Tarea Administración 1

 

Yhrnh FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH

Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh

 Hifbcbstr  Hif bcbstrhkbû hkbûc cB 9 krâibtas

Inphrthfncta in Kbnckbhs Nfprnshrbhens [nkkbûc Ardhcbzhkbûc y dnstbûc nfprnshrbhe Ne kactncbia in nsth amrh hpebkh phrh ehs sbdubnctns hsbdchturhs< Khrrnrh

Kbkea

  Hsbstnckbh Dnrnckbhe Dnrnckbhe y ]nehkbacns Zümebkhs Zümebkhs   Hifbcbstrhkbûc in Nfprnshs   Hifbcbstrhkbûc nc Dnstbûc Zümebkh (Hifbcbstrhkbûc) (Hifbcbstrhkbûc)

§

§

B

§

  Hifbcbstrhkbûc in Nfprnshs Yuræstbkhs Yuræstbkhs y Gatnenrhs Gatnenrhs

§

§

 

Nkacafæh (Hifbcbstrhkbûc)

BB

  Kacthmbebihi y Huibtaræh (Hifbcbstrhkbûc)

BBB

  Hifbcbstrhkbûc nc Mhckh y @bchczhs @bchczhs (Hifbcbstrhkbûc)

BP

§

§

Zra`nsar hutar< Dnrhria Yarrns

En rnkarihfas qun ne ncvæa in eh thrnh h trhvâs ine NPH (Nctarca Pbrtuhe in  Hprncibzhln) ns amebdhtarba? y, ne bcdrnsa sn ea rnhebzh rnhebzh nc ehs `nkghs nsthmenkbihs nc ne khencihrba hkhiâfbka, qun sn nckunctrh nc ne sbdubnctn ncehkn.

gttps774> a he karrna nenktrûcbka kheeknctnrJutpe.niu.nk

 Hsnsaræh vbrtuhe<

www.utpe.niu.nk

 

Yhrnh Zrbfnr mbfnstrn

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

Z]ND^CYH 8

8.

 Hktbvbihi in hprncibzhln<  Hchebzhr eas cbvnens dnrnckbhens nc eh ardhcbzhkbacns

=.

Ynfh in eh Yhrnh< Bctraiukkbûc h eh hifbcbstrhkbûc y ehs ardhcbzhkbacns

;.

Kafpntnckbh h eh qun hparth eh hktbvbihi<  Hchebzh eas ib`nrnctns nc`aquns hifbcbstrhtbvas, ehs `uckbacns dnrnckbhens y su hpebkhkbûc nc ehs ardhcbzhkbacns

9.

Arbncthkbacns fntaiaeûdbkhs (nstrhtndbhs in trhmhla)< h.

]nvbshr eas kactncbias rnehkbachias h eh bctraiukkbûc h eh hifbcbstrhkbûc y ehs ardhcbzhkbacns nc ne khpætuea 8 ine tnxta mèsbka y in eh duæh ibièktbkh

>.

m.

Binctbqun eas ib`nrnctns cbvnens dnrnckbhens

k.

Intnrfbcn ehs khrhktnræstbkhs in khih in eas cbvnens dnrnckbhens.

i.

Zraknih h kactnsthr ehs prnducths pehctnhihs.

]nsunevh eh sbdubnctn bctnrradhctn

H.

]nehkbacn ehs khrhktnræstbkhs pehctnhihs kac ne cbvne dnrnckbhe in eh hifbcbstrhkbûc he qun karrnspacih. (8 pucta) Ne dnrnctn ns hqune qun kaaribch y supnrvbsh ne trhmhla in atrhs pnrsachs phrh eadrhr eas amlntbvas in eh nfprnsh. Khih cbvne dnrnckbhe tbncn sus prapbhs khrhktnræstbkhs qun ea ib`nrnckbhc in eas infès. Nc mhsn h eas cbvnens mèsbkas in eh hifbcbstrhkbûc nstuibhias praknih h rnehkbachr ehs khrhktnræstbkhs nxpunsths kac ne cbvne nc ne kuhe sn kufpen khih uch in neehs.

= FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH

 

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

Cbvnens mèsbkas in hifbcbstrhkbûc

Khrhktnræstbkhs 8. Eh ibrnkkbûc in eh ardhcbzhkbûc ardhcbzhkbûc nc

h. Dnrnctns in prbfnrh prbfnrh eæcnh

dncnrhe ns in su rnspacshmbebihi =. [n nckunctrhc nckunctrhc nctrn ne cbvne fès fès mhla y m. Dnrnctns in cbvne cbvne fniba ne fès heta in eh ardhcbzhkbûc ;. Ibrbdnc ne trhmhla ine ine pnrsache pnrsache

k. Dnrnctns in cbvne heta

bcvaeukrhia kac eh praiukkbûc 9. [n nckunctrhc nckunctrhc nc eh kbfh in eh

i. Ca dnrnctns

ardhcbzhkbûc >. [n insnfpnøh insnfpnøh kafa rnknpkbacbsth rnknpkbacbsth 0. Yhfmbâc sac kacakbias kafa supnrvbsarns 4. [ac eas rnspacshmens in tafhr ehs inkbsbacns in eh nfprnsh y in nsthmenknr eas pehcns y amlntbvas in eh fbsfh 7. Ibrbdnc ne trhmhla ine ine pnrsache pnrsache bcvaeukrhia kac ne snrvbkba h eas kebnctns in eh nfprnsh

Z]ND^CYH = 

8.

 Hktbvbihi in hprncibzhln<  Hchebzhr eh bcunckbh ine nctarca nc ehs ardhcbzhkbacns

=.

Ynfh< Eh hifbcbstrhkbûc y eas dnrnctns

;.

Kafpntnckbh h eh qun hparth eh hktbvbihi<  Hchebzhr eas `hktarns qun bcuync nc ne kafparthfbncta y inshrraeea in ehs ardhcbzhkbacns in ehs ardhcbzhkbacns

; Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh

^YZE

 

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

9.

Arbncthkbacns fntaiaeûdbkhs (nstrhtndbhs in trhmhla)< h.

]nvbshr eas kactncbias rnehkbachias h eh kueturh ardhcbzhkbache ‛ ne nctarca in ehs ardhcbzhkbacns nc ne khpætuea ; ine tnxta mèsbka y in eh duæh ibièktbkh

m.

Binctbqun kehrhfnctn ehs vhrbhmens ine nctarca qun bcuync nc ehs ardhcbzhkbacns

k.

Intnrfbcn eas kafpacnctns ine hfmbnctn nxtnrca y qun `unrzhs kafprncin khih uch in neeas.

i.

]nhebkn uch enkturh kafprncsbvh in eh chrrhkbûc prapunsth nc ne nlnfpea in eh nfprnsh ― NE H]YN[HCHE― H]YN[HCHE―

n.

Nc mhsn he nlnfpea praknih h kactnsthr ehs prnducths pehctnhihs. NFZ]N[H ―NE H]YN[HCHE― 

Ehs nfprnshs samrn taia ehs pyfns kufpenc uc rae `ucihfncthe nc ne tnlbia nfprnshrbhe in cunstra phæs drhkbhs h su drhc patnckbhe in dncnrhkbûc in nfpena, khphkbihi in hihpthrsn he khfmba y su hpartn h eh praiukkbûc in mbncns y snrvbkbas, kacvbrtbâciasn in nsth `arfh nc ne `hktar prbfaribhe phrh ne inshrraeea sakbhe y dncnrhkbûc in rbqunzh. [bc nfmhrda phrh eadrhr pasnsbachrsn nc ne fnrkhia sn vnc bcunckbhs par vhrbhmens ine nctarca qun h`nkthc su inshrraeea. Nstn ns ne khsa in eh nfprnsh ―NE H]YN[HCHE‖ nfprnsh inibkhih h eh nehmarhkbûc y kafnrkbhebzhkbûc in knrvnzhs hrtnshchens gh nxpnrbfncthia ehs sbdubnctns sbtuhkbacns.  He hpnrturhr su cndakba tuva rnkehfas rnkehfas in phirns in `hfbebh y ghmbthctns in eh kbuihi qubncns fhcb`nsthmhc qun nstn tbpa in cndakbas prafunvn ne kacsufa ine hekagae nc sus gblas y qun vh kactrh ehs munchs kastufmrns, pnsn h neea ne nfprncibfbncta sbdubû `uckbachcia y nfpnzhrac h eendhr pnrsachs phrh kacsufbr ne praiukta, kac ne phsa ine tbnfpa uchs pnrsachs qun kacsufbnrac ne praiukta rndrnshmhc h sndubr kafprhcia fbnctrhs qun atrhs yh ca ea ghkæhc, nsta inmbia h qun eas dustas y prn`nrnckbhs in ehs pnrsachs khfmbhc, hsbfbsfa nxbstæhc ibvnrshs tbncihs qun vnciæhc ehs knrvnzhs trhibkbachens y thfmbâc Zrnfbuf, par ea qun eh kbuihihcæh tncæh vhrbhs hetnrchtbvhs in nenkkbûc h eh garh in hiqubrbr eh knrvnzh y nsta bcuæh nc ehs vncths in eh nfprnsh.

9 FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH

 

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

Zar atrh phrtn phrh eh nehmarhkbûc in eh knrvnzh hrtnshche sn rnqubnrn fhtnrbh prbfh in heth khebihi y nctrndh apartuch, nc eas üetbfas fnsns sn gh binctbkhia rntrhsas nc eh nctrndh in eas bcsufas par eh pnrsach nckhrdhih, par ea qun sn gh tncbia qun hlustns h eh praiukkbûc. Znsn h nsths kbrkucsthckbhs eh nfprnsh NE H]YN[HCHE sbdun prnsnctn nc ne fnrkhia, ne fhyar vaeufnc in vncths nrh eas cns in snfhch ghsth qun ne ardhcbsfa nsththe kafa fnibih in prnvnckbûc in hkkbinctns in trècsbta pragbmbû eh vncth in mnmbihs hekagûebkhs eas iæhs iafbcda, par ea qun ehs vncths inkhynrac cathmenfnctn, nsta gh prapbkbhia qun ne iunøa ine cndakba nstâ hchebzhcia eh pasbmbebihi in bckrnfncthr ne prnkba in eh knrvnzh phrh kafpncshr eh ibsfbcukbûc in ehs vncths y utbebzhr ehs rnins sakbhens, ne karrna y uc sbtba wnm phrh rnhebzhr pumebkbihi.

>.

]nsunevh eh sbdubnctn bctnrradhctn samrn ne khsa in nstuiba pehctnhia<

H.

Kactnstn eas sbdubnctns ncuckbhias (:.> puctas) 8.

=.

Eas kafpacnctns ine hfmbnctn nxtnrca sac ne nctarca< h.

Zümebka y prbvhia

m.

Dncnrhe y nspnkæka

k.

[akbhe y pnrsache

Ehs `unrzhs nxtnrchs qun h`nkthc ibrnkthfnctn ehs inkbsbacns y hkkbacns in eas dnrnctns y tbncnc bfparthckbh ibrnkth phrh ne eadra in eas amlntbvas nstèc kactnfpehihs nc ne nctarca<

M.

h.

Nspnkæka

m.

Bctnrca

k.

Dncnrhe

]nehkbacn ehs `unrzhs nxtnrchs kac eas kafpacnctns ine hfmbnctn nxtnrca he qun karrnspacihc (:.> puctas) @unrzhs nxtnrchs 8. Kebnctns

nspnkæ`bka

Nctarca h. Dncnrhe

=. Kacibkbacns nkacûfbkhs dncnrhe ;. Kafpntbiarns

nspnkæ`bka

9. Drupa in prnsbûc

nspnkæ`bka

EBM]A ZÈD >7-0:

> Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh

^YZE

 

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

@unrzhs nxtnrchs >. Kacibkbacns paeætbka endhens

Nctarca dncnrhe

m. Nspnkæka

0. Kacibkbacns tnkcaeûdbkhs dncnrhe 4. Zravnniarns

nspnkæ`bka

7. Kacibkbacns sakbakueturhens dncnrhe

K.

]nehkbacn ehs hkkbacns suskbthihs qun bcuync nc eh nfprnsh NE

H]YN[HCHE kac khih `unrzh ine nctarca h eh qun karrnspacih. (8 Zucta) Hkkbacns

@unrzhs ine nctarca

8. ]nkehfas in in phirns in `hfbebh

h. Kacibkbacns tnkcaeûdbkhs

y ghmbthctns in eh kbuihi par eh e h D]^ZA[ IN BCYN]Â[ hpnrturh in cndakba in vncth in knrvnzh =. Dustas y prn`nrnckbhs khfmbhctns h eh garh in inkbr eh kafprh ine praiukta ;. Nxbstnckbh in ibvnrshs ibvnrshs tbncihs tbncihs nc eas herniniarns in eh

m. Zravnniarns EBM]A ZHD >7->2

KEBNCYN[

k. Kacibkbacns paeætbka endhens

nfprnsh qun vncinc knrvnzhs trhibkbachens y Zrnfbuf. 9. Zragbmbkbûc in eh vncth in

KAFZNYNCKBH

i. Drupas in bctnrâs

mnmbihs hekagûebkhs eas iæhs iafbcda par phrtn in eas ardhcbsfas nsththens >. ^sa in rnins sakbhens, sakbhens, ne ne karrna y uc sbtba wnm phrh rnhebzhr pumebkbihi.

KACIBKBACN[ ZAEBYBKA ENDHEN[ n. Kebnctns

KACIBK KAC IBKBA BACN[ CN[ YNK YNKCAE CAE DBK DBKH[ H[

0. ]ntrhsas nc nc eh nctrndh in in eh

`. Kafpntnckbh

fhtnrbh prbfh par eh pnrsach

Z]APNNIA]N[

nckhrdhih

0 FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH

 

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

Z]ND^CYH ;

8.

 Hktbvbihi in hprncibzhln<  Hpebkhr y hchebzhr ne praknsa in tafh in inkbsbacns

=.

Ynfh< Eas dnrnctns kafa tafhiarns in inkbsbacns

;.

Kafpntnckbh h eh qun hparth eh hktbvbihi<  Hpebkh nenfnctas y gnrrhfbncths ine praknsa hifbcbstrhtbva nc ardhcbzhkbacns

9.

Arbncthkbacns fntaiaeûdbkhs (nstrhtndbhs in trhmhla)< h.

]nvbshr eas kactncbias rnehkbachias h eh tafh in inkbsbacns y su praknsa nc ne khpætuea snbs ine tnxta mèsbka, y kafpenfnctn ne nstuiba kac eh duæh ibièktbkh.

m.

Binctbqun kehrhfnctn ehs nthphs qun kafprncin ne praknsa in tafh in inkbsbacns

k.

Kacsuetn nc nfprnshs in su eakhebihi ne praknsa qun hpebkhc phrh tafhr inkbsbacns y kafpèrnea kac ne praknsa nstuibhia, kac neea nsthmenzkh ib`nrnckbhs y snfnlhczhs

i.

]nhebkn uch enkturh kafprncsbvh in eh chrrhkbûc prapunsth nc ne nlnfpea in tafh in inkbsbacns qun sn inskrbmn h kactbcuhkbûc

n.

Nc mhsn he nlnfpea praknih h kactnsthr ehs prnducths pehctnhihs. YAFH IN INKB[BACN[ 

Eh tafh in inkbsbacns ns kacsbinrhih kafa eh nenkkbûc in uch hetnrchtbvh nctrn ehs ibspacbmens h n`nktas in saeukbachr uc pramenfh, bcvaeukrh uc praknsa eûdbka in taias eas `hktarns qun h`nkthc eas rnsuethias in uch inkbsbûc, ca ns uc sbfpen hkta in nendbr. Eas dnrnctns in taias eas cbvnens y in taihs ehs èrnhs in eh nfprnsh tafhc inkbsbacns, ns inkbr ghknc nenkkbacns. Zar nlnfpea eas dnrnctns in cbvne heta tafhc inkbsbacns samrn pradrhfhs in praiukkbûc, iûcin umbkhr bcsthehkbacns in fhcu`hkturh a h quâ cunvas fnrkhias nctrhr. Eas dnrnctns in cbvne fniba y mhla tafhc inkbsbacns samrn pradrhfhs in praiukkbûc, pramenfhs in khebihi in praiukta, kafucbkhkbûc, ntk.

4 ^YZE

Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

Mhla nsths kacsbinrhkbacns nc uch nfprnsh kafnrkbhebzhiarh in praiuktas in prbfnrh cnknsbihi, ne dnrnctn in kafnrkbhebzhkbûc gh intnrfbchia qun sus ibstrbmubiarns Khreas y Luhc cnknsbthc uc khfbûc pnqunøa phrh nctrndhr eas praiuktas nc munc nsthia y in `arfh apartuch nc ehs ib`nrnctns tbncihs in eh kbuihi. Ne dnrnctn shmn qun nxbstnc ib`nrnctns apkbacns nc ne fnrkhia nctrn neehs Yayath, Cbsshc, Kgnvraent, Paeva, Gbca, Khtnrpbeehr, nctrn atrhs? pnra hctns in saebkbthr uch pra`arfh ghc hchebzhia ehs khrhktnræstbkhs qun inmnc kufpebr ne khfbûc phrh snr hiqubrbia, nctrn neehs sn gh incbia qun ea qun sn vh h tafhr nc kuncth ns eh khphkbihi in khrdh, kasta, kbebcirhln, kacsufa in kafmustbmen, dhrhctæh y sndura. Kacsbinrhcia eh bfparthckbh in ehs khrhktnræstbkhs ine hutafatar nc uch nskheh ine 8 he > sn gh nsthmenkbia ne sbdubnctn arinc< Khphkbihi in khrdh(>), kasta (9), dhrhctæh y sndura (;), kacsufa in kafmustbmen (=) y kbebcirhln (8).  Hgarh mbnc, uch vnz incbia ne tbpa in hutafatar, ehs khrhktnræstbkhs y ehs apkbacns nxbstnctns nc ne fnrkhia, sn praknin h vnrbkhr kuèe in neehs kufpen in fnlar fhcnrh ehs nxbdnckbhs nsthmenkbihs. Eunda in eh vnrbkhkbûc sn intnrfbch qun eh fnlar apkbûc ns ne khfbûc in fhrkh Gbca< par ea thcta ne dnrnctn hutarbzh y sn rnhebzh eh kafprh in eas khfbacns pnqunøas phrh eas ibstrbmubiarns.

>.

]nsunevh eh sbdubnctn bctnrradhctn samrn ne nlnfpea pehctnhia<

H.

]nspacih eas sbdubnctns ncuckbhias (:.>) 8.

=.

Kuèe ns eh üetbfh nthph ine praknsa in tafh in inkbsbacns h.

[nenkkbûc in eh hetnrchtbvh

m.

Bfpenfncthkbûc in eh hetnrchtbvh

k.

Nvheuhkbûc in eh n`nktbvbihi in eh inkbsbûc

EBM]A ZHD 8=8

Eh inkbsbûc qun tafû ne dnrnctn in kafnrkbhebzhkbûc nc ne nlnfpea inskrbta eh gbza mhla uc nsknchrba phrh eh tafh in inkbsbacns in<

7

h.

Knrtbiufmrn

m.

]bnsda

k.

Bcknrtbiufmrn

D^BH ZHD ;>

FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

M.

Kac eh `chebihi in nsthmenknr uch snkunckbh eûdbkh ine praknsa in

tafh in inkbsbacns, snenkkbacn eh hetnrchtbvh karrnkth qun kactbncn eas ncuckbhias nc arinc. (8 pucta)

K.

8.

Zacinrhkbûc in krbtnrbas.

=.

Hcèebsbs in hetnrchtbvhs

;.

Binctbkhkbûc ine pramenfh

9.

Bfpenfncthkbûc in hetnrchtbvh

>.

Binctbkhkbûc in krbtnrbas in inkbsbûc

0.

[nenkkbûc in hetnrchtbvh

4.

Inshrraeea in hetnrchtbvhs

7.

Nvheuhkbûc in eh n`nktbvbihi in eh inkbsbûc h.

0, 7, 8, >, 9, =, ;, 4.

m.

7, =, 8, >, 4, ;, 0, 9.

k.

;, >, 8, 4, =, 0, 9, 7 W

]nehkbacn ehs hkkbacns inskrbths nc ne nlnfpea kac eh nthph ine praknsa in tafh in inkbsbacns qun karrnspacih. (8.> puctas) Hkkbacns inskrbths nc ne nlnfpea 8. Kafprh in in khfbacns khfbacns pnqunøas pnqunøas phrh eas ibstrbmubiarns =. Ib`nrnctns apkbacns nc ne fnrkhia nctrn neehs Yayath,

Nthph ine praknsa in tafh in inkbsbacns h. Nvheuhkbûc in eh

d. Bfpenfncthkbûc in hetnrchtbvh

n`nktbvbihi in eh inkbsbûc m. Zacinrhkbû Zacinrhkbûc c in krbtnrbas.

n. Inshrraeea in hetnrchtbvhs

Cbsshc, Kgnvraent, Paeva, Gbca, Khtnrpbeehr  ;. Nendbr eh fnlar apkbûc - khfbûc pnqunøa fhrkh Gbca

9. Ibstrbmubiarns cnknsbthc uc khfbûc pnqunøa phrh nctrndhr

k. Binctbkhkbûc ine pramenfh

i. Binctbkhkbûc in eas krbtnrbas in inkbsbûc

g. [nenkkbûc in hetnrchtbvh

k. Binctb`bkhkbûc ine pramenfh

fnrkhinræh nc ehs tbncihs

2

^YZE

Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

Hkkbacns inskrbths nc ne nlnfpea >. Pnrbkhr kuèe in ehs apkbacns kufpen in fnlar fhcnrh ehs

Nthph ine praknsa in tafh in inkbsbacns n. Inshrraeea in hetnrchtbvhs

`. Hcèebsbs in hetnrchtbvhs

nxbdnckbhs nsthmenkbihs

h. Nvheuhkbûc in eh 0. Nthph ine ine praknsa in tafh in inkbsbacns qun ca sn fnckbach

`. Hcèebsbs in hetnrchtbvhs n`nktbvbihi in eh

inkbsbûc

nc ne nlnfpea 4. Binctbkhr ehs khrhktnræstbkhs qun inmn kufpebr ne hutafatar<

d. Bfpenfncthkbûc in hetnrchtbvh

i. Binctb`bkhkbûc in eas krbtnrbas in inkbsbûc

khphkbihi in khrdh, kasta, kbebcirhln, kacsufa in kafmustbmen, dhrhctæh y sndura 7. Arinchr y hsbdchr hsbdchr uch uch puctuhkbûc h ehs khrhktnræstbkhs

g. [nenkkbûc in hetnrchtbvh

m. Zacinrhkbûc in krbtnrbas.

ine khfbûc sndüc su drhia in bfparthckbh< Khphkbihi in khrdh(>), kasta (9), dhrhctæh y sndura (;), kacsufa in kafmustbmen (=) y kbebcirhln (8)

Nstbfhia(h) nstuibhctn, uch vnz rnsuneth su thrnh nc ne iakufncta bfprnsa www.utpe.niu.nk   (marrhiar), hkknih he Nctarca Pbrtuhe in Hprncibzhln (NPH) nc www.utpe.niu.nk n bcdrnsn ehs rnspunsths rnspnktbvhs.

[NØA] N[Y^IBHCYN< En rnkarihfas qun phrh prnsncthrsn h rncibr ehs nvheuhkbacns prnsnckbhens ca nstè pnrfbtbia ne usa in cbcdüc fhtnrbhe huxbebhr (khekuehiarh, ibkkbachrba, ebmras, Mbmebh, `arfuehrbas, kûibdas, enyns, ntk.) Ehs prunmhs prnsnckbhens nstèc ibsnøhihs phrh inshrraeehrehs sbc eh utbebzhkbûc in nstas fhtnrbhens.

8:

FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH  

Yhrnh [nducia mbfnstrn

Z]ND^CYH 8

8.

 Hktbvbihi in hprncibzhln<  Hchebzhr eas nenfnctas kehvns ine ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache

=.

Ynfh< Nstrukturh y ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache

;.

Kafpntnckbh h eh qun hparth eh hktbvbihi<  Hpebkh nenfnctas y gnrrhfbncths ine praknsa hifbcbstrhtbva nc ehs ardhcbzhkbacns

9.

Arbncthkbacns fntaiaeûdbkhs (nstrhtndbhs in trhmhla)< h.

]nvbshr eas kactncbias rnehkbachias h eh nstrukturh y ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache nc ne tnxta mèsbka y eh duæh ibièktbkh

m.

Binctbqun kehrhfnctn kuèens sac nenfnctas ine ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache

k.

Nc nfprnshs in su eakhebihi bcvnstbdun kûfa hpebkhc ehs nfprnshs eas nenfnctas ine ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache, nsta en pnrfbtbrè kafprncinr in fnlar fhcnrh ne tnfh phrh painr ihr rnspunsth h ehs bctnrradhctns qun sn en pehctnhrèc.

i.

]nhebkn uch enkturh kafprncsbvh ine khsa prapunsta nc eh funmenræh ―Ne snøar ine funmen ―

n.

Nc mhsn he khsa praknih h kactnsthr ehs prnducths pehctnhihs.

N[Y]^KY^]H R IB[NØA A]DHCB\HKBACHE Nc eh hktuhebihi ne fnrkhia ns khih vnz fès nxbdnctn, sn khrhktnrbzhr par kactbcuas khfmbas, rèpbih nvaeukbûc tnkcaeûdbkh y kebnctns kac dustas y prn`nrnckbhs khfmbhctns? nsta gh pravakhia qun ehs nfprnshs inmhc inshrraeehr nstrhtndbhs nfprnshrbhens apartuchs qun kactrbmuyhc he inshrraeea y fnlarhfbncta in eh khebihi, eh nkbnckbh, eh praiuktbvbihi ardhcbzhkbache y eh kafpntbtbvbihi nc ne fnrkhia. Hctn neea eh funmenræh

88

Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh

^YZE

 

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

―Ne snøar ine funmen‖ prntncin rnhebzhr uch rnnstrukturhkbûc tathe in eh nstrukturh y ne ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache in eh nfprnsh par ea qun ne dnrnctn kac ne c in eadrhr fhyar nkbnckbh nc ne ula in hktbvbihins ehmarhens gh inkbia ardhcbzhr y hdruphr sus hktbvbihins par inphrthfnctas nspnkækas, kafa sn funstrh h kactbcuhkbûc.

Nsth inphrthfncthebzhkbûc pnrfbtn qun ehs thrnhs in eh ardhcbzhkbûc sn ibvbihc nc trhmhlas snphrhias. Khih phsa ns kafpenthia par uch pnrsach ib`nrnctn? kac nsta khih trhmhlhiar sn kacvbnrtn nc uc nxpnrta nc su èrnh `uckbache y punin nlnkuthr ehs thrnhs kac hetas cbvnens in nkbnckbh ea qun sn rnnlh nc uch fnlar praiuktbvbihi.  Hsæ fbsfa gh nsthmenkbia uch eæcnh kactbcuh in hutarbihi qun sn nxtbncin in eas cbvnens fès hetas in eh ardhcbzhkbûc ghkbh eas fès mhlas, ea qun gh pnrfbtbia nsthmenknr y nspnkbkhr kehrhfnctn h qubâc inmn rnparthrsn khih uca in eas trhmhlhiarns in eh nfprnsh. Zar atrh phrtn eas ibrnktbvas sac kacskbnctns in qun phrh eadrhr uc munc insnfpnøa in eh ardhcbzhkbûc ns cnknshrba inshrraeehr khphkbihins phrh eh tafh in inkbsbacns nc ne fhrka in uch cunvh vbsbûc y amlntbvas nstrhtâdbkas, par neea gh inkbibia qun taih inkbsbûc in bfphkta phrh eh nfprnsh snrè tafhih nc mhsn h uc praknsa y in `arfh druphe, kac eh phrtbkbphkbûc y hpartn ine pnrsache in eh nfprnsh, in nsth `arfh sn nsthrè nvbthcia snsdas bcibvbiuhens. Hinfès sn gh incbia y nsthmenkbia cbvnens in inkbsbûc phrh htncinr in `arfh bcfnibhth thrnhs rutbchrbhs, ns inkbr sn gh nfpainrhia he pnrsache phrh tafhr inkbsbacns. @bchefnctn phrh eadhr nkbnckbh nc ne inshrraeea in ehs hktbvbihins par phrtn ine pnrsache sn ens gh incbia kehrhfnctn ehs `uckbacns qun inmnc insnfpnøhr nc su punsta in trhmhla, sn ens gh nctrndhia uc fhcuhe in `uckbacns y in praknibfbnctas y sn gh sakbhebzhia ehs paeætbkhs y carfhs in eh nfprnsh.

8=

FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

>.

]nsunevh eh sbdubnctn bctnrradhctns samrn ne khsa in nstuiba pehctnhia< H.

Kactnstn eas sbdubnctns ncuckbhias. (8 Zucta) 8.

=.

±Kuèens in eas sbdubnctns nenfnctas `arfhc phrtn ine ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache1 h.

Fbsbûc, vbsbûc y vhearns

m.

Yrhfa in kactrae, khinch in fhcia y `arfhebzhkbûc

k.

Nstrhtndbh, thfhøa y tnkcaeadæh

Kuèe ns ne tbpa in inphrthfncthebzhkbûc qun pnrfbtn eadrhr fhyar nkbnckbh nc ne ula in hktbvbihins ehmarhens

M.

h.

Zar praknsas

m.

Zar kebnctns

k.

Zar praiuktas

Kac eh `chebihi in nsthmenknr uch snkunckbh eûdbkh in ehs nthphs ine

inshrraeea in drupas praknih h snenkkbachr eh hetnrchtbvh karrnkth qun kactbncn ehs nthphs ine inshrraeea in drupas nc arinc. (:.> Zuctas) 8.

H quâ tbpa in inphrthfncthebzhkbûc karrnspacin ne pehctnhia par ne dnrnctn in eh funmenræh ―Ne snøar ine funmen‖

h.

Zar `uckbacns

m.

Zar praknsas

k.

Zar praiuktas

8;

^YZE

Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

K.

]nehkbacn ehs hkkbacns rnhebzhihs par eas ibrnktbvas in eh funmenræh ―Ne snøar ine funmen‖ kac khih nenfncta ine ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache. (8 Zucta) Hktbvbihi qun rnhebzû ne dnrnctn a ibrnktbvas

Nenfncta ine ibsnøa ardhcbzhkbache

Ardhcbzhr y hdruphr sus hktbvbihins h. @arfhebzhkbûc par inphrthfnctas nspnkækas Ibvbibr ehs thrnhs in eh ardhcbzhkbûc nc m. Khinch in fhcia trhmhlas snphrhias Nsthmenknr uch eæcnh kactbcuh in k. Nspnkbhebzhkbûc ine hutarbihi qun sn nxtbncin in eas

trhmhla

cbvnens fès hetas in eh ardhcbzhkbûc ghkbh eas fès mhlas Nfpainrhr he pnrsache phrh tafhr i. Inphrthfncthebzhkbûc inkbsbacns rutbchrbhs y kacsbinrhrea nc eh tafh in inkbsbacns in bfphkta in eh nfprnsh Incbr kehrhfnctn ehs `uckbacns in n. Insknctrhebzhkbûc khih punsta in trhmhla y nsthmenknr paeætbkhs, fhcuhe in `uckbacns y in praknibfbncta phrh ne inshrraeea in ehs hktbvbihins

Z]ND^CYH = 

8.

 Hktbvbihi in hprncibzhln<  Hchebzhr ehs ib`nrnctns tnaræhs samrn ebinrhzda

=.

Ynfh< Eas dnrnctns kafa eæinrns

;.

Kafpntnckbh h eh qun hparth eh hktbvbihi<  Hpebkh nenfnctas y gnrrhfbncths ine praknsa hifbcbstrhtbva nc ehs ardhcbzhkbacns

89

FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

9.

Arbncthkbacns fntaiaeûdbkhs (nstrhtndbhs in trhmhla)< h.

]nvbshr eas kactncbias rnehkbachias he ebinrhzda nc ne tnxta mèsbka y eh duæh ibièktbkh

m.

Binctbqun ehs ib`nrnctns tnaræhs y rhsdas in eas eæinrns samrn eh ebinrhzda

k.

Intnrfbcn ehs khrhktnræstbkhs in khih uch in ehs tnaræhs y rhsdas in eas eæinrns

i.

>.

Zraknih h kactnsthr eh prnducth pehctnhih.

]nsunevh eh sbdubnctn bctnrradhctn samrn ehs tnaræhs in eh fatbvhkbûc<

EBIN]H\DA Ehs pnrsachs sn ghc bctnrnshia par ne ebinrhzda insin qun kafnczhrac h hdruphrsn phrh eadrhr eas amlntbvas. [bc nfmhrda, ca `un ghsth eh prbfnrh phrtn ine sbdea WW qun eas bcvnstbdhiarns rnhefnctn nfpnzhrac h nstuibhr ne ebinrhzda, qun ns ne praknsa in dubhr h uc drupa n bcubr nc âe phrh hekhczhr eas amlntbvas. Ehs tnaræhs hknrkh ine ebinrhzda sn kacknctrhrac nc binctbkhr eas rhsdas in eas eæinrns. Kac nstas hctnkninctns praknih h rnehkbachr ehs khrhktnræstbkhs kac khih uca in eas rhsdas in eas eæinrns.

]H[DA[ 8. Kachczh nc sæ fbsfa

KH]HKYN]Æ[YBKH[ h. Eas eæinrns funstrhc funstrhc uc nenvhia nenvhia cbvne in insnfpnøa, insnfpnøa, tbncnc uc heta insna in eadras, pasnnc fukgh ncnrdæh y tafhc eh bcbkbhtbvh

=. Nxtravnrsbûc

m. Infunstrhc su ibspasbkbûc in tafhr rn rns spacshmbe bebbihins

;. Bfpuesa

k. Kacstruync rnehkbacns in kachczh kac sus sndubiarns, funstrhc uch nenvhih kacsbstnckbh nctrn ea qun ibknc y ea qun ghknc

9. Insna in Ibrbdbr

i. Cnknsbthc infastrhr kachczh phrh kacvncknr h sus sndubiarns in eh rnktbtui in sus amlntbvas

>. Kacakbfbncta

n. Eas eæinrn rns s rn rnü ücnc, sbctntbzhc n bctnrprnthc drhcins khctbihins in bc`arfhkbûc, rnsunevnc pramenfhs y tafhc inkbsbacns karrnkths

0. Gacnstbihi n bctndrbihi

`. Kacaknc samrn eh kafphøæh, eh bciustrbh bciustrbh y eas hspnktas hspnktas tâkcbkas

8>

^YZE

Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

]H[DA[ 4. Bctnebdnckbh

KH]HKYN]Æ[YBKH[ d. [ac sakbhmens, hsnrtbvas y rhrh vnz kheehias a rntrhæias

Z]ND^CYH ;

8.

 Hktbvbihi in hprncibzhln<  Hpebkhr y hchebzhr ehs nthphs ine praknsa ine kactrae

=.

Ynfh< Bctraiukkbûc he kactrae

;.

Kafpntnckbh h eh qun hparth eh hktbvbihi<  Hpebkh nenfnctas y gnrrhfbncths ine praknsa hifbcbstrhtbva nc ehs ardhcbzhkbacns

9.

Arbncthkbacns fntaiaeûdbkhs (nstrhtndbhs in trhmhla)< h.

]nvbshr eas kactncbias rnehkbachias h eh bctraiukkbûc he kactrae nc ne tnxta mèsbka y eh duæh ibièktbkh

m.

Nsthmenzkh kuèens sac ehs nthphs ine kactrae y sus khrhktnræstbkhs.

k.

Nc nfprnshs in su eakhebihi bcvnstbdun sb hpebkhc ehs nthphs ine praknsa in kactrae, kac ne c in kacaknr in knrkh eh rnhebihi nfprnshrbhe y prnphrhrsn phrh hchebzhr ne sbdubnctn khsa prapunsta.

i.

]nhebkn uch enkturh kafprncsbvh ine khsa prapunsta nc eh nfprnsh ―Ne enkgnrbta ―

n.

Nc mhsn he khsa praknih h kactnsthr ehs prnducths pehctnhihs.

KACY]AE R [^ Z]AKN[A ―Ne enkgnrbta‖ ns uch Zyfn `hfbebhr, kuyas prapbnthrbas sac ias gnrfhcas, eas fbsfas qun nlnrknc eh Ibrnkkbûc in eh nctbihi ibstrbmuyâciasn ehs `uckbacns in Dnrnctn y  Hifbcbstrhtbva-Apnrhtbva. Ibspacn in 8: trhmhlhiarns qun ghc sbia kactrhthias nc mhsn h eh hfbsthi a ehza `hfbebhr y par rnkafncihkbacns in atras nfpenhias.

80

FAIHEBIHI HMBN]YH R H IB[YHCKBH  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

Nc nsth ardhcbzhkbûc khih trhmhlhiar he bcdrnshr rnkbmn uc kursa in bciukkbûc y khphkbthkbûc phrh qun sn insnfpnøn nkbnctnfnctn, eunda sn en hsbdch h su punsta in trhmhla y sn en bc`arfh samrn ehs paeætbkhs bcstbtukbachens, ehs `uckbacns qun inmn insnfphøhr y ea qun sn nspnrh in âe. Zhrh hsndurhrsn qun ne praknsa in praiukkbûc sn rnhebkn hinkuhihfnctn ne supnrvbsar sn nckhrdh in vbdbehr in knrkh ne inshrraeea in ehs hktbvbihins y nc khsa in nxbstbr pramenfhs, nrrarns a hcafheæhs sn karrbdnc in bcfnibhta phrh ca hdrhcihr ne pramenfh n bckurrbr nc saeukbacns kastashs. Ne Dnrnctn Dncnrhe gh hchebzhia eh bc`arfhkbûc in ehs vncths (nc ucbihins y nc vhear facnthrba) in eh nfprnsh ine høa nc kursa y nstn rnsuethia ea gh kafphrhia kac ehs vncths in eas ; høas hctnrbarns, ea qun en gh pnrfbta intnkthr qun ehs vncths nc ne üetbfa høa ghc ibsfbcubia nc uc 4%. Hctn neea gh kacvakhia h uch rnucbûc h su sakba phrh binctbkhr ehs khushs in eh khæih in ehs vncths in eh nfprnsh y muskhr hetnrchtbvhs phrh saeukbachr ne pramenfh. @ruta in eh rnucbûc ghc inkbia rnvbshr eas praknsas y eh khebihi in sus praiuktas kac ne c in hsndurhrsn qun nstâc hkarin h ea nstbpuehia par eh ardhcbzhkbûc, hsæ kafa thfmbâc bfpenfncthrèc bcfnibhthfnctn uc pehc in bcknctbvas he pnrsache y prnfbhr he fnlar vnciniar ine høa. Nsta pnrfbtbrè vaevnr h nckhfbchr h eh nfprnsh y eadrhr eas amlntbvas pehctnhias.

>.

]nsunevh eh sbdubnctns bctnrradhctns samrn ne khsa in nstuiba pehctnhia< H.

]nspacih eas sbdubnctns ncuckbhias (8 Zuctas) 8.

[b eh nfprnsh bfphrtn uc kursa in bciukkbûc y khphkbthkbûc h eas cunvas trhmhlhiarns hctns in qun bcbkbnc sus hktbvbihins nc eh nfprnsh kac ne c in qun sn insnfpnønc nkbnctnfnctn, nstè hpebkhcia uc tbpa in kactrae<

=.

h. m.

Zrnvnctbva Kackurrnctn

k.

In rntrahebfncthkbûc

Kuhcia eh nfprnsh ―Ne enkgnrbta‖ inkbin bfpenfncthrèc uc pehc in bcknctbvas he pnrsache y prnfbhr he fnlar vnciniar ine høa phrh rnkupnrhr ehs vncths in eh nfprnsh nstè hpebkhcia uc tbpa in kactrae. h.

Zrnvnctbva

m.

Kackurrnctn

k.

In rntrahebfncthkbûc

84

^YZE

Eh ^cbvnrsbihi Khtûebkh in Ealh  

Yhrnh< Hifbcbstrhkbûc B

M.

Kac eh `chebihi in nsthmenknr uch snkunckbh eûdbkh in ehs nthphs ine

praknsa in kactrae praknih h snenkkbachr eh hetnrchtbvh karrnkth qun kactbncn ehs nthphs ine inshrraeea in drupas nc arinc. (:.> Zuctas)

K.

8.

Yafh in hkkbacns hifbcbstrhtbvhs

=.

Fnibkbûc ine insnfpnøa rnhe

;.

Kafphrhkbûc h.

8,;,=

m.

;, 8,=

k.

=,;,8

]nehkbacn ehs hkkbacns rnhebzhihs par eas ibrnktbvas in eh nfprnsh ―Ne enkgnrbta‖ kac khih nthph ine praknsa in kactrae. (8 Zucta) Hktbvbihi qun rnhebzû ne dnrnctn 8. Nvheuhkbûc in eh bc`arfhkbûc in ehs vncths nc ucbihins y nc vhear facnthrba ine høa nc kursa =. ]nhebzh uch uch kafphrhkbûc kafphrhkbûc in eas

@uckbûc hifbcbstrhtbvh h. Yafh in hkkbacns hifbcbstrhtbvhs m. Kafphrhkbûc

rnsuethias in vncths hktuhens kac eas in eas ; høas hctnrbarns, intnkthcia uch ibsfbcukbûc ine 4% ;. Inkbin rnvbshr eas praknsas y eh khebihi in sus praiuktas, hsæ

k. Fnibkbûc ine insnfpnøa rnhe

kafa thfmbâc bfpenfncthrèc uc pehc in bcknctbvas he pnrsache y prnfbhr he fnlar vnciniar ine høa

Nstbfhia(h) nstuibhctn, uch vnz rnsuneth su thrnh nc ne iakufncta bfprnsa (marrhiar), hkknih he Nctarca Pbrtuhe in Hprncibzhln (NPH) nc www.utpe.niu.nk www.utpe.niu.nk   n bcdrnsn ehs rnspunsths rnspnktbvhs.

[NØA] N[Y^IBHCYN< En rnkarihfas qun phrh prnsncthrsn h rncibr ehs nvheuhkbacns prnsnckbhens ca nstè pnrfbtbia ne usa in cbcdüc fhtnrbhe huxbebhr (khekuehiarh, ibkkbachrba, ebmras, Mbmebh, `arfuehrbas, kûibdas, enyns, ntk.) Ehs prunmhs prnsnckbhens nstèc ibsnøhihs phrh inshrraeehrehs sbc eh utbebzhkbûc in nstas fhtnrbhens.

87