Ju Just stin ine e Br Breh ehm m Cr Crip ipps ps
TARGETING THE SOUR URC CE TEXT: A Coursebook in English for Trans ranslato latorr Train rainees ees
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BIBLIOTECA DE LA UNIVERSITAT JAUME I. Dades catalogràfiques BREHM, Justine
Targeting the source text : a coursebook in English for translator trainees / Justine Brehm Cripps. Crip ps. — 2a ed. — Cast Castelló elló de la Plana Plana : Publicacio Publicacions ns de la Universit Universitat at Jaume I ; Madrid Madrid : Edelsa, D. L. 2007 p. : il. ; cm. — (Universitas. Aprender a traducir ; 1) Bibliografia. ISBN 978-84-8021-891-7 1. Traducció Traducció — Ensenyament. 2. Anglès – Traducció. Traducció. I. Universitat Jaume I. Publicacions. Publicacions. II. Sèrie. 82.035:37.02 811.111’25
Cap part d’aquesta publicació, incloent-hi el disseny de la coberta, no pot ser reproduïda, emmagatzemada, ni transmesa de cap manera, ni per cap mitjà (elèc (e lèctri tric, c, quí químic mic,, mec mecàni ànic, c, òpt òptic, ic, de gra gravac vació ió o bé de fot fotocò ocòpia pia)) sen sense se autorització prèvia de la marca editorial
Primera edició: 2004 Segona edició: 2007 © Del text: Justine Brehm Cripps, 2007 © De la il·lustració de la coberta: Michael Brehm Cripps, 2007 © De la present edició: Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I, 2007 Edita: Edi ta:
Publicacion Publica cionss de la Uni Univers versitat itat Jau Jaume me I Servei de Comunicació i Publicacions Campus del Riu Sec. Edifici Rectorat i Serveis Centrals 12071 Castelló de la Plana Fax (34) 964 72 88 32 e-mail:
[email protected] - www.tienda.uji.es - www.tienda.uji.es Edelsa. Grupo Didascalia, S.A. Edelsa. Plaza Ciudad de Salta, 3 – 28043 Madrid (España) Tel. (34) 914 165 511 (34) 915 106 710 Fax (34) 914 165 411 e-mail:
[email protected] [email protected] - www.edelsa.es
ISBN 978-84-8021-891-7
http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Universitas.AT.Manual.1
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I
GETTING STARTED
T ASK 1: 1: C ORRECTING ORRECTING S S TYLISTIC TYLISTIC E E RRORS RRORS
Worksheet 1: Ambiguity, Absurdity The following sentences and short texts, written by native English speakers, contain stylistic errors. Locate, explain and correct the error in each case.
1. Fly Flying ing pla planes nes can be dang dangero erous. us. 2. We saw many bear bearss driving driving thro through ugh the the forest. forest. 3. (Sign seen on board an airplane): If If you are sitting in an exit row row and you you cannot read this card, cannot speak English, or cannot see well enough to follow these instructions, please tell a crew member. 4. Mr. Mr. Yosh Yoshiko iko said the donkey donkey owners should should clearly state why they they want to keep the animals. “If they cannot give good reasons why they need the donkeys, then they will be shot.” 5. It is estimat estimated ed that that one out of every every one hundre hundred d women betwe between en the ages ages of 12 and 25 are anorexic, one out of seven are bulimic, and between five and ten percent are male. 6. Vi Visit siting ing profe professo ssors rs may may be tediou tedious. s.
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JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
7. Th Thee chicke chickens ns were were too hot to eat. eat. 8. (In a recipe): Mix gelatin gelatin as directed directed on box. Sit in in refrigerator refrigerator for about half an hour till it starts to gel. 9. (In a doctor’s doctor’s report): report): The patient patient was somewhat agitated and had to be encouraged to feed and eat himself. himself. 10. (In a doctor’s report): The patient was found to have twelve children by Dr. Dr. Smith. 11. (In a doctor’s report): report): On the second day the knee was better and on the third day day it had completely disappeared. 12. (Ad in newspaper): Remember: you get what you pay for. for. And at Hub’s Furniture Store, you pay less. 13. (W (Want ant ad in newspaper): FOR SALE: Braille dictionary. dictionary. Must see to appreciate! Call Jerry. Jerry. 14. (Headline in newspaper): newspaper): Man found beaten, robbed by police. 15. (Church newsletter): newsletter): The Ladies’ Aid Society of Unitec Church will hold its annual potluck dinner Saturday Satu rday in the church hall. Dinner D inner will be gin at 5:30 5:3 0 P.M.
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GETTING STARTED
T ASK 2: 2: D ETECTING ETECTING
23
AND E E XPLANING T T RANSLATION RANSLATION E E RRORS RRORS
Worksheet 2: 2: I beg your pardon? The following are evidently faulty translations containing mistakes of many different kinds (e.g. spelling, grammar grammar and nonsense errors) Locate, explain, and correct the errors in each case.
1. (On the lab label el of of a tabl tablecl ecloth oth): ): This article has been made in our workshop using a high quality fabrics stamped by hand. For this reason, it can be posible to found some litle differences between the same article which it also makes the product more attractive.
2. (On the the label label of a “Lake “Lake City” bran brandd T-shir -shirt): t): After November ninetyone, LAKE CITY was born. Tu see life. The new adventurer, stands by his range.
3. (In a multiling multilingual ual brochure brochure placed placed on the nightstan nightstandd of a hotel in Castel Castellón) lón):: We welcome you and are pleased that you have chosen our hotel for your stay in Ibiza.
4. (In a brochure brochure published published by the Valencia Valenciann Touri ourist st Information Information Bureau): Bureau): Prehistorical Museum and of Valencia Culture: It exposes the fund most significatives of the archeological excavations and contains the cultural evolution of our earth since the paleontological era to the romans era. Moreover it exhibits abundants collections of etnographical culture of the Valencian .
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Text 1: Read the following text, paying special attention to the passages highlighted in bold.
LOST IN THE T RANSLATION RANSLATION According to the signs, foreign translators trying to accommodate their English- speaking visitors may run into problems. ith Americans making more and more trips abroad, it is interesting to note that foreign nations are making greater attempts to accommodate their English-speaking visitors. Unfortunately, there is still a significant language gap, and translations made into English by restaurants, hotels and stores often fall short of their intended meaning, frequently with disastrous — and sometimes riotous — results. 2) Patricia Besner, president of All-Language Services, a large translation firm based in New York,
W
speaking customers included “Children Sandwiches” and “Chopped Milk.” 7) He said he could not bring home another offering and declaration to tourists because the sign was nailed to the restaurant wall. It read: “You will be singing the praises of the food served to you here to your grandchildren even as you lie on your deathbed.” 8) A Russian linguist at All-Language Services told us he stayed at a Moscow hotel where a notice exclaimed: “If this is your first visit to the USSR,
recently asked several members of her staff to take note of any incorrect translations they might come across while traveling in their native countries. The resulting list, she thought, might make future employees more aware of the many pitfalls that translators face in their daily work. 3) Two absurdities came from clothing stores —one from Italy and one from France. The Italian shop had a sign in its window to catch the eye of the American tourists. It read: “Dresses for street walking.” Th The e one in the Paris window said: “Come inside and have a fit.” 4) A staid Berlin hotel left a card in its rooms for guests that said: “Because of the impropriety of entertaining guests of the opposite sex in the bedroom, it is suggested that the lobby be used for this purpose.” It may well have been the busiest lobby in all of Germany. 5) One airline advertised the “rendezvous lounges” on its flights in Brazil and lost customers as a result. The reason for this became clear when someone finally remembered that “rendezvous” in Portuguese is a place to have sex. 6) One of our translators who visited his homeland of Austria did more than jot down what he read on the
you are welcome to it.” 9) And when this Russian linguist was amusing a Czech friend about the sign, he was given a laugh in return when the friend reported to him that he had seen a sign in Czechoslovakia that urged visitors: “Take one of our horse-driven city tours. We guarantee no miscarriages.” 10)) A British-born employee of our organization was 10 amazed on his European tour when he passed a café in Warsaw that read, “Five o’clock tea served all hours.” 11)) 11 A Romanian hotel, according to one of our translators, had its elevator broken. To let him and the other visitors know of the inconvenience, a sign was posted on the elevator door reading: “The lift is being fixed. For the next few days we regret that you will be unbearable.” unbearable.” The guests probably were, depending on what floors their rooms were located. 12) A Barcelona hospital let it be known to those coming to see patients that the rule was inviolate: “Visitors: Two to a bed and half an hour only.” 13) Perhaps the most amusing error was back in Paris, where one of our staff members saw a hotel sign that sought to discourage Americans from wearing slacks in its plush dining room. It read, “A
menu for American tourists. He brought it back with him to prove that, in Vienna, the fare for English-
sports jacket may be worn to dinner, but no trousers.”
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GETTING STARTED
25
Worksheet 2: Translation Bloopers The translation bloopers listed below have been extracte extracted d from from Text Text 1. In the space provided provided after each one, one, 1) give a brief explanation explanation of what makes the error error funny,, that is, explain what word or phrase has been used inappr funny inappropriately opriately,, and 2) suggest an alternative, sensible formulation of what you believe the translator’s intended meaning was. 1. “Dr “Dress esses es for for stre street et walki walking. ng.” ”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
2. “Com “Comee insid insidee and and have have a fit fit.” .”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
3. “Because “Because of the improprie impropriety ty of entertaining entertaining guests guests of the opposite opposite sex in the the bedroom, it is suggested that the lobby be used for this purpose.”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
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JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
4. “rendezvous lounges”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
5. “Ch “Chil ildr dren en Sandw Sandwic iche hes” s”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
6. “Chopped Milk”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
7. “You “You will be singing singing the praises of the food served to you here here to your grandchildren even as you lie on your deathbed.”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
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GETTING STARTED
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8. “If this is is your first first visit visit to the USSR, you are are welcome welcome to to it.”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
9. “Take one of our horse-driven city tours. We guarantee no miscarriages.”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
10. “Five o’clock tea served all hours.”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
11. “The lift is being fixed. For the next few days we regret that you will be unbearable.”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
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JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
12. “Visitors: Two to a bed and half an hour only.”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation: 13. “A sports jacket may be worn to dinner, but no trousers.”
Why the translation is funny:
Alternative formulation:
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V
GRAPPLING WITH GRAMMAR
T ASK 1: 1: G RAMMATICAL RAMMATICAL C ALQUES
AND E E RRORS RRORS
Worksheet 1:
Each of the following sentences includes a mistake in grammar grammar.. Locate the mistake in each sentence sentence and correct correct it. The first one has been been done for you as an example.
1. It’s It’s hard to pick up a newspaper these days without getting getting depressed, depressed, because the news featured on the front page are generally full of sad stories about unfortunate events. MISTAKE: “the news ….are”
CORRECTION: “the news…is”
2. Because we had spent too many time chatting chatting and having coffee coffee after lunch, lunch, we were late for the afternoon meeting. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___ CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ____________ ___________________ _______ 3. The clothes at Saks Fifth Avenue are all too expensive for we to buy. buy. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ____________ ___________________ _______
4. After she had bought bought himself two new lipsticks and and some red nail polish, Beverly Beverly decided to have her hair done. MISTAKE: ____________ ________________ ____
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ____________ ___________________ _______
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5. The next next thing we we have to do do is make up our our minds minds where are are we going going for vacation this summer. MISTAKE: ____________ ________________ ____
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
6. Leslie hasn’t hasn’t finished writing her her thesis yet, and Mark hasn’t hasn’t neither. neither. MISTAKE: ____________ ________________ ____ CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________ 7. Gwen decided decided to sign up in the morning for aerobics classes, classes, but in the afternoon she changed her mind. MISTAKE: ____________ ________________ ____
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
8. According According to witne witnesses, sses, the man man seen running running away away from the scene scene of the crime crime looked very much like Antonio Banderas, which is why the police is questioning the famous actor at his summer home in Marbella. MISTAKE: ____________ ________________ ____
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
9. After Enrique Iglesias finished finished his concert concert in Madrid last night, he was drinking drinking an entire bottle of wine all by himself. MISTAKE: ____________ ________________ ____
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
10. Many theories theories regarding regarding the disappearance of Atlanta has been proposed, but not one has been as widely accepted as the Kalliste theory. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___ CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________ 11. The soup that Karen is making in the kitchen kitchen is smelling delicious. delicious. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
12. After Iglesias drunk the wine, he yawned and went to sleep. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
13. The class president has announced announced last night that that the strike would begin begin today. today. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
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14. Because Agnes and Ethel had always always done all the housework housework theirselves, they were unable to understand why Janet wanted to hire a maid. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
15. Having worked worked very hard that day in class, the students students crossed their fingers and hoped the teacher would not give them another homework for the weekend. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
16. After to drink the wine, Iglesias Iglesias became sleepy and lethargic. lethargic. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
17. I insist on you making that phone phone call yourself; yourself; don’t make make your poor old secretary do it! MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
18. My mother dislikes my staying out all night night without phoning, phoning, and my father father does so. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
19. It has rained rained more than than usual this this week, isn’t it? MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___ CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________ 20. I enjoyed to have have the opportunity opportunity to spend some time time with my niece during the holidays. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
21. Having discovered discovered there were no available seats left left on the train, Ethel decided rent a car for the trip. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
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22. Enrique Iglesias’s Iglesias’s manager persuaded him give give a concert in Castellón Castellón between his engagements in Barcelona and Valencia. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
23. The only studen to repeat the exercise were were Candace, Jeff, Willy, andstudents me. ts who were required to MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
24. The work the new new cleaning ladies ladies in the administration administration building building do are not up to standard. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
25. Enrique Iglesias plans plans to spend a weekend in in Majorca after he had finished finished his concert tour of the Valencian Community. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
26. Jeff and Martina Martina plays chess at the café on the corner every Sunday morning. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
27. There were a time when I could could eat two cheeseburgers, cheeseburgers, an order of french fries and a strawberry milkshake for lunch and still feel hungry afterwards, but now, at my age, my stomach won’t take the abuse anymore. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___ 28. I was take bath bath when when you called. called. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
29. I called yesterday my old friend Lucio Lucio in Tarragona Tarragona to find out about his his plans for the upcoming holiday. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
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30. We were lying last Sunday Sunday afternoon on the beach beach when it began to rain very hard. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
31. Until you finish your your homeworks, there will be no no supper for you, young man! man! MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___ CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________ 32. Could I please have a few ketchup ketchup with my french fries if it’s it’s no trouble? MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: ___________ ___________________ ________
33. Karen must be some kind of fertility goddess; it’s it’s just not normal to have have seven childs at the age of thirty. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
34. The used car salesman salesman on television always describes himself himself as a honest man, but I have my doubts. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
35. Michael and I will will not be spending spending the night in Barcelona for the conference, and neither Susan will. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
36. Stephen prefers soul to rock music, and so is John. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___ CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______ 37. Ever since I moved moved to Madrid I can’t can’t hardly afford to pay pay my rent anymore. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
38. My niece has decided decided to attend an university university in Barcelona where she she can study Chinese/Catalan translation. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
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39. The students were interested interested in take a trip to Seville for Easter, Easter, but they couldn’t couldn’t raise the money. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
40. Because Julia’s Julia’s job is so time-consuming, time-consuming, she hardly never never comes to visit anymore. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
41. Us students would rather not have have class until 9:00 P.M., P.M., but we generally have no choice. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
42. The teacher warned warned the students students to don’t cheat on the exam. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
43. You should ask your mother mother how long does it take take to make a paella. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
44. It was her her who did away with all our illusions. illusions. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
45. Lucy and Mark went to the theater last night, night, and so does does Candace. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
46. Daisy had already took took the pill when she realized realized it contained penicillin. penicillin. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
47. There’ There’ss a party at Wally’ Wally’ss house tonight, isn’t it? MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
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48. Our friends have decided decided selling the house house now instead of waiting waiting for market conditions to improve. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
49. The local government government is thinking to build build a new cultural center center for immigrants downtown. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
50. My mother does does not approve of of me to go out out on weekdays. weekdays. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
Worksheet 2: Same as for Worksheet 1, above.
1. Following Following the poker poker game, game, the the floor floor of the bar was was covered covered with with empty empty cigarettes packages. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
2. At the the rate they they were were being being sold, sold, the man man at the wind window ow figured figured itit will will be only only a matter of hours before all the tickets for the Ricky Martin concert were sold. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
3. No one one would would have have come to the party if if you told them them Lucas Lucas was going to be there. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
4. We had better better to hurry hurry if we we want to to get our our hands on on some Ricky Ricky Martin Martin ticket ticketss before it’s too late. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
5. My pare parents nts liv livee in a five five bedr bedroom oomss house house.. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
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6. Even though though it’ it’ss only Octobe October, r, itit is enough enough cold to to have to wear wear a sweater sweater and jacket. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
7. The televis televisions ions repairm repairman an said he wouldn’ wouldn’tt be able able to come until until next next week. week. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
8. We had such such enjoyable enjoyable time time at the last last Ricky Ricky Martin Martin concert concert that we certai certainly nly don’t want to miss this one. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
9. Thank Thank goodness goodness there there were were french french fries fries enough enough to to satisfy satisfy the the appetites appetites of of the vegetarians at the barbecue picnic. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
10. Ricky Martin sings sings so original and inspiring inspiring songs that no one can resist his his charisma. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
11. I have to thinking thinking about what what is best for my future, future, to study translation translation or to study medicine. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
12. The actor’s performance performance was so professional professional that it was was obvious that that he should have spent months preparing the show. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
13. As a diabetic, diabetic, Betty is used to give herself herself insulin injections. injections. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
14. My father would would like me changing changing my mind about studying studying translation. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
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15. Toni used to preferring German to French, but but ever since they hired hired that new blonde teacher from Paris, he appears to like French better. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
16. The bigger the the dog, harder it is to keep itit in an apartment. apartment. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
17. Ricky Martin’s Martin’s voice is more melodious than than his competitor Enrique Iglesias. Iglesias. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
18. I’d rather to spend spend the Christmas holiday holiday here at home than with with my parents. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
19. Danny must have have taken the exam exam in June, but he had a car accident accident and was in the hospital for three months. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
20. If the Ricky Martin concert concert would be canceled, canceled, the organizers organizers would lose a fortune. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
21. Abandoned and hungry hungry,, the little dog began to whine incessant. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
22. If you are planning planning to come to the the concert with me, me, you ought reserve reserve a ticket right away. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
23. Mathilde had planned planned to breastfeed her baby, baby, but then she found it to to be such painful experience that she decided to change to the bottle method. MISTAKE: ____________ ________________ ____
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
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24. Dorothy generally skips skips lunch, but because because her pregnancy she is now taking taking care to eat three times a day. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
25. Computers usually usually come with a three-years guarantee. guarantee. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
26. It’ It’ss hard to get used to have to take the bus to work when you’ve always lived lived close enough to walk. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
27. Last night Larry was acting as if he has drunk too much. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
28. The coffee tasted tasted so well that I couldn’t couldn’t resist ordering another another cup. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
29. Even though the rent is cheaper, cheaper, my new apartment apartment is twice bigger than my old one. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
30. I don’t go go out much anymore anymore because of I have too much work to do. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
31. The more suitable of the three three candidates for the job is Mr. Mr. Addison. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
32. We would rather that our neighbor does not play the saxophone saxophone after 11 P.M. P.M. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
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33. Despite a thoroughly search, the police found no firearms in the suspect’s apartment. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
34. Never have I seen as as many beautiful women women than I did at the the Miss Universe contest. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
35. If I hadn’t missed my train that fateful day in June June last year, year, I would never meet my current husband. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
36. Despite his recent recent success in the business world, everyone knows that David was more happier when he worked as a teacher. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
37. Among the teachers teachers in the department department there are several several foreigners who offer foreign languages classes. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
38. Janet prepared such such succulent meal for dinner last night night that her husband husband was swelling with pride. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
39. To become an interpreter you need both both a good command of a foreign language as well as a pleasant speaking voice. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
40. Becoming a professional professional musician requires that that one practices a great deal every day. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
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41. In your third year of studies, studies, it is recommended that that you should spend spend a semester abroad in order to practice your second foreign language. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
42. Even though Carla has been attending driving classes for three months, months, she still doesn’t know to park a car in a tight space. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
43. Despite her condition condition as a foreigner, foreigner, Natasha was allowed allowed attend classes at the university. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
44. Ricky Martin, which which is the world’s world’s greatest singer, singer, has always been my personal hero. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
45. Several teachers in the department will will be attend the conference in in Saragossa in May. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
46. The proposal has rejected rejected following a two-hour debate debate in which members of of both parties took part. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
47. The teacher had us to rewrite our our essays three times before before accepting them. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
48. University administrators administrators are encouraging encouraging students students eat lunch earlier than usual usual to avoid congestion in the cafeteria. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
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49. Did you know know how Ricky Martin Martin has been accused of practicing Satanic rituals in his summer home in Tijuana? MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
50. Although its its economically impoverished status, status, Chad is one one of the most culturally enriched nations in the world. MISTAKE: _____________ ________________ ___
T ASK 2: 2: U SE SE
CORRECTION: CORRECTI ON: _____________ ___________________ ______
OF “ “ ONE ONE ” ”
Worksheet 3: Fill in the gaps with the words ‘one’ or ‘ones’, placing parentheses around them if the word is optional. If nothing goes in the gap, write in the symbol ‘Ø’.
All of us prefer hot showers, although it’s nice to have an icy ________ during the hot summer months. I readily confess that steaming hot water is my favorite, but I don’t mind cold ________ when the weather is right for it. In fact, I think our love of water in all its forms is understandable ________. We need it to live, and indeed of all our nutritional necessities, it is perhaps the most imperious __________. All active sports are of course healthful, but swimming is undoubtedly the best ________. Given a straight choice between two sports I won’t deny that I generally opt for the easier _________, but I’ll take the wonders of natation any day before I go jogging. Our local swimming pool is a very large _________, held by some to be the biggest _________ in the Midwest. The truth is that I find it somewhat impersonal, and long for a time when smaller _________ will be built. Despite its size, however, I must say that its showers are the finest __________ I have ever seen.
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T ASK 3: 3: A DJECTIVE O O RDER RDER
Text 1: Use this text to complete Worksheet 4, below.
T HE E LF It was cold and dark. The The (1a ( 1a)) old (1b (1b)) branches of the trees above me looked like (2a (2a)) metal (2b (2b)) daggers suspended from the (3a (3a)) ominous (3b (3b)) sky. I spied the (4a ( 4a)) amber (4b 4b)) light from a hearth in a house hidden not far away in the (5a (5a)) virgin (5b (5b)) forest. I took the (6a (6a)) long (6b (6b)) path that wound its way to the (7a (7a)) wooden (7b (7b)) door. With a (8a ( 8a)) dirty (8b 8b)) fist, I knocked, and was startled by the (9a ( 9a)) sudden (9b (9b)) sound of the (10a (10a)) brass (10b 10b)) hinges. A (11a (11a)) beautiful (11b (11b)) elf came to the door, and upon seeing that I was human, she gave me a (12a) little (12b) smile. “We don’t see many of your kind about these parts,” she said, with her (13a (13a)) mischievous (13b (13b)) voice, “What is your business here?” “Listen well,” said I, staring into her (14a ( 14a)) intelligent (14b (14b)) eyes, “The goblin king is angry and has ordered me to take you before him. You must escape to Skye right away.” We walked quickly down the (15a ( 15a)) stone (15b (15b)) path behind the cabin to the (16a ( 16a)) green (16b (16b)) riverbank where I had moored the (17a (17b)) rowboat. “Hurry!” I said 17a)) small (17b to the elf, “I think I hear the dogs coming.”
Worksheet 4: Next to each of the adjectives numbere numbered d 1 – 17, write the letter ‘a’ or ‘b’ corresponding to the place it should be inserted in the text.
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
grey great Caledonian welcoming dense thin carved black shrill
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
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10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17)
old young delightful elfin oval ancient luscious cedar-wood
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
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T ASK 4: 4: A RTICLES
Worksheet 5: Rewrite this passage, correcti correcting ng the use of the definite and indefinite articles (a/an/the). Use the symbol ‘Ø’ where you suppress an article from the original.
Lve The love is a most intangible thing. To understand the emotion, it is question of looking at the life from many perspectives at the same time. For the poet, the love is either a torment from the hell or taste of the heaven, according to his disposition, while for the scientist, it is a chemical beast, designed to further pair-bonding and to better the chances of the human survival. I once had a friend who was psychiatrist, but who fancied himself as something of a poet too. He had owned a house with garden nearby, but had later moved, and I had to locate him through his work address. He had secretary, so I asked for appointment. On seeing him, we spoke about the religion for a while, and then I put it to him: Is the love I feel for my partner only result of hormonal imbalance? He told me that that was lie, explaining that although the objective science could only talk about the love in those terms, all emotion was by definition subjective. The love of a people for their leader, or of a parent for their child is not thing of the science. The life, he said, was for living. Intrigued, I asked him whether he had girlfriend, to which he replied that he did not, but that he had dog, and was very attached to it. He went on to clarify that he was victim v ictim of the circumstances.
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T ASK 5: 5: C OUNTABLE OUNTABLE
AND N N ON ON -COUNTABLE NOUNS
Worksheet 6: E AND N ON ON -COU COUNT NTABLE ABLE NOU NOUNS NS Correct the following text, paying special attention to the use of plural nouns:
-Mbanga1) Mbanga carried three breads under her arm as she made her way back to the village. 2) The midday Chad sun was burning her face and arms, but her knowledges of weather patterns at this time of year told her that the rains were not far off. 3) Almost in response to this thought the low heaving sound of distant thunders came unbeckoned to her ears. She stopped. 4) No, it wasn’t a storm. 5) It was the sound of gunfire from the border. 6) Ammunitions were low, and people were becoming desperate. Mbanga looked back at the rubbles of what had once been an outlying house of her village, remembering the applauses of the guerrillas as they tore it down, smashing all the furnitures within, and stealing all the pots and cutleries. 7) Evidences of the outrage were everywhere, but the advices from the village elders were to stay calm and not to retaliate. 8) The fighting had broken out when several of the most important local traffickers had been jailed. 9) When businesses were bad, there was always trouble, but never like this. 10) The clan leaders were trying to negotiate a truce, but the progresses to date were very little. 11) Mbanga sighed, wondering what what sort of a world her two young sons would grow up in, but despite her sadnesses, she wiped the sweat from her brow and the tears from her eyes, and set off once more down the scorching dirt road.
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T ASK 6: 6: E XTRAPOSITION
Worksheet 7: E AND Rewrite the following sentences where possible, possible, beginning with the word ‘It’.
1)
To cr criti tici cisse is is ea easy sy..
2)
That Th at he he was was lyi lying ng nev never er oc occu curr rred ed to to me. me.
3)
To giv givee up up now now se seem emss a pi pity ty..
4)
Hiss resi Hi resign gnat atio ionn is imp impro roba babl blee.
5)
That he has asn’ n’tt pho phone nedd is is odd odd..
6)
To be be ear early ly is be bettte terr.
7)
That Th at pr pric ices es wi willll go up is ce cert rtai ain. n.
8)
Wha hatt you you sa sayy doe doess not not ma matt tter er..
9)
The am amou ount nt do does es no nott mat matte terr.
10) How itit can rain so much much is extra extraordi ordinary nary..
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JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
T ASK 7: 7: S UBJECT UBJECT -F -F INITE INITE V V ERB ERB I I NVERSION NVERSION
Worksheet 8: Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the underlined word words. s. In some cases you may have to change the underlined words slightly so that they make sense in their new position. Example: People should not travel to the Congo alone under any circumstances Under no circumstances circumstances should people travel to the the Congo alone
1)
Ther Th eree has has ra rare rely ly be been en su such ch a nee needd for for new new bl bloo ood. d.
2)
I have never heard of such a thing.
3)
I sel seldo dom m tr trav avel el th that at fa farr so sout uthh.
4)
I some someti time mess th thou ough ghtt I cou could ld hea hearr voic voices es in in the the nigh night. t.
5)
I have have not onl onlyy met Cam Camilo ilo,, but but I have have ha hadd dinne dinnerr with with him him..
6)
Thee red Th red but button ton mus mustt not not be be press pressed ed on any any acc accoun ountt.
7)
Wei eigh ghtt can can be lo lost st on only ly by by diet dietin ingg an andd exe exerc rcis ise. e.
8)
I did did not not reali realise se the the impl implica icatio tions ns of of it all all unti untill I got got home. home.
9)
You sho shoul uldd in no no circ circum umst stan ance cess ea eatt the the eggs eggs raw raw..
10)) I fre 10 frequ quen entl tlyy le leav avee th thin ings gs to tooo la late te.. 11)) Sh 11 Shee had had no nott onc oncee be been en to told ld to do itit by by han hand. d.
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T ASK 8: 8: N OUN OUN G G ROUPS ROUPS
Worksheet 9: Compare the expressions in the first two columns. In the second column, two nouns are linked in some way. Determine whether the first noun corresponds to the subject, verb, object or object of a preposition of the paraphrase in the first column, and write S, O, V or Oprep accordingly accordingly in the column marked ‘Order’. Then do the same for the second noun, making sure that the order is correct. A few examples have been provided to help you get started. Paraphrase
Noun Group
Order
My mother has a house.
My mother’s house
SO
The plane arrived.
The plane’s arrival
The cup holds coffee.
A coff ee cup
The ma man n is from Leeds. The jury decided.
A Leeds man The jury’s decision
The well produces oil.
An oil well
The bus goes to the station.
The station bus
The fisherman has a net.
The fisherman’s net
The dog looks after sheep.
The Sheepdog
The gnome goes in the garden.
The garden gnome
The policeman wears a helmet.
A policeman’s helmet
Oprep S SV
Worksheet 10: Consider the results you have obtained from worksheet 1, and use them to fill in the following table, writing ‘Saxon genitive’ or ‘Noun-Noun’ in the column marked ‘Noun Group G roup’. ’. Order
Noun Group
Subject –Verb Subject – Object Object – Subject
Object of a preposition – Subject
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JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
Worksheet 11: Refer to wor Refer worksh ksheet eetss 1 and 2 to to do do this this exe exerrcis cise. e. Now Now,, cons conside iderr the the two nou nouns ns in eac each h box in the first column of worksheet 3. (The first of these, highlighted in bold, is the main noun, which, as you have seen, always comes last in a noun group). Write a sentence in the second column that links them in a simple, logical way. Next, in the column marked ‘Order’, indicate the parts of speech to which they correspond (S, V, ‘Order’, V, O or Oprep) in the order that they will appear in the noun group. Finally, complete the last column with the appropriate noun group (Saxon genitive or noun-noun construction). Nouns boat, Mr Brown gambling, my husband dog, lap lighter, cigarette report, board eruption volcano bench, park spoon, tea entry, Spain
Paraphrase
Order
Noun Group
So
The dog sits on your lap.
Spain’s entry into the EU
teacher, English Consider what you have learned about the circumstances in which you can use the Saxon
genitive. Not all nouns can take the genitive case, and if they cannot, you must use an ‘of’ construction instead. In fact, a Saxon genitive can only be used in the following circumstances: (1) when the noun represents represents a person, an animal or a group of of people or animals (e.g. (e.g. my friend’s, the government’s government’s), ), (2) when it is the subject of the implied action (e.g. (e.g. The plane’s plane’s arrival) or (3) when it represents some human activity activity (e.g. The plan’s plan’s implications) Only in the first case –that of an animate noun- is the Saxon genitive really obligatory. obligatory. E-book adquirit per al294934 el 04-03-2014 en www.tenda.uji.es
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Worksheet 12: Complete the following table, writing ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ in the second column according to the acceptability of the sentences in the first column. If an alternative construction is possible, write it in the last column. The first one has been done for you. Original co construction
Correct or or In Incorrect? Alternative co construction (when possible)
1. the crowd’s enthusiasm
Correct
2. my cousin’s dog 3. the President’s speech 4. the teacher’s black list 5. the first decision of the new dean 6. Ricky Martin’ Martin’ss fame 7. her perfume’s smell 8. the century’s turn 9. the Knights of the Round Table 10. the salary of my ex-husband 11. the wood’s grain 12. my life’s man 13. the cafeteria’s tables 14. the pub’s owner 15. the suit’s cut 16. a complaint’ complaint’ss letter 17. the spokesperson of the organization 18. the plan’s repercussions 19. the refreshing taste of Budweiser 20. the study’s conclusions 21. a pint of beer 22. the plot of the novel 23. the success’s degree 24. the chef’s recommendation 25. the song’s lyrics
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the enthusiasm of the crowd
X
GENRES
T ASK 1: 1: R ECIPES ECIPES
Texts 1 through 6 are recipes recipes you will need to consult to complete Worksheet Worksheetss 15, below.
Text 1: STIR-FRIED PINEAPPLE CHICKEN 1/2 lb. boned chicken
1 lb. can pineapple tidbits (drained) peanut oil chicken broth or stock
sesame oil (optional (optional)) 1 tsp. brandy 1 tsp. soy sauce 1 tsp. sugar
cornstarch
salt
Cut chicken into thin slices. Heat several tablespoons of oil in bottom of wok. Add pineapple, several dashes of salt and enough broth to cover. Cook for 1 minute. Add chicken and cornstarch, diluted in water, sesame oil, brandy, soy sauce and sugar to make a thick paste. Cook for 2 to 3 minutes, stirring constantly. Serve. Makes 4 generous servings.
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Text 2: Meat Loaf Preheat oven to 350º. Place1inlb. bowl: ground round steak 1 to 2 tablespoons horseradish 2 tablespoons catsup 1 teaspoon salt 1/4 teaspoon pepper 1/2 teaspoon cream Grind in a food chopper then add: 6 slices bacon 2 medium-sized onions 1 cup broken-up crackers
Mix with a fork. Mold into a loaf. Roll it in: 1/4 1/ 4 cup cracker crumbs
Place the loaf in a shallow baking pan. Pour into the pan: 1/2 cup stock
Bake the loaf for about 11/2 hours. Baste occasionally, adding more liquid, if necessary.
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GENRES
161
Text 3: ________________________
Beef Stroganof f Imper ial ial e
________________________ SERVES 4 TO 6 Like coq au vin and boeuf bourguignonne , beef stroganoff was the gourmet’s antidote to the stark dryness of many traditional American specialties (fried chicken, grilled steak, baked ham). Epicures, so this logic goes, want their food to be juicy and luscious, the meat cosseted in a rich gravy and accompanied by bouquets of vegetables and fulminations of spice. How much more sensuous it was to slurp a high-spirited stew than to saw at a sauceless, and hence puritanical, piece of meat! Nearly every significant “continental” dish provides the eater with plenty of gravy, melted cheese, and other moist
adornments that are generally thought to separate Epicurean from plebeian food. Of all the sloppy dishes favored by connoisseurs of continental cuisine, beef stroganoff was one of the most elegant, for the simple reason that sour cream makes everything seem deluxe. Another reason for beef stroganoff’s popularity — at home as well as in continental restaurants — is that it is so easy to make. The easiest recipes simply sauté slices of filet mignon, then mix sour cream with pan juices; this version, adapted from The Playboy Gourmet , creates a genial stew that is somewhat less elegant, but all the more cozy for a winter’s eve.
1/4 cup vegetable oil
2 pounds lean top sirloin, cut into 1-inch squares, _ inch thick 1/2 pound fresh mushrooms, washed and sliced 1/4 cup minced onion 1 garlic clove, minced 1/2 teaspoon dried chervil
3 tablespoons flour 2 cups beef broth 2 tablespoons minced parsley 2 tablespoons tomato paste 11/2 cups sour cream Salt and pepper
Heat the oil in a stew pot and add the beef. Sauté over medium heat until browned. Add mushrooms, onion, garlic, and chervil and sauté until onion is limp. Sprinkle flour onto the beef, stirring well as you sprinkle it on. Stir in beef broth. Add parsley. Partially cover and simmer 2 hours, stirring occasionally. Stir in tomato paste. Remove from heat and add sour cream. Season to taste. Stroganoff may be chilled and reheated, but do not boil after adding sour cream. Serve over buttered noodles E-book adquirit per al294934 el 04-03-2014 en www.tenda.uji.es
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JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
Text 4:
Breakfast Salad I am a chewer rather than a drinker so I have never been content with drinking fruit juice, drinking milk, etc. for a meal. I like to sit and move my jaws. It’s relaxing. There is plenty of protein in this breakfast salad. If you are on a non-salt or low-salt diet you can omit the cottage cheese, which is really very salty (I’d like to see cottage cheese made with less salt) and use a low-salt cheese or tofu. The avocado and the alfalfa sprouts are the raw ingredients. I like to eat something raw with each meal.
1/2 avocado, peeled 1/2 apricot, fresh or canned 1/4 cup alfalfa sprouts 1/4 cup cooked garbanzo beans 2 tablespoons yogurt 1 tablespoon cashew nut pieces
Mound cottage cheese on avocado half. half. Place sprouts and garbanzos around center mound. Add the yogurt and cashew nut pieces last. Serves one.
Text 5: POACHED EGGS WITH HASH BROWNS Serves 4 Preparation: 20 min Cooking: 25 min _________________________________ 675 g (1 and _ lbs.) potatoes, peeled _________________________________ 1 spring onion, finely chopped
1. Bring a pan of salted water to the boil and cook potatoes for 15 min or until just tender tender.. Drain and coarsely mash. Pan fry onions in 1 tsp of oil until softened. Stir into potato with 2 egg yolks and season well. Divide mixture into 8 and shape into patties. Put on a baking sheet and freeze
_________________________________ 1 small onion, finely chopped _________________________________ 4 tbsp sunflower oil _________________________________ 6 medium eggs _________________________________ Salt and freshly ground black pepper _________________________________ 1/2 tsp. vinegar _________________________________
for min. half the remaining oil in a non2.15Heat stick frying pan and fry 4 of the hash browns over high heat for 3-5 min on each side or until deep golden. keep warm while cooking remaining hash browns in rest of oil. Bring a large pan of water to the boil; stir in vinegar. Crack remaining 4 eggs into water, cover and simmer for 2-3 min. 3. Lift eggs out with a slotted spoon. Serve with hash browns and crispy bacon on hot plates.
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GENRES
163
Text 6: _____________________________________
Manhattan Clam Chowder _____________________________________ This classic is ideal for a low cholesterol meal or soup course. A spicier version can be made by adding a few drops of Tabasco Tabasco® sauce. 1 onion, chopped fine 2 cups diced white potatoes 1/2 cup water 1 quart clams, finely chopped, with their liquid 3 cups diced tomatoes 1/2 cup finely chopped green pepper with seeds 2 cups defatted fish stock or water 1/2 cup white wine For Garnish:
Chopped scallions Freshly chopped parsley Serve each portion in a shallow dish with one whole steamed clam or steamed large mussel in shell in center of soup. Simmer onions and potatoes covered in small amount of water for 10 minutes. (Add more water if necessary.) Add clams and clam liquid and simmer for 5 to 8 minutes. Add everything else and simmer for 10 minutes more. Clam chowder is one of the few dishes that is better refrigerated overnight, then reheated and eaten the next day. Reheat it, garnish with scallions, parsley, or a hot whole clam or mussel in the shell. Per Serving: 50 mg. cholesterol; less than 1 gm. saturated fat.
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JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
: 1 t e e h s k r o W
, ” e n w o o S h t E m l e Y f o m b “ o y c t r a d f a f o o h c o b s r e e e i o s h r t a e d s i n c n n e a e d . g , e I r e n d a p i i i n h c s v n o e i r r e g p z e h y s l b c e ( a a x n e o a b n d e i d o e d l t h u t n e c e n d n u i v I i l s g s . c i n n e i e e r p i e e u r c b e a t a r f e e v d e a e s e h u h t e t i l n h t o u n o h y i c i s s h d e e e w r p i v u r c t n i e e a s f r b e e e p . o e i h t e h c d e t e , b r t e t r r o o e a n s t n h l e t g a r f s o o u y d o a e r y s z m e t t i r l h e t s a a g e e p n h c o o t i t n w r o n e r t e e t r n e v f v a i f a i c n i p g o d c d e n e i n h e y e t m l b o o h t t e s g s i , a a ” h s c h i s a l e O e N d l f n e i “ p o h t r y m s a o l e r e h l v g p e ” u x e S m n N E o a r A . x Y r . , ) e s “ e e e r s u e w p t A t i i s a r e e n c
f w a r
? l n a o t n i a o i t m i r r t o u f N n i ? y r a t n e m m o C f o ? r s e g b n i v m u r e N s r ? o e n m i o i t t a r g i a n p k o e r o P c r o f ? s n n o i t o i t a c r a u p r t e s r n I p ? s t n e f i d o e t r s i g L n i
e l d d i m , s e Y
? e l t i T
1 e p i c e
2 e p i c e
3 e p i c e
4 e p i c e
5 e p i c e
6 e p i c e
R
R
R
R
R
R
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e l e t t a t c i i e d h n i t o f o t t d e r a d p i v . e d o h r t e p s t e t r a t e a x c s i o u b d o n y i t e , h r t e e n w g i o ’ s t n O a x o N ‘ ’ b S r E t s o Y r ‘ i ’ S a f e E f h Y t ‘ o n e e i t s i a r c d e W . I n d i v w o . r o d l p e e n b o n e t i e t r b n a e h c m s a h e s h e t e l r u n t p i m a a d e f x e t e e s i h l t n A e s . r y e a l a r s u p t e s a p i i c e f e s g r d e i n l x t i i d s t n e o e h h t t f p s f r o o e r s o h : l e c c 2 t a e i e t t h e t e t e h o s t h s T n c r e k . l o f r s e o l r e r e h i h W t T t c e i h h
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t s a f k d a a l e r a B S
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Worksheet 3:
1. Co Comm mmen enta tari ries es:: Now, compare the commentaries included in those recipes
which do feature commentary. commentary. Are the commentaries all of the same kind? What type of information does each commentary provide? 2. In Ingr gred edie ient nts: s: Review the list of ingredients featured in each recipe. List any
measurements and abbreviations you find. Where abbreviations are given, use the information provided in other recipes to find their full-form equivalents. Finally, state what you believe is unusual about the measurements provided in Recipe 5.
Worksheet 4:
preparation tion provi provided ded in Recipe 3 to GRAMMAR: Refer to the instructions for prepara answer the questions below.
1. With what what part part of speech speech do do most of the sente sentences nces begin? begin? Are the the sentence sentencess simple or complex? (Do they contain a variety of conjunctions?) 2. List all the verbs you find in the instructions provide in the recipe and identify identify the grammatical form of each one. What is the verb form most commonly used? 3. Underline all all the articles articles (definite or indefinite) you can find in the instructions. instructions. What is unusual about the use of articles in the recipe? 4. Unde Underline rline all all the prono pronouns uns you can find find in the articl article. e. 5. Examine the sentences below below . Refer to the original recipe to answer the questions in parentheses next to each sentence. a) Sauté over mediu medium m heat until brow browned. ned. (Sauté (Sauté what ?) ?) b) Add mushrooms, onion, garlic garlic and chervil chervil and sauté sauté until onion is limp. (Add to what? Sauté what?) c) Sti Stirr in beef beef broth broth.. (Stir (Stir into into what?) d) Partially cover and simmer 2 hours, stirring occasionally occasionally.. (Cover, (Cover, simmer and stir what?) e) Serve over butt buttered ered nood noodles. les. (Serve what?)
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Worksheet 5: 5:
Vocabulary. Find definitions for the words listed below in:
1) a general bilingu bilingual al English/Sp English/Spanish anish diction dictionary ary 2) a gene general ral monolin monolingual gual Engli English sh dictiona dictionary ry Refer to the recipes recipes indicated indicated to confirm confirm that the definitions definitions you have have found found make sense in context.
Recipe 1: boned, tidbit, broth, stock, cornstarch, wok, paste Recipe 2: round steak, horseradish, crackers, loaf , baste Recipe 3: sirloin, chervil, sauté, limp, sprinkle, simmer, season, chill, sour cream Recipe 4: tofu, cottage cheese, alfalfa, cashew, mound Recipe 5: poach, chop, mash, has browns Recipe 6: chowder, tabasco, dice, scallion, garnish
T ASK 2: 2: H EADLINES EADLINES Please read the information in the box below.
THE VOCABULARY OF HEADLINES As a device intended both to save space and make an impact on the potential reader, newspaper headlines headlines often use short, dramatic or colloquial-sou colloquial-sounding nding words to replace the lengthier, more formal-sounding or simply more common ones which would be used in other types of writing. Here are some sample headlines containing a few of these typical “headline words”: • PRE RESI SIDE DENT NT AX AXES ES AI AID D TO FL FLOO OOD D VI VICT CTIM IMSS (axe = to stop, do away with, put an end to ) REEN ENSS BA BACK CK TAX CU CUTS TS FO FOR R UN UNWE WED D MO MOTH THER ERSS (back = to support) • GRE • JUD UDGE GE BA BARS RS ME MEDI DIA A AT MU MURD RDER ER TR TRIA IALL (bar = to prohibit)
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• • • • • •
REA EALI LITY TY SH SHOW OWSS SE SEEE RI RISE SE IN BI BIDS DS TO PAR ARTI TICI CIP PATE (bid = attempt) LAST ST KI KILL LLSS FO FOUR UR (blast = explosion) BLA BLAZ LAZEE DES DESTRO TROYS YS ST STUDE UDENT NT RES RESIDE IDENCE NCE (blaze = fire) CHOOL OLSS BO BOOS OSTT PH PHYS YSIC ICAL AL FI FITN TNES ESSS (boost = encourage, promote) SCHO LEA EADE DERS RS CL CLAS ASH H ON OI OILL TAN ANKE KER R DI DISA SAST STER ER (clash = disagree) LAWS WS TO CU CURB RB PR PROS OSTI TITU TUTI TION ON (curb = limit) NEW LA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
USSI SIAN AN GE GEMS MS ON EX EXHI HIBI BITT (gems = jewels) RUS ONEE TO HE HEAD AD ANT NTII-WA WAR R PRO PROTES TESTT (head = preside over, lead) SHARON STON BAN ANK K HE HEIS ISTT CL CLAI AIMS MS TW TWO O VI VICT CTIM IMSS (heist = robbery) TOR ORNAD NADO O HI HITS TS MIDLANDS (hit = strike, affect adversely) OVER ERNM NMEN ENTT MO MOVE VESS TO CU CUTT VI VIOL OLEN ENCE CE (move = step /to step towards a desired end) GOV HOST OSTAGE AGE ORDEA ORDEALL EN ENDS DS IN TR TRAG AGED EDYY (ordeal = painful experience, complicated situation) PPOS OSIT ITIO ION N MO MOVE VESS TO OU OUST ST PR PRES ESID IDEN ENTT (oust = push out, remove) OPP PLE LEA A FO FOR R PE PEAC ACEE MO MOBI BILI LIZE ZESS MI MILL LLIO IONS NS (plea = request) NIONS NS PLE PLEDGE DGE TO STR TRIK IKEE IN MAY (pledge = promise/to promise) UNIO OPP PPOS OSIT ITIO ION N SEE EESS TAX CUT AS RE-ELE ELECTI CTION ON PLO PLOYY (ploy = clever step towards a desired end) ORYY LE LEAD ADER ER UN UNDE DER R PR PRES ESSU SURE RE, QUITS (quit = to leave, to resign) TOR PEA EACE CE TAL ALKS KS TO BE BEGI GIN N ON MONDAY (talks = discussions, generally political) ERRORI ORIST ST THR THREA EATT DEL DELAY AYSS THR THREE EE FLI FLIGHT GHTSS (threat = danger) TERR MAYO YOR R VO VOWS WS TO RE REDU DUCE CE LO LOCA CALL PR PROS OSTI TITU TUTI TION ON (vow = promise / to promise) RINC NCEE TO WE WED D JOURNALIST (wed = to marry) PRI
Please read the information in the box below.
THE GRAMMAR OF HEADLINES Like the English used for instructions in recipes, the language of English headlines is typically described as “telegraphic”. “telegraphic”. Again, this type of telegraphic telegraphic language is used for the purpose of saving space, but also with a view to making headlines easier to read at a glance. The telegraphic telegraphic effect is achieved by making making alterations alterations in everyday English English grammar as shown below. 1. Verbal express expressions ions are are simplified simplified in the following following manner: manner: a) The verb “to be” is generally omitted. b) Future tenses are replaced by the infinitive. c) Past tenses are replaced by the simple present. d) Auxiliaries in compound tenses (perfects (perf ects and progressives)are omitted. 2. Articles (both (both definite definite and indefinite) indefinite) are are eliminated eliminated wherever wherever unnecessa unnecessary ry to comprehension.
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Worksheet 6:
HEADLINES TO NON-HEADLINES Change the following headlines into “normal” language (full sentences). Use the information on grammar in headlines you have received to help you.
1. Oppos Opposition ition claims claims governme government nt responsib responsible le for crisis. crisis. 2. Man on moo moon! n! 3. War dec decla larred ed!! 4. Mad cow cow disea disease se probe probe immi imminen nentt 5. Imm Immigra igrants nts attack attacked ed by angr angryy mob 6. Enr Enriqu ique e Iglesia Iglesiass to sing sing in Lima Lima 7. Sta Stars rs pr prot otes estt war war
Worksheet 7:
HEADLINE PLA LAY Y Yet another typical feature of English headlines is the frequent use of wordplay (puns) and intertextual references. (This of course is another attention-getting device.) Here are some examples of puns in actual newspaper headlines. Try to identify and explain them. Use your dictionary to help you find double meanings. JOB B FIT ITNE NESS SS CEN ENTE TERS RS CAN WORK OUT TO BE SMAR ART T BU BUSI SIN NES ESS S 1. ON-JO RESI SIDE DENT NT AI AIMS MS TO SN SNUF UFF F OU OUT T TE TEEN EN TOB OBAC ACCO CO US USE E 2. PRE
3. GOR ORIL ILLA LA PE PEN N AP APES ES JU JUNG NGLE LE’S CH CHAL ALLE LENG NGE E 4. ABS BSEN ENCE CES S PU PUT T BR BRAK AKES ES ON RA RAIL ILW WAY HOP PES FI FILM LM FOO OOT TAGE WIL ILL L REE EEL L 5. FBI HO
IN BANK BAND NDIT IT
6. ENGLISH: A MILLION-SCHO SCHOLAR LAR INDU INDUSTR STRY Y
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Worksheet 8:
Now,, create your own headlines with the information below. Now below.
STORIES TO HEADLINES 1. A security guard saw a group of aliens with with their spaceship spaceship land on on the UCLA campus last night. 2. Due to their dissatisfaction dissatisfaction regarding working conditions, American railway railway workers are planning a strike for the upcoming month of May. 3. Vienna. An undetonated undetonated bomb was was found in the produce section of a local supermarket this morning following an anonymous call to police, who were unable to prevent the spread of panic among shoppers before proceeding to disarm the device. 4. Administra Administrators tors at Lepe Univers University ity have have found an unusual unusual solutio solutionn to the problem of students whose names are spelled with the Spanish letter ‘Ñ’. Because this letter cannot be reproduced by their computer printers, administrators have decided to refuse to allow students with the problem letter in their names to register at the university.
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T ASK 3: 3: N EWS EWS S S TORIES TORIES
171
Text 7: Read the following text and then go on to Worksheet 9, below. below.
Okapi – victim of the opera
AN OPEN-AIR concert of Wagner’s Tannhäuser, performed by the Royal
became nervous and started to pace around. Then she collapsed. We think the high notes were causing her stress. It was the first time this has happened during all the years the national
nervous animal, and others in the pen did not react to the music. If loud music hadn’t killed it then it could have died from another noise, like thunder thunder..” Katanda’s mate and her seven-month-old calf
Danish Orchestra in Copenhagen, was dubbed the highlight of the summer by Denmark’s opera enthusiasts. But for Katanda, an okapi in nearby Copenhagen Zoo, it all proved too much. In a warm-up session, with the loudspeakers at full volume, the okapi threw a fit, collapsed on the floor and died. The zoo is claiming that the seven-year-old okapi, whose natural habitat is the forests of central Africa, died of stress triggered by the sound of the opera music. But then, Katanda was a very nervous okapi. Bengt Holst, curator of
orchestra has been staging concerts in the park.” The incident took place as the musicians were trying their top notes in sound tests before their annual concert of opera music in Sondermarken Park on 6 August. Most members of the orchestra were unaware of what had happened until later.. “I don’t think later t hink many of them know about it even now,” said spokesman Peter Andersen. “It is not something that we are worrying about. It was an exceptional event.” Holst is not blaming the musicians for the death. He said: “The concert organisers were as sad as
survived the ordeal. The okapi is related to the giraffe but looks more like a zebra. It is found only in the equatorial rainforests of Zaire. It lives off leaves, roots and seeds, stripping them from the bushes with its 35 cm. tongue, with which it can lick its eyelids. In the wild the animal is very wary and is known for its remarkable hearing. A spokeswoman for the Eurogroup for Animal Welfare in Brussels said: “It is possible for a lot of noise, whether it is opera or an aircraft, to cause severe stress in animals.” But the experts say there is no risk to your pets from
Copenhagen Zoo, said: “During the rehearsal she
we were at what happened. This okapi was a
playing loud music at home.
by Cath Mersh in COPENHAGEN and Michael Bond ___ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ __
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Worksheet 9:
Ref er to Text 7 to answ Refer answer er the foll followin owing g ques question tionss abou aboutt the gene general ral characteristics of news stories.
HARA RACT CTER ERIS ISTI TICS CS OF NEWS STORIES CHA 1. What What is it about the graphic graphic distribution distribution of a newspaper story that that is obviously obviously different from the ordinary graphic distribution of, for example, a chapter in an academic book, or an essay you might write for class?
2. Most, though though not all newspaper newspaper stories include what what is called a “by-line”, which gives information regarding the name of the journalist(s) responsible for writing the story. Locate the by-line by- line in Text 7 and reproduce it exactly exa ctly.. Is it at the beginning or end of the text?
3. In comparis comparison on with the sentenc sentences es of other genres genres (again, (again, think think of academic academic books and essays you might write for class), do you think the sentences of this news story are, on average, short or long? Wh What at about the paragraphs?
4. This news news story has a total of eleven paragraphs. paragraphs. In which paragraph paragraphss is the the most important information (that is, the information most directly related to the headline) located?
5. Which Which paragraphs paragraphs do you believe could could have been eliminated eliminated completely completely from the story without compromising its value as a news item? (That is, which paragraphs here might be considered “extra stuffing”?)
6. What device device is used used repeatedly repeatedly in the the story to make make the information information seem seem more direct direct and authoritative?
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Worksheet 10:
173
Now, use the newspaper Now, newspaper story feature featured d below (T (Text ext 8) as a model to write a crime report of your own of about 150 words.. words.. Remembe Rememberr to include the typical features of news stories, answering all the canonical journalistic questions (who, what, where, when, why and how).
(Note: Some words and phrases in Text 8 which are typical of crime reports have been highlighted in bold type to help you.)
Text 8:
Teen slain while on errand run with mom By Dan Ferris
TRIBUNE STAFF WRITER Police on Saturday were investigating whether a South Side high school student killed while running errands with his mother was a target or a random victim of gunfire. The Friday night death of Leo High School student Terrance Cameron, 17, was one of at least five fatal shootings in 24 hours, resulting in two murder arrests and ongoing investigations by Chicago police. Cameron and his mother were sitting in a van on 42nd Street at State Street at
Mary, was charged with murder, said Grand Central Area Sgt. Francis Lee. The two, of 4330 W. Potomac Ave., returned from a party about 23:30 a.m. Mary Scott, 55, reportedly slammed the car door, angering her husband, who then slapped her, Lee said. She allegedly entered the house, got a gun and shot Will Scott in the stomach when he walked in, Lee said. Will Scott died about three hours later a Illinois Masonic Medical Center Center,, a spokesman said.
about 10 p.m. when a shot was fired, striking him in the head, said Wentworth Area Detective John Janda. Cameron, of the wass 7900 block of South Woodlawn Avenue, Avenue, wa pronounced dead at Cook County Hospital less than an hour later. Police were still looking for suspects, Janda said. Meanwhile, a domestic dispute ended in death early Saturday for f or Will Will Scott, 51, of the West Side. Several hours later, his wife,
A second domestic dispute also resulted in an arrest after a 33-year-old woman allegedly shot by her live-in boyfriend died early Saturday, said Sgt. Henry Crump of the Pullman Area. Edward Green, 34, of 8626 S. Loomis St. was charged with murder. Police said he pulled a 9 mm semiautomatic handgun on Donna Gray during an argument Friday, shooting her in the abdomen. Gray died
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at Christ Hospital and Medical Center in
“They claim they didn’t see him when he
Oak Lawn. Graffiti led to another deadly South Side quarrel that occurred just before midnight Friday, Crump said. Thaddeus Branch, 27, of the 8000 block of South Coles Avenue was arguing with several men over insults they allegedly spray-painted in public about his brother. During the fight, one man took out a gun and shot Branch in the side. The shooting took place two blocks from his home. Although friends drove Branch to Trinity Hospital, investigators were still seeking witnesses Saturday afternoon.
got shot, Crump said. Belmont Area police were similarly stumped by a case involving a 26-year-old man whose body was found f ound in a North Side gangway early Saturday after neighbors reported Frank hearing Jackson,gunshots. 26, of the 200 block of North Laramie Avenue died of gunshot wounds to the head, said a spokesman in the medical examiner’s office. His body was found in the 4800 block of North Paulina Street. Police were still investigating, said Sgt. Richard Guerrero.
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Language Information Guide
LANGUAGE INFORMATION GUIDE
Index to Guide: 1. Grammar
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)
Normal Word Ord Normal Order er in Eng Englis lishh Sent Sentenc ences es Use of Art rtiicles Use of “One” Adjective Ord rdeer Coun Co unta tabl blee and and NonNon-co coun unta tabl blee Noun Nounss Usee of Us of Ver Verbb Ten Tense sess Subj Su bjec ectt-V Ver erbb Agre Agreem emen entt Ver erbs bs as Co Comp mple leme ment ntss Extraposition Subject-Fi Subje ct-Finite nite Verb Inversio Inversionn Embedd Emb edded ed Que Questi stions ons Used to, Be Be Used Used to, Get Used Used to to
13) 14) 15)) 15 16)
Ill Illogi ogical Compari Comp sons s ves Nouns Nou nscalUsed Use d asarison Adjecti Adje ctives Subj Su bjun unct ctiv ivee Indire Ind irect ct Com Comman mands ds
2. Punctuation, Capitalization and Word Word Division
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
The Period The Comma The Semi-Colon The Colon The Qu Question Ma Mark
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6) The The Exc Excla lama mati tioon Po Poin intt 7) The A Appostrophe
JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
8) 9) 10) 11) 12)
Quotation Marks Elli El lips psis is Dot Dotss and and Susp Suspen ensi sion on Poi Point ntss Punctu Pun ctuati ation on with with Numbe Numbers rs Capi Ca pita tali liza zati tion on Divisi Div ision on of of Word Wordss
3. Cohesion and Coherence
1) Cohe Cohesi sive ve Re Rela lati tion onsh ship ipss 2) Rhe hettor oric ical al Pa Pattte tern rnss 3) Th Thee Eng Engli lish sh Pa Para raggra raph ph 4. British and American American English: Some Basic Differences
1) Dif Diffe fere renc nces es in Gr Gram amma marr 2) Di Difffere ferenc nces es in Sp Spel elli ling ng 3) Di Diff ffer eren ence cess in in Voc ocab abul ular aryy
1. G RAMMAR RAMMAR The following is not meant to be a complete, comprehensive review of English grammar,, but rather a brief overview of some of the fine points practiced in Unit 5, grammar which are frequently at the root root of foreign learners learners’’ errors in English. For points not covered here, you will of course need to consult a grammar manual. Available on the market today is a wealth of user-friendly user-friendly grammar manuals with the the accent on practical, descriptive usage rather than on theoretical prescription. Two of this author’s favorites are the following: WAN, M. (1 English Usage. S : Practical Oxford University Press. THOMSON , (198 A.980) A.J. J. 0): and A.V.. MARTINET (1986): AOxford, A.V Practical English Grammar. Grammar. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
1. Normal Word Order in English Sentences
The basic, normal order of elements within English declarative sentences in the active voice is as follows: SUBJECT – VERB – COMPLEMENT(S) – MODIFIER(S)
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All sentences must contain at least a subject and a finite verb form. Not all
sentences require a complement (direct or indirect object) or a modifier (prepositional phrase phrase or adverbial). Where there is more than one modifier, the order generally accepted is that of 1)manner, 2) place and 3) time. Modifiers may sometimes be placed between the subject and verb (e.g. Alice quickly read the letter. letter. ) but never when the modifier is a prepositional phrase the garden garden read the letter. letter.) Modifiers may also be placed in sentence(e.g. * Alice in the read the letter. letter.) initial position (e.g. In the garden, Alice read
2. Use of Articles
While the use of the indefinite article (a/an) is generally not too problematic for foreign learners of English, there are two cases in which students frequently make mistakes, often due to interference from their native tongues. • with generic predicates in the the singular (e.g. job or personality personality descriptions): descriptions): He is a doctor. / She is an existentialist. existentialist.*
NOT:: He is doctor NOT doctor.*/ .*/ She is
• with “other” (i.e., an + other fused together to form “another”) used with singular nouns: I’d like another drink, please.
NOT:: I’d like other drink, please.* NOT
The use of the definite article (the), however, may prove more difficult to master for the foreign learner. Many languages use the definite article more frequently than English does, a fact which gives rise to inappropriate calques of the following type: The love is a wonderful thing.* I like the milk in my coffee.*
The exact rules pertaining to the use of the definite article in English are long and complicated to remember. However, the following short and simple rules generally serve to prevent most errors: • English omits the definite article article with general references references to uncountable nouns :
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Love is a wonderful thing.
I like milk in my coffee.
English omits the definite article when referring to countable nouns in the plural in undetermined quantities: Birds make nests.
Dolphins are intelligent mammals.
3. Use of “One”
The correct use of the word “one” may generally generally be described in terms of two simple rules. • The noun replaced by “one” must be countable. • “One” is optional with superlative adjectives (and also with comparatives in British English) when the noun being replaced is singular singular.. Despite the clarity of these rules, foreign students of English often find it difficult to use “one” due to from mothertotongue. languages usecorrectly, a simplegenerally combination of interference an article and an the adjective form a Many noun phrase (e.g. Spanish “dame la roja” or German “gib mir die Rote”) where English requires the addition of “one” ( “give me the red one”). 4. Adjective Order
The task featured in unit 5 on adjective order includes only combinations of two adjectives. While the same rules followed here apply to longer sequences of adjectives, the latter are somewhat uncommon in English, and are generally restricted to texts characterized by a marked style. Furthermore, precisely due to their marked style, texts featuring longer sequences of adjectives often do not adhere strictly to the rules. There is no universal agreement among authors of English grammar and style manuals with regard to the exact number of semantic categories of adjectives to be recognized in the language. By the same token, there is no single, universally accepted rule as to the order in which adjectives belonging to such categories should be placed before a noun. In this book we have adopted the following categories in the following order:
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1) determiners 2) numbers 3) qualifiers 4) size 5) shape 6) age 7) color 8) nationality or origin 9) material 10) use or purpose
5. Countable and Non-countable Nouns
Despite the fact that there is a great deal of overlap between English and many other languages with regard to this particular subject, students should be aware that a countable noun in their native language may be uncountable in English, or viceversa. The tasks included in unit 5 focus on some of the more problematic uncountable English nouns for advanced students. Obviously, Obviously, non-countable nouns may not be pluralized and may not be used in conjunction with the indefinite articles “a” and “an”, nor with cardinal numbers, “few” or “many”. 6. Use of Verb Tenses
• simple present: generally used to indicate regular or habitual action (e.g. I . always breakfast ) NOT today.* actions). occurring at the present momenthave (e.g. Ieggs havefor cereal for breakfast
EXCEPTION: Present time is usually indicated with the simple present tense with stative verbs, the most common of which are listed here: a) dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want wish b) astonish, impress, please, satisfy, shock, surprise c) believe, doubt, feel (in the sense of “believe”), guess, imagine, know, mean, realize, recognize, remember, suppose, think (in the sense of “believe”), understand
d) feel, (as in “This cloth feels rough.” or “His hands feel cold.”) hear, see, smell (in the non-transitive sense of giving off an odor), sound, taste (in the sense of having a flavor), measure and weigh (the latter two in the sense of having a measurement of or having a weight of). e) belong to, concern, consist of, contain, depend on, deserve, fit, include, involve, lack, matter, matter, need, owe, own, possess
f) appear, resemble, seem
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NOTE: These verbs may only very exceptionally be used in any of the
progressive tenses.
• present progressive: used to indicate present time (except ( except with stative verbs) and foreseeable future (e.g. He is taking a nap now. / We’re going to Paris in July.) • simple past: used to indicate a completed action which occurred at a specific time in the past. (e.g. Lucy and Ed met at a conference in Vienna Vienna last year .) • past progressive: generally used to refer to actions in the past already occurring at a particular moment mentioned. (e.g. When I woke up this morning, the telephone was ringing. ) • present perfect: used to indicate a) action occurring at an indefinite time in the past (e.g. Michael has read all of Shakespeare’ Shakespeare’ss plays.); b) action occurring more than once in the past (e.g. I have seen that film six times.); c) action that began began in the past, but but within a time-frame considered to overlap overlap with the present. (e.g. Mark has kept a diary for over 20 years. / Both Lucy and Ed have worked at the university since 1982.) • present perfect progressive: may be used to indicate action that began in the past which is still occurring in the present (see the present perfect, type c, above). (e.g. Mark has been keeping a diary for over 20 years./Both Lucy and Ed have been working at the university since 1982.) NOTE: Though the present perfect and present perfect progressive tenses are
generally interchangeable with non-stative verbs in the expression of actions beginning in the past and still occurring in the present, it should be noted that in such cases the choice of verb tense lies with the speaker’s subjective view of the period of time in question as relatively long or relatively short. Thus, the present perfect tense is generally used to stress the length of time: David has lived in New York all his life. / The Johnsons have lived in this neighborhood for 30 years.
The present perfect progressive, in contrast, is used when the speaker wishes to place the focus on the fact that the action is still going on in the present, and is the most frequent choice with more recent events.
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David has been attending Spanish classes for two weeks now. The Johnsons have been boasting about their new swimming pool ever since they had it installed last month.
7. Subject-Verb Agreement
The following cases are typically a source of doubt for some students. • when the subject is a plural noun which has no singular form (e.g. people, police, cattle, youth). In these cases, the verb must of course be plural, even if the corresponding nouns in the student’s native language take singular verb forms (e.g. People are strange. vs. Spanish “La gente es extraña”) • when the subject is singular and has no plural form, but ends in “s” (e.g. news, checkers, mathematics, measles). In such cases, the verb must be singular, and once again this may conflict with standard usage in the student’s native language (e.g. The news was surprising. vs. Spanish “la noticia fue sorprendente” or “las noticias fueron sorprendentes.”) • when the subject is a noun whose form is invariable in singular and crossroads oads). The verb will be singular or plural (e.g. species, means, sheep, crossr or plural, according to the intended meaning. (e.g. There are thousands of different species of spiders in North America. / The deadliest species is the black widow spider. spider.)
• when the subject is a loan word which is non-countable in English, and countable in the source language (e.g. spaghetti is vs. “Gli spaghetti sono” in Italian) • when a singular subject is joined to other nouns by the expressions together with, along with, accompanied by or as well as. In such cases the verb remains singular: Diane, accompanied accompanied by her husband and and son, is planning planning to spend a week on the beach in August. Lucy,, together Lucy together with three other other teachers, teachers, is attending a conference conference in Paris next week.
Note that using the conjunction conjunction “and” in place of any of these expressions expressions necessitates the use of a plural verb form.
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Lucy and three other teachers are attending a conference in Paris next week.
• with none and no, both of which may be used with singular or plural verb forms, depending on the noun following them: guests are vegetarians. (plural (plural countable noun, noun, plural verb) o None of the guests o None of the money was recovered from the robbery robbery.. (non-countable noun, singular verb) o Likewise: No women are allowed at that club. / No time was wasted on the case.
• with compound subjects subj ects with either/or, either/or, neither/nor. In these cases, the verb form is determined by the singularity or plurality of the subject closest to the verb: o Neither my brother nor my father wants to see that movie. o Neither my brother nor my parents want to eat at that restaurant. • with a number of /the number of. “A number of” always requires a plural verb, whereas “the number of” goes with a singular verb: o A number number of students have complained about the exam. o The number of questions on the exam was too large. • with the simple present tense in the third person singular. (Students often forget to add the final ‘s’ which distinguishes this form from all the others in this tense.) 8. Verbs as complements
Verbs used as complements in English sentences take either the infinitive (e.g. to drink) or gerund (e.g. drinking) form, depending on the preceding element. • Common verbs always followed by the infinitive: agree attempt claim decide demand desire fail forget intend learn need offer plan prepare pretend refuse swear tend try want wish
hesitate hope seem strive
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• Common verbs always followed by the gerund:
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admit appreciate miss mi ss pos postp tpon onee risk suggest
avoid can t help prac pr acti tice ce qu quiit
consider rec ecal alll
delay deny enjoy finish mind regr re gret et rep epor ortt re ressen entt res esis istt re ressum umee
• Common verbs which may be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with no significant meaning change:
begin
can’tt stand can’
continue continue
dread
hate
like
love
prefer start
• Common verbs which may be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund WITH meaning change:
stop
remember
forget
go on
regret
Meaning changes as follows: STOP: He stopped to eat after 3 hours. (He interrupted what he was doing in order
to eat.) He stopped eating after 3 hours. (He had been eating for 3 hours and finally
ate no more.) REMEMBER: I try to remember to lock the door whenever whenever I go out . (I try to remind myself
to lock the door.) I remember locking locking the door last night night . (I recall locking the door last night.)
FORGET: I forgot to pay the phone phone bill last month. month. (I didn’t remember that I had to pay
the bill.) I’ll never forget going to that Rolling Rolling Stones concert with you you. (I will never
lose the memory.) GO ON: After finishing high school, David went on to study engineering in college. college.
(He moved on to something new.)
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Some teachers can go on talking for hours about things which are of little interest to students. (continue talking)
REGRET:
I regret to inform you that your husband has died . (I ‘m sorry about what I
have to say.) I regret lending my car to my next-door neighbor neighbor.. (I’m sorry about what I
did.) • Adjectives always followed by the infinitive: anxious easy ready
boring good able
dangerous strange usual
hard pleased common
eager prepared difficult
• Combinations of verbs + prepositions, adjectives + prepositions and nouns + prepositions are followed by the gerund.
o verb/preposition combinations: approve of, insist on, think about, put off, rely on, give up, look forward to, etc. Why do you insist on justifying your opinion? gambling.
I don’ don’tt approve of
o adjective/preposition combinations: afraid of, capable of, fond of, interested in, tired of, etc. Greg is fond of drinking. He is capable of drinking six pints of ale in e hour.
o noun/preposition combinations: choice between, reason for, intention of, possibility of, etc. The possibility of winning the lottery is remote. I have no intention of listening to another another word word he says.
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9. Extraposition
When it comes to word order, as mentioned above, English is a very precise language. You You must learn to respect the strictness of English in this regard, whether
or not this characteristic is shared by your native tongue. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, English does indeed allow for some flexibility in the order of elements within a sentence. One accepted way to alternate theme and rheme elements in English sentences is the practice of extraposition, which a change in subject /verb order.beIf moved, the subject of a sentence is a clause (i.e.,entails it contains a verb form), it may by extraposition, to to the end of of the sentence, and the initial initial subject position position of the sentence will then be occupied by the word “it”. What you say does not matter.
It
does not matter what you say.
NOTE: Extraposition is only possible when the subject of a sentence is a clause. If the subject is not a clause, the result of attempting to apply extraposition is
grammatically unacceptable: Your point of view does not matter. It does not matter your poin pointt of view view.* .*
10. Subject/Finite Verb Inversion
Normal sentence structure in English requires that the subject be placed before the finite verb form to which it corresponds. Nevertheless, when placed in sentenceinitial position, certain elements provoke an inversion in the order of these elements, as follows: • Expressions of direction The children ran across the street. Across the street street ran the children. The chauffeur drove home. Home drove the chauffeur. Jack and Jill went up the hill. Up the hill went Jack and Jill. NOTE: If the subject is a pronoun, inversion is avoided:
They ran across the street. Across the street they ran. He drove home. Home he drove. They went up the hill. Up the hill they went.
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• Expressions with negative or restrictive meaning (never, nowhere, on no account, under no circumstances, not only, not a soul, not a thing, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, etc.)
I can never think of what to say to him. Never can I think of what to say to him. I watch the news on television television very rarely rarely.. Very rarely do I watch the news on television. He had scarcely begun to work when his computer crashed. Scarcely had he begun to work…
• So, neither, nor, such Rhode Island is in New England, and so is Maine. Jerry’ss mother doesn’t Jerry’ doesn’t work, and neither does his father. A whale cannot survive without surfacing occasionally, occasionally, nor can a dolphin. So great was Lucy’s fear of the teacher that she didn’t dare speak to him. Such fun did the children have on the roller coaster that they decided to ride it a second time.
• Subordinate clauses of condition Should you decide decide to stay here this this summer, I’ll give you a call. Had I known back then what I know now, now, I would have acted differently. differently. Were he alive today, Newton would be most impressed by recent advances in physics. Note that the rules for formulating inverted subject/verb combinations in declarative sentences of this kind are the same as those used to formulate questions, i.e. simple inversion with the verb “to be” and modal verbs, use of the auxiliary “do” with all other verbs. (Exception: in British English, the of verb have” as a full verb indicating possession may be inverted without the use the“to auxiliary “do”.) 11. Embedded Questions
An embedded question is one which does not stand alone, but rather is contained within another question or within a declarative sentence. The word order of an embedded question does not coincide with that of a free-standing one. In an embedded question, the subject/verb inversion typical of a free-standing question
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reverts to the order typical of a declarative sentence, and yes/no questions must include a conditional particle such as “if” or “whether”: Where are my glasses? Do you know where my glasses are?
What does Ernest do for a living? I have no idea what Ernest does for a living. Is Marion coming to the party? Nobody is sure sure if Marion is coming to the party. party. Does Max have a degree in physics? Max has a degree in physics.
There is some doubt as to whether
12. Used to, Be Used to, Get Used to
These expressions generally prove to be among the most confusing for foreign students of English to internalize and use correctly. It is therefore a good idea, even for fairly advanced students, to review the rules for the use of these constructions in an effort to prevent mistakes from cropping up. • To be used to and to get used to can be used within any time frame (past, present, future) and have the same meaning as “to be accustomed to” and “to become accustomed to”, respectively. Both must be followed by a direct object. When the direct object is verbal in nature, it takes the form of the gerund: When Lucy first came to Spain, she wasn’t used to the strong coffee typical of this country. However, it only took her a few weeks to get used to drinking it.
• Used to + infinitive is used to refer to habits or situations in the past which no longer exist at present. There used to be a lovely old Victorian house on this corner, but now there’s a parking lot. When I was a child I used to love playing with blocks. I’m surprised to see you eating a hamburg hamburger er.. Didn’t you use to be a vegetarian? NOTE: The “used to + infinitive” construction may not be applied to present
habitual actions or situations. In such cases, adverbs such as “generally” or “usually” may be used, though they are not always necessary.
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Because I have a full-time job and have no time to cook , I used to eat at restaurants often.* Because I have a full-time job and have no time to cook , I eat at restaurants often.
Because I have a full time job and have to time to cook , I usually eat at restaurants.
13. Illogical compari comparisons sons
A common mistake made by foreign students of English is to improperly use grammar in such a way that one compares two unlike entities, thus producing an illogical comparison. This generally occurs when the first of the two terms of comparison involves a possessive expression: *Daniel’s German is as flawless as a native. (INCORRECT)
To express the intended meaning correctly, correctly, a possessive expression must also be used with the second term of comparison (Saxon genitive or “that of”): Daniel’s German is as flawless as that of a native. / Daniel’ Daniel’s Daniel’ss German is as flawless as a native’s.
14. Nouns used as Adjectives
It is common in English to combine two nouns such that the first modifies the second, in much the same way that an adjective would (e.g. geometry professor, gold ring, coffee cup). In such combinations the first noun is generally in the singular, and if a number is included in the combination, it is common practice to use a hyphen: a journey that that takes two hours hours = a two-hour journey an encyclopedia made up of twenty eight volumes = a twenty-eight-vol twenty-eight-volume ume encylopedia
a little girl who is four years old = a four-year-old little girl
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15. Subjunctive
In English the subjunctive is often used to express the idea that a subject wishes another subject to do something. The subjunctive form of a verb is the same as the
infinitive form, but without the particle to . It is the same, invariable form for all persons and all tenses. Sentences containing the subjunctive generally contain the word “that”. The doctor has insisted that my husband quit smoking. The committee has propo proposed sed that all employees employees be given an immediate raise.
Examples of verbs commonly used in subjunctive sentences: advise demand prefer require
ask insist propose stipulate
command move recommend suggest
decree order request urge
The subjunctive is also used in sentences beginning with impersonal expressions whose meaning is parallel to that of the verbs listed above (e.g. it is advisable that, is is recommended that, it is urgent that, etc.). It is urgent that you call your wife at once. It was vital that he not forget his keys.
16. Indirect Commands
In addition to the subjunctive, an indirect command construction may be used to express the involves wish of the a subject to have another subject something. construction use of the infinitive (in any time do frame and with This any person), as shown here: The doctor has ordered my husband to quit smoking. The committee wishes all employees to be given an immediate raise. I need you to call your your wife at once. We warned him not to forget his keys.
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2. P UNCTUATION UNCTUATION
JUSTINE BREHM CRIPPS
AND C C APITALIZATION
The following is based on the rules for punctuation in English as set out by The Chicago Manual of Style. It is intended intended as a very general overview overview of English English punctuation, and does not include all the rules to be found in the aforementioned manual, but rather the very basics and those those rules which the author author has judged most useful in answering questions frequently asked by students. 1. The Period (a.k.a. “stop” or “full stop” in British English)
• If a sentence ends in an abbreviation, one period is sufficient: The train arrives at 10:00 A.M.
• If a sentence ends in parentheses, the period should be placed outside the parentheses: Everyone dislikes that teacher (and with good reason).
• However, if an entire independent sentence is enclosed in parentheses, the period should be placed inside the parentheses as well: Yes, Alice does have a degree in business administration. (I’ll never understand how she managed to pass her exams, though.)
• If a sentence ends in quotation marks, place the period inside the quotation marks: The sign on the wall clearly says “No Smoking Allowed.” Allowed.”
• With With the abbreviations of the titles “Mr.” “Mr.” and “Mrs.”, Americans Americans use a period, while the British do not. Am: Mr./Mrs. Mr./Mrs.
Brit: Mr/Mrs
2. The Comma
“The comma, perhaps the most versatile of the punctuation marks, indicates the smallest interruption in continuity of thought or sentence structure. There are few rules governing its use that have become almost obligatory. Aside from these, the use of the comma is mainly a matter of good judgment, with ease of reading r eading the end in view.”
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The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. (1993)
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 165. • Use a comma to separate words and phrases in a series: You have a choice of soup, salad, or French fries.
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• Use a comma to separate pairs of words in series: Big and small, tall and short, young and old, everyone screams when they ride the “Dragon Khan” roller coaster.
• Use a comma to set off words in apposition: Donald Sharecrop, Channel Eight’s Eight’s correspondent in Paris, will report to you now.
• Use a comma to set off a contrasted word, phrase, or clause: Walk, don’t run. You should do as I say, not as a I do.
• Use a comma to indicate the elision of a repeated verb: Maisy ordered vanilla vanilla ice cream; Cyril, chocolate; and Charlie, Charlie, strawberry. strawberry.
• Yes, no, why, well, and discourse linkers such as nevertheless, moreover, of course, on the other hand, etc., in sentence-initial position should be followed by commas. Well, here’s what I think. No, I don’t agree. haven’t thought it through.
Moreover, I believe you
• Use a comma to separate the name or title of a person directly addressed from the rest of the sentence. Please have a seat, Mr. Swanson.
• Use commas to set off direct quotations. quotations. “Follow me,” said the Lord, “and I will give you eternal life.” The lady behind the counter glared at me and barked, “Well, don’t take all day!”
• In compound sentences joined by conjunctions, use a comma before the conjunction unless the clauses are short and closely related. I’m going going out this evening evening with a man I met on the train to work yesterd yesterday ay, , and I don’t want to hear any flippant remarks from any of you on the subject!
BUT: Lucy drove home and Eugene took the train.
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• Commas should not be used in lengthy compound predicates, when two or more verbs have the same subject and the subject is not repeated: Lucy ran to the store as fast as as she possibly could but but was not able to reach it before closing time.
However, if the parts of the compound predicate are short, they should be separated by commas: She stopped, stared, and shook her head in disbelief.
• When a compound sentence begins with a dependent clause, a comma should be used to separate it from the rest of the sentence: If you accept that job offer, you’re going to have to move to Barcelona.
• Use a comma after introductory participial phrases: Generally speaking, we do not advocate the use of dictionaries during examinations. Thoroughly exhausted from an aerobics workout, Louise stumbled into the locker room.
• Use commas to set off adverbial phrases located located between the subject and the the verb of a sentence: The Prime Minister, in keeping with his current economic policy, announced that interest rates would once again be frozen for the duration of the coming fiscal year.
• A series of two or more adjectives before a noun should be separated by commas: You have always been a faithful, sincere, and supportive friend.
However, if the first adjective modifies the idea expressed by the combination However, of the second adjective and the noun, no comma should be used: I have have no interest in supporting supporting any of of the traditional political parties of this this country.
• Use a comma to separate similar or identical words: Whatever will be, will be. Please walk in, in single file.
• Similarly Similarly,, use a comma to separate unrelated numbers: In 1994, 432 strikes took place throughout the country. country.
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3. The Semicolon
The semicolon is used to mark a more important break in sentence flow than that marked by a comma.
• The semicolon may be used instead of a period to separate two closely-related independent clauses not connected by a conjunction: Our new apartment is much nicer than our old one; it is roomy and graced with a good deal of natural light.
• When items in a series are long and complex or involve internal inter nal punctuation, they should be separated by semicolons instead of commas for the sake of clarity: The scores obtained by the finalists in the beauty contest were as follows: Miss Alabama, 22; Miss Washington, 21; Miss New Mexico, 19; Miss Maryland, 18; and Miss Nebraska, 14.
4. The Colon
• The colon is most often used to introduce a list or a series.
Three senators voted against the proposal: Senator Johnson of Alabama, Senator Green of Arkansas and Senator Wilson Wilson of Louisiana.
• Do NOT use a colon if the list included in a sentence is an object or complement of an element in the introductory statement. Children have a right to food, shelter, parental love and education.
• The terms “as follows” and “the following” are generally followed by a colon. The following are some useful tips to keep in mind when traveling alone: a) Never leave your baggage unattended. b) Always keep your emergency contact information on your person. c) Carry a cell phone with a fully-charged battery with you at all times.
• Use a colon to introduce a formal statement, an extract extract or speech in dialogue. We shall now quote from the Prime Minister’s address: “In the past two weeks, this country has seen an increase…” LIZZIE: What was that? JOHN: What was what? LIZZIE: That noise. Didn’t you hear it?
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• Use a colon after the salutation in a formal letter or formal address: Dear De ar Si Sirs rs::
Dear De ar Dr Dr.. Pin Pinke ker: r:
Ladi La dies es an and d Gen Gentl tlem eman an of th thee Boa Board rd::
5. The Question Mark
• Use a question mark at the end end of a direct question. What do you think you’re doing? in Spain?
Is this the first time you’ve been
• Use a question mark after a direct interrogative element within a declarative declarative sentence. How does she manage to look so great so early in the morning? was the question going through all our minds. Before deciding, ask yourself, is this really what I want?
• If an interrogative element within a declarative sentence consists of a single word (e.g. who, what, when, where, how, why) a question mark is generally not used. According According to personal preference, the interrogative elements may be italicised or not. The question is not how, but why.
• A question mark should be placed inside inside quotation quotation marks or parentheses when it is part of the quoted or parenthetical matter. The customs officer asked, “Do you have anything to declare?” The Latin teacher (can you believe this?) has asked us to translate 15 pages of Virgil for Monday.
Otherwise, the question mark should be placed outside the quotation marks or parentheses. Did they ask you to provide a complete complete medical history (childhood (childhood illnesses, illnesses, accidents, surgery)?
• A question mark may be used in parentheses parenthes es to express doubt or irony. The most exciting (?) thing that ever happens in this town is the annual karaoke contest.
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6. The Exclamation Point
• An exclamation exclamation point is generally used to mark an outcry outcry or an emphatic emphatic or ironic comment. Watch out!
You’ve certainly put your foot in it this time!
However, exclamation points However, points should be used used sparingly to avoid detracting from their effectiveness. • With With quotation marks or parentheses, the exclamation exclamation point is used in exactly the same way as a question mark. 7. The The Apostrophe
• Add an apostrophe and s to form the possessive of singular nouns. the woman’s daughter
the policeman’s report
the government’s policy
In the case of compound nouns, add an apostrophe and s at the end of the word.
my sistersister-in-law’s in-law’s car
the bride-t bride-to-be’s o-be’s engagement ring
In the case of compound proper names, add the apostrophe and the s to the end of the last word. Thee King Th King of of Spai Spain’ n’ss conc concer ern n
thee Bank th Bank of of Engl Englan and’ d’ss offi offici cial al pos posit itio ion n
• To form the possessive of plural nouns, add an apostrophe if the plural is regular (ending in s). students’ rights
workers’ demands
ladies’ fashion
To form the possessive of plural nouns not ending in s, add an apostrophe and s. women’s rights
children’s antics
the men’s club
• When two or more words in a series are connected by conjunctions, joint possession is indicated with an apostrophe and s after the last noun only. Marks and Spencer Spencer’s ’s Lord and Taylor aylor’s ’s Sears and Roebuck’s • To form the possessive of proper nouns ending in s, you may use either an apostrophe alone or apostrophe + s. Burgess’s book/Burgess’ book
Lewis’s market/Lewis’ market
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• Add an apostrophe + s to numbers, signs, symbols and letters to indicate the plural. Your a’s are hard to distinguish from your o’s. Please use a’s to mark your answers. Nevertheless, there is an increasing tendency today to omit the apostrophe in
such cases where there is no possibility of mistaking the meaning. ABC’ss or ABCs ABC’
1960’ss or 1960s 1960’
• The apostrophe is also used to indicate the elision of the first two digits of a year. the Class of ’94
the Spirit of ’76
late in ‘82
8. Quotation Marks (a.k.a. “inverted commas” in British English)
• Use double quotation marks to signal a direct quotation. “Mind your heads,” said the tour guide.
• To use single youenclose need toone usequotation quotationwithin marks another, again within these, quotation use doublemarks. marks.Should The sign in the bar read: “Final orders must be placed within five minutes after the bartender gives the ‘last call’ signal.” The professor remarked, “As Greaves writes, ‘the term “mainstream” in its use as an adjective is a recent creation’ and we need look no further than the pages of our daily newspaper to find a wealth of other similar linguistic innovations.”
• Quotation marks (or italics) should should be used to enclose text elements following following items such as entitled to, the word, marked, designated, referred to as, etc. The word “philosophy” comes comes from Greek and means “love of knowledge”. knowledge”. Containers marked “toxic “toxic waste” should should be removed removed from the the premises immediately.
However, quotation marks should not be used after so-called, known as, or called. His so-called masterpiece masterpiece is nothing but a piece of rusty scrap metal with a flashing light on top.
• Quotation marks may be used to indicate the ironical use of words.
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Of course you can “borrow” a cigarette.
• The titles of articles, poems, stories, songs and speeches should be enclosed in quotation marks. “Goldilocks and the Three Bears”
“Imagine”
“I Have a Dream”
However, the titles of periodicals, books, plays, operas, films and radio or television series should be italicized (or underlined when writing by hand). The New York Times The Barber of Seville The X Files
Cats Madame Butterfly Emergency
War and Peace Romeo and Juliet Cosmopolitan
• Quotation marks are sometimes used to indicate indicate that a word or term is being used in an unusual sense. A student, student, as a “consumer,” is entitled to a series of fundamental rights.
9. Ellipsis Dots And Suspension Points
• Ellipsis dots are used to indicate omissions within direct quotations. Legal monogamy historically has been been an agreement between more and and less powerful men…Early men…Early Christianity Christianity appealed to poor poor men partly because because the promise of monogamy kept them in the marriage game… Works STEVEN PINKER, How the Mind Works
• Suspension points may be used to signal interruptions interruptions or breaks in thought. Raymond stared at the return return address on the the envelope envelope and thought, “No…it can’t be…my God! Could this mean…I’ve got the job?”
However, when you wish to indicate that a list or series is incomplete, it is preferable to use expressions such as “etc.” or “and so forth” rather than suspension points. 10. Punctuation With Numbers
The norms for use of punctuation with numbers may be quite different from those of some students’ native languages. Here are the basic rules for English:
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• Use a period (called a decimal point in this context) to separate whole numbers from fractions. (1.5 = one and a half; 0.25 = one quarter) • Use a comma to separate thousands from hundreds. (20,952 = twenty thousand nine hundred and fifty two) Note that the comma is optional in numbers up to 9999. (2,346 or 2346) When referring to years, however however,, never
use a comma. ( My My mother was born in 1919. NOT 1,919) • When writing dates, use a period with with abbreviations of months and a comma after the number indicating a specific day. (Nov. 11, 1919) Note that when writing dates in shorthand form (numbers only), Americans, unlike Europeans, place the month before the day. day. (June 19, 1969 = 6.19.69) 11. Capitaliza Capitalization tion
There are, of course, many rules regarding the finer points of capitalization in English. The following, however, however, are the very basic ones that foreign students of the language should keep in mind at all times. • The first word of a sentence is always capitalized. • Proper nouns (names of people, places and organizations) organizations) are capitalized. • The names of the months (January, (January, February, February, etc.) and the names of the days of the week (Monday, Tuesday, etc.) are always capitalized. • The names of countries, cities, regions, etc. are always capitalized, AS ARE the terms which describe people from these places, and the languages spoken there. Many people in Spain speak more than one language. In addition to Spanish, many Spaniards speak regional languages such as Catalan, Basque or Galician.
• In titles and subtitles (of books, plays, poems, songs, speeches, periodicals, etc.) the first and last words should be capitalized, as well as all other words EXCEPT coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.), articles (both definite and indefinite) and prepositions. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language The Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
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12. Division Of Words
As a general rule of thumb, avoid dividing words at the end of a line in handwriting. In typewritten text, it should be remembered that the part of the word left at the end of the line should suggest the part to follow at the beginning of the next line. Beyond these general principles, the rules regarding word division in
English are complex, and when in doubt, it is best to consult the dictionary. As a general aid, however, a few do’s and don’ts of English word division are provided below. DON’T:: DON’T
• divide monosyllables. • divide words of only four letters (and avoid dividing those with five or six wherever possible). • leave only one or two letters letters of the word divided at the the end of a line. line. • allow two or more consecutive consecutive lines to end with with a hyphen. • divide names of persons persons or other proper nouns nouns if you can possibly avoid doing so. • separate the letters of an abbreviation or acronym. •• divide theasend of a pageDr. or. from paragraph. separatea word titles at such Mr., Mr ., Mrs., Dr the names to which they belong. • add another hyphen to words which already contain a hyphen. DO:
• divide words with a prefix directly after the prefix (mis-lead, (mis-lead, re-view) • separate suffixes from the stem of a word (laugh-able, confer-ence, confer-ence, accountant) • separate double consonants consonants (win-ning, flat-ten) unless the stem itself ends in a double consonant (pass-able, full-est) • divide the word after a single middle consonant consonant if the preceding vowel is short (pun-ish) • divide the word immediately before the middle consonant if the vowel preceding it is long (ta-ken)
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3. C OHESION OHESION & & C OHERENCE OHERENCE 1. Cohesive Relationsh Relationships ips
The first four sets of tasks included in Unit 9 of this manual are focused on
cohesive relationships. As described by Halliday and Hasan in Cohesion in English (1976), these relationships may be grouped into five basic categories: 1) reference, 2) substitution, 3) ellipsis, 4) conjunction and 5) lexical cohesion. Below is a brief description of the five types, together with illustrative examples of each.
TYP YPES ES OF CO COHE HESI SIVE VE RE RELA LATI TION ONSH SHIP IPS S
EXAMPLES
1. REFERENCE may be understood as the cohesive relationship to be observed when the interpretation of one lexical item (generally a personal, possessive or demonstrative pronoun) is dependent on the reference it makes to another word or
With pronouns: • Nancy sighed loudly. She was exhausted. • Nancy sighed loudly. This annoyed Bill.
concept explicitly present in a preceding or following passage. When the defining referent precedes the pronoun, the reference established is anaphoric; when the pronoun precedes the referent, we speak of cataphoric reference. Both anaphoric and cataphoric reference cohesion may also be achieved through the use of definite articles or adverbs. 2. SUBSTITUTION occurs in English when a noun, verb or clause within the text is repl re plac aced ed by by a “du “dumm mmy” y” wor word. d. Th Thee text text recipient may understand what element is being replaced by referring to a preceding passage in the text. 3. ELLIPSIS is closely related to substitution and may be defined in terms of omission, or the substitution of one textual element by nothing at all.
precisely 2:00 A.M. It was then that she happened to glance at the window. • Suddenly, a face appeared. The face was dark and sinister sinister-looking. -looking.
With definite articles or adverbs: • Nancy looked up from her desk at
• Nancy eats meat only occasionally. Bill, however, do does es it all the time. • Nancy ordered a dry martini with two olives. Bill ordered the same. • My poor old car is falling apart. I need a new one. • Have you finished your homework? – Yes, I have […] . • Nancy bought a bottle of mineral water, and Bill […] a case of beer. • Who was that at the door? […] The plumber?
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LANGUAGE INFORMATION GUIDE
4. CONJUNCTION involves the use of formal linking words and expressions to join together sentences, clauses and paragraphs.
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Additive linkers: and, or, furthermore, likewise, for example, moreover, what’s more, … Adversative linkers: but, yet, nevertheless, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, still…
Causal linkers: because, for this reason, therefore, in consequence, so, thus, accordingly, as a result… Temporal linkers: then, afterwards, occasionally, later, at last, at first, next, in the end, eventually… Discourse continuing linkers: in the first (second, third, etc.) place; firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc; in sum, in conclusion, finally… Attitudinal linkers: admittedly, predictably, wouldn’t you know, 5. LEXICAL COHESION is based on the connection established between selected items of vocabulary within a text. There are two subtypes of lexical cohesion: reiteration and collocation. Reiteration may be achieved by the strict repetition of lexical items, or by establishing relationships of synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy and metonymy between lexical items in the text. Collocation refers to the the co-occurrence within the text of items typically associated with one another. (e.g. unrequited+love; unbridled+passion; toxic+waste,, etc.) toxic+waste
undoubtedly, of course, oddly enough… Repetition: The manager is not happy with your performance. As a matter of fact, the manager has decided that your services will no longer be needed. Synonymy: Mrs. Harold Jones won the first prize in the pie competition. This is the third consecutive win for the 42-year-old mother of four from Jaspers County.
Hyponymy: I think it would be nice to get your mother some flowers for her birthday. I know she likes roses. Antonymy: Big cars are totally to tally impractica im practicall in the city ci ty.. You wold be wise to buy a small car next time. Metonymy: In general we loved the film. The dialogue was especially impressive impressive..
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2. Rhetorical Pa Patterns tterns
The conceptually coherent outlay of many of the texts we encounter in everyday life may be seen to conform to a limited number of more or less fixed organizational structures or rhetorical patterns. The importance of awareness of these patterns has been stressed by many scholars in the field of reading research. Pearson and Camperell (1981:45) note that students’ familiarity with the way texts are typically
organized serves as an aid to comprehension, as it enables them to make predictions regarding the content of texts organized in particular ways, and Horowitz (1985:90) compares skilled readers to expert cab drivers (who must be familiar with all the details involved in their job, including the overall lay-out of the city and the specific location of addresses) and students aware of text structure to expert chess players: “Much like expert chess players, students aware of structure do not memorize the board, but they learn the key configurations used by players.” While researchers have proposed a number of different taxonomies of rhetorical patterns and on occasion employed different terms to describe them, most recognize some form of the following four patterns: 1) comparison/contrast; 2) cause/effect; 3) problem/solution; and 4)definition/classification. The names of these patterns are themselves of the typeunit of are conceptual which they generally correspond. indicative Related tasks in this designedcontent to allowtostudents to learn about rhetorical patterns by induction. 3. The English Paragraph
Well-formed English paragraphs are often characterized by a conventional, internal arrangement of ideas; and awareness of this arrangement may greatly facilitate a student’s student’s ability to focus on those parts of the information contained in a text which are used by the writer to carry forward his/her general train of thought. This ability in turn enables students to form an idea of the gist of a text before proceeding to read through it carefully. In English, it is generally the first or second sentence which presents the central idea or topic of a paragraph. Where the second sentence is the topic sentence, the first sentence is ordinarily used to introduce or prepare the way for the statement of the topic. Subsequent sentences within the paragraph have the function of developing the idea outlined in the topic sentence, and the final sentence may act as a kind of paragraph summary, as a way of alerting the reader to the topic to be addressed in the following paragraph, or both.
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While paragraphs in English do not always conform precisely to such a strict design, the general “rules” regarding their typical structure are applied frequently enough to warrant students’ attention. attention. Furthermore, learning to look at paragraphs in English texts as connected “containers” from which conceptually separable but related ideas flow into one another contributes to a deeper understanding of the articulation of cohesion and coherence within texts.
TANDARD B RITISH AND A NGLISH : S OME OME B ASIC D IFFERENCES 4. S TANDARD B RITISH AMERICAN E E NGLISH B D IFFERENCES
Phonetic differences differences are of course the most obvious ones ones to be found between British English and American English, as differences in pronunciation vary greatly between different non-standard dialects of English, English, both between different different Englishspeaking countries and within a given country. Beyond phonetic differences, however, and strictly with regard to the two standard dialects of the U.S. and the U.K., a number of common common differences in grammar, grammar, spelling spelling and vocabulary vocabulary may be observed.
1. Differences In Grammar
The most common grammatical discrepancies between British and American English may be summed up as follows: • Use of the auxiliary form “shall”: This form is encountered only rarely in American English, in which the simple future tense is usually formed with “will” with all the pronouns. In British English, however, some speakers (generally belonging to the higher social classes) still preserve the rule that “shall” is to be used with the first persons singular and plural (i.e. I and we) in the simple future tense. (The same distinctions hold true for the conditional tense with should as opposed to would .) .) • Negative and interrogative forms of the verb “to have”: In American English, the negative and interrogative forms of the verb “to have” are constructed with the auxiliary verb “to do”, following the same rules of most common verbs. (Thus, an American says, “I don’t don’t have much time.” and “Do you have change for a dollar?”) Speakers of standard British English, on the other hand, sometimes treat the verb “to have” grammatically as if it were a modal verb, using the simple addition of the particle “not” and inversion to construct the negative and interrogative forms of the verb. (Thus, British
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speakers may say, “I haven’t much time.” and “Have you change for a pound?”) Both American American and British speakers use the compound form “have got” as a synonym s ynonym for “to have” with more or less equal frequency f requency.. (Example: “I’ve got a great idea!”) Note that this compound constructs its negative and interrogative forms as modal verbs do. (Example: “Have you you got time for a cup of coffee?” or “I haven’t got the faintest idea.”)
• Past participle of the verb “to get”: In the U.K., the past participle got is more common, as in “He said he had got his hat at the shop on the corner.” In the U.S., the more common form is “gotten” as in “I wish I had gotten those shoes I saw in the window yesterday.” • Simple past vs. past perfect: In some cases Americans use the simple past tense to refer to events from the immediate past which still have a bearing on the present (e.g. “Did you eat yet?”) where the British would as a rule use the present perfect tense (e.g. “Have you eaten yet?”). • Use of prepositions: Some common prepositional expressions vary from one country to the other, notably in Abbey Road (British) as opposed on Fifth Avenue at the weekend on the (British) as to form (American).and British speakers also sometimes useopposed the shortened weekend(American)
“round” where Americans would say “around”. Finally, the British generally say “in hospital” (with no article) to refer to patients at such an institution, and “in the hospital” (with the definite article) to refer to visitors and employees when they are located in this place, while Americans consistently say “in the hospital” (with the article) no matter what the circumstances. 2. Differences In Spelling
American spelling is generally simpler than its British counterpart. • Words ending in –our or –re in British English are spelled with –or and –er in the U.S. British: colour, favour, centre, theatre American: color, favor, center, theater • Derivatives from Greek containing the vowel combinations oe or ae in British English generally lose the initial ‘o’ or ‘a’ in American English. British: gynaecologist gynaecologist,, oecumenical American: gynecologist, ecumenical
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• Most (but not all) verbs ending ending in –ise in British English are are spelled with –ize in American English. English. Common exception exception are verbs ending in –vise (e.g. televise, devise, revise) which are spelled with an ‘s’ in both dialects. British: analyse, synthesise American: analyze, synthesize
• Two-syllable verbs ending in l and which are pronounced with the accent on the first syllable double the final ‘l’ when joined to suffixes such as “-ing”, “ed” or “-er” in British English, but not in American English. British: traveller traveller,, revelled American: traveler traveler,, reveled • Beyond the rules outlined above, British and American English also exhibit differences in the spelling of a number of other words which may not be easily categorized. Here are a few examples: British: cheque, draught, programme, tyre American: check, draft, program, tire 3. Differences In Vocabulary Vocabulary
Quite a few discrepancies regarding common, everyday words and expressions may be found in British and American English. In many cases, the British and American words are mutually understandable. In others, Brits tend to have an easier time understanding Americans than vice-versa, due to the widespread influence of American films and television programs. (Nevertheless, context usually resolves most difficulties.) There are, however, some awkward cases in which the differences an be confusing to members of both nations. Sometimes the British and the Americans use different words to express the same concepts, and sometimes they use the same words to express different different concepts. concepts. It is a good idea for you, as translators, to be aware of the commonly occurring differences.
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