombs
Glatk3 Woeebevb k Nbzleo (:92:)
Woeebevb k Nbzleo (:92:) boadb rkebtb quk b pbrtor dkstb dksmljkrtb dk Gueekr, ml` ls sostk`bs dk dlpbnk`, sk pldk b`peobr b nb`b dk kstudls k` jusmb dl bpro`lrb`katl dbs pebmbs, vosbadl u`b prlduîíl k` ebrnb ksmbeb. :.: TOYL] DK ]O]TK@B] GLTLWLETBOML] Ybrb bsslmobîíl jrbsoekorb db oadóstrob keïtromb k kektrôaomb (BJOAKK, :92:), ls sostk`bs slebrks dk mbrbmtkràstomb gltlvletbomb nkrb` kakrnob keïtromb pbrb supror u`b mkrtb dk`badb kakrnïtomb, utoeozbadl ml`l glatk jbsk dk kakrnob, b rbdobîíl slebr. Ybrtoadl dkstk proamàpol, b kektromodbdk nkrbdb lsmoeb bl elanl dl dob k bl elanl dl bal, dk bmlrdl ml` bs mladoîûks meo`âtombs db rknoíl ladk sk sotub b oastbebîíl mlasu`odlrb lu pkeb vbrobîíl db rbdobîíl slebr. Ylr kssk `ltovl sknuadl BJOAKK (:92:), k` dktkr`oabdbs sotubîûks, síl akmkssârols sostk`bs pbrb br`bzkabr kssb kakrnob nkrbdb bl elanl dl dob. Ykasbadl akssk mlamkotl, kxostk` dubs mlagonurbîûks kspkmàgombs pbrb ls sostk`bs gltlvletbomls3 ls butôal`ls lu ls mlakmtbdls é rkdk keïtromb. Dkatrk bs dogkrkaîbs proamopbos katrk ls dlos, sk kvodkamob` b lrokatbîíl dls pboaïos slebrks k b akmkssodbdk lu aíl dk u` sostk`b bmu`uebdlr dk kakrnob.
26
:.= ]O]TK@B] B[TÔAL@L] Ybrb Woeebevb k Nbzleo (:92:), ls sostk`bs butôal`ls `brmb` l pro`korl `ldl dk lpkrbîíl db tkmalelnob gltlvletbomb. ]urnorb` ml`l u`b sleuîíl pbrb l katrbvk db gbetb dk kakrnob keïtromb k` elmbos rk`ltls, ladk aíl kxostob glrakmo`katl dk kakrnob btrbvïs dls `ïtldls mlavkamolabos plr rbzûks tïmaombs lu kmlaô`ombs. Kstk topl dk tlplelnob, pbrb Woeebevb k Nbzleo (:92:), tk` ml`l btrojutl b akmkssodbdk dk u` sostk`b quk bmu`uek b kakrnob nkrbdb (jbaml ( jbaml dk jbtkrobs) pkels pboaïos gltlvletbomls, skadl b `ks`b br`bzkabdb akstks bmu`uebdlrks k dostrojuàdb bls platls dk mlasu`l. Ylrï`, ls sostk`bs butôal`ls plssuk` mustl kekvbdl pbrb sub bquosoîíl, skadl u`b lpîíl voâvke b kxtkasíl db rkdk r kdk keïtromb mlavkamolabe pbrb supror pkqukabs dk`badbs. Mlatoaub Woeebevb k Nbzleo (:92:), quk ls sostk`bs butôal`ls síl dltbdls ksskamobe`katk dk u` mlacuatl dk `ýduels k jbtkrobs, `laotlrbdls plr mlatrlebdlrks dk mbrnb, guamolabadl ml`l u` jbaml dk kakrnob keïtromb. Durbatk ls dobs ml` betls àadomks dk rbdobîíl slebr, ls `ýduels, nkrb` kakrnob keïtromb. B qubatodbdk kxmkdkatk dk kakrnob quk aíl glo utoeozbdb pkels usuârols, gomb br`bzkabdb abs jbtkrobs, pbrb quk k` pkràldls alturals k als dobs aujebdls, b kakrnob bmu`uebdb al sostk`b skcb glrakmodb pkebs jbtkrobs bl usuârol. Akstk mbsl, b tkasíl lgkrkmodb ï dk nrbadkzb mlatàaub k ls oastru`katls usbdls tk` quk sknuor kstb mbrbmtkràstomb. ]k fâ b akmkssodbdk dk utoeozbîíl dk tkasíl betkrabdb, b lgkrkmodb pkel sostk`b keïtroml jrbsoekorl, bnrknb-sk bl sostk`b u` oavkrslr, quk mlavkrtk b tkasíl mlatoaub k` betkrabdb dk bmlrdl ml` (Woeebevb k Nbzleo, :92:). B gonurb g onurb : oeustrb ml`l guamolab u` sostk`b butôal`l gltlvletboml.
Gonurb : ” ]ostk`b butôal`l gltlvletboml g ltlvletboml
Glatk3 Woeebevb k Nbzleo (:92:)
2?
B gonurb : dk`lastrlu ml`l guamolab u` sostk`b gltlvletboml al ê`jotl rksodkamobe, dk glr`b quk l `ks`l aíl akmkssotb dk oatkrvkaîûks db mlamkssolaârob dk kakrnob, skadl sub kektromodbdk glrakmodb pkels `ýduels vletbomls k prlmkssbdl k mlavkrtodl plstkrolr`katk. :.=.2 ]ostk`b butôal`l fàjrodl [` sostk`b butôal`l fàjrodl dk bmlrdl ml` Mrksksj (:997j), sk dâ lronk` qubadl pbrb kektromodbdk dubs glatks dk kakrnob btub`, pldkadl skr u` bkrlnkrbdlr (al mbsl dk u` sostk`b fàjrodl kýeoml/slebr), u` `ltl nkrbdlr b ml`justíl (dokske), lu qubequkr lutrl sostk`b quk plssb glrakmkr gl rakmkr kakrnob keïtromb. [` sostk`b fàjrodl fâ b plssojoeodbdk dk tkr u` sostk`b dk br`bzkab`katl dk kakrnob. Ab `bolrob dls mbsls, qubadl plssuo, nkrbe`katk l sostk`b dk br`bzkab`katl plssuo butlal`ob `kalr lu onube fâ u` dob. B gonurb = kxojk u` sostk`b butôal`l fàjrodl, kýeoml gltlvletboml.
Gonurb = ” ]ostk`b butôal`l fàjrodl3 kýeoml gltlvletboml
Glatk3 Mrksksj (:997)
Mrksksj (:997j) bgor`b quk ls sostk`bs fàjrodls pkel sku kekvbdl mustl, síl pluml dosplaàvkos pbrb b nkrbîíl dk kakrnob keïtromb, plrï` sk vbek abs elmbeodbdks
:9
eotlrêakbs k ârkbs oslebdbs, pbrb beo`katbîíl dk kquopb`katls quk sk vbek` db kektromodbdk k` elmbos ladk aíl fâ kakrnob keïtromb mlavkamolabe. :.=.: ]ostk`bs oslebdls Mrksksj (:997j) rkebtb quk ls sostk`bs oslebdls, sk kaqubdrb` ab tlplelnob dls sostk`bs butôal`ls gltlvletbomls, síl ls sostk`bs al qube sub mlagonurbîíl ï kstrotb`katk gltlvletbomb. ]ub oastbebîíl ï rkml`kadbdb k` elmbos quk tkafb` mladoîûks meo`âtombs gbvlrâvkos, plr kxk`pel rknoûks eotlrêakbs k oatkrolr. Ls sostk`bs oslebdls plssuk` vârobs mlagonurbîûks plssàvkos, katrk kebs sk dkstbmb`3 Mbrnb MM sk` br`bzkab`ka br`bzkab`katl3 tl3 B kakrnob kakrnob keïtromb ï usbdb dk dk glr`b
oastbatêakb al `l`katl dk sub nkrbîíl plr `âquoabs lu kquopb`katls al qube akmkssotb` dk mlrrkatk mlatàaub pbrb lpkrbîíl8 Mbrnb MM ml` br`bzkab`katl3 B kakrnob keïtromb ï utoeozbdb
oadkpkadkatk`katk dk plssuor lu aíl nkrbîíl gltlvletbomb so`uetêakb. B kakrnob keïtromb pldk sk vbekr dl br`bzkab`katl k` jbtkrobs, k ï ml`u` b plssojoeodbdk dk utoeozbîíl dk mlatrlebdlrks dk mbrnb pbrb kvotbr sljrkmbrnbs ab jbtkrob lu dksmbrnb prlguadb8 Mbrnb MB sk` br`bzkab`katl3 B kakrnob keïtromb ï utoeozbdb
oastbatbakb`katk ab sub nkrbîíl, plrï` ï akmkssârob b utoeozbîíl dk u` oavkrslr katrk l sostk`b gltlvletboml k l kquopb`katl keïtroml quk skrâ beo`katbdl8 Mbrnb MB ml` br`bzkab`katl3 B kektromodbdk ï ml`pektb`katk
br`bzkabdb k` u` jbaml dk jbtkrobs. Ï akmkssârol l usl dk u` oavkrslr pbrb mlavkrtkr b mlrrkatk MM k` MB k dk u` sknuodlr dl platl dk `âxo`b pltãamob. :.4 ]O]TK@B] MLAKMTBDL] É ZKDK KEÏTZOMB Zkebtb Mrksksj (:997j), quk ls sostk`bs mlakmtbdls é rkdk keïtromb síl bqukeks quk tldb b kektromodbdk nkrbdb k` glr`b dk pltãamob pkel sostk`b gltlvletboml ï rktrbas`otodb pbrb b rkdk keïtromb mlavkamolabe. L `ks`l guamolab dk glr`b so`peogombdb3 sk`prk quk l sostk`b nkrbr kakrnob k` kxmkssl k` rkebîíl bl utoeozbdl
:2
pkeb uaodbdk mlasu`odlrb, kstk kxmkssl ï oacktbdl dorktb`katk ab rkdk keïtromb db mlamkssolaârob dk tkasíl skmuadârob. Rubadl l sostk`b nkrb `kals kakrnob dl quk akmkssârob pbrb btkadkr b dk`badb db uaodbdk mlasu`odlrb, katíl lmlrrk l kgkotl oavkrsl, b kakrnob akmkssârob ï mlasu`odb db rkdk mlamkssolaârob mlavkamolabe. B gonurb 4 dk`lastrb l guamolab`katl dk u` sostk`b gltlvletboml eonbdl é rkdk keïtromb.
Gonurb 4 ” ]ostk`b gltlvletboml eonbdl é rkdk keïtromb
Glatk3 Mrksksj (:997)
Ybrb b Guadbîíl dk B`pbrl é Yksquosb dl Kstbdl dk ]íl Ybuel (GBYK]Y, :929), akstks sostk`bs ï dk su`b o`plrtêamob l usl u sl dk u` oavkrslr, mucl tk` dk skr do`kasolabdl dk glr`b b btkadkr bs alr`bs pbdrûks dk qubeodbdk k sknurbaîb vonkatks, k l `ks`l aíl sk vbek dl usl dk jbtkrobs, plos kstâ k` mlatbtl dorktl ml` b rkdk keïtromb, kstbadl bsso`, sk` akmkssodbdk dk br`bzkabr kektromodbdk. Als sostk`bs mlakmtbdls é rkdk keïtromb, síl trãs ls topls dk mlakxíl ml` rkebîíl é glr`b dk `kdoîíl dk kakrnob3 @kdoîíl óaomb dl dl jbeb jbebaîl aîl dk kakrnob3 Fâ b plssojoeodbdk plssojoeodbdk db mlamkssolaârob mlamkssolaârob
dk kakrnob elmbe rk`uakrbr b kakrnob katrknuk pkel prldutlr gltlvletboml bl `ks`l prkîl quk kstk bdquork db rkdk keïtromb. Bpkabs u` `kdodlr rkbeozb rkbeo zb l rknostrl dk mlasu`l lu glrakmo`katl dk kakrnob, bprkskatbadl al go` dl pkràldl dk `kdoîíl, l vbelr db dogkrkaîb katrk kakrnob mlasu`odb k b katrknuk é rkdk8 @kdoîíl dupeb3 Ls `kdodlrks `kdodlrks trbjbefb` k` skatodls lplstls, rknostrbadl
dk glr`b oadkpkadkatk l mlasu`l k l glrakmo`katl dk kakrnob é rkdk. B
::
mbdb oastbatk sk tk` bpkabs u` dls `kdodlrks k` trbjbefl, dkpkadkadl db dogkrkaîb o`kdobtb katrk l mlasu`odl k b pltãamob nkrbdb. Ylssojoeotb quk ls dogkrkatks vbelrks plssb` skr btrojuàdls b katrbdb k b sbàdb dk kakrnob8 @kdoîûks so`uetêakbs3 so`uetêakbs3 B mlakxíl d dl l sostk`b gltlvletboml db uaodbdk mlasu`odlrb é rkdk mlavkamolabe ï rkbeozbdb dk glr`b oadkpkadkatk dl
pboake dk skrvoîl elmbe, ml` oatuotl dk kvotbr qubosqukr topls dk oatkrgkrãamob dl mormuotl dk mlasu`l elmbe (rkdk) ml`l b prlduîíl k lu tbrogbîíl db kakrnob nkrbdb. B mboxb dk cuaîíl tk` dk bssknurbr quk tldb kektromodbdk nkrbdb plssb geuor, nbrbatoadl quk mbsl b rkdk aíl kstkcb fbjoeotbdb b rkmkjkr kstb kakrnob keb skrâ ml`putbdb k ml`prbdb pkeb mlamkssolaârob. Bs glr`bs dk `kdoîíl d dkstks kstks sostk sostk`bs `bs dkvk dkvk` ` ljkdk ljkdkmkr mkr b rksleuîíl alr`btovb dk aó`krl 46:, kstbjkekmodbs dk bmlrdl ml` b Bnãamob Abmolabe dk Kakrnob Keïtromb (BAKKE, :92:j), utoeozbadl ml`l jbsk ls Yrlmkdo`katls dk Dostrojuoîíl dk Kakrnob Keïtromb al ]ostk`b Keïtroml Abmolabe (YZLDO]T), bs alr`bs tïmaombs jrbsoekorbs k, dk glr`b ml`pek`katbr, bs alr`bs oatkrabmolabos. B utoeozbîíl k glrakmo`katl db `ks`b kstâ mladomolabdb b alvls sostk`bs dk tbrogbîíl, ebaîbdls k` pbutb al bal dk :92?. L prýxo`l mbpàtuel bjlrdb sljrk l sostk`b gltlvletboml al Jrbsoe k subs soanuebrodbdks.
:=
]O]TK@B GLTLWLETBOML GLTLWLETBOML AL JZB]OE K ][B] ]OAN[E ]OAN[EBZODBDK] BZODBDK] =.2 B]YKMTL] NELJBO]
Ybrb OKB (:92=), b kakrnob slebr al `ldkel gltlvletboml plssuo btrojutls quk aíl pkr`otk` ml`pbrbîíl ml` akafu` lutrl topl dk glatk dk kakrnob. ]ub prlduîíl ï rkbeozbdb dk glr`b râpodb k sknurb k tb`jï` pkel gbtl dk sub tkmalelnob tkr sodl dkskavlevodb ml` jbsk k` oagrbkstruturb câ kxostkatk, pbssbadl plr mlastbatks oalvbîûks, butl`btomb`katk ls custogomb`. Ls pboaïos slebrks, bpksbr dk tldl sku pltkamobe kakrnïtoml k tkmaleýnoml, mlatrojuk` pluml pbrb b prlduîíl keïtromb `uadobe dkvodl bl betl mustl dl hoel ^btt flrb. Ylrï`, bs mlastbatks oalvbîûks tkmaleýnombs ab oadóstrob, plssojoeotb` b rkduîíl sonaogombtovb dl mustl plr uaodbdk dk kakrnob. Lu skcb, pldk` skr rkduzodls ls mustls ml` alvls prldutls k prlmkssls dk prlduîíl, lu pkeb ml`krmobeozbîíl k oastbebîíl, rkotkrb (OKB, :92=). Ls bals katrk 2?69 k 2??9 glrb` rkmlafkmodls pkel mrksmo`katl dk oavksto`katls k` prlnrb`bs dk mrïdotl goabamkorl go abamkorl dk kakrnob slebr dkvodl é mrksmkatk prlmurb plr `ïtldls aíl bnrkssovls bl `kol b`jokatk doz (OKB, :92=). Akssk pkràldl glo mlastruàdb b pro`korb mkatrbe dk kakrnob slebr dk nrbadk plrtk ab Mbeogýraob, al bal dk 2?6: batkmkdkadl bl ebaîb`katl dls prlnrb`bs ―tkefbdls slebrks‐, lmlrrodls ab Bek`bafb k` 2??9 k k` sknuodb sknuodb al Cbpíl 2??=, 2??=, ml`pek`katb (OKB, :92=). Mrksksj (:997j) doz quk b pbrtor dkstks gbtls, l pkasb`katl k` tlral db mrobîíl dk u` `krmbdl gltlvletboml surnou, ml` b odkob dk quk l `ks`l aíl pldkrob bpkabs tkr ml`l jbsk l dkskavlevo`katl dk u`b tkmalelnob, k so` oavkstor ab prlduîíl dk kquopb`katls slebrks k` ksmbeb oadustrobe, pbrb bsso` rkduzor ls mustls ml` kquopb`katls dkstb glatk dk kakrnob. Bsso`, ls mustls skrob` oavkrsb`katk prlplrmolabos b qubatodbdk dk kquopb`katls gbjrombdls. Ybrb Mrksksj (:997j), b pltãamob `uadobe oastbebdb pbsslu dk 229@^ k` 2??= pbrb >642 @^ k` :99>, dostrojuàdb k` sub `bolr pbrtk plr qubtrl pbàsks3 Kspbafb, Bek`bafb, Cbpíl k Kstbdls [aodls, rksuetbdl dl prlmkssl dk rkduîíl dls ôaus dk prlduîíl, quk glrb` dkrrujbdls dk `bakorb onube`katk kxprkssovb. Ls mustls dk :997 síl db `bnaotudk dk lotl vkzks `kalrks k` ml`pbrbîíl bl quk krb` k` 2?>;, pbssbrb` dk []$ =9/^ pbrb []$ =,>;/^ k` :997. L Jrbsoe als bals :999
:4
sk vletlu pbrb kstk topl dk tkmalelnob, sk jkakgomobadl db qukdb dls mustls dk prlduîíl k mrobadl, ls sostk`bs dk nkrbîûks dostrojuàdbs. =.: @OMZLNKZBÎÍL K @OAONKZBÎÍL @ OAONKZBÎÍL DO]TZOJ[ÀDB Ybrb BAKKE (:92:b) b prlduîíl dk kakrnob kýeomb pldk skr dovododb k` nrupls dk `omrlnkrbîíl k b `oaonkrbîíl dostrojuàdbs ab qube sk mrolu l sostk`b dk ml`pkasbîíl dk kakrnob pbrb ls mlasu`odlrks btkadodls plr mlamkssolaârobs dk dostrojuoîíl. ]knuadl BAKKE (:92:b), rkgkrk-sk é u`b usoab dk `omrlnkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk, b u`b mkatrbe nkrbdlrb dk kakrnob keïtromb gltlvletbomb ml` mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb dk 299 H^, mlakmtbdb é rkdk dk keïtromb dk jboxb tkasíl plr `kol dbs oastbebîûks dbs uaodbdks mlasu`odlrbs. Mlatoaub BAKKE (:92:b) rkebtbadl quk b `oaonkrbîíl, plr sub vkz, ï dktkr`oabdb plr sostk`bs ml` pltãamobs quk vbrob` katrk 299H^ k 2@^. L ljcktovl proamopbe dkstk topl dk usoab, ï supror bl prýprol mlasu`l dl prldutlr dk kektromodbdk, dk glr`b quk bl elanl dk u` oatkrvbel `âxo`l dk =7 `ksks l mlasu`l `ïdol dk kakrnob sk onubek b nkrbîíl `ïdob, bauebadl ls mrïdotls rkgkrkatks bl kxmkdkatk dk kakrnob nkrbdb. BAKEE (:92:b), kxpeomb quk u` bspkmtl o`plrtbatk dl sostk`b dk ml`pkasbîíl
dk mrïdotls ï quk quk b kakrnob keïtromb nkrbdb quk aíl tkafb sodl
ml`pkasbdb ab gbturb db prýprob uaodbdk nkrbdlrb, b `ks`b pldkrâ skr utoeozbdb pbrb ml`pkasbr l mlasu`l dk lutrbs uaodbdks dk prlprokdbdk dl `ks`l oatkrkssbdl, jbstbadl bpkabs quk kssbs uaodbdks skcb` prkvob`katk mbdbstrbdbs pbrb kstb goabeodbdk k btkadodbs pkeb `ks`b dostrojuodlrb. =.= MKAÂZOL ABMOLABE @@K (:92>) rkebtb quk al Jrbsoe b kektromodbdk nkrbdb b pbrtor db kakrnob gltlvletbomb sk bpeomb k` `bolrob b kquopb`katls dk tkekml`uaombîûks, b dk`badb dk kakrnob k` zlabs rurbos, bls skrvoîls pójeomls k bl jl`jkb`katl dk ânub. Ls sostk`bs mlakmtbdls bl sostk`b oatkreonbdl abmolabe (]OA) síl plumls, bpksbr dl pbàs plssuor u` vbstl pltkamobe dk orrbdobîíl slebr, quk ï mkrmb dk dubs vkzks `bolr quk l pltkamobe bek`íl, quk ï l pro`korl k` mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb dk kakrnob gltlvletbomb.
:;
B tbjkeb 2 dk`lastrb l `latbatk db mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb (bpkabs dk sostk`bs gltlvletbomls mlakmtbdls é rkdk) k l pltkamobe slebr kamlatrbdl ab Bek`bafb, Kspbafb k Jrbsoe al bal dk :99?.
Tbjkeb 2 ” Yltkamobe k mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb dk sostk`bs gltlvletbomls k pltkamobe slebr ab Bek`bafb, Kspbafb k Jrbsoe k` :99?.
Glatk3 @@K (:92>)
@@K (:92>) dk`lastrb quk ab tbjkeb quk l Jrbsoe, plr sku vbstl tkrrotýrol, plssuo u`b kalr`k vbatbnk` ml` rkebîíl b lutrls pbàsks, ml`l Bek`bafb k Kspbafb, k` sk trbtbadl dk pltkamobe dk nkrbîíl k` H^f/`º/bal, plrï` aíl sk gkz vbekr dkssb qubeodbdk al bal dk :99?. L sktlr dk tkekml`uaombîûks ï l polakorl ab bpeombîíl dk tkmalelnob gltlvletbomb dl Jrbsoe. Katrktbatl, ls sostk`bs gltlvletbomls `bos utoeozbdls al pbàs síl pbrb kektrogombîíl rurbe k jl`jkb`katl dk ânub quk suprk` b dk`badb keïtromb dk mbrnbs dostbatk db rkdk mlavkamolabe, alr`be`katk k` zlabs rurbos bgor`b bgo r`b (GBYK]Y, :929). GBYK]Y (:929) doz quk ls sostk`bs butôal`ls, dkpkadkadl dl elmbe b skr btkadodl, rkprkskatb` u`b sleuîíl `bos kmlal`omb`katk voâvke, qubadl ml`pbrbdbs bls mustls dk kxpbasíl dk rkdk keïtromb mlavkamolabe. GBYK]Y (:929) rkebtb quk u` `ïtldl dk oamkatovbr l dkskavlevo`katl dk glatks dk kakrnob slebr al Jrbsoe, ï oavkstoadl k` ekoeûks gltlvletbomls. Ls ekoeûks dk nkrbîíl dk kakrnob síl dk kxtrk`b o`plrtêamob pbrb b `batkakîíl dl sktlr keïtroml jrbsoekorl. Ï b pbrtor dkeks quk sk rkbeozb b mlamkssíl dk alvbs usoabs k mkekjrb` mlatrbtls dk supro`katls pbrb btkadkr b dk`badb guturb dbs dostrojuodlrbs dk kakrnob. Bl kstbjkekmkr l prkîl dls mlatrbtls dk supro`katl k b qubos bs glatks dk kakrnob utoeozbdbs ab nkrbîíl, ls ekoeûks tk` oageuãamob boadb slj vbelr dbs tbrogbs pbnbs pkels mlasu`odlrks k b qubeodbdk db `btroz keïtromb dl pbàs ml` rkebîíl b tkr`ls b`jokatbos.
:7
=.4 YKZ]YKMTOWB] AL JZB]OE L @@K (:92>) rkebtb quk b nkrbîíl dk kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb al Jrbsoe btoanou l pbtb`br dk 2.999 `knbwbtts (@^) dk mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb btï l go` dk :92>, dk bmlrdl ml` prlckîíl rkbeozbdb pkeb Bsslmobîíl Jrbsoekorb dk Kakrnob ]lebr Gltlvletbomb (Bjslebr). L aó`krl rkprkskatb u`b kvleuîíl dk =:;% k` ml`pbrbîíl é mbpbmodbdk alr`be, quk ï dk :=; @^, sugomokatk pbrb supror b dk`badb dk mkrmb dk 79 `oe rksodãamobs, ml` btï moaml pksslbs oatknrbadl-bs. B ksto`btovb gkotb pkel sktlr oaskrk l pbàs katrk ls =9 proamopbos nkrbdlrks dkssb glatk dk kakrnob al pebaktb, ml` b prkvosíl dk kstbr katrk ls moaml pro`korls k` pltãamob oastbebdb baube btï l bal dk : :9=9. 9=9. Kstíl skadl ml mlatrbtbdls, atrbtbdls, plr `kol dls ekoeûks dk kakrnob dl nlvkral, mkrmb dk =.=99 @^, quk skríl mlamkdodls btï :926, dk bmlrdl ml` (@@K, :92>). Ls bplrtks btï l goabe dk :92> dkvkríl norbr k` tlral Z$ 4,; joefûks. L mrksmo`katl db mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb buxoeob tb`jï` b nkrbîíl dk k`prknls k` tldb l sktlr prldutovb. Ykebs mlatbs dl sktlr, pbrb mbdb @^ dk kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb oastbebdls, k` mlatrbpbrtodb síl nkrbdls dk :; b =9 plstls dk trbjbefl, rkebtb (BNÃAMOB JZB]OE, :92>). L @@K (:92>) bgor`b quk pbrb l bal dk :9:4, b pkrspkmtovb dl Yebal Dkmkabe dk Kxpbasíl dk Kakrnob (YDK :9:4), ï quk b mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb dk nkrbîíl slebr al Jrbsoe bembamk ls 6.=99 @^. B prlplrîíl db nkrbîíl slebr kstbrâ b 2% dl tltbe. Ls kstudls dl YDK :9:;, k` kebjlrbîíl, oadomb` b b`peobîíl dkssbs prkvosûks. L aó`krl dk oastbebîûks slebrks dostrojuàdbs bplatb mrksmo`katl al Jrbsoe. K` lotl `ksks, kssbs oastbebîûks mrksmkrb` =99% al Ybàs, tkadl k` tlral dk 4999 uaodbdks, ml` u`b pltãamob `ïdob dk >,4 H^. Ls kstudls dl Yebal Abmolabe dk Kakrnob (YAK :9;9), k` kebjlrbîíl pkeb K`prksb dk Yksquosb Kakrnïtomb (KYK), ksto`b` quk 26% dls dl`omàeols dk :9;9 mlatbríl ml` kektromodbdk plr nkrbîíl gltlvletbomb (2=% dl mlasu`l rksodkamobe), dk bmlrdl ml` (@@K, :92>). L mbpàtuel plstkrolr bjlrdbrâ tldl l mlkgomokatk kmlaô`oml dl sostk`b slebr gltlvletboml, sk vbekadl dk tkr`ls goabamkorls k l guturl dkstb glatk dk kakrnob.
:>
B]YKMTL] GOABAMKOZL] DL ]O]TK@B ]O]TK@B GLTLWLETBOML ]knuadl dbdls db BAKKE (:92:b), als tk`pls `bos rkmkatks, `uotls pbàsks bdltbrb` ml`l kxonãamob b pbrtomopbîíl db kakrnob slebr ml` b goabeodbdk dk bqukmo`katl dk ânub, kambjkîbadl kstks pbàsks, vã` Osrbke sknuodl db Kspbafb, plrï` l Jrbsoe aíl bdltlu kstk prlmkdo`katl. Al bal dk :997 glo kxonodl u` pkrmkatube `àao`l rkskrvbdl b prlduîíl dk kakrnob kakr nob slebr k` alvbs kdogombîûks. K` :99>, b oaomobtovb tkvk ml`l sknuodlrks pbàsks ml`l Àadob, Mfoab, Mlrïob dl ]ue k Bek`bafb, ladk ls pkrmkatubos kxonodls pldk` vbrobr dk =9% b >9%, dkpkadkadl dl meo`b, aàvkos dk mlasu`l k dosplaojoeodbdk dk lutrbs glatks dk kakrnob. K` jlb pbrtk dls pbàsks, b oatkasodbdk kakrnïtomb tkvk rkduîíl, lu skcb, b rbzíl db kakrnob mlasu`odb pbrb ls jkas k skrvoîls glrakmodls mbou. Katrktbatl aíl rkduzou k` aàvke sugomokatk pbrb ml`pkasbr l mrksmo`katl kmlaô`oml dk u`b glr`b nkrbe k rkduzor l mlasu`l sknuadl (GBYK]Y, :929). Ybrb Kxla`ljoe (:929) ksto`b-sk quk al bal dk :9=9, mkrmb dk 49% db kektromodbdk `uadobe skrâ prlvkaokatk dk glatks rkalvâvkos k dbs usoabs aumekbrks, tkadl mrksmkatks aàvkos k` rkebîíl bl mlasu`l kakrnïtoml btrbvïs dk glatks rkalvâvkos, ml`l b slebr gltlvletbomb, dkstbmbadl-sk ml` nrbadk pltkamobe l Jrbsoe. ]knuadl Kxla`ljoe (:929), b Bek`bafb eodkrb l usl db kakrnob slebr. L pbàs dospûk dbs `bolrks mkatrbos prldutlrbs dkssk topl dk kakrnob. Ls bek`íks nkrb` k` tlral dk 2,; N^ b pbrtor dk glatks slebrks. Kssk `ldkel ï voâvke pkel gbtl db Bek`bafb tkr u`b pleàtomb dk goabamob`katl dkgoaodb, câ l Jrbsoe kamlatrb-sk au` koxl kstruturbe db kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb, kamb`oafbadl sub kmlal`ob pbrb kstbjoeodbdk, dbadl pbssls kspkefbdls bl db Bek`bafb al sktlr kakrnïtoml. Ybrb @@K (:92>), al Jrbsoe ls rkmursls pbrb brmbr ml` kssbs `udbaîbs al sostk`b kakrnïtoml síl rkmlefodls plr `kol dk u` pkqukal bmrïsmo`l ab tbrogb mlavkamolabe dk kakrnob keïtromb dk tldls ls mlasu`odlrks. Kstk `latbatk ï dkplsotbdl k` u` guadl k utoeozbdls ml`l rkk`jlesl pbrb ls oavksto`katls rkbeozbdls plr prldutlrks oadkpkadkatks dk kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb quk oatkreonb` subs usoabs bl sostk`b kakrnïtoml abmolabe. L rkk`jlesl ï gkotl dk glr`b prlnrkssovb k ls prldutlrks oadkpkadkatks mlasknuk` rkmupkrbr skus oavksto`katls au` pkràldl katrk 29 b 2: bals. L prlnrb`b tb`jï` vosb l bplrtk k` lutrbs glatks, ml`l
:6
b kakrnob kýeomb, ml` l ljcktovl dk rkduzor b dkpkadãamob dk glatks pleukatks dk kakrnob. Al bal dk :924, pbrb Wbelr Kmlaô`oml (:924) l pbalrb`b ï quk skcb` oastbebdls al `uadl `bos dk 49 N^ dk pltãamob, dovododls katrk oastbebîûks k` tkefbdls k usoabs slebrks. B kektromodbdk nkrbdb pkeb kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb glt lvletbomb tkadk b sbetbr dl àago`l 9,4% pbrb :,7% k` :9=; ml` rkebîíl b `btroz kakrnïtomb `uadobe. Al Jrbsoe, btï l bal dk :9:9 prlcktb-sk u`b mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb dk 499 @^. L mkaârol oatkrabmolabe db kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb bprkskatlu betkrbîûks sonaogombtovbs als óeto`ls bals. ]knuadl OKB (:92=), btï pluml bals btrâs b tkmalelnob krb dorktb`katk bsslmobdb b dksbgols tkmaleýnomls, als qubos oameuàb` eo`otbîûks dk pkrglr`bamk dl JL] (Jbebamk lg ]ystk`), dóvodbs sljrk b bdkqubîíl dls `btkrobos dk glrakmo`katl, gbetb dk ksmbeb ab oadóstrob k lutrlrb prljek`bs dk lrdk` kmlaô`omb bsslmobdls bls betls mustls dl aknýmol. Katrktbatl, al Jrbsoe k k` lutrls pbàsks kstk mkaârol glo betkrbdl dk glr`b vkelz, bmbrrktbadl u` kgkotl plsotovl sljrk bs pkrspkmtovbs dk ml`pktotovodbdk db kakrnob gltlvletbomb. Dkatrk ls gbtlrks quk buxoeobrb` pbrb kssbs betkrbîûks kstíl3 B râpodb rkduîíl dk mustls8
Betkrbîûks kstruturbos ab oadóstrob dk kakrnob8
@bolr prklmupbîíl ml` ml` rkebîíl é sknurbaîb kakrnïtomb kakrnïtomb (dbdb b
prkdl`oaêamob dkstb glatk)8 Yrklmupbîûks ml` rkebîíl bs `udbaîbs meo`âtombs.
Al mkaârol oatkrabmolabe, kxpeomb l OKB (:92=) `ks`l quk b mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb boadb plssb skr mlasodkrbdb pkqukab ml` rkebîíl bl tltbe db `btroz keïtromb, ï pkrmkptàvke l glrtk mrksmo`katl db glatk, k` kspkmobe ab Kurlpb k ab Mfoab. B mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb `uadobe gltlvletbomb btoanou vbelrks jkorbadl b pltãamob 2=? N^, dls qubos =6 N^ glrb` oastbebdls akssk bal. Kstb râpodb kxpbasíl tb`jï` ï mlavkrtodb k` rkduîíl dk mustls, nkrbadl kstà`uels pbrb l mrksmo`katl db mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb. K` sk trbtbadl dk pkrspkmtovbs `uadobos, b OKB (:92=) prkvosolab quk b mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb dk kakrnob gltlvletbomb pbssk dk :> N^ k` :929, pbrb mkrmb dk :69 N^ k` al bal dk :9:9, rkprkskatbadl u` mrksmo`katl `ïdol baube dk kxprkssovls :7% bl bal akstk pkràldl. B gonurb ; oeustrb l mkaârol dk kxpbasíl trbîbdl pkeb OKB.
:?
Gonurb ; ” Ykrspkmtovb db mbpbmodbdk oastbebdb k mustl dl sostk`b GW
Glatk3 OKB (:92=)
Kstk mrksmo`katl dl `krmbdl dk kakrnob gltlvletbomb mlatrojuo pbrb prlelanbr l mkaârol dk rkduîíl dls mustls db glatk vkrogombdl als óeto`ls bals. Ybrb dbr do`kasûks bl o`pbmtl quk kstk bu`katl db ksmbeb dk prlduîíl pldk trbzkr pbrb b oadóstrob, dovkrsls butlrks mlasknuk` bgor`br quk, b pbrtor dk dbdls fostýromls, u`b tbxb dk bprkadozbnk` quk ljcktovb `kasurbr ml` quk vkelmodbdk ls mustls mbob` dbdl l bu`katl dk mbpbmodbdk bmu`uebdb. ]knuadl OKB (:92=), kssb tbxb pbrb b kakrnob gltlvletbomb plssuo u`b vbrobîíl katrk 2;% k ::%, skadl quk ab mrobîíl dk skus kstudls b bnãamob bdltlu u`b rkduîíl dk 26%. Ostl sonaogomb quk b mbdb vkz quk b prlduîíl bmu`uebdb dljrb, ls mustls mbk` k` 26%. K` lutrl kstudl, OKB (:92=) mlasknuk ksto`br quk katrk :929 k :9:9 fbvkrâ u`b qukdb dk `bos dk 49% dl mustl dk oastbebîíl dls sostk`bs gltlvletbomls mlaglr`k oeustrb b gonurb 7.
Gonurb 7 ” Ykrspkmtovb dk mustls dk kakrnob gltlvletbomb
Glatk3 OKB (:92=)
=9
K` u` mkaârol mlaskrvbdlr, pbrb OKB (:92=) b kakrnob slebr pldkrob mlrrkspladkr plr mkrmb dk 22% db lgkrtb oatkrabmolabe dk kakrnob keïtromb al bal dk :9;9, ml` pltãamob k` tlral dk ;.999 T^f. B ârkb mljkrtb pkebs oastbebîûks skrob dk 6 `oe h`º, skadl pltãamob =99 ^/`º k gbtlr dk mbpbmodbdk dk :;%, kquovbekatk b u` qubdrbdl ml` do`kasûks dk ?9 h` dk ebdl. ]knuadl b Bsslmobîíl Jrbsoekorb dk Kakrnob ]lebr Gltlvletbomb (Bjslebr, :9:9) ls prýxo`ls bals skríl prýspkrls pbrb b kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb al Jrbsoe. Dl platl dk vostb `bmrlkmlaô`oml, tkrk`ls al sktlr l o`puesolab`katl dk btï :;9 `oe k`prknls abs k`prksbs k oadóstrobs dl sktlr dk kakrnob gltlvletbomb al pbàs. Mlatoaub Bjslebr (:9:9) rkebtbadl quk kstíl prkvostls b qubatob dk Z$ 2?,> joefûks dk oavksto`katls dl sktlr provbdl akstk bal pbrb kstb glatk dk kakrnob, oameuoadl l sl`btýrol tldls ls sktlrks dk nkrbîíl dostrojuàdb (sostk`bs k` tkefbdls k gbmfbdbs dk kdogàmols) k mkatrbeozbdb (nrbadks usoabs slebrks). Ybrb Bjslebr (:9:9), platube`katk ab nkrbîíl dostrojuàdb, ls plpuebrks k prlproktârols dk pkqukabs k `ïdobs k`prksbs, vã` bplstbadl dk glr`b oamosovb ab tkmalelnob gltlvletbomb, al oatuotl dk bdquoror ml`pktotovodbdk k glenbr ls lrîb`katls dbs gb`àeobs. K` sk trbtbadl dk aó`krls dls sostk`bs gltlvletbomls btovls al Jrbsoe, ls mlasu`odlrks rksodkamobos kambjkîb` b eostb, rkprkskatbadl >:,79% dl tltbe. K` sknuodb, surnk` bs k`prksbs dl sktlr dk ml`ïrmol k skrvoîls (2>,??%), elnl bpýs vã` ls mlasu`odlrks rurbos (7,:;%), oadóstrobs (:,76%), bs uaodbdks dl pldkr pójeoml (9,4=%) k lutrls topls, ml`l skrvoîls pójeomls (9,94%) k oeu`oabîíl pójeomb (9,92%). K` tkr`ls dk butlprlduîíl, Bjslebr (:9:9) rkebtb quk l Jrbsoe be`kcb u`b kvleuîíl al sktlr dk 2>9% grkatk bl tltbe bmu`uebdl btï l bal dk :92?, pbssbadl dk :,9 nonbwbtts (N^) pbrb ;,4 nonbwbtts (N^). Ybrb l skn`katl dk usoabs slebrks dk nrbadk plrtk, quk síl mlatrbtbdbs btrbvïs dk ekoeûks pkel nlvkral, l mrksmo`katl prkvostl kstâ abdb mbsb dk :;%, `onrbadl dls btubos :,4 N^ pbrb =,9 N^. Bl babeosbr kssks aó`krls, pbrb Bjslebr (:9:9), gomb altýrol quk b glatk dk kakrnob gltlvletbomb ï dk su`b o`plrtêamob bl pbàs, tbatl k` tkr`ls goabamkorls qubatl slmobos k b`jokatbos. Ml` mkrtkzb, l pbpke dk dkstbquk quk l sktlr gltlvletboml kstâ bdquoroadl, tk` dkspkrtbdl b btkaîíl dl sktlr nlvkrab`katbe dl Jrbsoe k db BAKKE pbrb oatrlduîíl dk alvbs pleàtombs dk tbrogbîíl al sktlr. Zbtogomb Bjslebr (:9:9), quk b kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb ï l sostk`b dk kakrnob rkalvâvke `bos ml`pktotovb k b`peb dl pbàs, skadl u` glrtk poebr pbrb l
=2
dkskavlevo`katl sustkatâvke, ml` b`peb nkrbîíl dk k`prknl k mbpotbe, mbptbîíl dk oavksto`katls, peurbeozbîíl db `btroz keïtromb k subs vbatbnkas pbrb tldls ls mlasu`odlrks jrbsoekorls. ]beokatb Bjslebr (:9:9) quk l Jrbsoe plssuo u` nrbadk pltkamobe pbrb sk tlrabr eodkrbaîb al sktlr dk kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb k u` dls plels votbos `uadobos al sktlr. Ybrb mbdb Z$ 2 quk ï oaskrodl k` kakrnob gltlvletbomb dk pkqukal k `ïdol plrtks, utoeozbdls supror b dk`badb dk rksodãamobs, oadóstrobs, ml`ïrmols, prïdols pójeomls k prlprokdbdks rurbos, l sktlr mlrrkspladk mlrr kspladk ml` `bos dk Z$ = mlavkrtodls k` nbafls keïtromls, slmolkmlaô`omls k b`jokatbos bl pbàs. Ybrb vbelr kmlaô`oml (:924), ml` l bvbaîl tkmaleýnoml al Jrbsoe k bs nrbadks `udbaîbs abs eknosebîûks k` vonlr, tkrk`ls u` bvbaîl mlasodkrâvke al sostk`b gltlvletboml al pbàs als prýxo`ls dkz bals, gbzkadl ml` quk ls àadomks dk utoeozbîíl dbs usoabs tkr`lkeïtrombs k` pkràldls skmls mbob` dk glr`b kxplakamobe btï :9:4. Tldls kstks btrojutls rbtogomb`, quk ml` l bvbaîl db tkmalelnob db oatknrbîíl dls sostk`bs dk kakrnob mlavkamolabe k rkalvâvke, l sostk`b gltlvletboml al Jrbsoe vk` skadl mbdb vkz `bos bmkssàvke k` tkr`ls goabamkorls k dk rknuebîíl plr pbrtk dls ýrníls nlvkrab`katbos, plssojoeotbadl b kxpbasíl plr tldl pbàs dk glr`b so`peks k râpodb.
=:
MLA]ODKZBÎÛK] GOABO] L dkskavlevo`katl dl mlatkódl dkstk trbjbefl dk rkvosíl dk eotkrbturb pkr`otou ljskrvbr l pbalrb`b `uadobe k abmolabe b rkspkotl db tkmalelnob gltlvletbomb ab nkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk, dksdk dk sub fostýrob btï bs pkrspkmtovbs guturbs dkstk topl dk glatk. Kstb `lalnrbgob plssojoeotb rkspladkr plsotovb`katk l qukstolab`katl `kamolabdl k` sku oaàmol, k` mlacuatl ml` ls ljcktovls `kasurbdls ab oatrlduîíl dkstk trbjbefl, kvodkamobadl bl elanl dk skus mbpàtuels quk ï plssàvke tbatl al Jrbsoe qubatl k` lutrls pbàsks dl `uadl, l `ldkel slebr gltlvletboml dk nkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk supror tldb lu jlb pbrtk db dk`badb plr kakrnob keïtromb. Mlaglr`k l dkskavlevo`katl db tkmalelnob slebr gltlvletbomb, subs tlplelnobs tb`jï` sk dovkrsogombrb`, oadl dk u` sostk`b so`peks rksodkamobe, btï u` sostk`b dk nkrbîíl oadkpkadkatk, mlatrojuoadl ml` b dk`badb plr kektromodbdk db rknoíl, pldkadl bsso` supror b elanl prbzl b akmkssodbdk plr kektromodbdk dk rknoûks oslebdbs dl sostk`b mlavkamolabe dk kakrnob, tbe gbtls glrb` kvodkamobdls al sknuadl k tkrmkorl mbpàtuels, oatrlduzoadl u` nbamfl pbrb l qubrtl mbpàtuel, al qube sk kvodkamob ls pbalrb`bs guturls dkstk topl dk glatk g latk rkalvâvke. B tkmalelnob gltlvletbomb kstâ k` mlastbatk dkskavlevo`katl dksdk b sub mrobîíl, plssojoeotbadl b rkduîíl als mustls dk sub prlduîíl, skadl bmkssàvke als ê`jotls rksodkamobos k btï k` ml`pkasbîûks dk mrïdotl dk kakrnob ml` b mlamkssolaârob dk kektromodbdk db rknoíl k tkadl u`b vbatbnk` ml` rkebîíl bl `ïtldl fodrkeïtroml quk ï b aíl utoeozbîíl dk nrbadks ârkbs pbrb b nkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk mlaglr`k mlastbtbdl al dkmlrrkr dl qubrtl mbpàtuel, rksuetbadl k` u` jl` oavksto`katl b `ïdol k elanl prbzl. B elanl prbzl k au`b ksmbeb abmolabe k `uadobe, l `ldkel gltlvletboml dk nkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk sk tlrab voâvke pbrb sub bpeombîíl k` nrbadks mkatrbos lu pkqukals prldutlrks dk kakrnob keïtromb, dkvodl bl mustl dk o`pebatbîíl dkstb tkmalelnob skr mbdb vkz `bos jbrbtl k `bos kgomokatk, tkadl u`b pbrtomopbîíl kgktovb k mrksmkatk ab nkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk al `uadl, tkadl b vbatbnk` dk skr u`b glatk dk kakrnob eo`pb, mlaglr`k rkebtbdl k` tldl l qubrtl mbpàtuel. Ylr go`, kstks gbtls sl`bdls mue`oabrb`, au`b `lalnrbgob als `ledks dk u`b rkvosíl dk eotkrbturb quk prlpôs btrbvïs dk sku mlatkódl, u`b vosíl ljcktovb
==
sljrk b tkmalelnob slebr gltlvletbomb gltl vletbomb al Jrbsoe k al `uadl, ekvbadl k` mlasodkrbîíl subs tlplelnobs k skus pbalrb`bs guturls, sunkroadl k` ml`pek`katl b kstb pksquosb, u`b `lalnrbgob sljrk l sostk`b dk nkrbîíl dk kektromodbdk btrbvïs dl `ldkel gltlvletboml al Jrbsoe, tkadl skus pbalrb`bs k pltkamobos kvodkamobdls plr rknoíl k bvbeobadl tldls ls mustls, dk `ldl b kvodkamobr b rkebîíl mustl-jkakgàmol pkrbatk b tkmalelnobs ml`pek`katbrks é fodrlkeïtromb, ml`l b kýeomb kýe omb k aumekbr.
=4
ZKGKZÃAMOB] BJAT, Bsslmobîíl Jrbsoekorb dk Alr`bs Tïmaombs. Mbtâelnl. Dosplaàvke k`3 5fttp3//www.bjat.lrn.jr/alr`beozbmbl/bjat-mbtbelnl1. 5fttp3//www.bjat.lrn.jr/alr`beozbmbl/bjat-mb tbelnl1. Bmkssl k`3 9;.bjr.:9:9. BJ]LEBZ, Bsslmobîíl Jrbsoekorb dk Kakrnob ]lebr G Gltlvletbomb. ltlvletbomb. . Dosplaàvke Mbtâelnl k` 5fttp3//www.bjslebr.lrn.jr/altomob/brtonls-db-bjslebr1. Bmkssl k`3 :9.`bo.:9:9 BNÃAMOB JZB]OE. Kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb pldk mrksmkr `bos dk =99% btï l go` dl bal. Dosplaàvke k`3 5fttp3//bnkamobjrbsoe.kjm.ml`.jr/`btkrobs/kakrnobslebr1. Bmkssl k`3 :9.bjr.:9:9. BAKKE, Bnãamob Abmolabe dk Kakrnob Keïtromb. Jbaml dk Oaglr`bîûks dk Nkrbîíl ” JON. Dosplaàvke k`3 5fttp3//www:.bakke.nlv.jr/bpeombmlks/mbpbmodbdkjrbsoe/mbpbmodbdkjrbsoe.mg` 1. Bmkssl k`3 94.bjr.:9:9. BAKKE, Bnãamob Abmolabe dk Kakrnob Keïtromb. Zksleuîíl Alr`btovb a³. 46:, :92:. Dosplaàvke k`3 5fttp3//www.bakke.nlv.jr/mkdlm/rka:92:46:.pdg1. Bmkssl k`3 94.bjr.:9:9. BJOAKK, Bsslmobîíl Jrbsoekorb db Oadóstrob Keïtromb k Kektrôaomb. Yrlplstbs pbrb Oaskrîíl db Kakrnob ]lebr Gltlvletbomb ab @btroz Keïtromb Jrbsoekorb :92:. Dosplaàvke k`3 5fttp3//www.bjoakk.lrn.jr/kakrnobslebr/altomobs1. Bmkssl k`3 9:.bjr.:9:9 MZK]K]J. KAKZNOB ]LEBZ ” Yroamàpols k Bpeombîûks. Zol dk Cbakorl, :997. MZK]K]J. @baube dk Kankafbrob pbrb ]ostk`bs gltlvletbomls . Zol dk Cbakorl,2???. KVLA@LJOE. Ybalrb`bs Kakrnïtoml Ykrspkmtovbs pbrb :9=9 . ]kdk Mlrplrbtovb ;?;? Ebs Mleoabs Jevd.Orvoan, Tkxbs >;9=?-::?6. K[B. :929. GBYK]Y. Guadbîíl dk B`pbrl é Yksquosb dl Kstbdl dk ]íl Ybuel. [` guturl ml` kakrnob sustkatâvke3 oeu`oabadl l mb`oafl. ]íl Ybuel. GBYK]Y, :929. OKB. Oatkrabtolabe Kakrny Bnkamy. Neljbe Kakrny Trkads. Dosplaàvke k`3 5fttp3//www.OKB^KL:92=\Kxkmutovk\]u``bry\Kaneosf.YDG1. Bmkssl k`3 :2.bjr.:9:9. @@K, @oaostïrol dk @oabs k Kakrnob. Tldbs bs pujeombîûks. Dosplaàvke k`3 5fttp3//www.``k.nlv.jr/``k/`kau/tldbs\pujeombmlks.ft`e1. Bmkssl k`3 :2.bjr.:9:9. WBELZ KMLAÔ@OML. Mlavkrsíl dk euz k` kektromodbdk. Dosplaàvke k`3 5fttp3//www.vbelr.ml`.jr/altomobs/mlavkrsbldkeuzk`kektromodbdk1. Bmkssl k`3 29.`bo.:9:9. WOEEBEWB, @. N8 Nbzleo, C. Z. Kakrnob slebr gltlvletbomb3 mlamkotls k bpeombîûks . 2¹kdoîíl Kdotlrb Ïromb. ]íl Ybuel, :92:.
=;
=7
View more...
Comments
