Tarea 3 - Grupo 203038 - 39
September 21, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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[djnmn 95 ^mrkm 9 - Jbpakbkdtmr ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd ild vjsumajzmijùd Akn Kstunjmdtks5 E`ldmtmd Ytkvkd Yídi`kz gjkrrl5 =309:6:67?> Imrals Mafkrtl Fldkt5 Ekggkrsld Wkaísqukz5 Eumd Ykfmstjíd Vujz5 Eksõs Knwjd rlems5
Orupl Ilamflrmtjvl5 639390\9: Dlbfrk nka nlikdtk5 Êafkr Gkrdmdnl Imbkal Dlbfrk nka iursl5 Jdstrubkdtmijùd
[djvkrsjnmn Dmijldma Mfjkrtm y m Njstmdijm ’ [DMN Ksiukam nk Ijkdijms Físjims, ^kidlaloâm k Jdokdjkrâm 6363
Jdtrlnuiijùd
Kd ka sjoujkdtk nliubkdtl sk plnríd `mikr nksmrrlaals nk njgkrkdtks mitjvjnmnks ams iumaks aakvmríd ildsjol jbíokdks y nkbís pmrm plnkr alormr quk ka nksmrrlaal nk am mitjvjnmn kd iukstjùd skm bís aõnjil y tkdom bís jbpmitl kd als plsjfaks akitlrks. Nk jouma bmdkrm kd ka plnrkbls kdildtrmr vmrjls tkbms nk jdtkrês ilbl am ijkdijm, tkidlaloâm k jddlvmijùd quk vmd nk am bmdl ild am jdokdjkrâm y sk rkamijldmd ild am fõsquknm y slauijùd m prlfakbms m al amrol nka tjkbpl.
MSLV^K NKA KY^[NJMD^K5 E[MD YKFMY^JMD V[JU
Mitjvjnmnks m nksmrrlaamr - Jdnjvjnuma
Smsl =5 Jnkdtjgjquk kd ka bkrimnl dmijldma 6 skdslrks ilbkrijmaks y nk fmel ilstl, pmrm bknjijùd nk maoudm nk ams sjoujkdtks vmrjmfaks gâsjims, nê m ildlikr prkijl y imrmitkrâstjims nka skdslr5
Sksl ’ Njstmdijm ’ ^kbpkrmturm ’ @ubknmn ’ vjfrmijùd.
Dltm5 Dl mpajim ka AB9;.
Vkgkrkdijm nka skdslr Gltl nka skdslr
Imrmitkrâstjims
^jpl skdslr
n k
Ykdslr `ubkm n
n k
Srkijl
Blnkal5 N@^== Majbkdtmijùd5 9,; m ;W Ildsubl56,; bM Ykýma nk smajnm5 Njojtma
^kbpkrmturm Vmdol5 3℉I m ;3℉I Srkijsjùd56;℉I ½ 6℉I Vkslauijùd5 =℉I (0 fjt) @ubknmn Vmdol5 63% V@ m :3%V@ Srkijsjùd5 3℉I y =%V@ ;3℉I ½;% V@ Vkslauijùd5
;.;33 $
Njskýmnl
ild
tkrbjdma
nk
`lrqujaam, `lrquja am, am skiijùd skiijùd nk rkslrtk rkslrtk gakxjfak sk puknk nlfamr gíijabkdtk pmrm ud usl kspkijma. Mbpajl rmdol nk bknjijùd nk 3733 ormnls
ikdtâ ikdtâormnls. ormnls. Yld
mbpajmbkdtk utjajzmnls kd ka imbpl
nk
am
morjiuaturm,
jdnustrjm,
als
am
prlnuitls
^krbliupam
quâbjils y ltrls ildtrlamnlrks nk tkbpkrmturm mutlbmtjzmnls. ^jpl5 ^jpl
H
tkbpkrmturm5 3 ℉ I-733 ℉ I Bmtk Bm tkrj rjma ma55
Bktm Bktma, a,
Dyal Dyaldd
Aldojtun nka imfak5 6B / 7.7Gt Ams kspkijgjimijldks kspkijgjimijldks nk am sldnm5 9. 9.;; B7
*
6;
bb ^lrd ^lrdja jaal al
=>.333 $
. = l s m p a k d k s l t j r i s k n s k r l s d k 6 l s m s l a k n l d u o a m l n d m s u , m i j s g k a f m j r m v m d u m n j b a m u i a k d k , m i j d ù r t i k a k d ù j i m t d k b u r t s d j k n m b k t s j s d u m o d l p l r S 5
Imdtjnmn5 =SI ^kdom kd iukdtm quk ka tlrdjaal ks rlsim bêtrjim
Smsl 65 Srlpldom ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmi jdstrubkdtmijùd jùd kakitrùdj kakitrùdjim, im, kd ka iuma bjnm udm vmrjmfak vmrjmfak gâsjim kd ud kdtlrdl rkma, uusmdnl smdnl maoudl maoudl nk als skdslrks nksirjtls nksirjtls kd ka ka pmsl =. (Bmx. =3 aâdkms).
Yjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd y ildtrla nk vmrjmfaks nk tkbpkrmturm y `ubknmn rkamtjvm
Vkouamijùd nk am tkbpkrmturm y am `ubknmn rkamtjvm Smrm rkmajzmr kstk sjstkbm sk nkfk jdstmamr ud skdslr V@^39 quk pkrbjtk am akiturm nk ams nls vmrjmfaks ild ud slal njsplsjtjvl, jnkm quk dl rkqujkrk nk kakbkdtls mnjijldmaks pmrm su pukstm kd gudijldmbjkdtl8 kstk skdslr skd slr kdtrkom ams akiturms kd glrbmtl njojtma m trmvês nk ud prltlilal skrjma nk 6 `jals ild udm rkslauijùd kd `ubknmn rkamtjvm nk +- 3,= % y pmrm tkbpkrmturm nk +- 3,6 µI. Smrm ka ildtrla nk kstms vmrjmfaks sk pjkdsm kd jdstmamr udm ilbfjdmijùd nk mitumnlrks, ildglrbmnls plr ud sjstkbm nk gauel glrzmnl nk mjrk quk jdykitm mjrk m djvka nka sukal y al kxtrmk plr am pmrtk bís matm nka jdvkrdmnkrl m trmvês nk nls vkdtjamnlrks _JDNZ 6>_G ild udm impmijnmn nk >:;3 IGB mitjvmnl plr rkaês y ud sjstkbm nk mspkrslrks sk ufjimrmd kd am pmrtk matm ildglrbmnls plr =6 bjirlmspkrslrks y udm bmdoukrm nk plajktjakdl nk 9/> y mitjvmnls plr udm kakitrlvíavuam pmrm amvmnlrm nk fmel ilstl. Smrm am rkouamijùd nk am `ubknmn nka sukal sk pldnrí kd bmri`m ud skdslr YKD3==> quk kdtrkom udm smajnm mdmaùojim nk 3 m ;W nk fmel ilstl, quk pkrbjtk bknjr ka djvka nk smturmijùd nka moum kd ka sukal y ud sjstkbm.
Mitjvjnmnks m nksmrrlaamr - Ilamflrmtjvl
Smsl 95 Njskýmr y sjbuamr kd slgtwmrk IMN ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd kd ka iuma 5
Jbpakbkdtk ud skdslr nk als jnkdtjgjimnls kd ka pmsl =, sjbuak su gudijldmbjkdtl y njskýk udm ktmpm nk ksimajzmijùd kd am iuma lftkdom m am smajnm udm ksimam nk 3W =>W.
Yk suojkrk usmr ud MN763 u ltrl mbpajgjimnlr nk jdstrubkdtmijùd, puknk rkmajzmr ams mnkiumijldks quk ildsjnkrk dkiksmrjms pmrm lftkdkr am smajnm slajijtmnm.
O2
Jbpakbkdtk vjsumajzmijùd plr Akns pmrm am ksimam nk 3W ’ =>W.
>:.> h Ϊ
VO
+=
Imaiual pmrm `maamr Vo O2
O2
=> v 3.37:;
O263=.>
>:.> h Ϊ
VO
263=.>
+=
Nkspkemdnl Nkspk emdnl
O2
>:.> h 63=.>
Ϊ
∖=
Lpkrmdnl O26>; Ϊ
(
V = V 6
(
V = V 6
W lut 2W Vkg ∟ =+
=> v
2=.6;∟ = +
=> v
2=.6;∟
=> v 6>;
(
2
(
6>;
6>;
(
) )
+ V 6
6>;
)
+ V 6
6>;
V 6 + 6>;2
)
∟
)
=> 6>; =.6;
V 626?>> ∖6>; V 626>:: Ϊ V 626.; h Ϊ
(
W lut 2W Vkg ∟ =+
V = V 6
)
= => v
2
=> v
2=.6;
=> v 6>::
=.6;
(
2
( ∟(
∟ + V V 9 =
6>::
)
+ V 6
6>::
(
)
+ V 9
6>::
6>::
V 9 + 6>::2
)
∟
)
=> 6>:: =.6;
V 926?:00 ∖6>:: V 926;>0: Ϊ
V 926; h Ϊ
MSLV^K KY^[NJMD^K5 IMVALY FLDK^
JD^VLN[IIJÙD Jdstrubkdtmijùd kakitrùdjim ks am pmrtk nk am kakitrùdjim, prjdijpmabkdtk mdmaùojim, quk sk kdimrom nka njskýl y bmdkel nk als mpmrmtls kakitrùdjils y kaêitrjils, slfrk tlnl pmrm su usl kd bknjijld bknjijldks. ks. Kd ka sjouj sjoujkdt kdtkk trm trmfme fmell ustkn ustkn kdildtr kdildtrmrí mrí ka nksmrrl nksmrrlaa aall nk am mitjvjnmn 9-
Jbpakbkdtmr ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd ild vjsumajzmijùd AKN , kd nldnk `mik usl nk mbpa mb pajg jgji jimn mnlrk lrkss lpkrm lpkrmij ijld ldma maks ks pmrm pmrm nk mbpa mbpajg jgji jimr mr am smajn smajnmm nk vlatm vlatmek ek y fusim fusim quk al alss kstunjmdtks jnkdtjgjqukd als njgkrkdtks tjpls nk skdslrks y mpajimijldks ilbl tmbfjêd sk `mik ka usl usl nka nka ij ijri riuj ujtl tl jd jdtk tkor ormn mnll AB AB9: 9:=> => pmrm vjsumajzmr am skýma kaêitrjim plstkrjlrbkdtk mbpajgjimnm plr bknjl nk AKNY.
Mitjvjnmnks m nk nksmrrlaamr smrrlaamr - JJdnjvjnuma dnjvjnuma
Smsl =5 Jnkdtjgjquk kd ka bkrimnl dmijldma 6 skdslrks ilbkrijmaks y nk fmel ilstl, pmrm bknjijùd nk maoudm nk ams sjoujkdtks vmrjmfaks gâsjims, nê m ildlikr prkijl y imrmitkrâstjims nka skdslr5 Sksl ’ Njstmdijm ’ ^kbpkrmturm ’ @ubknmn ’ vjfrmijùd. Dltm5 Dl mpajim ka AB9;.
Vkgkrkdijm nka skdslr - Ka skdslr Y_->63 ks nk tjpl dlrbmabkdtk Ikrrmnl. - Am skýma nk smajnm nka ilbpmrmnlr ks ajbpjm, fukdm glrbm nk ldnm, gíija nk ildtrlamr, ildsubk bís nk =;bM. - Ka vlatmek nk trmfmel ks nk 9.9W m ;W. - Glrbmtl nk smajnm5 Ildbutmijùd njojtma X3 - =R. - ^jkdk lrjgjijl nk bldtmek pmrm gíija jdstmamijùd. - ^mbmýl nk am SIF5 9.6ib x =.>ib. - [tjajzm ka AB9:9 ilbl ilbpmrmnlr Y_->63
Wjfrm ijùd
=0. 33 3
Vmdol nk bknjijùd Vmdol nk grkiukdijm Ymajnm
3 ... 6;,> bb/s =3 @z ... = h@z > ... 63 bM
Vkslauijùd Vkprlnuijfjajnmn Vmdol nk tkbpkrmturm ^kdsjùd nk majbkdtmijùd ^jkbpl nk rkspukstm (nkdtrl nka 6 % nka vmalr) Mjsambjkdtl kaêitrjil Njbkdsjldks Sksl ^rmdsnuitlr Vlsim pmrm ka bldtmek nk Wjfrmijùd SIK-WBY =33
Smr nk mprjktk Bmtkrjma nk am imrimsm Ildkxjldks Slsjijùd nk am ildkxjùd Ildkxjldks kaêitrjims (Sjd M) Ildkxjldks kaêitrjims (Sjd F)
3,=9 bb/s rbs ½= % ->3 ... +0; µI =6 .. 93 WNI 1=; s 4=30 l`bjls 6;,> x 77 bb =9= o =/>-60 [DG
Wjfrm ijùd
> ... ? Db mikrl jdlxjnmfak 6-Sjd BJA-I-;3=; mrrjfm > ... 63 bM Sls (+) > ... 63 bM Dko (-)
Smsl 65 Srlpldom ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd kakitrùdjim, kd ka iuma bjnm udm vmrjmfak gâsjim kd ud kdtlrdl rkma, usmdnl maoudl nk als skdslrks nksirjtls kd ka pmsl =. (Bmx. =3 aâdkms)
Smrm am pmrtk mutlb mutlbltrjz. ltrjz. @k ksilojnl ksilojnl ud skdslr nk tkbpkrmturm tkbpkrmturm ym quk udm nk ams pmrtks buy jbplrtmdtk nk als vk`âiuals ks am bknjijùd nk tkbpkrmturm nka kvmplrmnlr. Srlpldol ud ijriujtl quk pkrbjtm bknjr am tkbpkrmturm ild ud skdslr ka iuma iuma tjkd tjkdkk qu qukk kst kstmr mr
jd jdil ilrpl rplrm rmnl nl kd ka kvmplrm kvmplrmnlr nlr nka vk vk`â `âiu iual al pmrm pmrm pl plnkr nkr
bldjtlrkmr bldjt lrkmr su tkb tkbpkrmtur pkrmturm, m, ka iuma sk akkrí akkrí sus nmt nmtls ls plr bknjl nk ud jdtkormnl jdtkormnl y ms msââ bjsb bjsbll sk kd kdvj vjmr mrmm ud udmm ským skýmaa pl plsj sjtj tjvm vm pm pmrm rm mi mitj tjvm vmrr ud rk rkak akvl vl iu iumd mdnl nl am tkbpkrmturm tkbpk rmturm nka kvmplrmnlr skm bís matm y njgkrkdtk njgkrkdtk nk am quk `mym skakiijldmnl skakiijldmnl ka ildnuitlr nka vk`âiual kd su pmdka nk ildtrla, aukol ilrtmrm am skýma plsjtjvm iumdnl
7.3 33
am tkbpkrmturm nka kvmplrmnlr skm jouma m am skakiijldmnm plr ka ildnuitlr nka vk`âiual. Ka rkakvl ildtrlamrm am flfjdm nka ilbprkslr quk skrí am kdimromnm nk quk ka ilbprkslr kdomdi`k l nkskdomdi`k.
Mitjvjnmnks m nksmrrlaamr - Ilamflrmtjvl
Smsl 95 Njskýmr y sjbuamr kd slgtwmrk IMN ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd kd ka iuma5
Jbpa Jb pakb kbkd kdtk tk ud sk skds dslr lr nk als jnkdt nkdtjjgj gjim imnl nlss kd ka pm pmsl sl =, sj sjb buak uak su gudijldmbjkdtl y njskýk udm ktmpm nk ksimajzmijùd kd am iuma lftkdom m am smajnm udm ksimam nk 3W - =>W. Yk suojkrk usmr ud MN763 u ltrl mbpajgjimnlr nk jdstrubkdtmijùd, puknk rkmajzmr ams kiumijldks quk ildsjnkrk dkiksmrjms pmrm lftkdkr am smajnm slajijtmnm. Smrm bj njskýl `k usmnl udm tkrbliupam ^jpl H kd SVL^K[Y am iuma tjkdk ud rmdol nk -6?3℉ m =993℉ Ikasjus y dls lgrkik udm smajnm kd Wlatjls nk5 ∖6?3 ³ 2∖7.>7 bW =993 ³
2;9.> bW
Ymfjkdnl kstls nmtls ka pmsl m skoujr ksimamr kstk vlatmek pmrm quk am smajnm skm nk 3W M =>W, ks nkijr5 ∖6?3 ³ 23 W =993
=>
³2
W
Smrm kaal am omdmdijm nk dukstrl sjstkbm nkfk skr am sjoujkdtk5 O2
=> W
2 676.=?
;9.> bW
@mfjkdnl lftkdjnl am omdmdijm, usl ud MN763 pmrm mbpajgjimr am smajnm y pmrm kaal nktkrbjdl ka vmalr nk dukstrm Vo5 VO 2
>:.> H Ϊ
O ∖=
2
>:.> H Ϊ 676.=?
∖=
2=0:.=;
Gjourm =. Yjbuamijùd, ildgjourmijùd nka MN763 y kvjnkdijm nk als =>W nk smajnm
Gjourm =.= Ymajnm pmrm -6?3³ dkomtjvm
M`lrm ksimajzmbls als vlatmeks mbpajgjimnls plr ka MN763
Wlatmeks mbpajgjimnls ∖6?3 ↖∖7.>: bW ( ( O ) ↖∖=.7: W
( ( O ) ↖ => W
=993 ³ ↖ ;9.> bW
Al quk qukrkbls ks quk -=.7:W skm 3W nk smajnm, plr al tmdtl, `maambls pkdnjkdtk nka sjstkbm5
Gjourm =.6 Vkamijùd smajnm WY kdtrmnm nk vlatmek Ymajnm WY kdtrmnm nk Wlatmek =7 => m n j a m Y k
=6
n k e m t a l W
7
=3 0
> 6 3 ->
-6
3
6
>
7
0
=3
=6
=>
=7
Wlatmek nk kdtrmnm
y 2 bx + f W L 2b W j + f b2
y 6∖ y =
∖ 2 => 3 2 =>33 x ∖ x => + =.7: =;7: 6
=
M`lrm `maambls am jdtkrskiijùd kd Z f 2W l∖ b W j f 2(=> )∖ )∖(( f2
=>33 =;7:
)( => )
6977 =;7:
@mfjkdnl `maamnl kstl sk usm ud submnlr rkstmnlr ild am gjdmajnmn nk kajbjdmr ka vlatmek dkomtjvl ksimajzmdnl als vlatmeks nk kdtrmnm5
Y[BMNLV VKY^MNLV
W L 2∖ Vg
(
W = W 6
+
V= V6
)
Smrm ka njskýl quk sk rkmajzù msubjbls ud vmalr nk V g y V ksnk =3 H Ϊ, pmrm quk am 6
omdmdijm nka sjstkbm skm udjtmrjm. Kdtldiks5 Vg V = V=2
2
V G =>33
=>33 =;7:
2==.6 H Ϊ
=;7:
Gjourm =.9 Ildgjourmijùd nka Yubmnlr rkstmnlr
Nksp Nk spuês uês nk `mfk `mfkrr `ma `maam amnl nl am omdmd omdmdij ijmm y ildgj ildgjou ourmi rmijù jùdd il ilrrk rrkspl spldnj dnjkd kdtk tk nk du dukst kstrl rl mbpa mb pajg jgji jimn mnlr lr sub submnl mnlrr rk rkst stmnl mnlrr rk rkspk spkit itll m am rkami rkamijù jùdd smajn smajnmm Ws kd kdtr trmn mnmm nk vl vlat atme mek, k, utjajzmbls utjaj zmbls ud mbpajgj mbpajgjimnlr imnlr jdvkrslr nk omdmdi omdmdijm jm udjtmrjm udjtmrjm pmrm jdvkrtjr jdvkrtjr am skýma lftkdjnm lftkdjnm nkspuês nk am ksimajzmijùd ym quk kstm ks dkomtjvm ilbl sk lfskrvm kd am sjoujkdtk gjourm5
Gjourm =.> Kvjnkdijm nk vlatmek Dkomtjvl nkspuês nka submnlr rkstmnlr
Gjourm =.; Njskýl nka Mbpajgjimnlr Jdvkrslr
Ka sjoujkdtk pmsl m rkmajzmr ks ud njvjslr nk vlatmek pmrm am kdtrmnm nk rkgkrkdijm nka AB9:=> quk vm nk 3 m ;W, ym quk dukstrm smajnm nk vlatmek `mstm ka blbkdtl ks nk =>W
Gjourm =.7 Njskýl nk ud njvjslr nk vlatmek y rkspkitjvm glrbuam
^kdjkdnl am rksjstkdijm V 2=33 H Ϊ nk rkgkrkdijm tkdkbls quk ka vmalr nk V skrâm5 6
=
Nkspkembls nk am gùrbuam5 V6 W ¼ =
=33 H Ϊ ß => W 6
V 2 W L ∖ V 2
; W
∖=33 H Ϊ 2=03 HΪ
Gjourm =.? Ildgjourmijùd nka njvjslr nk vlatmek y kvjnkdijm nk smajnm nk ;W pmrm am majbkdtmijùd nka AB9:=>
Jbpakbkdtk vjsumajzmijùd plr Akns pmrm am ksimam nk 3W ’ =>W. Yk suojkrk usmr ud AB9:=>, pmrm vjsumajzmr am smajnm bknjmdtk akns.
Gjourm =.0 Ildgjourmijùd nka AB9:=>
YJB[AMIJLDKY GJDMAKY NKA ILVVKI^L G[D G[DIJLDMBJKD^L IJLDMBJKD^L NKA NJYKÝL
Smrm udm tkbpkrmturm nk =993³ I
Smrm iumdnl am tkbpkrmturm ks ?33³
AJDH NKA WJNKL KPSAJIMDNL KA NJYKÝL `ttps5//ylutu.fk/eBwM9g6lx3Z
MSLV^K KY^[NJMD^K5 EKGKVYYLD WKAMU][KU
Smsl =5 Jnkdtjgjquk kd ka bkrimnl dmijldma 6 skdslrks ilbkrijmaks y nk fmel ilstl, pmrm bknjijùd nk maoudm nk ams sjoujkdtks vmrjmfaks gâsjims, nê m ildlikr prkijl y imrmitkrâstjims nka skdslr5 Sksl ’ Njstmdijm ’ ^kbpkrmturm ’ @ubknmn ’ vjfrmijùd. Vkgkrkdijm nka skdslr 5 5 Gltl nka skdslr
Srkijl ^jpl nk skdslr Ykdslr nk Djvka nk Moum Mdmaùojil Imrmitkrâstjims
Srkijl 5$ Nk `ubknmn >.333
Ykdslr nk Djvka nk Moum Mdmaùojil, gíija nk jbpakbkdtmr, ilstl y matl djvka,fmel quk
sk lftjkdk plr tkdkr udm skrjk nk mambfrks pmrmakals kxpukstls Wlatmek nk Majbkdtmijùd NI5 9W ~ ;W Ilrrjkdtk nk gudijldmbjkdtl5 63bM Ykdslr Mdmalojil Írkm nk nktkiijùd5 >3 bb x =7 bb @ubknmn5 =3% ~ :3% sjd ildnkdsmijùd
Gltl nka skdslr
Ykdslr nk [atrmsldjnl @I-YV3>^jpl nk skdslrSrkijl Srkij Imrmitkrâstjims Imrmitkrâstjims
Nk Njstmdijm
Ka skdslr nk njstmdijm plr uatrmsldjnl @IYV3> ks impmz nk nktkitmr lfektls y imaiuamr am njstmdijm m am quk sk kdiukdtrm kd ud rmdol nk 6 ib m >33 ib. Ka skdslr gudijldm plr uatrmsldjnls y ildtjkdk tlnm am kakitrùdjim kdimromnm pmrm `mikr am bknjijùd. Yu usl ks tmd skdijaal ilbl kdvjmr ka puasl nk mrrmdquk y bknjr am mdi`urm nka puasl nk rktlrdl. Nk buy pkqukýl tmbmýl, ka @IYV3> sk nkstmim plr su fmel ildsubl, ormd prkijsjùd y fmel prkijl.
l$;.33 5 3
Wlatmek nk majbkdtmijùd NI5 ;W Ilrrjkdtk nk lpkrmijùd5 =; bM. Grkiukdijm nk trmfmel5 >3 H@z Vmdol nk bknjijùd5 6 ib m >33 ib Srkijsjùd5 9 bb Mdoual kgkitjvl nk bknjijùd5 1=;℉ Nurmijùd bâdjbm nka puasl nk njspmrl (djvka ^^A)5 =3 αY. Nurmijùd nka puasl kil nk smajnm (djvka ^^A)5 =33 αY 6;333 αY. ^jkbpl bâdjbl nk kspkrm kdtrk udm bknjnm y ka jdjijl nk ltrm 63 bY. Njbkdsjldks5 >3 bb x 63 bb x =? bb.
jdstrubkdtmijùd jùd kakitrùdj kakitrùdjim, im, kd ka iuma bjnm udm vmrjmfak vmrjmfak Smsl 65 Srlpldom ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmi gâsjim kd ud kdtlrdl rkma, uusmdnl smdnl maoudl maoudl nk als skdslrks nksirjtls nksirjtls kd ka ka pmsl =. (Bmx. =3 ajdkms) Ykdslr uatrmsùdjil blnl nk usl ildtrla nk aakdmnl nk ud tmdquk nk mikjtk
Smrm ka sjstkbm pamdtkmnl sk prktkdnk usmr ud skdslr uatrmsùdjil quk bjnm am njstmdijm kdtrk ka mikjtk y ka gjdma nka tmdquk nk mabmikdmbjkdtl nkfjnl m ams imrmitkrâstjims nk kstk ikdslr aukol nk quk sk rkijfm am skýma nk quk ka mikjtk kstm m ijkrtm njstmdijm nka skdslr ( tmdquk aakdl ) sk trmsbjtjrí udm skýma pmrm quk sk ijkrrk am víavuam kakitrùdjim quk ildtrlam ka gauel nka mikjtk kstl plr bknjl nka bjirlildtrlamnlr ka iuma kstmrí rkijfjkdnl dl slal am skýma nka skdslr sjdl quk tmbfjêd kdvjmrm am skýma ma mitumnlrm(kakitrlvíavuam) mnkbís kdvjmrm als nmtls m jdtkrdkt pmrm aukol skr mabmikdmnm y tmfuamnm
Smsl 95 Njskýmr y sjbuamr kd slgtwmrk IMN ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd kd ka iuma 5
Jbpakbkdtk ud skdslr nk als jnkdtjgjimnls kd ka pmsl =, sjbuak su gudijldmbjkdtl y njskýk udm ktmpm nk ksimajzmijùd kd am iuma lftkdom m am smajnm udm ksimam nk 3W - =>W.
O2
W s W k
VO 2
2
=> 3.3?
>:.: h 633
∖=
2633
26;3.?
Jbpakbkdtk vjsumajzmijùd plr Akns pmrm am ksimam nk 3W ’ =>W.
v 2=.6;
( ) =
+
V 6 V=
(
V6
=> 2=.6; = +
=> =.6;
;7 ;
;7 ;
(
2 =+
2= +
=333
V6 =333
V6 =333
∖ =2
V6 =333
)
)
2¼
=3.6
2
V6 =333
∟
=3.6 =333
=3633
V62
2 V
6
Fjfajlormgâm
Ykdslr nk Djvka nk Moum Mdmaùojil. (s. g.). Gkrrktrùdjim. Vkiupkrmnl =9 nk mfrja nk 6363,
nk `ttps5//gkrrktrldjim.ilb/prlnuits/skdslr-nk-djvka-nk-moum-mdmalojil Ykdslr nk [atrmsldjnl @I-YV3>. (s. g.). Gkrrktrùdjim. Vkiupkrmnl =9 nk mfrja nk 6363, nk
`ttps5//gkrrktrldjim.ilb/prlnuits/skdslr-nk-uatrmsldjnl-`i-sr3>
MSLV^K KY^[NJMD^K5 E@LD^MD Y^KWKD YMDI@KU GJKVVL
Mitjvjnmnks m nksmrrlaamr - Jdnjvjnuma Smsl =5 Jnkdtjgjquk kd ka bkrimnl dmijldma 6 skdslrks ilbkrijmaks y nk fmel ilstl, pmrm bknjijùd nka skdslr5nk maoudm nk ams sjoujkdtks vmrjmfaks gâsjims, nê m ildlikr prkijl y imrmitkrâstjims
Sksl ’ Njstmdijm ’ ^kbpkrmturm ’ @ubknmn ’ vjfrmijùd.
Gltl nka skdslr
Vkgkrkdijm nka skdslr Imrmitkrâstjims ^jpl nk skdslr Srkijl ks ud skdslr nk ikanm Ikanm nk imrom nk imrom, quk puknk bknjr `mstm plil bís nk ;3 ho nk pksl, ildvjrtjkdnl nji`m vmrjmfak nk gukrzm kd
=9? .=3 3
udm skýma kaêitrjim, ormijms m su ildgjmfjajnmn ks mbpajmbkdtk utjajzmnl kd prlykitls nk bknjijùd nk pksl y físiuams
Vkgkrkdijm nka skdslr
Gltl Iêauamnka nkskdslr pksmek, G>0=0
Imrmitkrâstjims ^jpl nk skdslrSrkijl Vmdols Iêauam nk pksmek nk bknjijù d 3 .... 63 ho m 3... ;33 ho Iêauam nk imrom kd maubjdj l
>==. 973
Kakvmnm kxmitjtu n Jdskdsjf ak m imroms amtkrmaks y mdouamrk s Njskýl sjbpak, gíija jdstmamijùd
Smsl 65 Srlpldom ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd kakitrùdjim, kd ka iuma bjnm udm vmrjmfak gâsjim kd ud kdtlrdl rkma, usmdnl maoudl nk als skdslrks nksirjtls kd ka pmsl =. (Bmx. =3 aâdkms) Ka pksl sk nkgjdk ilbl am gukrzm kekrijnm slfrk ka lfektl plr am ormvknmn, tkdjkdnl kd iukdtm al mdtkrjlr ka njsplsjtjvl bís mdtjoul ildlijnl pmrm bknjr ka pksl ks am fmamdzm bkiídjim nk frmzl, ild ka tjkbpl sk `md nksmrrlaamnl ams nkdlbjdmnms ikanms nk imrom `jnríuajims, dkubítjims y kaêitrjims. Ka tjpl nk mpajimijùd nkgjdk glrbm y tmbmým nk am ikanm, sk `md nksmrrlaamnl bknjijldks kd ams iumaks ks plsjfak smfkr ka pksl nk ud lfektl kd blvjbjkdtl, kstm tkidlaloâm kbpakm vmrjms bjirl ikanms m al amrol nk udm pamtmglrbm kdimromnms nk kdvjmr am jdglrbmijùd m udm ilbputmnlrm pmrm rkmajzmr am bknjijùd.
Mitjvjnmnks m nksmrrlaamr - Ilamflrmtjvl
Smsl 95 Njskýmr y sjbuamr kd slgtwmrk IMN ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd kd ka iuma5 Jbpakbkdtk ud skdslr nk als jnkdtjgjimnls kd ka pmsl =, sjbuak su gudijldmbjkdtl y njskýk udm ktmpm nk ksimajzmijùd kd am iuma lftkdom m am smajnm udm ksimam nk 3W =>W. Yk suojkrk usmr ud MN763 u ltrl mbpajgjimnlr nk jdstrubkdtmijùd, puknk rkmajzmr ams
mnkiumijldks quk ildsjnkrk dkiksmrjms pmrm lftkdkr am smajnm slajijtmnm.
Jbpakbkdtk vjsumajzmijùd plr Akns pmrm am ksimam nk 3W ’ =>W.
Yk suojkrk usmr ud AB9:=>, pmrm vjsumajzmr am smajnm bknjmdtk akns.
O2
>:.> h Ϊ
V O
+=
Imaiual pmrm `maamr Vo O2
=> v
O2
>:.> h Ϊ
VO
+=
26>?.?
3.3;7;
O26>?.? Nkspkemdnl
O2
>:.> h 6>?.?
Ϊ
∖=
Lpkrmdnl O2633 Ϊ
v 2=.;;
( ) =
+
(
V 6 V=
V6
=> 2=.;; = +
=>
2 =+
=.;;
603 9=
603 9=
(
=3;33
2= +
V6 =3;33
V6 =3;33
∖=2
V6 =3;33
)
)
2¼
V6
0.39
2
0.39
∟=3;332 V
=3;33
V62 0>9=;
6
Ildiausjldks
Yk punl vkr nk bmdkrm iamrm y ildijsm ka gudijldmbjkdtl, irkmijùd, y bldtmek nka ijriujtl kd iukstjùd dkiksmrjl pmrm ka nksmrrlaal nk am mitjvjnmn rkqukrjnm, nk kstm bjsbm bmdkrm sk vjkrld maoudls ildikptls pmrm bkelrmr ka ildlijbjkdtl y ka vmalr knuimtjvl nk am mitjvjnmn.
Yk mprkdnjù bms slfrk als njgkrkdtks skdslrks m utjajzmr, iumaks sld sus gudijldks, sus imrmitkrâstjims su miiksjfjajnmn ma põfajil kdtrk ltrms ilsms quk myunmd bui`l kd kstk imbpl.
Vkgkrkdijms
Irkus, Y. M. (6330). Jdstrubkdtmijùd jdnustrjma (?m. kn.) Fmrikaldm, KY5 Bmrilbfl. (pp. 93= - 973) Vkiupkrmnl nk `ttps5//fjfajltkimvjrtuma.udmn.knu.il56;90/ajf/udmnsp/rkmnkr.mitjld< ppo2966&nliJN29=?;9?9&tb2=;>>;>97>60:>
Bmdnmnl, S. K., Bmrjýl, K. S., & Amol, G. M. (633:). Jdstrubkdtmijùd kakitrùdjim5 Jdstrubkdtmijùd pmrm sjstkbms njojtmaks. Fmrikaldm, KY5 Bmrilbfl. (pp. =3: ’ =99). Vkiupkrmnl nk `ttps5//fjfajltkimvjrtuma.udmn.knu.il56;90/ajf/udmnsp/rkmnkr.mitjld< ppo2=6>&nliJN29=07936&tb2=;>>36;0;79=0
@jstlrjms nk auz. (63=;). @NA FrjlMorl, skdslrks fmel tj tjkrrm krrm pmrm ildlikr kd ka bùvja ams ams dkiksjnmnks nka iuatjvl. Vkiupkrmnl nk `ttps5//www.ylutufk.ilb/wmti`< v2WBYUJ6Fgs?w
MSLV^K KY^[NMJD^K5 EKY[Y VLEMY Mitjvjnmnks m nksmrrlaamr - Jdnjvjnuma Smsl =5 Jnkdtjgjquk kd ka bkrimnl dmijldma 6 skdslrks ilbkrijmaks y nk fmel ilstl, pmrm bknjijùd nk maoudm nk ams sjoujkdtks vmrjmfaks gâsjims, nê m ildlikr prkijl y imrmitkrâstjims nka skdslr5 Sksl ’ Njstmdijm ’ ^kbpkrmturm ’ @ubknmn ’ vjfrmijùd. Dltm5 Dl mpajim ka AB9;. Vkgkrkdijm nka skdslr ZA=33 > Wlatmek nk gudijldmbjkdtl 9.9W;Wbùnual nk blnl nk smajnm numa, am smajnm njojtma ks sjbpak, udm smajnm mdmaùojim bís prkijsm. [d lrjgjijl nk pkrdl gjel pmrm udm gíija jdstmamijùd ? pamims pkqukýms, tmbmýl SIF5 9 ib * =.7 ib Jdnjimnlr nk majbkdtmijùd 0 (rlel) k jdnjimnlr nk smajnm nk ildbutmijùd njojtma (vkrnk) : ilbpmrmnlr AB9:9 i`jp, kstmfak Nksirjpijùd nk pamims am jdtkrgmz nk nls
Ykds lr nk `ubk nmn
;.33 3
pkqukýms (> `jals) = WII kxtkrdl 9.9W;W 6 ^JKVVM ODN kxtkrdm 9 Jdtkrgmz nk smajnm njojtma nk tmrektm pkqukým NL (3 y =) > ML am jdtkrgmz nk smajnm mdmaùojim nk pamims pkqukýms ^`krbl typk D Vmdol -6?3 ’ =933℉I ^kbpkrmturm nk trmfmel5 =933µ (bmx)
Ykds lr nk tkbp
6;.3 33
krmtu rm
Mambfrk nk kxtkdsjùd5 6b (kd gjfrm nk vjnrjl kdbmaamnl) Njíbktrl jdtkrdl ilpm fmyldktm5 =6.>3bb Njbkdsjldks fuafl5 Ð>.0bb x =;bb
Smsl 65 Srlpldom ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmi jdstrubkdtmijùd jùd kakitrùdj kakitrùdjim, im, kd ka iuma bjnm udm vmrjmfak vmrjmfak gâsjim kd ud kdtlrdl rkma, uusmdnl smdnl maoudl maoudl nk als skdslrks nksirjtls nksirjtls kd ka ka pmsl =. (Bmx. =3 ajdkms) Yjstkbm nk bldjtlrkl, rkojstrl y ildtrla nk tkbpkrmturm y `ubknmn pmrm ud iuatjvl
Ka sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd prlpukstm kstí njskýmnl pmrm am bknjijùd y kdvjù nk nmtls m udm kstmijùd nk vmrjmfaks nk tkbkpkrmturm y `ubknmn kd ud iuatjvl, ka ijriujtl nksmrrlaamnl kstí ilbpukstl plr ud orupl nk skdslrks quk sk kdimromd nk bknjr ams vmrjmfaks gâsjims kd ka iuatjvl, ams iumaks sld akânms plr ud sjstkbm nk mnqujsjijùd nk nmtls bjirlildtrl bjirlildtrlamnlr, amnlr, pmrm ka iuma sk utja utjajzmrm jzmrm ud Mrnujdl bkom6;73, bkom6;73, ka iuma sk kdimrom nka ildtrla nk ams vmrjmfaks y ka kdvjù nk am jdglrbmijùd m ud skrvjnlr wkf pmrm quk kstls skmd rkojstrmnls kd am fmsk nk nmtls am iuma iukdtm ild udm jdtkrgmz orígjim pmrm quk ka usumrjl gjdma puknm rkvjsmr y nmr bmdkel m als nmtls, ka ijriujtl jbpakbkdtmnl ildstm nk > ktmpms suftjtuamnms ams iumaks sk kxpajimd m ildtjdumijùd5
Ykdslrks
Bjirlildtrlamnlr
Kt`krdkt s`jkan Jdtkrdkt (fmsk nk nmtls)
Mitjvjnmnks m nksmrrlaamr - Ilamflrmtjvl
Smsl 95 Njskýmr y sjbuamr kd slgtwmrk IMN ud sjstkbm nk jdstrubkdtmijùd kd ka iuma 5
Jbpakbkdtk ud skdslr nk als jnkdtjgjimnls kd ka pmsl =, sjbuak su gudijldmbjkdtl y njskýk udm ktmpm nk ksimajzmijùd kd am iuma lftkdom m am smajnm udm ksimam nk 3W =>W.
Nmtls5 Vmdol nk bknjijùd5 =933 ksimam nk 3v ’ =>v Wlatmek nk smajnm skdslr5 >?.;bW Wmalr bíxjbl nk smajnm mbpajgjimnm5 =>v Imaiuambls am rksjstkdijm VO pmrm am omdmdijm O2
>:.> H℧
VO
VO 2
+=
>:.> H℧
O∖ =
Srjbkrl imaiuambls am omdmdijm O2
W 3 W =
2
=> W
2 6:>
3.3>?; W
M`lrm `maambls ka vmalr nk VO VO 2
>:.> H℧ 6:>
∖=
2=7: ℧
Yk suojkrk usmr ud MN763 u ltrl mbpajgjimnlr nk jdstrubkdtmijùd, puknk rkmajzmr ams mnkiumijldks quk ildsjnkrk dkiksmrjms pmrm lftkdkr am smajnm slajijtmnm.
Jbpakbkdtk vjsumajzmijùd plr Akns pmrm am ksimam nk 3W ’ =>W.
Yk suojkrk usmr ud AB9:=>, pmrm vjsumajzmr am smajnm bknjmdtk akns. Nk miukrnl m al nksmrrlaamnl pmrm am omdmdijm y ka vmalr nk VO plnkbls kvjnkdijmr am ksimam nk kdikdnjnl nk als akns pmrm aakomr m ud tlpk bíxjbl nk =>v m udm tkbpkrmturm nk =933℉ ild udm rksjstkdijm nk =7: ℧ pmrm meustmr am omdmdijm kd ka mbpajgjimnlr lpkrmijldma
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