Task 1 - 16 Tenses

ENGLISH SOFTSKILL TASK

TENSES

NAME : YUSNIARI SINAGA NPM

: 17211693

CLASS : 1 E A 2 6

GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY OF KALIMALANG 2011/2012

CHAPTER I THE TENSE’s DEFINE

When we want to use English, of course we must know about the rule before. Certainly we were taught from the basic till the big step that is be an English Master. Absolutely we are going to find the grammar while learn English. There are so many people don’t understand about the grammar, therefore, some people thought that this subject had a fairly high level of difficulty. However, the real is there is a will there is a way. We will discuss one of the grammar subject, that is about THE 16 TENSES. Before we are having a deep continue, we should be know what the TENSE is. There are several meanings of the tenses from the different sources. Check this out please!!

(Hariyono, Rudy dan Andrew Mc. Carthy. 2008. ABC Plus English Grammar. Surabaya: Gita Media Press) Tense is defined by changing verb based on the description of the time (Hartanto, John .S ,dkk. 2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya: Indah Surabaya) At the simple way, tense means the verb which is showing the action time (www.englishleap.com/grammar/tenses) The tense of a verb shows the time of an event or action (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense) A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation time, to indicate when the situation takes place.

By seeing all the means of the TENSES above we get the point of the TENSE’S means is the verb as the key on sentence to show the time of an action. The Tense shows: a. The time of an action or event b. The complete level The verb will tell us when the action takes time now (present), past or in future. There is so important for us to know when the action on sentence happens. For example, the delivery goods in a business letter, we need to know if we deliver the goods now, last month or shall deliver the goods next month.

CHAPTER II THE KINDS OF TENSES

There are many kinds of tenses we ever known. It’s called four fundamental tenses that are the present tense, the past tense, the future tense and the past future tense. All the other tenses come from this fundamental tense, there are consist of four tenses one another. The kinds of tenses consist of sixteen (16) tenses based on the rules of the time. Here we go..!!

I.

PRESENT TENSE

A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE This tense describes the event at this time in a simple form or an action carried over and over again, or the daily activity, or an event there’s not related to time.

A.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject (I/you/we/they) + infinitive (V1) Subject (she/he/it)

+ infinitive (V1) + s/es

The Simple Present Tense’s rule using on the sentences: a) Showing the action as always done b) To show the truth on earth Notice: by using the singular subject (she/he/it), the infinitive getting change: a. Generally added suffix –s to the infinitive Ex. to speak to help

speaks helps

b. Added –es suffix if there’s “o” suffix infinitive Ex. to do

does

to go

goes

c. Added –es suffix if there’s consonant(s) suffix infinitive, like ch, sh, s, x, or z Ex. to teach to fix

teaches fixes

d. Added –es suffix if there’s “e” suffix infinitive although ended by z or j voice Ex. to speak to help

speaks helps

e. Change consonant “y” suffix to be “i” after the other consonant, then added –es suffix Ex. to fly to study

flies studies

f. If there’s consonant suffix infinitive after vocal letter, added suffix –s directly Ex. to buy

buys

to play

plays

You should be know there is nothing change of infinitive after an auxiliary verb, although uses singular as the subject. 2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject +

do + not + infinitive (V1)

Subject + does + not + infinitive (V1)

Notice: a. There must be used do/does + not before infinitive b. In this section s/es suffix must be gone 3a. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: do

+

Subject + infinitive (V1) ?

does +

Subject + infinitive (V1) ?

Notice: a. There must be using do/does in the beginning of an interrogative sentence b. There’s no need to added s/es suffix on interrogative sentence c. Using the rule above when you need yes/no answer or a short answer only 3b. The Rule of interrogative pronoun sentence is: What;where;when;why;which;how + do/does + Subject + infinitive (V1) ? who

Notice:

+ infinitive + s/es?

The answer of the rule question above need more explanation.

In a verbal sentence on Simple Present Tense, there’s often using The Adverb of Frequency, such as Always

sometimes

never

Usually

seldom

ever

Often

rarely

A.2 Nominal Sentences (using non-verb) 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + To be + Non Verb

Notice: a. non-verb similar to noun, adjective or adverb b. using To be based on the Subject c. change “To be” with “be” after an auxiliary verb in each Subject

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + To be + not + Non Verb

3a. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: To be + Subject + Non Verb ?

3b. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Question Word + To be + Subject (S) ?

Notice: 3a rule needs yes/no answer or a short answer; 3b needs a long answer A.3 Time Signal There are many time signals used in Simple Present Tense: Every hour

Everyday

Every minute

Every week

Every afternoon

Every month

Every morning

Every year

Every night

In the morning

In the afternoon

Twice a week

In the evening Three times a week At night At noon Once a week

Twice a day On Sunday

Four times a week

On Monday

Once a month

At five o’clock

Twice a month

At seven o’clock

B. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Present Continuous Tense or Present Progressive Tense is describe an action or event which is occurring while it be spoken 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + To be + infinitive + ing

Notice:

Infinitive + ing is called Present Participal

The Present Continuous Tense’s rule using on the sentences: a) To show the action which is happening b) To show the temporary action c) To claim the act referred to next time

Notice: the things need to pay attention: a. Generally added –ing suffix to infinitive directly Ex. to read to apply

Reading Applying

b. If suffix of infinitive is “e”, remove it. Then added –ing directly (exception for “ee”) Ex. to write to see

Writing Seeing

c. If infinitive consist of one or two syllables with consonant suffix after the vocal letter and the pronounciation on the last word, making double the last consonant then plus –ing Ex. to cut to begin

Cutting Beginning

d. Also the “l” suffix of invinitive in two syllables after vocal letter Ex. to cancel to expel

Cancelling Expelling

e. There is no double “l” if preceded by two vocals letter Ex. to sail to seal

Sailing Sealing

f. If there is “ie” suffix, change it with “y” then added –ing Ex. to die

Dying

to tie

Tying

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + To be + not + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: To be +

Subject + infinitive + ing

QW + To be + (Subject) + infinitive + ing

Exception: There’s no all of infinitives can be used in Present Continuous Tense although that event is happening. There are infinitives which are unusual in present continuous, there are: a. Verbs of emotion To like

To dislike

To refuse

To want

b. Verbs of the senses To feel

To hear

To see

To smell

To taste

c. Verbs of thought or opinion To believe

To expect

To forget

To know

To prefer

To realize

To think

To understand

Time Signal There are many time signals used in Present Continuous Tense: This evening

At present

Right now

today This morning

This afternoon At this moment

nowdays

now For the time being

C. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Present Continuous Tense is the time which is used to show an indefinite time action on the past. And while speak that action had done.

The Present Perfect is used to indicate: a. An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past b. An action that happened more than once in the past c. An action that began in the past and is still occuring in the present

C.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + have/has + Past Participle (V3)

Notice: generally, when form “have” or ”has” joined with subject, it could be briefed: I have

I’ve

We have

We’ve

They have

They’ve

You have

You’ve

She has

She’s

He has

He’s

It has

It’s

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + have/has + not + Past Participle (V3)

3. The Rule of inteerrogative verbal sentence is: Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle (V3) QW + have/has + (subject) + Past Participle (V3)

Notice: a) The first rule for asking above need the yes/no answer or short answer b) The second rule above (using QW) need an explanation answer c) If on the second rule need the subject as an answer then remove the subject from the rule, instead using the subject on the rule when asking out of subject.

C.2 Nominal Sentences (using non-verb) 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + have/has + been + Non Verb

Notice:

non-verb similar to noun, adjective or adverb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + have/has + not + been + Non Verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Have/has + Subject + been + Non Verb ? QW + have/has + (Subject) + been + Non Verb ? Notice: a) The first rule for asking above need the yes/no answer or short answer b) The second rule above (using QW) need an explanation answer c) If on the second rule need the subject as an answer then remove the subject from the rule, instead using the subject on the rule when asking out of subject.

Generally an adverb of time of present perfect tense in a sentence used: a. To show an action has just happen so there is still seeing it’s effect till the time it is spoken b. To show the finished action indefinite time in the past, but there was not importance while it happened instead the result of for now c. To show an unfinished of the past action d. To show the reaction indefinite time before now. Generally the sentence followed by “before”, “already”, “ever”, “never”, and “yet” word e. To show a past action and still happen till now and next time f. To show a finished action in a short time. It’s often to using the “at last”, “finally”, “just” word

C.3 Time Signal

There are many signal of time used in present perfect tense: Since Since yesterday For two years

For four days Since five years ago for

Since last week For nine months Since two days ago

D. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE For an action that began in the past and is still occuring in the present (present perffect rules, third time), it is alsi possible to use the present perfect progressive (continuous). Use the following rule to form this aspect 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + have/has + been + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + have/has + not + been + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Have/Has + subject + been + infinitive + ing ? QW + Have/Has + (subject) + been + infinitive + ing ?

Notice: a) The first rule for asking above need the yes/no answer or short answer b) The second rule above (using QW) need an explanation answer c) If on the second rule need the subject as an answer then remove the subject from the rule, instead using the subject on the rule when asking out of subject. Time Signal There are many time signals used in Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Since September 1992

Long For twenty days

For ten years Anymore

Lately For five weeks

Anylonger Recently Since 1969 Stiil

For This week Since The whole days

II.

PAST TENSE

A. SIMPLE PAST TENSE The Simple Past is used for a completed action that happened at one specific time in the past. The italicized words in the previous sentence are important because they show that simple past is not the same as past progressive or present perfect

A.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + infinitive (V1) Notice:

it’ll be found past tense (Verb2) on Irregular and Regular Verb

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + did + not + infinitive (V1)

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Did + Subject + infinitive (V1) ? QW + Did + Subject + infinitive (V1) ? QW + Past Tense (V2) ? A.2 Nominal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + was/were + Non Verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + was/were + not + Non Verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Was/were + Subjec + Non Verb ?

Generally an adverb of time of present perfect tense in a sentence used: a. To describe an occured action in the past b. To show an usual thing in the past but it is not happen anymore The rule is: Subject + used to + infinitive

c. To show the past event

A.3 Time Signal There are many time signals are used in Simple Past Tense: Yesterday Yesterday morning An hour ago A few minutes ago Last year

Last night A few days ago Last Sunday Last March Last January

Last week

Just now

Last Friday This morning Several ago

A year ago Two days ago

days

Two weeks ago

Last month A month ago

This noon Yesterday afternoon A week ago The day before yesterday A moment ago

B. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE The Past Progressive is used to indicate: a. An action which was occuring in the past and was interrupted by another action b. Two actions occuring at the same time in the past c. An action which was occuring at some specific time in the past 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + were + infinitive + ing 3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: 2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Was/were + subject + infinitive + ing ? Subject + was/were + not + infinitive + ing QW + was/were + subject + infinitive + ing ? QW + was/were + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal The Time Signal which is often to use in the past continuous tense: Time Signal

The Rule

when

Past Continuous Tense + when + Past Tense

while

Simple Past Tense + while + Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense + while + Past Continuous Tense

as

Simple Past Tense + as + Past Continuous Tense

Time signals else: All day yesterday

At ten o’clock last night

At seven o’clock yesterday

Yesterday

Last afternoon

At that time

At this time yesterday

At seven o’clock last morning

C. PAST PERFECT TENSE The Past Perfect is used to indicate: a. An action that happened before another action in the past, there usually are two actions in the sentence b. A state which continued for a time in the past, but stopped before now. Note that there is no connection with the present

C.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + had + Past Participle (V3)

Notice: generally, when form “had” joined with subject, it could be briefed: I had

I’d

We had

We’d

They had

They’d

You had

You’d

She had

She’d

He had

He’d

It had

It’d

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + had + not + Past Participle (V3)

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Had + subject + Past Participle (V3) ? QW + had + (subject) + Past Participle (V3) ?

C.2 Nominal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + had + been + Non Verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + had + not + been + Non Verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Had + subject + been + Non Verb ?

C.3 Time Signal There are many time signals are used in Simple Past Tense: Time Signal

The Rule

when

Past Perfect Tense + when

before

Past Perfect Tense + before + Simple Past Tense

after

Simple Past Tense + after

+ Past Perfect Tense

until

Simple Past Tense + until

+ Past Perfect Tense

+ Simple Past Tense

D. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE This past perfect concept can also be conveyed by past perfect progressive (continuous) 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + had + been + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + had + not + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Had + Subject + been + infinitive (V1) + ing ?

Time Signal There are two time signals are used in Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Time Signal

The Rule

when

Past Perfect Continuous Tense + when + Simple Past Tense

after

Past Perfect Continuous Tense + after + Simple Past Tense

III.

FUTURE TENSE

A. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE The Future Tense is used to indicate: a. to show the next action on next future b. to make a deal for next time c. showing the requisite d. to beg someone to do something

A.1 Verbal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + infinitive

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + infinitive

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Shall/will + subject + infinitive ? QW + Shall/will + (subject) + infinitive ?

To be going to 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + to be + going to + infinitive

Notice: a) make sure tu join the subject with to be each other correctly b) generally, using will/shall if the plan is for sure

c) using “to be going to” if the plan like a intention only

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + to be + not + going to + infinitive

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: To be + Subject + going to + infinitive QW + to be + (subject) + going to + infinitive ?

A.2 Nominal Sentences 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + be + non verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + be + non verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Shall/will + be + non verb QW + shall/will + (subject) + be + non verb ?

A.3 Time Signal There are many time signals used in Simple Future Tense: tomorrow

Next week

Next month

Tomorrow morning

Next Sunday

Tomorrow afternoon

Next year

This afternoon

Next January

tonight

This morning

This weekend

Tomorrow night

later

Two days latter

immediately

The day after tomorrow

soon

B. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Used to show the action will happen next time if other action occured 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + shall/will + be + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + be + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Shall/will + subject + be + infinitive + ing ? QW + Shall/will + (subject) + be + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal There are many time signals used in Future Continuous Tense: At this time tomorrow

At five o’clock tomorrow morning

At this time next year

At nine o’clock tonight

C. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE To show the finished action on next time C.1 Verbal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + have + past participle

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + have + past participle

Notice: a. Shall not is briefed to be shan’t b. Will not is briefed to be won’t 3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Shall/will + subject + have + past participle ?

C.2 Nominal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + have been+ non verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + have been+ non verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Shall/will + subject + have been + non verb?

Time Signal There are many time signals used in Future Perfect Tense: By four p.m. today

By next week

By the end of this week

Next week

By next Sunday

tonight

tomorrow

This evening

D. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE To show the action which is happening next time if other action occured

1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + shall/will + have been + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + shall/will + not + have been + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Shall/will + subject + have been + infinitive + ing? QW + Shall/will + (subject) + have been + infinitive + ing?

Time Signal There are many time signals used in Future Perfect Continuous Tense: By ten a.m. tomorrow

By the end of this year

By seven o’clock tonight

By next January

IV.

FUTURE PAST TENSE

A. FUTURE PAST TENSE To showing the action will done or did in the past. It has planned but it was often failed. A.1 Verbal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + should/would + infinitive

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + infinitive

Notice: a. Shall not is briefed to be shouldn’t b. Will not is briefed to be wouldn’t 3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Should/would + subject + infinitive

To be going to 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + was/were + going to + infinitive

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + was/were + not + going to + infinitive

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Was/were + Subject + going to + infinitive ?

A.2 Nominal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + should/would + be + non verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + be + non verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Should/would + Subject + be + non verb ?

A.3 Time Signal yesterday

Last night

Last week

Just now

B. FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: Subject + should/would + be + infinitive + ing

2. The Rule of negative sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + be + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of positive sentence is: Should/would + subject + be + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal In March last year At seven o’clock yesterday

In Monday last week In July last year

C. FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSE C.1 Verbal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is: Subject + should/would + have + past participle

At five o’clock yesterday

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + have + past participle

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is: Should/would + subject + have + past participle ?

C.2 Nominal Sentence 1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is: Subject + should/would + have been + non verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is: Subject + should/would + not + have been + non verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is: Should/would + subject +have been + non verb?

C.3 Time Signal The time signal in this tense is :

.... if ...

Rule: Future Past Perfect Tense + if + Past Perfect

D. FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. The Rule of positive sentence is: 2. The Rule of negative sentence is: + infinitive + ing Subject + should/would + have been Subject + should/would + not + have been + infinitive + ing

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is: Should/would + subject + have been + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal By last January

By last week By last year

CHAPTER III THE EXAMPLES

I.

PRESENT TENSE

1. Simple Present Tense +

He works hard every day

She is a doctor

-

He does not work hard every day

She is not a doctor

?

Does he work hard every day?

Is she a doctor?

2. Present Continuous Tense +

I am reading a magazine

-

I am not reading a magazine

?

am i reading a magazine?

3. Present Perfect Tense +

She has thaught this class for ten years

We Have been in Surabaya for eight years

-

She hasn’t thaught this class for ten years

We Have not been in Surabaya for eight years

?

Has she thaught this class for ten years?

Have we been in Surabaya for eight years?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense +

She has been studying for 2 hours

-

She has not been studying for 2 hours

?

Has she been studying for 2 hours?

II.

PAST TENSE

5. Simple Past Tense +

She studied English last night

They were happy last night

-

She didn’t study English last night

They weren’t happy last night

?

Did She study English last night?

Were They happy last night ?

6. Past Continuous Tense +

I was writing a letter when the bell rang

-

I was not writing a letter when the bell rang

?

Was I writing a letter when the bell rang?

7. Past Perfect Tense +

She had slept when I came last night

I had been there when the accident happened

-

She had not slept when I came last night

I had not been there when the accident happened

?

Had she slept when I came last night?

Had I been there when the accident happened?

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense +

They had been living here for two years when I came

-

They had not been living here for two years when I came

?

Had They been living here for two years when I came?

III.

FUTURE TENSE

9. Simple Future Tense +

We shall go to Tokyo tomorrow

I shall be at home tonight

-

We shall not go to Tokyo tomorrow

I shall not be at home tonight

?

Shall we go to Tokyo tomorrow?

Shall I be at home tonight?

10.Future Continuous Tense +

I shall studying if you come at seveno’clock tonight

-

I shall not studying if you come at seveno’clock tonight

?

Shall I studying if you come at seveno’clock tonight ?

11.Future Perfect Tense +

I shall have finished my work tomorrow night

I shall have been a doctor next month

-

I shall not have finished my work tomorrow night

I shall not have been a doctor next month

?

Shall I have finished my work tomorrow night?

Shall I have been a doctor next month?

12.Future Perfect Continuous Tense +

I shall have been studying for two hours when you come tonight

-

I shall not have been studying for two hours when you come tonight

?

Shall I have been studying for two hours when you come tonight?

IV.

FUTURE PAST TENSE

13. Future Past Tense +

I should come here for a luch yesterday, but it was raining

I should be here in time to talk about our business

-

I should not come here for a luch yesterday

I should not be here in time to talk about our business

?

Should I come here for a luch yesterday?

Should I be here in time to talk about our business ?

14.Future Past Continuous Tense +

She would be teaching at the class by seven o’clock tomorrow morning

-

She would not be teaching at the class by seven o’clock tomorrow morning

?

Would she be teaching at the class by seven o’clock tomorrow morning?

15.Future Past Perfect Tense +

We should have graduated if we had studied hard

She would have been a doctor if she had studied hard

-

We should not have graduated if we had studied hard

She would not have been a doctor if she had studied hard

?

Should we have graduated if we had studied hard?

Would she have been a doctor if she had studied hard?

16. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense +

I should have been studying English for three months by last January

-

I should not have been studying English for three months by last January

?

Should I have been studying English for three months by last January?

REFERENCES

(Hariyono, Rudy dan Andrew Mc. Carthy. 2008. ABC Plus English Grammar. Surabaya: Gita Media Press) (Hartanto, John .S ,dkk. 2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya: Indah Surabaya) (www.englishleap.com/grammar/tenses) (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense)