Taoist Teachings From the Book of Lieh Tzu

TKHte"om

Ubc

Edited

L.

Dr.

of

tbe

East

by

CRANMER-BYNG

S.

A.

KAPADIA

TAOIST

TEACHINGS

Series

WISDOM

TEACHINGS

TAOIST

FROM

THE

OF

BOOK

AND

LIONEL

AUTHOR

OF

"THE

SAYINGS

NOTES,

M.A.

GILES,

"SUN

TZU

ON

THE

ART

TZU," "THE CONFUCIUS," ETC. OF

OF

CHINESE,

THE

INTRODUCTION

WITH

TZtt

LIEH

FROM

TRANSLATED

BY

EAST

THE

OF

LAO

OF

WAR,' SAYINGS

^Wto*

LONDON

JOHN

MURRAY,

ALBEMARLE 1912

STREET,

W.

All

Rights

Reserved

TO

MY

WHOSE

FATHER

TRANSLATION

AWAKENED

FIRST

THE

OF

LOVE

OF

52a:*51

CHUANG

IN

TAOIST

TZU

ME

LORE

EDITORIAL

of

object

The

definite

very

the

between

humble

and

good-will

the their

in

to

a

in

example deeper

a

lofty

sphere,

own

highest that

Action.

of

new

neither

of

world

Thought

of

but

the

land.

that

Oriental

great

the

of

nations

L. S.

northbrook

society, Cromwell

Kensington,

Road, S.W.

CRANMER-BYNG. A.

KAPADIA.

confident

are

thought spirit

true

fears

nor

the

the

of

followers

They

of

and

endeavour,

colour.

and

21

are

they

of

despises

creed

this

knowledge

philosophy revival

In

be

understanding

"

and

a

things

shall

books

and old

the

West

all

above

these

is

series

this

desire

way,

of

East

of

They

ambassadors

the

Editors

one.

their

in

that,

NOTE

ideals may

Charity of

and

help which another

TEACHINGS

TAOIST

INTRODUCTION

of

history

The

divided

stage,

the

into of

stage

degeneration. known

to

Taoism

the

"

and

that

be

Confucius.

in

a

the

to two

The Tao

The

system

;

code

teachings Te Ching,

generation principle on

to

based and

9

which

of

of

Lao not

down

on

filial

before what some-

Tzu,

as

such

as

from

people

the

they

fucianism Con-

ness righteous-

are

are

as

as

long

handed

among

year

than

just

however,

being

the

to

flourished

cases,

Tzu,

consequently

altruism

have

single

Lao

expounder

an

moral

by

easily imagine

generation

large.

the

said

The

preserved can

of

is,

dissimilar.

one

as

a

only

beginnings

this, and

rather

buttressed

may

"

Tzu

is

of

the

place

of

stage

stages

medium

veniently con-

primitive

the

philosopher

than

founder

actual

piety

would earlier

Lao

regard

and

traditionally assigned

is

much

the

the

:

these

of

be

may

stages

the

figure, Some

B.C.

first

through

us

birth

604

three

development,

The

semi-historical whose

philosophy

Taoist

are

based

at

is

10

INTRODUCTION

simple enough,

but

fileis surrounded to assert

that

any

their

by

applicationto everyday

difficulties.

great system of philosophy has

from the brain of sprung assertion is probably as true other

body

Lao

This

is

one

man

but

;

of Taoism

the

of any

as

of

speculation. into a singlephrase, the injunction

Condensed of

It is hazardous

Tzii

to

Nature."

is, "Follow

mankind

good practicalequivalentfor the Chinese expression, Get hold of Tao," although Tao does not exactlycorrespond to the word Nature, of the sum as ordinarilyused by us to denote It phenomena in this ever-changing universe. to me, seems however, that the conception of Tao have been reached, originally, must through this channel. Lao Tzii, interpretingthe plain a

"

"

concludes

that

"

facts

of

behind ultimate and

Nature

her

his

before

manifold

Reality which

eyes,

workings in its

there

essence

unknowable, yet manifests

exists

an

able is unfathom-

itself in laws

ple, unfailingregularity. To this Essential Princithis Power underlyingthe sensible phenomena of Nature, he gives,tentativelyand with tion, hesitathe Way," though fully the name of Tao, the inadequacy of any to express name realising of the idea of that which is beyond all power comprehension. Christian with A ideas, foreigner,imbued naturallyfeels inclined to substitute for Tao the the to denote term by which he is accustomed

of

"

INTRODUCTION

iupreme in

Being God. if he is prepared

Old

broader

the

or

New

impresses the of

Taoist

from

active

the

other.

this

is

the

term

effect

active

is

This

will

observer. disputed by any intelligent he begins to draw inferences from from parts company Believing,as he does, that

but

a

manifestation

moved equally re-

the

the

on

malevolence

or

which

Taoist

Nature

benevolence

evil

fact

a

chiefly

inexorable

him

to

seems

"

God

which

operations of

goodness or

from

"

missibl ad-

find in either the

we

That

in the

only

impersonality.The

and

hand, and

use

Testament.

cause

one

to

than

sense

absolute

is their

law

But

"

much

a

11

on

hardly

be

It is when it

that

the

Christian.

average

visible Universe

the

of the invisible Power

is

behind

it,he feels justifiedin arguing from the known and concluding that, whatever to the unknown, Tao be in itself (which is unknowable), it is may by a personal certainlynot what we understand God

"

not

a

God

endowed

with

(and humanity, not even remarkable anticipationof Hegel) a of

In

other

distinctions

unreal

of

morality depend,

coalesce The He

into

which

on

one-sided

a

God.

illusoryand

all human

systems and

vices

One.

Christian

or

find

we

conscious

for in it all virtues

takes

a

else he manner.

reads

different view facts which

prefersto ignorethe

him,

here

the

transcends

words, Tao

butes attrispecific

the

them

His

in

an

God, if no

altogether.

Nature

shows

arbitrary and longeranthro-

INTRODUCTION

12

pomorphic, is undeniably anthropopathic. He is a personalDeity, now lovingand merciful,now irascible and is open to jealous, a Deity who and qualitiessuch as entreaty. With prayer these, it is difficult to see how he can be regarded Man. of these Which as anything but a glorified views

two

the

"

for mankind There

can

The to

to

be

weakness

the conduct be

no

Taoist

or

hold, may

the Christian be

"

it is best

of

dispute. doubt which is the more logical. of Taoism lies in its application

of life.

Lao

a

Tzu

matter

was

not

content

metaphysician merely, he aspiredto be a practicalreformer as well. It was man's business, he thought, to model himself as closelyas possible the great Exemplar, Tao. It follows on a as of course that his precepts are matter mostly of a negative order, and we are led straightto the doctrine of Passivity or was Inaction, which bound misunderstood and perverted. to be fatally Lao Tzu's teaching has reached us, if not in its of its native purity, originalform, yet in much in the Tao Te Ching. One of the most potent for the high antiquity of this marvellous arguments to

a

little treatise is that

it shows

no

decided

corruptionwhich is discernible in the second of our periods,representedfor us by the I have writingsof Lieh Tzu and Chuang Tzu, called it the period of development because of the extraordinaryquickening and blossoming of the buds of Lao Tzu's thought in the supple and trace

of the

INTRODUCTION

imaginativeminds of these canker, alas ! is alreadyat but

rich

so

before

tells

himself.

us

Yii-k'ou, and

in

Prime

the

when

not

in the

learn that

we

the

by

he

before

(see p. of pages he could

insufficient

the

On

full

that

long

it

yet.

as

beyond

what Lieh

was

name

livingin

was

the

;

of colour

feast

author

our

398

year

the

B.C.,

killed Yang was nently 109). He figurespromiChuang Tzu, from whom

Minister

revolution

a

notice

His

it appears

State

Cheng

of

of the flower

the heart is the

hardly

little is known

Very he

we

philosophers.The

two

luxuriant

and

that

us

13

Tzu

"

* the wind." ride upon tioned ground that he is not men-

Ssu-ma

historian

Ch'ien,

a

certain

led to declare Sung dynasty was Tzu that Lieh was only a fictitious personage invented by Chuang Tzu, and that the treatise his name which was a forgery of passes under This theory is rejectedby the comlater times. pilers of the great Catalogue of Ch'ien Lung's of Chinese represent the cream Library, who scholarshipin the eighteenthcentury. Although has evidentlypassed through the Lieh Tzii's work editors and of many hands gathered numerous critic of

the

accretions, there in all

which

by

Lieh

"

He

volume,

is thus

taken

a

probabilitywas

Tzu's

older

remains

nucleus

considerable

committed

to

writing

and is therefore disciples, genuine parts of Chuang

immediate

than

the

depicted from

an

in

the

design

illustrated work

the

on

on

cover

of this

Ink-tablets,

INTRODUCTION

14

There

Tzu. the

two

matter

are

authors,

book

and

indeed

to both

common

Tzu's

obvious

some

bears

an

analogiesbetwee certain

a

; but

whole

the

on

unmistakable

of

amount

Lieh

impress of

its

The

with genialityof its tone contrasts the somewhat hard brilliancy of Chuang Tzu, and certain a kindly sympathy with the aged, the of this life, not excludingthe poor and the humble brute itself felt throughout. creation, makes The and Taoism ism Confucianopposition between is not so sharp as we find it in Chuang Tzu, own.

and

Confucius

himself

is

greater respect. This alone favour of the priorityof Lieh doubt

that

widened

as

the time

breach went

treated

much

strong evidence in Tzu, for there is no

is

between on.

with

the Lieh

two

Tzu's

systems work

is

long as Chuang Tzu's, and is now divided into eight books. The seventh of these deals exclusivelywith the doctrine of the egoistic philosopher Yang Chu, and has therefore been omitted altogetherfrom the present selection. Nearly all the Taoist writers are fond of parables is this and allegorical of them tales,but in none branch of literature brought to such perfection in Lieh Tzu, who as Chuang Tzu himself surpasses about

as

a

half

master

as

of anecdote.

His

stories

are

almost

invariably pithy and pointed. Many of them of dramatic evince not only a keen sense effect, nature. but real insightinto human Others may somewhat fantastic and wildly imaginaappear

INTRODUCTION

15

issued out who of story of the man of this class. solid rock (p. 50) is a typicalone It ends, however, with a streak of ironical humour tive.

The

which

may

lead

reallybelieved

himself

in

appears " That

to

has

end

an

than

avoided

life

which

lightin

the

later Taoist

4

'Lieh

the

the

can

no

Tzu

already

which

we

solid and

perpetuate

have the

in his

the

overlaid

problem

is the

that

:

while

with

that

age

regarded

of the

core

to

as

elixir of life.

possess' now,

of the

Taoism

to

mentioned

authentic been

help having

little doubt

of

be

more

is deceived

would

Tzu

solution

have

decadent

death

speculationson

teaching, has

own

end

leaves

Lieh

best

Tzu" a

the

out

That

the

I

and

;

shut

to

calculations."

Perhaps theory

Lieh

the

livingcreature can that he who hopes

So

or

in

whether

the

born.

been his

other

which

doubt

of transcending possibility laws. soberer His judgment like the following: passages, life must by the law of its being

natural

come

to

us

the taining con-

Master's much

of

followed.

period little need be said here. It is represented in literature by the lengthy treatise of Huai-nan Tzu, the spurious episodes in Lieh Tzu and a host of minor andChuangTzu, Of

this third

writers, works

as

the

Chang Chan, under

of

some

the

whom

genuine an

tried relics

to

of

off their pass ancient sages.

officer of the

Eastern

a.d.), is the author

Chin

Banqueting Court dynasty (fourth century

of the

best

commentary

on

INTRODUCTION

16

Lieh

Tzu

from

extracts

;

will

commas,

Taoism its

the

In

pages.

as

its

only

was

time

a

of

the

set-off

against

Confucian in

mythology

of

its

of

the

itself

well

own

Chinese

as

fancy,

the

floating

it

the

deserves

people.

needed stiffness and

of

the

porating incor-

folklore

from

exquisite

many

of

were

reviving mass

be

to

elements

which

down

come

for

hardly

the

For

had

subsequent

uncompromising

ideal.

which

as

ages,

the

is

run

religion

its

art

colour

long

national

and

supplied

although

had a

verted in-

following

Chan,

into

and

romance

the

system

and

It

between

in

Chang

beginning,

over-estimated.

as

of

literature

on

mystery,

found

development

just

influence

be

philosophical

a

course,

it, placed

lasting

the

and

earliest creations

gratitude

COSMOGONY

18

'There

is

uncreated

Creative

a

there

;

is

a

Principlewhich is itself Principle of Change which

is able to unchanging. The Uncreated life ; the Unchanging is able to effect create but is produced cannot which change. That continue producing ; that which is evolved cannot but continue evolving. Hence there is constant The law of evolution. production and constant evolution at constant production and of constant to operate. time no ceases

is itself

The

the

commentator

Four

can

never

and

the

is

be

involved once annihilated."

Yang,

in

is it with

so

Seasons.

Yin

The

Yin

the

So is it with the

:

living things

of

destiny

which

That

"

says

Positive and the Yang are Nature, alternately predominating

and

Principlesof

Negative

the

in

day

and

night.

Uncreated

The

we

surmise

may

to

be

how

can

Alone

in

itself. "

be

The

Supreme,

proved

We

?

Non-Engendered

can

only

beginning

One, without

The

the

Unchanging

is illimitable.

Alone, and

that

the

Book

"In

written

'

:

The

and

to

goes

We

suppose without

may

its

of

Ways the

Spiritof

and

"

that

reality mysteriously

end."

fro, and

surmise are

it is

its

that

its range it stands

inexhaustible.'

Yellow

Emperor the Valley dies not

it

is

; it

ABSOLUTE

THE

called

be

may

19

The Mysterious Feminine. be must Mysterious Feminine

the

issuing-pointof the of the regarded as the Root all eternity, it uses to

Universe.

sisting Subwithout

its force

effort.' The

above

the

is

passage

attributed

and

Yellow

of the

Book

to

now

Lao

Emperor is incorporated

in

is itself

evolved

engendered

and

elements

of

the

engenders by which untouched by self-evolved,

Master

old

of

But

the

of

cause

that

which

then

were

existence

"

has

all

things

Self-

has

itself

it

and of

engendered

it would

names."

Earth.

engendered ;

out

of

nothing,

and

from

of what

engendered

Earth out

wisdom,

and

Heaven is

in

inspiredmen Yang as the

the

of substance

and

Yet

The

"

:

are

evolution.

of these

one

any

substance

is devoid

were

came

? into

of themselves."

Hence

Change,

Yin

total

Heaven

They

Ching,

all things is itself

cessation.

Tzii said

the

sum

which

that

"

Lieh

regarded

Te

Tao

substance, appearance,

strength,dispersionand be a mistake to call it by The

the

but

Tzu.

That, then, which unengendered ; that "

longer extant,

no

great Principleof great Origin,a great Beginning, a great Simplicity. In the great Change we

a

Primordial

say,

there

is

a

COSMOGONY

20

In the great yet manifest. In the Origin lies the beginning of substance. great Beginning, lies the beginning of material substance

is

not

form. "

separation of the Yin their forms." objects assume

After

classes

and

the

of

Yang,

the

when

Simplicity lies the beginning of and essential substance, form qualities.When essential still indistinguishably qualities are blended Chaos means together it is called Chaos. intermixed and not that all things are chaotically The purer and another. yet separated from one the lighter elements, tending upwards, made In

the

great

Heavens

the

grosser made downwards, ;

heavier

and

elements, Substance, Man ; and,

the Earth. tending harmoniously proportioned, became Heaven Earth and containing thus and evolved element, all things were

The

Master

Heaven the

and of

uses

Lieh

Tzii

perfect in every function to produce it.

bodies

to

to teach

It is the

The

virtue

of

support others

function

It is Heaven's

direction.

life and

It is Earth's

and

:

of the Sage, and Earth, the powers the myriad things in Creation, are

not

over

"

said

spiritual produced." a

to

function them.

and

spread to

It is the

to influence

of created

form

a

canopy

material

tion Sage'sfunc-

them

things to

for

good.

conform

LIMITATION their proper things in which the

FUNCTIONS

Earth

being so, there are excel, though they lie

may

of Heaven

scope

21

That

nature.

to

outside

OF

in which

matters

;

Sage has no concern, though they afford free For it is clear that that which play to others. life cannot form and over imparts and broods the

support material supports material for good ; for

good

travel

not

Yin

of

or

will be

either

qualityof

the

and

in suitable

Yang

; the

natural

and

and

influences instincts

environment either

;

does

Therefore

will be

fluence in-

the

of the

teaching of the Sage of altruism of righteousness; or created objects will be either soft conform

depart

cannot

and

sphere.

own

Earth

All these

hard.

or

the

to

forms

teach

teaches

counter

its

which

cannot

and

of Heaven

Way

that

who

one

run

outside

;

bodies

is fixed

which

that

to

cannot

bodies

from

to their proper

the

nature

province assigned

them." *

#

#

life,and on the other, there is that which produces life ; there is form, and there is that which imparts form ; there is sound there is that which causes sound, and ; which there there is that is colour, and causes On

one

hand, there

tjiere is taste, and

colour

;

causes

taste.

The

source

there

of life is death

produces life never of form

is

is matter

comes

; but

to

that

; an

is that

but

that

end.

The

which

which

which

origin imparts form

COSMOGONY

22

has

material

no

lies

the

in

of

sense

causes

sound

is

source

of colour colour

The

causes

taste

All these

principleof W

u

but

;

The

which

duces pro-

the

palate ; but perceived by

never

phenomena

which

ear.

itself to

lies in the is

that

but

;

sound

that

the

to

manifests

never

genesis of

audible

is vision

taste

sense.

hearing

never

origin of

which

The

existence.

that of the

functions

are

eye. that

Inaction.

Wei, Inaction, here

stands

for

the

inert, unchanging

Tao.

To

be

at

will

either

bright or obscure, soft alive or or long, round square, cold, buoyant or sinking,treble or

hard, short or dead, hot or bass, present or absent, black or white, sweet or bitter,fetid or fragrant : this it is to be devoid of of knowledge, yet all-knowing, destitute yet all-powerful. power, or

"

Such

On took

is Tao.

his a

espied

journey meal by

an

to

Po

Feng,

both life or

know

old show the

the

it to him.

Master

Master

pulled aside Turning to

said is

no

"

:

such

Lieh

His

roadside.

skull, and

that there

death.

Wei, the

to

That

thing

Tzu

followers the his

growth under-

disciple

skull and as

absolute

I

WHAT "

If

regard

we

ourselves

principle as such thing

of

life in

and

the

KNEW

23

he

is dead.

Absolute,

itself, it follows

since that

But there

*

Book

the "

of

does note

Ti

Tao

shape Heaven

p.

19.

motion

its rise out and

This

there of

substance

and

all have

we

of

ness happi-

in motion

shadow

;

passage

does

does

it

not

sound

is gender en-

set

in

echo."

but not

in the

occur

Ching.

Without takes

methods

Emperor

engender sound,

not

on

Yellow

set

but

substance,

See

no

*

the

Substance

:

motion

be

other."

any

*

written

such

no

can

knowledge is better than all your prolonging life,a more potent source

In

at

death."

as

than

of

is

there

This of

road looked

passing along the

as

alive

am

standpoint

the

from

I

then

evolution,

SKULL

THE

is

generation. Being Not-Being. That which has no

must

come

Earth, then, have end.

an

But

an

whither

to

an

end, the

even

end

end. as

leads

is unknown.

us

"

into comes conglomeration, substance end. That there is dispersion, it comes to an being ; when But mortals though alis what mean we by beginning and end. for us, in a state of conglomeration, this condensation constitutes of substance a beginning, and its dispersion an calm and the standpoint of dispersion, it is void end, from condensation of substance the beginning, and that constitute what in end. Hence there is perpetual alternation the and Truth is the underlying constitutes beginning and end, ^hat there is neither any beginning nor any end at all."

When

there

is

COSMOGONY

24

The

of evolution

course

without

a

began,

in

beginning Not-Being.

paradoxical

A and

of

way

stating that

is

it

where

up

there

started,

it

beginning

no

end.

no

which

That

life returns

has

has Lifeless ; that which Insubstantial. the into

Lifeless, is

substance

the

into

again

again

returns

I call the This, that the original Lifelessness. This, Insubstantial, is not the original

not

I call the

that

finishes

it

;

where

ends

Insubstantiality. "

That

which

here

is

possessed life, and of

death, whereas neither

knows

(Tao), which which

That

being be

life

in

avoided

a

constant

has

which come

the

to

an

than

in

The

have

evolution.

of

by

here

law

the

the end

can

living creature So

or

extinction

the

from

process

; and

the

born. having been perpetuate his life

the

into

We

life must end

formerly

has

beginning again the life-giving Principle unchanging selves, life,and the living things them-

extinction."

nor

is itself without are

Lifeless

the

subsequently passed original Lifelessness

the

between

distinction

termed

that to

shut

he

its

more

help hopes to can

who

out

no

of

death

is deceived

his calculations.

element in man is allotted to spiritual by Heaven, his corporealframe by Earth. is ethereal part that belongs to Heaven dispersive,the part that belongs to Earth

him

The and is

COSMOGONY

26

this state,

the

of

from

though not attaining to infancy,he is already different adolescence.

in

was

rest, and

returns

Confucius

the

He

he

to

his

Absolute.

clothed in

was

what

comes

was

in the wilds. with

to

death, he

over travellingonce caught sight of an aged man

he

when

In

perfection

a

T'ai

Mount

roaming deerskin, girded played on a lute.

singingas he My friend," said Confucius, what is it that makes The old man so replied: happy ? you I have a me happy. God great deal to make all things, and of all His creations created man a

rope, and

was

"

"

"

"

is the man

:

there the

noblest.

being

Therefore I

am

one,

rated

I have

behold emerge

the

from

highly

more

be

it is better

to

I

second

have

a

happiness. Furthermore, never

be

a

.

latter.

never

lot to

my

that is my first ground for happiness Then, and is a distinction between male female,

former

since

fallen to

It has

or

sun

their

already walked

some

the

a

the

than

male

and

;

ground for

are

born

who

and

who

moon,

swaddling-clothes.But

the

earth

for the

space

of

That is my third ground for ninety years. lot of the happiness. Poverty is the normal the appointed end for all human scholar, death ing beings. Abiding in the normal state, and reachis there last the at appointed end, what What make that should an me unhappy ? "

"

DEATH

excellent

GIVES it

thing

able to find

a

REST

is," cried

*

"to

Confucius,

of consolation

source

27

*

be !"

in oneself

*

Tzii

Kung was tired of philosophy,and confided his feelings to Confucius, saying : "I yearn for rest." Confucius replied: "In life there is no rest." "

To

toil in anxious

bolstering

up

the

planning

bodily frame

for

the

these

"

future, the

are

to

slave

businesses

in of

life."

"

" ? " Is rest, then, nowhere to be found Oh, " " look at all the graves repliedConfucius ; yes ! in the wilds, all the vaults, all the tombs, all the

funeral

urns,

found."

be

Tzu

and

life,but

"

the

causes

do

of the

They

not

of

think

in the

Tzii said eyes and

"

:

of the

is, Death

feel the

evils of death, but

not

*

*

An

excellent

ancients.

subdues the good, boundary-line of virtue. That

"Men

You

it confers."

*

Yen

"

cower."

to

joy realise its bitterness. They old age, but not its peaceful-

of the

which

repose

base

Confucius.

feel the weariness ness.

is to

rest "

right,"said

of

where

! claimed exGreat, indeed, is Death It gives rest to the nobleKung.

hearted, and are

know

may

you

"

abolishes

It

thing was gives rest

wicked.

all

artificial

Death

and

Death to

the

is

the

temporary

COSMOGONY

28 distinctions this

"The

have

journey. Those who are of returning have not Should

their home. his

from

none

to

his

native

kith

the

are a

on

men

think

and

off from

himself

off

tion. reprobathere

being homeless, who Imagine one

error.

to

away return

to

never

dead

universal

incur

in

is

leaves

village,separates himself from all his kin, dissipates his patrimony and

and

wanders

cut

man

one

any

good

huei-jen

as

themselves

cut

all mankind

see

dead

journey

a

on

home, he would

But

the

returned). But if the returned, the livingare

have

who

of

hold

only

evil, which

spoke

ancients who

(men men

good relativity.

of

world

and

between

: "

the

four

what

of the

corners

of

manner

earth,

is this 1

man

as a surely set him down fligate proand a vagabond. On the other hand, and the imagine one who clingsto respectability things of this life,holds cleverness and capacity himself builds in high esteem, a reputation, up his fellow men and plays the braggart amongst what to stop : without manner knowing where

will

world

The

"

of

once

man,

surely

look

upon

lost their way,

yet

and

with

one,

not

knows

with

hold

aloof."

him

whom

a

Both

the

world

the to

this ?

as

counsel.

and

wisdom

is

more,

world

will

of

great

gentleman of

these

will consort

other.

consort

The

and

Only from

have

men

with the

whom

the

Sage to

EVOLUTION "

as

He

life and

regard

Earth

and

diminished

here

from

Evolution

:

the

perceive

can

Heaven

"

said

Hsiung who

But

who

sleeping, and holds aloof forgetfulness of their return."

in

steeped

those

and

waking

Yii

with

consorts

29

is

those

merely who

are

never-ending.

secret

processes things that

Thus,

?

death

of are

augmented there ; things in one made whole that are place suffer loss in and augmentation, fullness Diminution another. the constant and decay are accompaniments of life and death. They alternate in continuous are

succession, and interval.

whole

The

But

of

body

without a progresses of material substance intermission.

not

are

we

we

do

in

perceive the process perceive the process of

wisdom

and

his hair

skin, his nails and

any substance spiritual

not

completion,nor do we decay. Man, likewise, from becomes something different form,

of

the whole body ; pause suffers decay without

of

and

conscious

birth

to

old

day in every in conduct.

age face His

continuallygrowing hood and continuallyperishing. In infancy and childthere is no stopping nor respitefrom change. Though imperceptiblewhile it is going on, it may

be

verified

afterwards

so

afraid

was

the

once

if

a

man

universe

in the

would

pieces, leaving his body

wait."

we *

*

*

There

are

Ch'i State who

was

collapse and fall to without a lodgment,

COSMOGONY

30

that

he

could

neither

sleep nor

Another

eat.

pitying his distress,went to enlightenhim. he is nothing more than Heaven," said, accumulation of ether, and there is no place

man, "

an

"

where

ether

is not.

Processes

of contraction

expansion, inspirationand expiration are taking place up in the heavens. then should be afraid of a collapse? you

and tinually con-

Why

"

man

said

"

It

:

of

and

the

is true

ether

;

that but

Heaven

the

is the

sun,

The an

cumulation ac-

moon,

will

they not fall down upon us ? His informant and stars replied: "Sun, moon likewise only bright lightswithin this mass are of ether. Even to fall, supposing they were they could not us by their impact." possibly harm "But what if the earth should fall to pieces ? "The earth," replied the other, "is merely an fills and blocks agglomeration of matter, which stars

"

,:

"

up the four corners of it where matter

of space. is no There part is not. All day long there is

treadingand the earth. Why then fallingto pieces? constant

tramping should

you

on

the be

surface

afraid

of

of its

"

was Thereupon the man of his fears relieved and rejoiced exceedingly. And his instructor also joyful and in was easy But mind. Tzu Ch'ang Lu laughed at them both, saying : Rainbows, clouds and mist, wind and these rain, the four seasons are perfected "

"

forms

of accumulated

heavens.

Mountains

ether, and go to make up the rivers and and cliffs, seas,

DAY

THE and

metals

DISRUPTION

OF

rocks, fire and

timber

"

31

these

are

fected per-

stitute agglomerated matter, and conthe earth. Knowing these facts, who that be can destroyed ? they will never say and earth form Heaven only a small speck in the greatest the midst of the Void, but they are of Being. This much is certain : things in the sum

forms

even

as

of

their

understand, slow

to

nature

they

so

to

come

is hard

to

will

be

slow

He

who

end.

an

fathom,

hard

to

to

pass away, fears lest they

pieces is assuredlyvery the truth. far from He, on the other hand, who be destroyed has also says that they will never and Heaven the reached not right solution. but neither of necessity pass earth must away, will revert to destruction apart from the other. should

suddenly

fall to

immediate is no that though there speaker means must universe danger of a collapse, it is certain that our and distant at of the law natural some obey disintegration, of decay will be date disappear altogether. But the process be so gradual as to imperceptible. The

Who, not

having

be

The and

alarmed

smiling and

upholds

the

Whether can

?

said

the

of

disruption,would

"He

: are

who

discussion,

are

both

though

or

one

that

maintains

destructible, and

destructible

know,

of the

heard

Tzii

contrary, are

day

"

earth

they never

face

Lieh

Master

Heaven

we

to

he

who

equally at fault. not is something may

hold

this

COSMOGONY

32 view

and

the

going

other's

and

or

about

Whether

destruction

should

why

no,

it ?

The

livingand the dead, coming, know nothing of each

the

state.

world

that.

another

*

my

head

*

of the Ch'i State

Kuo

of

the

Mr.

Hsiang

The

latter travelled

the

other

Kuo

trouble

"

*

Mr.

I

the

awaits

for the

told

Sung

him.

"It

was

very

to Ch'i

of his

secret

rich,while

very

State

Sung from

was

is because

"

and

poor. asked

prosperity. Mr. I am a good I began to be a

The first year thief," he said. thief,I had just enough. The second

ample.

third year,

The

year, I had great harvest.

I

reaped a of time, I found And, in course myself the owner of whole Mr. Hsiang was villagesand districts." thief in the word overjoyed ; he understood "

"

its literal sense,

but

did

he

understand

not

the

Accordingly, he climbed walls and broke into houses, grabover bing everything he could see or lay hands upon. But before long his thefts brought him very he into trouble, and he was of what strippedeven had previously possessed. Thinking that Mr. Kuo had basely deceived him, Hsiang went to him with bitter a complaint. "Tell me," said Mr. did you how set about Kuo, being a thief ? had happened, On learning from Mr. Hsiang what true

way

of

becoming

a

thief.

':

"

he

cried

brought

out

to

"

:

Alas

this pass

and

alack

because

!

you

You went

have

the

been wrong

COSMOGONY

34

already a thief in respect of your own body ? You are stealingthe harmony of the Yin and the Yang in order to keep alive and to maintain your How much then, are you a bodily form. more, suredly, thief with regard to external possessions! Asnot

Heaven

from

the

a

myriad of these

one

any of

and

earth

as

of

thefts

your

self-seekingand

trouble.

Those

By seen,

all

to

rain

"

and

who

For of

therefore

out

out

no

in

landed

spirit

a

in you of property,

take

possession private,are thieves.

with

the

have open

like.

the

abstain

one

in

tion. retribu-

bring no

taking possession of public property," as we Lieh Tzu means utilisingthe products of Nature

help acquiring rid

carried

are

carried

public or

from

taking property, public

also thieves.

private,are "

confusion

"

Those or

betokens

therefore

who

whether

To

thefts

were

claim

Nature.

own

your

thought. Mr. Kuo's spiritof justice,and But

of

objects

dissociated

be

cannot

can some

best

help possessing property will

in

or

the

a

body,

other

which

world.

Such

and

no

cannot

thefts

one

be are

can

got conscious un-

thefts."

The treat as

and earth is to great principleof Heaven publicproperty as such and private property

such.

Knowing

this

which principle,

of

us

is

a

ALL

thief, thief

and ?

MEN

at

advocate

of

in

the

With

metaphysical

is

impress

to

distinctions. social

him,

nor

theft

everything

standpoint.

Lieh of

aspect

that

view

common-sense

the

anecdote

communism,

of

punished.

this

mundane

of

interested

of

which

time

same

35

is

us

not

a

"

object

The

the

THIEVES

ARE

the

with

us

Tzu

is

he

is

a

is

crime

intended

rebel

reality un-

much

not

He

question.

does

the

is

not

against which to

be

must

lead

an

the

up

to

BOOK

THE

Yellow

The

him

to

and

and

spirit,

his

became

further

a

the

that

all

up

period

Empire his

was

and

people.

But,

and

of

fifteen

haggard

and

spite

pale,

of

trying

his

grieved

summoned

his

all, his his

and

he

he

;

in

Then,

years,

exhausted in

and

and

confused.

disorder

in

strength in

sallow,

dull

ears

melancholy

grew

became

intelligence,

wisdom

of

he

his

his

smell

of

senses

up

of

for

pleasures

his

gratified

the

on

looked

careful

was

sought

years

Empire

He

complexion

sensations

for

the

that

Nevertheless,

taste.

fifteen

for

head.

its

well-being,

eyes,

EMPEROR

sat

rejoiced

as

physical

YELLOW

Emperor

and

throne,

II

to

face

resources

rule remained

dull

sensations

the

and

confused. "

The

practice

establishing spiritual

enlightened

virtue

but

government,

will

only

not

succeed

disorganise

in the

faculties."

Then and

good

of

Yellow

the said

"

:

My

Emperor fault

is 36

want

sighed of

heavily

moderation.

ENERGY

MISDIRECTED The

suffer

I

misery

37

from

comes

over-attention

own self,and the troubles of the Empire my ' in everything.' from over-regulation Thereupon, his abandoned all his schemes, threw he up

to

and

bells

all

removed

his

dismissed

palace,

ancestral

written

attendants,

proclamations,

of his cuisine, and retired to live at leisure in private apartments attached fasted he in heart, and There the Court. to

heart

in

Fasting

See

of

Musings

For

three

journey

to not

distant

from

reach

of

Only

the

by

the

p.

the

ship soul

sleep,the Chinese

hun to

from

It or

any

of the

desires

on

without

or

of

made

he

a

of miles

itself.

cravings;

beyond

was

spiritualpart quit the body. or

was

personal fell asleep

of thousands

far.

travel

food

intended.

Hua-hsii, situated

so

could

he

that

State.

vehicle

or

kingdom simply went

without

Ch'i

from

not

are

Then

of

tens

many

earthly body will

71.

abstained

he

kingdom

This it

Mystic,

months

how

I know

the

mortification

government. daytime, and dreamed

the

In

a

Chinese

commentator, abstention

Actual

in

intervention in

bodily

of

forms

other

or

says

from the

the

control.

under

be

oneself

freeing

means

which,

desires, after

control.

under

body

his

brought

naturally

delicacies

the

down

cut

mortal

soul

head

is

or

the

foot.

supposed

ruler ;

people were they simply folIts

lowed

joy

YELLOW

THE

38

their life

in

to

came

natural

alike.

untimely

no

and

to

they were They nor

course

loss

instincts.

abhorrence

nor

attachment thus

EMPEROR

self

of

ends.

neither

existed

not

others

to

from

hence

;

them.

one

profit

All

were

by the emotions equally untouched fear. sympathy, of jealousy and

of love

and

Water

had

drown

to

no

cuts

to

power

and

blows

them,

caused

nor

them

fire

neither

;

hatred

and

aversion

among

they

felt neither

love

another

to

thus

;

They

from

exempt

inclination

death

indifference

nor

knew

felt neither

They

burn

injury

;

nor

make pain, scratching or tickling could not the air as itch. them They bestrode though cradled in treading on solid earth ; they were and Clouds as though resting in a bed. space obstructed mist their vision, thunder-peals not turbed could their ears, not stun physical beauty distheir hearts, mountains and not valleys hindered their steps. They moved about not like gods. his the Yellow from When Emperor awoke

dream, told

he

summoned what

them

his

he

three

Ministers "

had

three

For

seen.

and

"

he I have been months," said, living a life of leisure, fasting in heart, subduing my body, in casting about of nourishingmy method

and

the

lives

the secret.

of

others.

mind

my

But

for

life and

own

I

failed

the

true

regulating to

discover

HUA-HStJ

OF

KINGDOM

THE

to nourish is wrong one's own life, wrong others. No do this by to attempt

"It those

be

that

I know

Now

sought through hold

and

of

light

successful."

out, I fell asleepand

Worn

regulate

to

the

of

intelligence can

39

the

Perfect

the

senses.

me,

yet

within

dreamed

this dream. is not

Way This

I

to

Way I impart

cannot

be

know it

to

you. "

If

the be

cannot

Way

be

sought through the through the senses."

cannot

communicated

it

senses,

twenty-eight years after this, there was great orderliness in the Empire, nearly equalling in the And when that kingdom of Hua-hsu. ascended the on high, the people Emperor For

him

bewailed

for

hundred

two

without

years

intermission.

Lieh Kao

Po

he rode

.

could

Lao

the

friend. of

system

home

again on

away

the

wings

as

long

Sheng disciple.He without

as

heard dwelt

fifteen

of with

teacher, and he

of the

Lieh

was

had

fully philosophers,

two

"

Yin

months

When

these

There Tzu, ch. 1 : ride upon the wind, and travel

Chuang

staying

for his

Shang

for his

Tzu

mastered

Cf

had

Tzu

Tzu

wind. again.

whithersoever

he

He

wished,

days."

this, and Lieh

visitinghis

own

became

Tzu

for

home.

his many

While

YELLOW

THE

40

he his

received

time Yin

no

Lieh

this

incessant "

replied: from

have

now

I

have

come

I used

think

have

and

I

mind my right and wrong,

years,

profit and

of

Master

of

were

loss.

bestowed

one

thing. any-

But

you. "

low

so

what

Kao, for not

from

my

him, and

enjoyed

the

of three

space

venture

lipsdid

down,

Sit

?

learned

I

served

did my

with

me

feeling,and so I Tzii said : Formerly, of penetration, a man

fallen

Po

instruction

that

Lieh

tell you I had After

friendshipof

the

rid

will

Master.

Yin

tell

not

vexed

me

now

you

"

would

Why Sheng

:

coming ? ago, I sought

you

you

"

him

to

settled, un-

follower

his

and

again."

to

and

got

still

was

became

said

time

you, Sir, but made That

mind

and

Tzu

going

Some

departure,but Lieh Tzii Yin Sheng went away, his

returned

he

more.

once

months

many

so

So

sign.

no

into

he

answer.

his

initiated

be

to

asked, and each Becoming impatient,

times

announced

Sheng

still gave but after

begged

Ten

arts.

secret

he

him,

with

was

EMPEROR

not

reflect

to

venture

Then, for the

glance upon

on

speak

to

first

time, my

me

and

"

that

all.

was

"To

be in reality entertaining the

though one's

without

resentment

glance

mere

"

At

venturing to utter and harbouring

was

the end

ideas

them, secret

of is

a

profitand of

case

passions

;

loss,

hiding

hence

vouchsafed."

of five years

a

change had taken

a

YELLOW

THE

42

loss, I had was

knowledge,

no

others.

myself or

I knew

instructor,

my

EMPEROR either

neither that

nor

that

the

mouth

all

:

frozen, bones

and

eye

the

were

body

my

all melted of what

what

was

and

that

under

man

no

was

blended

were

and

ear

ear,

the Master

other

friend. Internal and External my into Unity. After that, there was between

touching

as

distinction and

nose

nose,

mind was My in dissolution, my flesh and conscious together. I was wholly unbody was resting on, or my same.

feet.

my

I

this way leaves or

borne

was

the

wind, like dry chaff In fact, I knew not whether fallingfrom a tree. the wind I on the wind. was or riding on me have in whole not Now, season spent one you teacher's have lost house, and yet you your patience two or three times already. Why, at this rate, the atmosphere will never support of your the earth will atom an body, and even be

unequal The

only

mind

of its

How

can

be

He it

on

the

to

way

to

weight

etherealise

of

the

limbs

of your

one

body

being

to

purge

!

the

passions.

expect

you

charioted

the

on

walk

to

wind

?

in the

Hearing this, Yin Sheng was could hardly trust himself he ventured was long ere

deeply to to

word. *

*

void

or

to

"

*

ashamed.

breathe, and utter

another

TAOIST

A

had

Fan

Mr.

in

succeeded

but of

the

Tzu

marked

out

of

three

he

turned

for distinction

spoke unfavourably were banished. People thronged his hall in Tzu Hua as they went to Court. way followers

his

that

the

to

clever

Ministers

partial

a

he

encourage

office

no

while

;

contend

ponent ex-

kingdom in high

was

the

who

an

Chin, taking

whom

on

as

whole

He

with

par

Hua,

fame

the

him.

Prince

standing on a State. Any one

eye was of whom

art, and

before

with

43

named

son

black

down

favour

a

achieving great

of the

bowed

CHARLATAN

those

forthwith the

same

used

to

amongst

always bullying the slow-witted, and the strong riding the weak. sulted rough-shod over Though this rein blows and wounds being dealt before in the habit of troubling his eyes, he was not it. Day and about night, this sort of thing and practically became served as an amusement, themselves,

a

custom

so

in the

ones

were

State.

day, Ho Sheng and Tzu Po, two of Fan's set off on a leading disciples, journey and, after traversing a stretch of wild country, they put up old peasant named for the night in the hut of an During the night, the two Shang Ch'iu K'ai. travellers conversed together, speaking of Tzu Hua's reputationand influence,his power over the how of others, and the fortunes he could make One

rich

man

Shang

poor

Ch'iu

and

K'ai

the was

poor

man

livingon

rich. the

Now,

border

of

YELLOW

THE

44

he his

shouldering

this

borrowed

establishment.

This

man's

for

followers, however, silken garments and

noses was

advanced

a

rode

with

in years

and

weather-beaten

a

Hua's

Tzu

worldly set, who wore in high carriagesand stalked about in the air. Seeing that Shang

were

cordingl Ac-

provisions and, off

set

the

conversation.

some

basket,

under

round

crept

overheard

and

window

had

He

starvation.

EMPEROR

face

Ch'iu in

deficient

their

with

K'ai

strength,

clothes

and

of

no

all despised him. and particularcut, they one he became Soon a regulartarget for their insults and ridicule,being hustled about and slapped on ever, the back and what not. Shang Ch'iu K'ai, how-

showed

least annoyance, and their wit having exhausted disciples,

never

last the him of

in this way,

the

tired of the fun.

grew

jest,they took the old and the word top of a cliff, a

dared

whosoever

be

rewarded

There

with an

was

eager

with

man

himself

hundred

a

and

response,

the

to

earth

muscle

edge. like

of

his

a

And bird

lo ! on

the

he

the was

that

silver.

Shang

Ch'iu

first to wafted a

way

would of

wing, not

on

to the

over

ounces

K'ai, in perfectgood faith, was over

them

passed round

was

throw

to

So, by

at

leap down

bone

or

ciples, disMr. Fan's body being hurt. regarding this as a lucky chance, were to great merely surprised, but not yet moved wonder. Then in the they pointed to a bend is a foaming river below, saying: "There

A

MAN

the bottom

preciouspearl at had

be

can

again

he

when

And

on

TAO

45

of that

river,which

diving." Shang Ch'iu K'ai their suggestion and plunged in. came out, sure enough he held a the

for

acted

OF

his hand.

pearl in

Then, at last, the whole company suspect the truth, and Tzu Hua gave

began

to

that

orders

costly viands and silken raiment prepared ; then suddenly a great fire kindled round the pile. walk If you was can through the midst of these flames," he said, to keep what can "you are welcome get of you an

array be should

of

"

embroidered

these a

reward."

stuffs,be it much

Without

moving

a

or

as little,

muscle

of

his

face, Shang Ch'iu K'ai walked straightinto the back came fire, and again with his garments and

unsoiled

his

body unsinged. Mr. Fan and his disciples realised that he now in possessionof Tao, and all began to make was their apologies, did not know, Sir, We saying : that you had Tao, and were only playing a trick We insulted you, not knowing that you on you. divine You have were a man. exposed our stupidity,our deafness and our blindness. May "

venture

we "

Secret

"

Even

real

to

ask

I have

in my

what

the

Great

Secret

none," repliedShang Ch'iu own

mind

I have

no

clue

as

is ?

"

K'ai. to the

Nevertheless, there is one point in it all which I must A try to explain to you. short time ago, Sir, two of yours came disciples cause.

YELLOW

THE

46

EMPEROR

put up for the night in my of Mr. them extollingthe power and

he

able

was

the

making

I believed not

make

to

rich this

and

poor

I

the as

hither.

came

and

Fan,

how

people'sfortunes,

mar

and implicitly,

great

very

man

or

I heard

hut.

poor man the distance

rich. was

arrived,

Having

unreservedlyaccepted as true all the statements made and was only afraid lest by your disciples, of putting the come opportunity might never them not triumphantly to the proof. I knew what body occupied, nor yet part of space my where danger lurked. My mind was simply One, and material objects thus offered no resistance. that That is all. But having discovered now, were deceiving me, my inner man disciples your and of doubt into a state is thrown perplexity, of sight and hearing while outwardly my senses I

themselves.

re-assert

justhad

burned

and

with shall

my

within

heart

horror, and my limbs tremble never again have the courage

water

that

happened would

time

to meet

road,

the

me

with

freezes fear.

to

go

I

near

fire."

or

From

on

death,

to

being drowned

from

providentialescape

a

that I have

I reflect

When

forth,when a beggar or far

so

from

actuallydismount

Fan's

Mr. a

poor

disciples

horse-doctor

jeering at him, they and

offer him

a

humble

salute. Tsai

Wo "

heard Is this

fucius. story, and told it to Constrange to you ? was the reply. this

"

so

"

The

inanimate

to can

cardinal

Compare His

and

heaven

move

points without

familiar

the

spirits ; he earth, and fly to the six rance. encountering any hind-

Bible

in the

passage

confined

not

are

powers

47 his influence

perfectfaith can extend things and disembodied

of

man

FAITH

OF

POWER

THE

(Matt.

to

xvii.

20).

walking

in

perilousplacesand passingthrough water and fire. belief was If Shang Ch'iu K'ai, whose false,found obstacle

no

in external

certainlywill equallysincere In

his Master

Tzu

Fan,

case,

Hua

was

their

and

beasts.

much

more

parties are

this in mind."

though he himself was merely an impostor.

Keeper of Animals the Chou dynasty, had an skilled was Yang, who birds

bear

man,

sincere,

King Hsuan, of assistant named Liang

under

The

wild

how

both

when

so

Young

K'ai's

Ch'iu

Shang

be

that !

matter,

in

the

When

park-enclosure, all

the

management he

fed

them

of in

showed

animals

tractable, although they ospreys. comprised tigers, wolves, eagles and female Male and freelypropagated their kind, themselves

and

The

tame

their numbers

and

multiplied.

difficultyof getting

is well-known

to

wild

naturalists.

animals

to

breed

in

captivity

YELLOW

THE

48

The

EMPEROR

different

The should

impart

gether, species lived promiscuously toclawed nor bit one another. yet they never afraid lest this man's secret King was

die

with

him,

and

it to the

Keeper. Keeper and

commanded

him

to

So

Liang Yang appeared before the "I said : am only a humble have servant, and really nothing to impart. I fear the King has been leading you to expect some With regard mysterious secret. method of feedingtigers, all I have to say to my is this : when yieldedto, they are pleased ; when is the natural Such opposed, they are angry. But neither dispositionof all livingcreatures. their pleasurenor their anger is manifested out withBoth a cause. are reallyexcited by opposition.

Anger reaction

"In either

former

directly, pleasure indireotly, owing when the opposition is overcome.

feeding tigers,then, live animals

or

whole

I avoid carcasses,

to

the

natural

giving them lest in the

killing,in the latter the act of tearingthem excite them to pieces,should to fury. Again, I time their periods of hunger and repletion, and I gain a full understanding of the causes of their anger. Tigers are of a different but, like him, they are docile species from man, with them those who treat kindly,though they will show their lives are attacked. fight when case

the

act

of

YELLOW

THE

50 "

There

change conscious

disturbance

was

his

outward

of the

fact

in

be

their instinct

Chao

glow

he ?

That

a

thus

human

accompanied birds

the

out to

men

set

of the

a

flames

is to say,

a

man

passing miraculously

a

Central

the

growth, under-

forest, and

whole

visible for

was

of

company in the

hunt

the

fire to

Suddenly rocky cliff,

a

a

could

How

being.

by

became

"

led

Tzu

mind, ;

was

around.

from

his

They dropped sparks in which

miles

that

thousand

Mountains.

the

in

demeanour

deceived

Hsiang

hundred

EMPEROR

a

hundred

appeared, emerging

out

of the

actual

stone

itself.

and

to hover

seen

was

in the air amidst

the flames

for a Everybody took him the fire had disembodied passed, spirit. When of he walked trace no quietly out, and showed Hsiang Tzii having been through the ordeal.

and

the

smoke.

thereat, and

marvelled

him

detained

for

the

bodily form possessing the seven undoubtedly a man, which his breathing besides channels of sense, So and his voice also proclaimed him a man. it was that the prince inquiredwhat secret power enabled him to dwell in rock and to walk through do you fire. What mean replied by rock ? the man what do you mean Hsiang by fire ? ; of is Tzii said : out What came just now you of careful

purpose he was

examination.

In

"

"

"

"

"

MIND

THE rock

RULES

what

;

**

fire."

just now nothing

you I know

BODY

THE

51

through is them," replied the walked

of

man. "

to

It

this extreme

was

The of the

incident

Wei "

an

From

the

to

came

What

:

"

harm

I

what

metal the

of

surface

"

the

who

man

into

"

yet

my

heart

only

Master achieves

with

has

of them

Passing

the power through solid of fire

things

or

on

become

friend," asked the my " I have do all this ! " Tzii

impurities and

find

it,

Why,

cannot

of

Wen

this must

close unison

all these

you succeeded," said

not

him

about

the

heard

have

him.

water"

him."

"

can

Marquis

stone, walking in the midst

or

possibleto Marquis,

I

hinder

or

of

ears

spoke to Tzii Hsia extraordinary man

say," repliedTzii Hsia, harmony with Tao enters external objects,and none to

enabled

that

unconsciousness

feats."

State, who "

saying be !

above

the

perform

of

leisure to

"

Hsia, in cleansing discarding wisdom.

discuss

M And

the

matter

in

pursued the Marquis, "does not the Master himself perform these feats ? The Master," repliedTzu Hsia, is able to do these things,but he is also able to refrain from Which answer hugely doing them." delightedthe Marquis. tentative

fashion." "

why,"

"

"

*

There without

may

be

*

*

similarity in

similarityin

outward

form.

understanding There

may

YELLOW

THE

52

also

form

similarityin understanding. The of understanding and world

The

without

similarityin Sage embraces similarity pays no regard to similarity in general is attracted by

be

of form.

EMPEROR

indifferent to similarityof form, but remains creatures similarity of understanding. Those in shape they love that them resemble and with

consort

fear

shape they

The

Chinese

foot

head,

and

that

at

them

long,

feet

seven

in

The

distance.

a

shorter

being considerably

time

an

set

even

erect, is called

follow that

man

a

though will still recognise him virtue

have

or

beasts. beast

the

on

teeth

or

the

of teeth

feet, hair on its jaws, and

in

But

man.

it does

have

the

this be the

case,

as

back

of their

one

form. or

mind

of

other

men

which

the

on

a

species

own

Creatures

horns

not

head,

extensile talons, which head flyoverall fours, are called birds and

run

on

But

it does

not may if this be

from

not

of his outward

wings

serrated

a

may

Even

brute.

even

keep

differently shaped

walks

in

differ from

skeleton

a

at

that

ours.

hands its

and

has

that

creature

than

those

;

have so,

not

follow

that

the

mind

of

a

it is nevertheless

a

bird

or

a

Yet, assigned to

man.

speciesbecause of the difference in form. P'ao Hsi, Nii Kua, Shen Nung and Hsia Hou had faces, ox-heads serpents' bodies, human

another

OUTWARD and

yet their

virtue

of

was

the

not

were

saintliest.

Yin, Huan the Ch-'u State, were

Hsia

of the

Chieh

53

Thus, their forms

tigers'snouts.

human,

CRITERION

NO

FORM

of the

dynasty, Chou

State, and Mu of all external respects, as facial appearance Lu

of the in

possession of

the

channels

seven

of

and like

sense,

of savage yet they had the minds in brutes. Howbeit, seeking perfect wisdom, form outward attend to the alone, which men

other

unto

will not

men

;

bring

them

to

near

it.

Emperor fought with Yen Ti the field of P'an-ch'uan, his vanguard was posed comon of bears, wolves, panthers, lynxes and while his ensign-bearerswere eagles, tigers, ospreys, This was forcible impressment falcons and kites. The Emperor of animals into the service of man. Yao K'uei with the entrusted regulation of When

the

Yellow

music. K'uei

was

a

composite being, half beast, His

virtue.

have

had

"

the

and

covetous

When

the

of

latter

varying cadence, of

sound

Shao

flew

down

the

He

to

a

music. on

assist.

the

musical

animals

When

the

flute,the This

hand,

of irreproachable is said

to

insatiably gluttonous,

was

the

tapped all the

other

the

on

man,

was

stone

in

danced

to

the

strains

of

the

phoenix itself the

attraction

In what, then, of music. the power differ from of birds and beasts minds

of animals do

the

heard

were

son,

pig." quarrelsome. heart

half

by

YELLOW

THE

54

minds

the

of

different,and

are

innate,

even

that

as

desire is for

mutual

shun

They

mountainous

make

for

male

warmth

the

middle,

the

stronger

They show drinking-places,and

the when

there

dwelt

and

was

that

the

not

is food. moved

until

they began

scattered

bands.

the

the

mother

In

about

is

instincts

There

female, and her

and

open

ones

are

another

one

call the in

stationed

to

on

the way to their fellows

earliest ages, company

age of emperors to be afraid and broke now,

in

place themselves

ones

the

And

to

common

source.

and

limited un-

plain and keep parts ; they flee the cold they settle,they ; when they travel,they preserve

the outside.

It

human

flocks ; when The fixed order. young

the

But

life,but their

of

between

gather in a

utter

tion communica-

Their

man.

any

the

attachment

young. the to

of

from

pairing between

and

which

unknown.

is

propagation

derived

not

is

by

they

penetration of the Sage are that is why he is able to lead them : of animals bidding. The intelligence

his

are

the secret

sounds

and

wisdom

do

the

effected

be

may

Only

?

men

EMPEROR

with and

they man.

kings

into away in this final period,

they habituallyhide and keep out of man's way At the present so as to avoid injury at his hands. day, the Chieh-shih people in the Ear East can in many cases interpret the language of the six domestic animals, although they have probably but an imperfectunderstanding of it.

MEN

AND

ARE

BRUTES

KIN

55

of divine men antiquity,there were were enlightenment who perfectly acquainted with the feelingsand habits of all livingthings, and the languages of the thoroughly understood various their at species. The latter assembled bidding, and received the instruction imparted These to them, exactly like human beings. and understanding, sages declared that, in mind wide of the living there was no gulf between any and with blood breath. And, species endowed therefor e, knowing that this was so, they neglected that came to them or none passed over

In remote

.

.

.

for instruction.

K'ang of the Sung State. The Prince, however, stamped his The foot, rasped his throat, and said angrily: and strength. I am things I like are courage not fond of your good and virtuous people. What Hui

Yang

to

went

visit Prince

"

"

stranger like you have to teach me ? I have a secret," repliedHui Yang, whereby brave be or strong, can opponent, however my either harming me by thrust prevented from Would not or Highness care to by blow. your can

a

"

"

know "

that

that

is

about."

"

1

the stabs indeed

to

"

Capital! certainlysomething I Hui on Yang went secret

cover

him

and

blows

with

"

K'ang

exclaimed

should "

:

To

of one's

shame.

But

;

like to hear render

opponent my

effectu inis

secret

YELLOW

THE

56

is

brave

imply

opponent, however

your

strong, afraid to stab or being afraid, however, does

or

all ! His

he has

that

not

the will to do that

method

secret

operates so Not having the

is absent.

does love

will make

which

one

EMPEROR

and

do

to

Now,

even

the

will to

harm, the

But

good.

my and

at

always

not

so.

connote necessarily

not

strike

to

my

will ever, how-

desire is

secret

to one

child in the woman man, whereby every Empire shall be inspiredwith the friendlydesire another ! This and do is to love good to one all social distinctions, something that transcends the mere better than is much and possession of and Highness no strength. Has your courage this ? mind secret to acquire such a as "Nay," anxious I am said the Prince, to learn it. What is the secret, pray ? " Nothing else," replied than the teachingsof Confucius Hui Yang, and "

"

"

"

Tzii.

Mo

A

philosopher of the utilitarian chiefly on

famous

propounded, universal

Neither

fourth

century

grounds,

B.C.,

doctrine

who of

love."

of

these

two

possessed any they held no

men

and

princes ; yet they were leaders. rank, and yet they were of the crane

the

their

glimpse of

necks them.

Empire, and

old and

stand

For it

was

All

young,

land, official

the used

habitan into

tiptoe to catch a their object to bring

on

BOOK

III

DREAMS

the

In

He

west.

make

and

and

rivers

flow

solid

encounter

There

was

effect

also

could Mu

King him

like

revered

of

daintiest

the

singing-girls magician, as

as

a

new

built

his

for

too

ugly

building entirely

of

to

live

with.

bricks

to

and 58

cares.

served

his

for

a

the

So

please

him

with of

number

wood,

the

King him. and

a

use

King's and

rancid,

erected

form,

gratification.

condemned as

could

and

god,

regaled

express

cooking

he

selected

and

of

variety

external

aside

set

apartments, food,

obstructed.

internal

a

as

He

however, the

mean,

of

suite

spacious

him

prince.

a

the

men's

away

whole

falling,

which

changing

spirit

without

countless

the

to

besides

and,

;

end

mountains

being

transformations

and

changes

without

far

water,

transplant air

a

the

and

overturn

thin

on

was

in

fire

backwards,

bodies

no

kingdom

a

stone,

cities, ride

there

Chou,

through

pass

metal

and

towns

of

from

came

could

penetrate

Mu

King

who

magician

he

of

time

The

palace bines concu-

Mu It

had was

gorgeously

A decorated

PALACE in red

DELIGHT

OF

and

white, The

no

59

skill

being spared

five

royaltreasuries were pavilion was empty by the time that the new feet high, overtopping complete. It stood six thousand Mount called Chung-nan, and it was Then the King proTouch-the-sky Pavilion. ceeded to fillit with maidens, selected from Cheng and Wei, of the most exquisiteand delicate beauty. anointed with fragrant perfumes, proThey were vided with jewelled hairpins and earrings, and arrayed in the finest silks,with costlysatin trains. Their faces were powdered, and their eyebrows studded with precious their girdles were pencilled, in its construction.

stones, wherever

played

they to

fresh

with

sweet

before

The

scents

honoured

the

times

a

some

magician

;

and

new

could

he

month

jewelled raiment him

wafted

were

Ravishing guest by

went.

; several

bands

set

and

not

music

Imperial presented day he had

delicious

well

was

the

was

every

abroad

refuse

food. to

take

palace of delight. But he had not dwelt there very long before he invited him the King to accompany on a jaunt. So the magician's sleeve, and the King clutched soared with him higher and higher into the up sky, until at last they stopped,and lo I they had the magician's own reached palace. This palace of gold and built with beams silver,and was incrusted with jade. It towered pearls and high above the region of clouds and rain, and up

his

abode

in

this

DREAMS

60

the foundations It

like

appeared

the

view.

eye

and

there, ken.

a

the

ear,

it rested

stupendous sights and sounds

The

abounded mortal

whereon

scents

were

and

such

as

unknown.

were

cloud-mass

to

it offered flavours

exist

not

to

which within

The

King verily believed that he in the Halls of Paradise, tenanted was by God to the mighty Himself, and that he was listening of the music spheres. He gazed at his own palace on the earth below, and it seemed to him better than a rude pileof clods and brushwood. no The King would gladly have stayed in this place for decade after decade, without a thought the magician invited for his own But country. him another to make journey, and in the new sun nor moon to, neither region they came be seen in the could heavens above, nor any rivers below. The seas or King's eyes were dazed by the quality of the light,and he lost of vision ; his ears the power stunned were by that assailed them, and he lost the the sounds of his bones facultyof hearing. The framework and

his internal

and

refused

whirl,

a

begged "

This

to

his

the

function.

intellect

magician

His

became to

take

out

thoughts

effect of

Spontaneity."

of gear in were

clouded, and him

back

Void, where region of the Great and be traversed meant to blurred, assuredly not The and brain of dizziness ordinary man. eye was

the

thrown

were

organs

he

again. all is dim

by was

the the

THE

UNREALITY

PLEASURE

OP

him Thereupon, the magician gave and the King experienced a sensation through space. .

When

with looked that

it

the

in

of

front

falling

found

freshness.

from, and

that

;

they

had

told

attendants

his

he

where

asked

He

He

him.

him,

still full of sediment

was

their

come

round

attendants

wine

viands, and

lost

he

the

of

consciousness, he found his throne just as before,

selfsame

at

shove,

to

sittingon

the

a

.

awoke

he

himself

.

61

and

saw

looked

at

not

yet

he him

had that

This only been sitting quietly there. three threw King Mu into a reverie, and it was he months before he was himself again. Then made further inquiry, and asked the magician had Your to explain what Majesty happened. and were I," replied the magician, only in the spirit, and, of course, wandering about had

"

"

bodies

our

difference

dwelt

in

between your

and

at

your spaces

were

During

from

the

What

essential

that

sky-palace we Majesty's palace on earth, travelled we through and park ?

standpoint

of

the

Absolute,

both

unreal.

your been have

the

all.

at

between

Majesty's own

palaces

to

is there

the

Looked

you

moved

never

retirement in

reality of

a

from

public affairs,

perpetual state of doubt in experience. But your

as a

DREAMS

62

universe

where

progress,

and

fast how

conceptions, attained

?

changes

slow

and

the

can

everlastinglyin are purely relative Ideal be ever fully

are

"

The

only some sky-palace was Kong's, just as the King's palace was than

the

hovel

of

peasant.

a

To

finer

degrees only strive

some

for

than

the

degrees finer something that

desires and and for all satisfy man's aspirations once is only labour lost. The continues with account an story of the King's marvellous But West. the to journey though he drained the cup of pleasure to the dregs, the upshot of it all was We that he never to Tao. seek truly attained may the moral Tzu. : Without in a saying of Lao going out of world know the whole doors, one looking out ; without may of window, The farther of the Heaven. one see Way may shall

"

travels, the

one

Lao

less

one

know."

may

learn

magic from the venerable Yin Wen. After a period of three he no communication, having obtained years, Yin asked humbly permission to go home. Wen bowed, and led him into the inner apartment. his attendants, There, having dismissed he spoke to him follows : as Long ago, when Lao Tzu was setting out on his journey to the

Ch'eng

Tzii

went

to

"

West, has

he

the

addressed

breath

and

life,all that

Illusion.

said

'

:

All

possesses

that

bodily

point at which creation begins,the change effected by the Dual called are Principles these respectively Life form,

is

of

me

mere

The

"

and

Death.

That

which

underlies

the

manifold

DEATH

IS

EVOLUTION

workings of Destiny is called which produces and transforms

63

Evolution

that

;

bodily substance is called Illusion. The Creator's ingenuity is mysterious, His operations secret and profound. In

He

truth, "

The

Creator,"

conception be

is inexhaustible

of

from

seen

differs

the

commentator's

a

that

the

the

possess constitutes

line

to

energy

relapse

ingenuity

form

is

shallow.

patent

that mind

become and

then, "

If

to

a

make

to

that

wishes person that his own

the

fact

the

absurdity

of

an

How

It

?

should

is His

but

may

the

spontaneity unites

matter

which

does

which

with

follows

not,

on

that

its eye, and it arises anon,

to

make

body illusion

is

workings and

are

it

anon

who

knows

that

Life

that

Death

is

really

learn

magic

illusions.

study

material

causes

the

both a

"

:

the

nothingness."

of

are

a

away,

destroyed.' Only one is really Illusion, and Evolution, can begin to I

widely personal God how

bodily substance,

a

passes

Therefore

and

of

Essential

is

You

eternal.

but

;

note

mystery.

into

The

from

conscious

of evolution

account,

is Tao

course,

Tao

Creator

extensive

of

and

of the

a an

from

How

subject?

study

are

me.

we,

"

illusion,in spite of reduced to illusion, we are

studying

of

an

illusion."

Lao

Ch'eng Tsii returned home, and for three months the words of the pondered deeply over Yin Venerable Wen. Subsequently, he had the power of appearing or disappearing at will ; he

could

reverse

the

order

of

the

four

seasons,

DREAMS

64

produce

thunderstorms

summer,

make

in

The the

Master

dreams mind

and

follows

in

if

abstraction, vanish

rely

on

of

their

understand

This

Lieh

Tzu

to

held

themselves.

are

dreams

that

can

processes means

'The

of

future

without

by

certain

be

checked

men

existence

in

dreams

our

those

who cannot

do

in dreams

not

of evolution.

omitted

in

the

present day, opinion of his own festations maninot were just arbitrary events, but the effects of regular further significance. They any

processes (as Lieh

of

mind

the

With

faith

abstraction, dreaming

pure

substance.

perceptions you

put

a

causes,

produced

is

waking

our

with

alternatingprocesses

portending antecedent

in

feelings and

our

previous passage, Contrary to the received

selection.

never

dream

A

concentrate

can

who

the

refers

we

waking

Those

argue.

substance

of

that

will

"

:

event

an

;

he

days

is the

substances.

It

of minds

creeping

his art, so that the to after generations.

said

Tzu.

in

coming together of sensible Hence our feelingsby day and by night are the meetings of mind

consciousness

with

of his

down

Lieh

meeting

our

handed

not

was

ice

and

flying things creep

things fly. But to the end made public display of any secret

and

winter

old

of the Tzu

mind,

believes

will also

if these

they can) by

cease.

passed

self-oblivion, and

and

their

slept

waking without

DREAMS

66

he

and

cares,

solicitude

always thinking with

was

affairs of his

the

about

anxious Thus

estate.

and body alike, and wearing out mind at night he also used to fall asleep utterly exhausted. that he was Every night he dreamt menial man's another on servant, running about of every business description,and subjected to possible kind of abuse and ill-treatment. every in his sleep, and and He would mutter groan This relief until obtained no morning came. in a serious illness, state of things at last resulted Yin and Mr. besought the advice of a friend. he

"

was

Your

life," his

in

station

and

distinguished one, property far

are

dream ease

in

in above

that for

you

have

In

these

abundance. the you

If

average.

are

wealth

destiny. should

What

and

be

balance is

want

you

and

night you exchange

that is only the proper affliction,

human

that

pleasant as that is beyond But waking moments. On to hearing what compass." power friend said, Mr. Yin lightenedhis servant's dreams

your

and

allowed

whereupon proportion.

A

when

man

his

his

was

he fell in

as

mental

own

malady

gatheringfuel with

a

deer

worry

began

to

in the

that

had

a

respects you at

servant

a

said, "is

friend

to

your your

his

toil,

abate

decrease

Cheng been

;

in

State

startled

DREAMS from

usual

its

DREAMS

WITHIN He

haunts.

67

chase, and

gave

overjoyed at his good luck ; but, for fear of discovery,he hastily the carcass concealed in a dry ditch, and covered it up with brushwood. Afterwards, he forgot succeeded

the

in

He

killingit.

spot where

had

he

was

deer, and

the

hidden

affair convinced that the whole finallybecame He told the story to people was only a dream. he met he went as along ; and one of those who heard it, following the indications given, went with his the deer. and found On reaching home made the followingstatement to booty, this man

his

"

wife

Once

:

wood-cutter couldn't

dreamt

the

remember I have

it.

Now

his

dream said

dreamt

a

was

his

a

is you

a

he

a said, deer, but

had

put that

it appears "

dream."

true

met

you deer.

got

deer, so

"

he

place where

wife, "it

that

had

he

the

found

time,"

a

upon that

On

who

the

trary," con-

have

must

who

wood-cutter

had

Here have a deer, true caught a you It is ? enough. But where is the wood-cutter I true." that has come evidently your dream have certainlygot a deer," repliedher husband ; "

"so

what

his dream

does or

it matter

mine

?

to

us

whether

it

was

"

had Meanwhile, the wood-cutter home, gone all disgusted at at not having lost the deer. For

But

he

thought

the

same

the

whole

thing

night,he

saw

have

must

in

a

been

dream

a

dream.

the

place

DREAMS

68

where of

he had

the

who

man

seek

had

him

with

in order

out

he also dreamt

it,and

taken

in accordance

morning, to

reallyhidden

to

it.

So, the his dream, he the

recover

the matter quarrel ensued, and brought before the magistrate, who in

these

wood-cutter,

"

terms

You,"

:

went

deer.

A

finally ment judg-

was

he

next

gave said to

the

"

began by reallykillinga deer, but dream. Then a wrongly thought it was you that had really dreamt got the deer, but you be a reality. The to wrongly took the dream other man reallytook your deer, which he is now His the other wife, on disputing with you. both man and deer in hand, declares that he saw be said to have a dream, so that nobody can all. Meanwhile, here is the killed the deer at itself in court, and between you."

deer

The

case

reported

was

Cheng State, who have

must

question was

but

the

latter the was

referred

confessed

part not

that a

better

Prince

the

to

divide

of

it

the

"

:

the

dreamt

The

part that

said

had

you

Why, the magistrate whole thing himself ! "

to

the

Prime

himself was

dream.

unable dream

a "

If

you

Minister, to

from want

entangle dis-

the to

distinguish between waking and dreaming," he have to go back to the Yellow said, you would But both these sages are Emperor or Confucius. alive who dead, and there is nobody now can "

draw

any

such

distinction.

STRANGE

A Of

the

between

So

it is

course,

the

implied

DISEASE that

there

is

69

distinction

real

no

two.

thing you magistrate'sdecision," best

can

do

uphold

is to

the

Yang-liHua-tzii, of the Sung State, was afflicted in middle Anything age by the disease of amnesia. he received in the morning he had forgottenby the evening ; anything he gave away in the evening he had forgottenthe next morning. Out-of-doors, he forgotto walk ; indoors, he forgotto sit down. recollection of he had At any given moment, no had what just taken place ; and a little later on, had recollect what he could not even happened All his family were then. perfectly disgusted with

their were

were

from

him.

Fortune-tellers

proved

divinations

sought out, but ; physicianswere of

no

the

avail. Lu

their

were

summoned,

unsuccessful exorcisms

were

;

but

wizards

tual ineffec-

called in, but their remedies At last, a learned professor

State

volunteered

his

services,

Hua-tzii's declaringthat he could effect a cure. half wife and family immediately offered him their landed property if only he would tell them The how to to work. set professor replied: be dealt with This is a case cannot which by of auspices and diagrams ; the evil cannot means be removed and incantations, nor by prayers successfullycombated by drugs and potions. "

DREAMS

70

What and

I shall

try

the

to

do

is to

influence

his mind

of this

thoughts ; in that is likelyto be brought about." a cure way Accordingly,the experiment was begun. The professor exposed his patient to cold, so that he forced to beg for clothes ; subjected him to was hunger, so that he was fain to ask for food ; left him in darkness, so that he was obligedto search for light. Soon, he was able to report progress to the sons of the house, saying gleefully The : turn

current

"

disease

be

can

checked.

But

the

I shall

methods

down secret as a employ have been handed be made known to family, and cannot my must, therefore, be public. All attendants I must

and

patient."

The

be

shut

professor was

up

alone allowed

with to

in

the missed, dismy

have

his way, and for the space of seven days no one what knew was going on in the sick man's chamber. to an came Then, one fine morning, the treatment of so to relate,the disease end, and, wonderful years'standing had entirelydisappeared ! many Hua-tzii No had sooner regained his senses, however, than he flew into a great rage, drove his wife out of doors, beat his sons, and, snatching up a spear, hotly pursued the professorthrough On being arrested and asked to explain the town his conduct, this is what he said : Lately,when I was were steeped in forgetfulness, my senses of the benumbed that I was so quite unconscious .

"

existence

of

the

outer

world.

But

now

I have

ABSENT-MINDEDNESS been

brought suddenly half

of

events

hate

have

to

tentacles to invade

peace

will, I fear,

to

turmoil

of

state

my continue

if I could

but

recapture

If this is the some

much

stronger will it be

resemblance

was

once

Yen

the

was

Ch'u

was

On

the

in

experience.

short

the

Oh

!

of that

moment

on

a

infirmity

mental

whose

man

Highest Principle [Tao], how entering the realm of the Absolute the

the the

flushed

a

man

who, though born Ch'u, and it was only

up in he returned

northernmost

bounded

through played a of

to

brought

was

his old age that

to

mind

my

"

There

Yen,

of

sentiment

bears

itself !

emotions

!"

blessed oblivion "

these

; and

now a

and

joy, love their myriad

out

keep

I

that

the

and

throw

to

of

Preservation

loss, sorrow

begun

71

perception

a

lifetime.

a

destruction, gain and and

BLESSING

A

by the

to

State

left bank

his native of of

ancient the

in in

country. China,

while

Yangtsze.

thither, as they were passing Chin State, his fellow-travellers practicaljoke on him. They pointed

way the

city

and

said: "

Yen

State

with

excitement.

;

"Here

is the

whereupon the Pointing out

capital old a

man

certain

his own shrine, they told him that it was village a altar,and he heaved deep sigh. They showed is where him "This a house, and said: your

BREAMS

72

"

lived

ancestors

Finally,

eyes.

lie

ancestors

himself

they

buried."

We

is

been

the

only

mortified

Chin ;

journey's the and

much

city

and

tombs

less

when

altars of acute.

into

State."

and

his

old

of

aloud.

Their

victim

ancestors,

with

his

laughter.

cried

they

Yen,

control But

of

you,"

a

your

could

roars

really

of

front

where

man

they

he

in

his

in

up

tomb

wept

hoaxing

and

end,

the

is

and

burst

have

him

The

longer,

no

fellow-travellers "

This

:

welled

tears

brought "

said

and

mound

the

and

;

;

this

greatly

was

arrived

at

their

see

before

him

did

the his

actual emotion

abode was

CONFUCIUS

74 "

Five

The

Emperors excelled in the exercise of altruism and righteousness. I do not know that And the Three sages." they were Sovereigns: surelythey were sages ? "

"

The Fu

Tliree

Sovereigns always denote the legendary rulers Nung and the Yellow Emperor.

Hsi, Shen

Three

"The that

"

suited

were

were

Sovereigns

sages

or

to

I

no

their

excelled

in

But

age.

the

virtues

whether

they

say."

reallycannot

of learning of Confucius, the warlike prowess and Yao and of the Wu, T'ang humility self-abnegation and Shen of Fu Hsi Shun, the rude Nung, simply simplicity dates accommorepresent the ordinary activities of the sage who of the world himself to the necessities he lives in. They Those not the qualitieswhich make them are qualities sages. neither word deed can are as nor truly such adequately The

wide

and

express."

there,then," cried much astonished, that is reallya countenance expression of Confucius' who

"Why,

the

is

"

and

replied after

he

people governs

of

the

West

not, yet there

a a

is

pause: true no

Minister,

sage

?

"

The

changed, the "Among

sage

disorder.

dwells. He

He

speaks

He makes not, yet he is naturally trusted. is spontaneous reforms, yet right conduct

no

and

great and incomprehensible is he find no to call him that the people can name by. I suspect that this man in is a sage, but whether universal.

So

he

truth

is

a

is not

or

sage

WEST

THE

IN

SAGE

TRUE

A

a

sage

in the

above

75

I do

not

know."

Jesus

to

Jesuit

early

The

But

Christ.

is almost

certain

shape before

The

he

the

me

!

could

day. thereby, far and

morning

would

with

them,

the

of

and any

Tzu

twenty

and

them,

"

There

cussions dis-

hold

which

spread

years

next-door

his

mysterious harmony at old they arrived

was

a

intercourse."

mutual

Philosopher

neighbour, passed between the street they

visit

no

when

therefore

Nan-kuo

in

Tzu

doctrines,

their

between age

other.

each

seen

without

simply

means

had

having "

the

of Nan-kuo."

followers

convinced Master

was

they met though they had not

as

The

unaffected

was

wide.

for

made

out

count

to

were

every

fame

in

sought him

who

of those

down

settled

Tzu

and

Nan-kuo but

*

reckoned, though one Lieh Tzu, however,

all

Confucius

:

be

not

in

"

Lieh

Master

"

himself

to

awhile

meditated

*

the number

Nan-kuo

definite

taken

had

work

Shang

*

When

it

era.

said

fool of

a

allusion

an

considerations)

other

from

present

from

Then

making

the

Christian

the

saw

(apart

that

Minister

silence. is

missionaries

and

that

and there

Nan-kuo

disciplesof was enmity Tzu

;

and

at

Lieh

Tzu

between

last,one

felt their

who

CONFUCIUS

76 had

the Ch'u

from

come

about

"How

it, saying: and

you kuo

Nan-kuo

State

Tzu

spoke

to Lieh

it, Sir, that

comes

"

"

enemies?

are

Tzu Nan-

the appearTzu," repliedthe Master, "has ance of fullness,but his mind is a blank.

By

means

no

a

term

of

disparagement,

in the

mouth

of

a

Taoist.

hear, his eyes do not see, his does not speak, his mind mouth is devoid of knowledge, his body free from would agitation. What be the object of visitinghim ? However, we will thither to see." me try, and you shall accompany with him went Accordingly, forty of the disciples Nan-kuo to call on Tzu, who turned out to be a His

do

ears

not

creature. repulsive-looking

Taoist

writers

deformity

made

sages,

delight in attributingugliness and

to

doubt

no

as

a

sort

of

foil

or

set-off

grandeur.

inward

their

to

seem

their

to

show

of

receiving his guests, but Body and soul only gazed blankly at Lieh Tzu. seemed to be unable not to belong together,and world. to respond to the stimuli of the external He

"

void

The of

no

soul

subjugated the body. sense-impressions, the countenance

Hence

between stimuli

had

the ?

"

seemed How two.

it

as

if

could

there

they

were

The

mind

remained no

respond

being less. motion-

co-operation to

external

BLANKNESS

MIND

OF

Suddenly, Nan-kuo

77

singledout the hinderof Lieh Tzu's and most row began to disciples, talk to them quite pleasantlyand simply,though in the tone of a superior. "Fraternising distinctions

of

and

be

occupied

with

rank

Tzu

the or

hindmost

standing

;

row,

meeting

responding thereto, he with

did

not

he a

recognised sympathetic

no

fluence, in-

his mind

allow

to

external."

the

astonished at this,and when were disciples a puzzled expression. they got home again,all wore

The

Their

Master

Lieh

them

said to

Tzu

"

:

He

who

He thought is silent. who has attained to perfect knowledge is also He silent. who silence in lieu of speech uses stitutes reallydoes speak. He who for knowledge subof mind blankness really does know. ledge knowWithout words and speaking not, without and knowing not, he really speaks and knowing Saying nothing and really knows. nothing, there is in realitynothing that he does know. This not not say, nothing that he does is how the matter stands, and there is nothing further to be said. Why are you thus astonished

has

reached

without

Lung "

Wen

the

cause

Shu Chih

?

stage

of

"

said to Wen lived in the

time

Chih

:

of the

Six States, and

acted

aa

.

physician to

Prince

Wei

of

Ch'i

[378-333

B.C.].

Another

CONFUCIUS

78 account in

the

Wen

You

and

the

are

period, him

and

State

Sung

the

physician of

'

by making

with

of

master

Can

replied Wen

cured

he

that

his

whereupon

angry,

symptoms honour," said

of

it, Sir have

"you

desire.

your

cunning

cure

you

Chih,

the

Please

decried

native

in my

?

let

"So

far,"

know

me

disease."

your

"

have

I

arts.

only acquainted

Lung Shu, "to do I consider nor village,

native be

able

an

Autumn

Ch'i

of

disease.

me

was

vanished."

sickness

a

he

Spring

"

Prince

"

that

says

first

hold

"I

it

no

praised in my it a disgrace to

be

State.

Gain

excites

in

I look upon life joy, and loss no sorrow. in the same riches in the light as death, upon as so same lightas poverty, upon my fellow-men swine, and upon myself as I look upon my many I dwell in my home fellow-men. as though it were caravanserai, and regard my native district a mere with no more feelingthan I would a barbarian me

no

Afflicted

State.

rewards

and

honours

I

as

in these

am

fail to

rouse

various

ways,

pains

me,

and

good or bad fortune to I Thus influence me, me. joy or griefto move ing am incapableof servingmy sovereign,of associatwith my friends and kinsmen, of directing my wife and servants children, or of controlling my penaltiesto

and

overawe

me,

retainers.

"Men

are

controlled

minds

are

open

bodies

are

sensitive

to

influences

by external

impressions to injury or

of

good

the

and

reverse.

in

so

far

as

evil, and But

one

their their who

DIVINE is able

ENLIGHTENMENT

79

discern

multiform a connecting unity in the most of the universe, be uncondiversity will surely, in his survey scious of the differences between positive and negative." to

What that

will

it ?

cure

this, and

what

is there

remedy

"

Chih

Wen with

is

disease

repliedby asking Lung Shu to stand his back to the light, while he himself faced light and looked at him intently. Ah ! he after a while, "I see that a good square "

the said

"

heart is hollow. of your You within are an of being a true sage. Six of the orifices in ace your heart are open and clear,and only the seventh is blocked up. inch

It in

his

was

ancient

an "

heart

(the

This, however,

belief that seat

of

the

is doubtless

the

had

sage

due

Pu-tse, men,

and

art

in

is of

the

no

that a

case

fact that which

is

in which

avail."

Cheng State,

Tung-li in

the

to

are

shallow

my

orifices

understanding).

mistaking for a disease reallydivine enlightenment. It is

you

seven

men

was

rich in wise

of administrative

talent.

the vassals of Pu-tse Po certain was a Among Feng Tzu, who happened to travel through Tungli and had a meeting with Teng Hsi. A

noted

sophist

of the

sixth

century

B.C.

CONFUCIUS

80

The

latter cast

asked me

with

them,

have

what

Hsi

Teng

then

"

smile

a

sport

some

understood

glance at

a

Would

:

with

this

would

he

turned

be Po

to

acquainted with the you tation ? " he inquired.

true "

his

followers, and like to

you

stranger at, and

?

see

They

assented. "Are

Feng Tzii. theory of receive

To

"

Susten-

sustenance

from

to support oneself, others, through inability It placesone in the category of dogs and swine. is man's to other prerogativeto give sustenance

creatures, and That

you

abundant the

to

fellows your and comfortable

and

food

Government. and

and

Young penned up

are

shambles

the

for his

them

use

:

in

what

are

own

purposes. provided with

clothingis due old, you

herd

like cattle destined

respect

are

you

to gether, to-

for

to

be

"

distinguishedfrom dogs and swine ? Po of his no Feng Tzu made reply, but one disregardingthe rules of precedence, company, Has your Excellency stepped forward and said : in Ch'i heard of the variety of craftsmen never "

and

Lu

others

? are

Some clever

are

skilled

workers

potters and carpenters, in metal

and

leather

;

good musicians, trained scribes and learned in accountants, militaryexperts and men All kinds of craftsmanship the ritual of ancestor- worship there are fully represented. Now, if there

are

.

there

were

no

division

of ranks

and

duties, mutual

be co-operation would impossible. higher social standing are lacking in

Those

of

technical

V

BOOK

T'ang the

of

Yin

of

"

there

that

suspected

He

:

individual

did

antiquity,

saying

"In

things

"

!

exist

Ko,

Hsia

questioned

beginnings

T'ANG

OF

QUESTIONS

THE

and

Chaos,

only

was

nothing

more."

"

"

If

could

how

the

of

be

may can

we

"

be

That the

beginning and

be

of

conceive

which

of

beginning may,

beginning

call

we

a

new

contrariwise, succeed

one

?

the

"

"

T'ang,

have

fixed

end

at

thing, be another

distinguished." 82

limit.

the

Beginning How

beginning.

period

the and end

until

present that of at

end

and

beginning be

may any

an

the

precise

no

end

and

end,

time

pursued

will

denying

present

To

:

is

Or

"

"

replied there

things

?

in

Ko,

Hsia

?

now

right

the

case,"

after

nor

be

at

replied

existence

ages

that

in

Ko

Hsia

in

things

Things before

no

be

future

of

existence

then,"

exist

not

they

of

men

"

did

things

to

either

moment

which

may we

something. last

?

they

call End cannot

a

ANTINOMY

THE But

when

in space,

it

comes

anterior

or

OF

SPACE

to

something

to

events

in

83

outside

time,

matter

ledge know-

our

fails us." "

Then, upwards and

direction Ko "

is

space

"

replied:

It

was

not

so

downwards

finite

a

I do

much

quantity !

"

know."

not

that

in every

and

he

did

know

not

as

it is

that

unknowable."

T'ang

question again with

the

asked

more

be that insistence, and Ko said : "It may is infinite, be that it is limited. it may or I tell ?

exist

there beyond infinity within the non-infinity,and

again

that

can

Lieh

But

which

Tzu

in

that

this

of

universe

We to a negative. contraries, even back, however, to our starting-point,for, as be

must

points out,

that

which

stands

that

which

It

for

is this

succeeded

is not

infinite

is finite

and by non-infinity, that

the

infinityand

unlimited

and

allow

not

relativity there are only brought the

commentator

unlimited

really

infinitymust the

enables

me

be

unlimited to

of

extent

conceive

to

me

unlimited

limited.

that

consideration"

not-unlimited"

not

and

and

the

does

again

must

unlimited.

is not

means

space How

of its

by apprehend

space,

being

but

finite

limited." *

*

T'ang is there

continued

beyond

his

the

*

inquiries,saying

Four

Seas

?

"

"

:

What

QUESTIONS

THE

84

is, the inhabited

That

world

"

Just replied: province of Ch'i." Ko

"How "

can

I

country. of

east

similar

that

different

nowise

of the

there

?

"

Chinese.

the

to

is here

asked

in the

T'ang.

I travellingeastwards," said Ko, the inhabitants the land of Ying, where

to

were

known

as

what

prove

T'ANG

"

When

came

you

OF

Ying,

those

from

inquired

the

about

that

found

and

their

this

in

part

countries

they, too, were wards, Travelling west-

neighbour. I came the to inhabitants Pin, where I inquired similar to our own were countrymen. of Pin, and that the countries found west about I That is how again similar to Pin. they were that the regions within the Four Seas, the know Four

to

Wildernesses

of the Earth

enclosed

nowise

are

ourselves

we

and

inhabit.

Uttermost

Four

the

Ends

different from

the country lesser is always

Thus, the

ever reaching an greater, without and Heaven the end. enclose earth, which closed enmyriad objects of creation, are themselves

by

in "

some

which

That

a

outer contains

shell. heaven

and

earth

is the

Great

Void."

and earth Enclosing heaven objects within them, this outer and

there

immeasurable. is

some

How

mightier

do

and

we

universe

the

shell

know in

myriad

is infinite but

that

existence

outside

our

give

can

no

the

He to

being

the

support the

on,

for the

Mount

the

is

An

and

of the

"

was

Ao

the

a

refine

to

and

of matter."

five constituents

corners

Atlas

and

north-western

used

them

heavens.

gigantic sea-turtle.

corner.

that

so

that

earth.

Heaven

why

dips

not

that

downwards and

moon

sun,

quarter.

hand, is now south-east, so that

only

Kung

north-west, towards

four

able

was

man,

legs of

Heaven

connects

That

themselves

are

Hsu Kung fought with Chuan throne, and, blundering in his rage against Pu-chou, he snapped the pillarwhich

Later

At

"

Chinese

This

divine

a

of the

essence

off

cut

we

imperfect. Hence of old fashioned many-coloured to repair the defective parts.

stone

Kua,

extract

questionto which

a

and

of

85

answer.

Nii Kua

it is that

"Nii

is

earth, then, objects,and therefore

material

blocks

That

?

own

Heaven

"

MYTH

EXPLANATORY

AN

The

earth,

large enough all rivers

and

to

travel

stars on

the

the

other

fill up the roll in streams to

direction." ingenious theory

to account

for the

apparent

westward

revolution trend

of

The

The man

and

as

also

easterly

the

for

T'ai-hsingand

mountains

of

area

an

bodies, rivers.

Chinese

700

Wang-wu, li, and

square

rise

in the

altitude, originallystood

enormous

of

north

Ho-yang. Mountain, an old Simpleton of the North of ninety, dwelt opposite these mountains, their northern vexed in spirit because was the

blocked

all the

district

Chi

of the

flanks go

heavenly

great

cover

an

south

the

two

which to

of the

T'ANG

OF

QUESTIONS

THE

86

and

travellers,who

to

way round.

So

way broached and

he

called

had

his

to

family

"

Let us," he plan. utmost forth our strength to clear this obstacle, and cut right through the away What to Han-yin. until we mountains come say ? except his wife, They all assented you made who My goodman objections and said : the strength to sweep has not a dunghill, away such mountains let alone two as T'ai-hsingand will you Besides, where put all the Wang-wu. The others that you dig up ? earth and stones them the throw on replied that they would

together, said, "put

a

"

"

"

promontory by his son

and

pickaxes,and at

the

it away

So the old man, followed grandson, sallied forth with their

of P'o-hai.

the three of them

rocks, and in baskets

A widowed

woman

cutting up to

the

who

began hewing away the soil,and carting

promontory lived

near

of P'o-hai.

had

a

little

MOUNTAINS

MOVING

only just shedding his skipping along to give them could. Engrossed in their toil, he

boy who, though milk

teeth,

what

help

they of the

came

he

was

home

went

never

87

except

the

at

once

turn

season.

The

Old Man

Wise

laughing and urged

them !"

witlessness

is your

of the River-bend to

"

stop. "

he said.

burst

Great

With

out

indeed

the poor

remaining strength of your decliningyears in removing a hair's breadth will not succeed the

much

mountain,

rock

North

the

who

Mountain

to

not

despite

I

sons

You

unreasonable.

and

and

and

his turn,

grandsons

the

mountain

grandson will

those

sons

should last ?

no

I "

all this

With .

will receive

and

me,

That

die out, while

Why then ground at

behind

son

a

grandson.

a

line will not

the

"

shall leave

my

to

sigh,the Simpleton of Surely it is you replied:

son, compared with the widow's strength. Though I myself puny

through him in beget sons have

of

mass

be

his

die,

must

vast

a

narrow-minded

are

are

With

soil."

and

whole

less the

you of

on

will also

posterity,

the other

increment

or

hand tion. addi-

despair of levellingit The

Wise

Old

Man

of

nothing to say in reply. deities heard of One of the serpent-brandishing the undertaking and, fearing that it might never and told God be finished,went Almighty, who touched was simple faith, and by the old man's of K'ua 0 to transport commanded the two sons the

River

-bend

had

the

mountains,

the

other

In

the

K'ua

O

Ever in the

southern

south-west.

then, the

north

unbroken

north-east,

extreme

of

Yung.

far

apart strength. as

region lying

Han

and

of

god

a

T'ANG

corner

is,

That

apparently

since

the

to

one

the

to

was

OF

QUESTIONS

THE

88

in the

between

has

south

possible.

as

been

Chi an

plain. the

Roughly,

modern

province of

*

of Lu

Kung-hu ill at the

*

*

Ch'i-yingof

and

time, and

same

Honan.

called

both

Chao

fell

aid of the

in the

great Pien-ch'iao. A

famous

physician

Pien-ch'iao

them

well

were

internal

reason

fifth century

was

and

mineral

you

is also

which

has

Would

you

from

organs

b.o.

both, and

again he told them been suffering from was

they had the

cured

of the

that one

when the

they malady

that attacked

without, and

for

that

curable

by the applicationof vegetable each of But," he added, drugs. the of a congenitaldisease, victim along with the body itself. grown this ? like me to grapple with now "

"

"

"

his hear Yes ; but asked to They said, diagnosis first." Pien-ch'iao turned to Kung-hu. Your mental powers," he said, are strong, but "

"

"

QUESTIONS

THE

90

T'ANG

OF

where

children naturally Ch'i-ying'swife and not recognise him, while Ch'i-ying went and not was Kung-hu's house recognised

did to

either.

This

led

families, and

the

in

but

Chou He

west.

turned

back

called

was

tour

a

crossed

how

the

he

of

as

bitrator. ar-

matter

inspection

K'un-lun

the

before

in

two

restored.

more

made

the

between

explaining once

of

Mu

King

his was

peace

lawsuit

a

Pien-ch'iao

On

stood,

to

reached

range, Yen the

mountains.

"

The

On a

plaee

where

the

sun

sets."

journey, before arrivingin China, artificer was presented to him, by him in received Shih. King Mu

his return

certain Yen

name

audience, and

asked

what

he

could

do. "

"I

that Shih, anything," replied Yen But please to command. Majesty may your is a piece of work, already finished,that there like to submit first to your I should Majesty's inspection." Bring it with you to-morrow," will look at it together." and we said the King, Shih called again the next So Yen day, and was "Who the to duly admitted royal presence. the asked is that man accompanying you ? handiwork. own King. "That, Sire, is my will

do

"

"

"

A

AUTOMATON

MARVELLOUS

can

that

any

one

would

It up

taken

have

King stared

The

sing and he can act." at the figure in astonishment. rapid strides, moving its head He

91

with

walked and it

down, for

a

so

live

its chin, artificer touched being. The He and it began singing, perfectly in tune. and it started touched its hand, posturing, It went through any keeping perfect time. of movements number suggested by its owner's fancy. The King, looking on with his favourite of his harem, and inmates concubine the other not real. could hardly persuade himself that it was As the performance was drawing to an end, made his eye and winked the automaton sundry human

advances

to

the

ladies

in

attendance

on

the

threw the This, however, King into King. have Shih a put Yen passion, and he would the latter, in death the spot had not to on mortal terror, instantly pulled the automaton And it reallywas. what to pieces to let him see lo ! it turned to be merely a conglomeration out of leather, wood, paint, variously glue and coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining all the internal it closely,the King found complete liver,gall,heart, lungs, spleen, organs and intestines and, over these, kidneys,stomach their and limbs with and bones again, muscles and teeth hair, all of them joints, skin and with fashioned artificial. Not a part but was "

"

the

utmost

nicety and

skill ;

and

when

it

was

92

THE

QUESTIONS

T'ANG

OF

figure presented the when first brought in. The same as appearance the heart, King tried the effect of taking away and found the that would mouth no longer together again,

put

utter

sound

a

could

eyes

Now

the

King

deep breath,

he

human

skill is

Creator

?

for

with

him

Mo

had "

to

Ti, with

the

wooden

Shu

sky

made

kite

the

would

away of power

motion. loco-

"

it be

Can

:

that par with he an gave he took which

a

that

of the order home

his handiwork.

cloud-scalingladder, flyingkite, thought that they of

cloud-ladder

a

the

took

his

limits

assail

which

and

with

his

the

and

a

forthwith

Shu,

reached Pan

really on

chariots, in

Pan

the

delighted. Drawing

exclaimed

artificer

liver, and

the

away

was

And

the

Now, and

"

extra

two

took

longer see ; he the legs lost their

no

and

kidneys,

he

;

the

heights fly for

human

achievement.

by

he

of

which

heaven

three

;

days

could

Mo

Ti

without

mount

made

a

coming

down."

But

when

had

been

Yen

Shih's

wonderful

piece knowledge,

of

work

the two brought to their boast to philosophers never again ventured of their accomplishments, and ceased to busy and the themselves so frequently with square compasses. *

Hei

Luan

of Wei

*

had

* a

secret

grudge against

A Ch'iu Lai

the

spirit was slight. You he

ate, and

of

wind.

very

could he

others. Hei

Luan.

His

he

and

bones

This

arrow,

and

to

but his

upon Lai Tan

You

the the

have

for

Lai

steel would

show

no

Tan a

the

was

the

and

flesh

in brute men.

were

cast

stretch

out

bend

from

scar

his

have

his breast

sharp

help

with

hundred

would

bare

or

seek

Luan

a

and

He

blade

his native

had

match

to

day,

in

revenge

would

of his

mould.

body

Trustingto

a

his

Hei

very

rice that

swore,

he

sinews, skin

superhuman

his neck

"

was

he

that

ferocious character

strength in

Nevertheless

sword,

take

ashamed

was

his

on

of

he

to

was

of every gust his heart, he

mercy in anger

strong enough

and

;

Lai Tan's

grains of

the

at

all the

For

from

most

him

Ping-chang, plotted

the

count

was

fight,and

blood

Ch'iu

slew

father's enemy. fierce, but his body

open

hand

he

againsthis

vengeance

not

of

son

93

which

Ping-chang, for Tan,

was

BLOOD-FEUD

to

or

the

the

break, impact.

fully strength,he looked disdaina as mere fledgling.

friend Shen

T'a, who

said to him

bitter feud

:

against Hei Luan, and Hei Luan treats with sovereign contempt. you is your What plan of action ? Shedding tears, Lai Tan besought his friend's counsel. Well," said Shen told that K'ung Chou of T'a, "I am has inherited, through an Wei ancestor, a sword formerly possessed by the Yin Emperors, of such magical power that a singlechild wielding a

"

"

QUESTIONS

THE

94

it

hosts of an flightthe embattled Why not sue for the loan of this army. ? this Tan advice, Lai Acting on

entire

"

sword betook

himself

K'ung

to

Chou.

his

Wei

and

wife

and

"

"

You

man.

however,

interview

an

may

let

of

with

supplicants, of handing

children, and then stated his three swords," repliedK'ung

I have request. with but Chou, a

had

Following the usage through the ceremony

first went

over

TCANG

to

put

can

he

OF

of

none

them

which

choose describe

can

you

you like.

kill

First,

their

qualities.The first sword is called visible Light-absorber.'It is inwhen to the eye, and swing it you you tell that there is anything there. cannot Things struck surface, and by it retain an unbroken it will pass through a man's body without it. The his knowing is called second Shadowme

'

'

container.' the

If

you point of

face

north

and

examine

it

dawn, when day meets night and darkness is giving way to light,it appears something misty and. dim, as though there were is not discernible. there, the shape of which Things struck by it give out a low sound, and it passes causing through men's bodies without them third is called pain. The Nightany in broad tempered,' because daylight you only and not the brightnessof its blade, its shadow see while the sword itself but at night you not see

just

at

*

the "

dazzlinglightwhich Alluding

to

its

it emits.

reflectingpower."

THREE

THE The

which

objects

with

sibilant

a

closes

remains

heirlooms

SWORDS

it strikes

sound, but

have

generations,but have They lie stored away

three

These

thirteen

in actual

been

no

precious

for

down

never

through cleavage

felt, but

is

handed

been

line of

the

the blade.

on

95

cleft

are

Pain

immediately.

up

blood

MAGIC

use.

box, the seals of which have "In been broken." never spite of what tell me," said Lai Tan, like to I should you the then third sword." borrow K'ung Chou returned his wife and children to him, and they in

a

"

fasted

in

day, and

together for

presented

received home

"

dusk

the

both

chose

sword

low

two

handled

the

third

and

seen."

Grasping his his enemy, stupor at his out

his

body

the

navel, but

off

third

seventh

On

the

he

knelt

to

down

Tan, who

Lai

and

obeisances

went

again.

He

of

of

the

it with

days. evening,

seven

it. as

Hei three

in

new

Luan's times

found

window.

three Hei

he

as son

with

hittingthe empty

because

swords

the

Lai

weapon,

and

Thinking fast

of

Tan

be

it could

sought

now

him

lyingin

He

cut

drunken

a

clean

through

the neck and places between Luan was quite unconscious

he

was

dead, Lai

could, and happening at the door, he struck his air

sword. .^

Hei

made

Tan

But

it

Luan's

son

to at was

meet

him

like

laughed

THE

96

QUESTIONS "

and

said

that

silly way will

It

Why

:

be

OF

are

with

remembered

motioning

you

hand

your

T'ANG

that

in

me

"

?

the

to

sword

invisible

was

in

daylight.

Realising kill

to

a

last

at

Lai

man,

that

the

sword

heaved

Tan

a

had

no

and

sigh

power

returned

home. When of "

Hei

his

do

"

back."

my

feeling

pain

a

limbs.

Lai

and,

ago

the

Thus,

of

In

blood-feud,

magic

sword

futility to

son.

of

in to

the

his

this must

which kill

vendetta

of

use

may

divine

he

lived.

Lieh

is

be

been !

sure

leads

satirising feature

powerlessness represent

perpetuates

my

three

have

terrible

The

in

made

only

Tzu a

symbolically which

a

weapons

been

also

little time

to

us,

of

am

stiffness

to

hates

:

small

"I

somehow

allegory, have

the

here

was

wife

exposed given me

has

door,

he

How

a

effects

lie

the

at

me seem

which

times

know,

you

it.

and

body,

my

improper

discomfiture.

lawless

in

which

the

with

angry

by letting me he ? growled ; "it and aching pains in said his Why," son,

Tan,

cause

the

mean

meeting

gestures,

was

from

"

throat

sore

a

he

you

draught

a

recovered

debauch,

What

to

Luan

itself

the from

of of

"

to

the the the

essential father

EFFORT

98

he

princes,yet Ch'en

and The

See

The

he

DESTINY

reduced

was

to

sore

p.

115.

straits between

Ts'ai.

Sayings of Confucius,

conduct

not

AND

of that

surpass

of

Chou,

Yin

the

of the Three

did

dynasty,

Men

of

Virtue, yet

occupied a kingly throne. Tzu, Chi

Wei

Hsin,

Chi

by

while

Ch'i.

I

Shou-yang,

P'eng that

and

man

was

while

Chi

Shih

waxed

results

an

you

untimely

honours

"

to

to

humiliation

at

Chan-

at

Yuan

Yen

the to

wicked

?

"

"

;

sage

and

the

wise

fool,poverty

to the

good and wealth to the say," rejoined Effort,

rich

death

discomfiture

impious,

death

to

compassed by your allotted long life to

were

is it that

high

Chou

accept the overlordshipof in Heng usurped sole power starved

the

to

success

the

of

disembowelled.

Ch'i

awarded

you

all relatives

were

Shu

and

Tsu

Kan

last-named

and

If these

efforts, how

Pi

not

T'ien

Po

ch'in.

and

orders

would

Cha

Wu,

Tzu

whose

If

to as

,

the you

reallyno control over events, is it not, then, owing to your management that thingsturn out as they do ? Destiny The replied: Destiny very name I have

"

"

'

Something already immutably shows

that

there

can

be

'

fixed.

no

question of

manage-

FIGHT in the

ment

push

on

and

When

case.

when

;

it is

early death, humble

and these

ultimate

it be

otherwise

here

?

it

Chu

What

shows

a

knowing

why

is there

room

minds

that

"

for

is

the

management

man

has

from

God.

sons,

finallycalled Yii

men

You

knowledge quacks." The

and

and

summoned,

was

his bed.

Such

Chi of

excess

has

possess not ?

control, and

our

become

Liang

emotion

be

to

Himself no

who

:

should God

Liang,

degenerate. Will you something which will enlighten then chanted the Yang Chu

"

followingwords How

:

Chi

his illness had

round "

Chu

1

called

aid

weeping

children

my

friend

medical

kindly sing them

Dr.

Of could

how

ignorant ;

days' time

seven

Yang

to

which

all

"

themselves.

of

am

is, without

had

very grave ; his sons stood

"

poverty

"

?

Destiny.

fell ill. In

their

and

rank

high

success,

"

Yang

said

I

causes,

what of

meaning

and

and

naturally

come

Being

crooked,

failure

99

I is straight, way Old age I let be.

the

station, riches

their

"

FATE

AGAINST

NOT

and

however, Dr.

three Lu.

shared

did

Over look

knowledge his destiny for no help

this for

I know

is not

in

can

the

by

truth, but

sorcerers

and

understand, and physicians, Dr. Chiao, not

They

all

diagnosed

his

EFFORT

100

complaint "

first

:

and

;

Dr.

said

he

DESTINY

Chiao

delivered

and

hot

The

AND

cold

his

opinion

elements

of

your in not

"

Chi

are Liang, the harmonious accord, and impermeable and infundibular parts are mutually disproportionate. ordered to disThe origin of your malady is traceable appetites,and to the dissipationof your and Neither vital essence care. through worry God devil is to blame. nor Although the illness

body,"

is

"

Liang said ruck," and Yii

fed

speedily got

little

has

hours

milk.

gradual growth. You are replied: them to give him "

:

God,

nor

to man,

when

form

at

and

sent

Not

him

do

indeed

away

? !

to

up

Chi

"

laden

long after, his

it

"

You

with

cried with

are

Chi

a

are

Liang told

neither

Lu to

spirits. It of

this

possible good "

one

twenty-four

of agency in the mind

endowed

What you

of

attributable

the

to

were

you

birth.

drugs physician

is

fore-ordained

already

was

some

nor

freely

good doctor," and food. Lastly, Dr.

a

illness

Your

too

It is incurable."

"

born

were

were

led

have

which

causes

of

said

You

matter

a

Dr

Then

illness is not

Your

in

developed the

;

"

:

Chi

common

him.

of

force, and

nervous

mother's

with

of the

one

rid

said

and

treatment."

to

only

are

forward

too

that

amenable

You

:

came

with

is

it

grave,

to

can

dence Provi-

bodily herbs

heaven-born

Liang

;

and

he

presents.

illness

disappeared

of itself.

DEATH Duke

Ching

the

a

of

Ch'i

into

a

lovely scene

wooded

!

To

"CEIEF

101

Across travelling

was

capital. Gazing

he burst

FOR:

CAUSE

the

at

the

in the direction

of the Ox-mountain

flank

northern of

NO

before

view

him,

flood of tears, exclaiming: " What and ! How verdant luxuriantly think

that

I

day

some

die

must

kingdom, passingaway like running such no thing as only there were to stir from induce me death, nothing should in attendMinisters ance Two of the this spot." from the Duke, him, on taking their cue who also began to are saying: "We, weep, Highness's bounty, whose dependent on your leave my ! If water and

is of

food on

horses

unbroken

do

not

to

want

have

sort, who

inferior

an

in

or

joltingcarts

die.

How

"

to

ride

even

we

less

much

our

"

sovereign liege! Yen Tzu, meanwhile, broad

smile

on

his face.

his tears am

and, looking at with stricken griefon

K'ung How

and

Chii

is it that

mingle

alone you the worthy

replied: "If perpetualpossession of

standing by, with a Duke The wiped away him, said : To-day I journey, and both my

was

"

their can

smile

ruler

with

tears

were

3

"

mine.

Yen

to remain

Tzu in

T'ai and realm, Duke would Huan still be exercisingtheir sway. Duke in perpetual If the bold ruler were to remain possession,Duke Ling would Chuang and Duke But still be ruling the land. if all these rulers would in possession,where now were Highyour his

-EFFORT

102

he

ness

?

Why,

and

ordinary garb

Condemned

to

had

have

DESTINY

standing in

clad in coir cape The

AND

of

a

hat

hard

death.

Again,

life

occupy

this throne

did

how ?

fields,

peasant.

for

brooding yourself come

you

By

would

earth, you

on

time, I warrant,

no

furrowed

!

Chinese

a

the

series

a

of

over

t(

successive

reigns and removals, until at last your turn came. And and lament are over you alone going to weep That is unmanly. this order of things ? It was the sightof these two objects an unmanly prince and his fawning attendants that was affording food for laughterjust now." me Duke ashamed and, raising Ching felt much his goblet, fined himself and his obsequious of wine courtiers two apiece. cups "

"

There who

was

once

when

his

for

son

man,

died

testified "

hardly be equalledby parent. Why, then, do you that

now

he

is dead

During my

grieve.

son

Now

the was

that

whole

born, my

son

?

"

"

"

Wu,

time," repliedTung-men before

love

could

son

him

son.

Wei, grief. His

no

The

:

never

is

bore

you

that

of any

not

mourn

There

was

when

period I

of

Wu

Tung-men

said to him

house-steward your other

a

I

that

had

dead, I

had

no

elapsed

occasion am

a

only

to

in

STOICISM

NATURAL

the

condition

same

What

There

is

similar

official of

But

and

and reverse.

story

of

Plutarch

after

the

death

the

craftsman power.

human

forces.

the of

losses,

then,

vSee

p.

of

Here

occupies

strives

to

has the

official we

in

exactly

according

measures

trader

himself his

master

have

we

with

art,

the

see

of

seasons

trader

craftsman

the

wife

the

tion opera-

97.

drought,

success,

"

?

his

son.

a

daughter.

their

his

had

I

mourn

consoling

husbandman

the

to

Here

pursues

"effort."

before

was

takes

season,

the

gain,

Or

I,

husbandman

the

seasons

a

terms

The to

have

reason

I

as

103

the

both

opportunities

working

and

with

meets

experiences finds

rain

of

gains failure or

Destiny.

the

VII

BOOK

CAUSALITY

the

In

of Lieh

course

ch'iu

Tzxi-lin, the

must

familiarise

Lieh

conduct." what "

mean

you

Look

at

latter

your

said

"

by the theory shadow," said

will know." you his shadow. When

Will

turned

his

body

when

his

the shadow that

the were

the

external

Law

looked

bent, the

body

was

right, up-

straight. Thus appeared of straightness and ness crookedattributes inherent in the shadow, but correnot sponded wise, to certain positionsof the body. Likeit

and

extension

are

not

inherent

subject, but take place in obedience causes. quents Holding this theory of conseis to

The

and

was

was

contraction in

;

"

"

at

crooked

theory of of regulating explain you

consequents ? and his Master,

Lieh

was

You

:

of

then

shadow

"

Hu-

the

talk

:

by

him

to

with

can

you

Tzu

instruction

said

yourself

before

consequents

Tzii's

of

be

at

Causality

home

in the

is the

foundation

104

antecedent. of all science.

to

CAUSALITY

106

You

"

Yu

and

Yen, you Yii, Hsia, Shang the

will find

you

Chou, you great teachers

Of

able

learned

hit the

to

Yin

know

and

sages,

preservationor has

which

not

Kuan

are

Tzii .

for three

years,

himself.

Kuan

Do

said

all

case,

do

oneself. hit of comes,

The

is

not

"Mental

his the

and Once

target ? not," was

"

of

opinion "Do

shooting.

you Kuan

said

the

reply. not good enough yet," rejoined Lieh Tzii withdrew and practised he again presented after which Yin

do

Tzii

asked,

as

before

hit the why you target ? "In do." Lieh that Tzii, "I that Hold well. knowledge fast,

let it

slip."

bodily equilibrium you

know

the

are

causal

will have

left

be

to

sought

which process the to determine

will be able target, you Destiny beforehand, and when

above

: "

the

you

the

was

know

you

"Yes,"

I

No,

you

Yin

hit

you

Tzii.

"Then

on

asked

he

when

archery and,

target, he

Tzii

why

Yin

you

weigh

may

Law."

supreme

Tzu

Kuan

and

decay,

or

of

Causality.

Lieh

"

of

instance

no

Nung

books

the

and

destruction, fullness

obeyed this

of Shen

virtues examine

may

of

utterances

but

the

consider

may

the

critical

within makes tions opera-

moment

nothing undone."

principledoes

not

apply only

to

LEARN

PUT

TO

TRUST

OTHERS

IN

107

shooting,but also to the government of a State and to the Sage Therefore personal conduct. facts of preservation investigates not the mere and

destruction, them

bring

rather

but

which

causes

about.

Tzii

said

man

will confide

Lieh

the

Those

"

excel

who

in

beautybecome vain ; those who in excel strength become violent. To such, it is useless to speak of Tao. is not yet turning grey Hence, he who if he but will surely err speak of Tao ; how much less can he put it into practice! No

"

And

aggressive. will remain

"

The

if

even

is

Who

The

"

and

who

whom

no

render

fullness

of

their

assistance

?

ears

and

to

eyes

"

in others

trust

dences, confi-

no

attitude

mental

Their

of years without

wisdom

support.

they keep

them

puts his

man

confides

man

without

made.

are

himself

shows

aggressive will accept

the

they can

wise

reaches

he

in

of distrust, and

one

blocked.

he

one

in

solitaryand

arrogant

others

:

without

:

thus

decay, perfection

bewilderment.

In

of a State, then, the hardest government of others,rand thing is to recognise the worth

the

to

not

"

rely upon

If you

think

out

succeed

plans

for

one's

in

own."

recognising worth,

you,

and

the

able

then

will

act

the for

wise you.

will

By

CAUSALITY

108

rejecting talent

never

outside,

will

you

find

State

the

govern."

to

easy

from

There

Sung who carved a mulberry leaf out of jade for his prince. It took three it imitated to complete, and years Nature so exquisitelyin its down, its glossiness, and its general configurationfrom tip to stem, that, if placed in a heap of real mulberry leaves, it could This be distinguishedfrom them. not man was subsequently pensioned by the Sung State as a reward for his skill. Lieh Tzii,hearing was

of

it,said

to

make

"If

: a

with

trees

once

much

Lieh a

wore

about

Tzii

hungry

Yet

Yang

allowance Tzii

came

two

low

be

will

skill

and

rely

as

on

Yang,

bows

is

a

Prince

of

scholar

in possession

Cheng.

he is,livingin destitution, It surely Highness 's dominion. have

you

to

and

likingfor

no

that

directed

should

be

receive

the

grain

out

"

here

forthwith of

and very poor, A certain stranger

was

look.

Tzii

it to

your be that

cannot

years few very

Sage

science

Yii-k'ou,"said he,

within

three

of Tao."

of Tao.

Tzu

them.

on

human

on

Master

Lieh

Creator

The

evolution

1

the

leaves

the

spoke

it took

would

so

his face

in

man

single leaf,there

not

The

a

declined

sent

to

scholars an

him.

messengers,

the

?

official Lieh made

gift,whereupon

TZtJ

LIEH the

by "

went messengers the house.

his

wife, who

I have

family of a man pleasure. Yet

was

her breast

and

when

now,

cried

the

life of

a

Tzii

did of

smiled

know

not

grain

been

would

a

have

on,

is the

masses

against Tzii Yang, It is

implied

his life,inasmuch of his

as

a

Shih a

was

The

Prince

His

present

actual

not

rebellion

him. of

independence would

pensioner

I did

why in

else's

one

spiritsaved

shared

have

fate

the

of

scholar

Lu and

*

*

had the

two

sons,

other

a

one

of

soldier.

whom The

accomplishmentsthe means the with Marquis ingratiatinghimself

former

found

in his

Ch'i, who engaged princes. The other his

sends

patron.

Mr.

and

and

Master

some

reason

slew

Tzu's

*

of

at

rose

and

Lieh

that

himself.

done

been

the

ease

the

on

prompting. That accept the gift." Later

and

The "

replied: me

wife

suggestion of another. question of punishing me, that

made

was

If it had too

about

:

of your starved it ! I suppose

account

and

aloud

Prince

your

refuse to accept you appearance, will call that 'destiny'!" you

Lieh

entered re-

confronted

that

live

Tao

Tzu

Lieh

and

understood of

109

he

present of food, on

a

you

away, There

beat

always

POVERTY

IN

him

as

tutor

to

the

of

young

proceeded to Ch'u, with the King of that State by favour won well so military talents. The King was brother

CAUSALITY

110

pleasedthat

installed

he

Thus

troops.

both

their

him them

of

head

of

shedding

his

in

succeeded

and

family

the

at

riching en-

lustre

on

kinsfolk.

their

Mr. Now, a certain Meng, the neighbour of the followed Mr. who sons Shih, also had two selfsame professions. Being straitened, however, envying the affluence of the by poverty, and Shih family, he called at his neighbour's house, know

the

of

their

rapid The two brothers readilygave rise in the world. to Mr. Meng, whereupon the desired information the eldest son immediately set off for Ch'in, hoping wanted

and

the

to "

moral

his

that At

to

the

and

the

outbid

of

lines

I

had

him second

hoping

that

in

said

to

Wei the

keep

govern

up

State

my

power, a

large the

on

righteousness,ruin and the outcome." So saying, castrated,

man

and

had

meanwhile,

son,

But

stead. "

himself

east, and

is to

in

gone to Wei, his militaryknowledge would stand

good

was

King said : feudal princes

the

another

one

unfortunate

by powerful

in

be

But

away.

The

him

and

would

the

turned

to

altruism

annihilation he

tried

him

recommend

all the

great essential If

army.

State.

moment

present

strugglingto

are

would

culture

of that

King

secret

:

Mine

the is

a

Marquis

weak

State

of

Wei

hedged

ones.

bounded

Cheng

by on

Chin the

and south.

Ch'i

on

the

north, Lu

on

TIMELINESS

111

is to preserving tranquillity and show the larger States subservience to to conciliate the lesser ones. If I were to rely on armed force,I could only expect utter destruction. I must to depart unscathed, allow this man not or a

of

method

My

may find his way to some side." terrible thorn in my he

ado,

he

On

cut

off his feet and

their

return,

beating their imprecations said

"

:

while

missing

was

was

That

back

more

Lu.

to

fell

to

uttered

Shih, however, hitting off the right

in it

be

Mr.

failure.

means

identical with

different.

him

family despair, and

Shih.

consists

So, without

sent

in

Success

moment, method

Mr.

on

State and

whole

the

breasts

other

is not

ours,

due

only

Your result

the

flaw

to

any it because

in

but simply not was itself, well timed. Nothing, in the ordering of this world, is either at all times right or at all times What formerly passed current wrong. may is now rejected nowadays be rejected ; what into use again. The fact by and by come may that a thing is in use or in disuse forms no of right or wrong. criterion There is whatever of for rule thumb no seizing opportunities, or hittingoff the rightmoment, adapting oneself

the

to

action

circumstances

wit.

If

you the

; are

it is all

deficient

a

in

matter

that,

of you

Confucius a learning strategical giftsof a Lii Shang, and yet remain go." you poor wherever possess

of

native

or

you

may the will

112

CAUSALITY

The

Meng family were

frame

of

lesson will not

with

Wen

are

need

of

to

Ch'u

Tzu

aloud.

"

the

into army of attackingthe Duke

Chin

sided. sub-

the

*

*

the intention

whereat

resigned

more

indignation had right," they said ; be repeated."

*

Duke

a

their

mind, and Yes, you

"

in

now

put

an

his

threw

head

of

back

field

Wei, and

of being asked the reason I was his behaviour, he replied: thinking of the experience of a neighbour of mine, who was family. escorting his wife on a visit to her own worms, On the way, he came a woman across tending silkwho him attracted greatly,and he fell into conversation with her. Happening to look

laughed

On

"

what

up,

should

receivingthe recollection

home

"

He own

do as

of

the

!

that made

point, and

wife

own

admirer

an

of this incident saw

his

but

see

attentions

Duke

The

he

It

As who

behave to you rides roughshod

others, towards

will

others

so

the

turned

forthwith

Before he got back his army. force had alreadycrossed his northern

the

was

laugh."

me

with

also

an

ing invad-

,

!

frontier

behave

accomplishment

to

you. his

of

to others desires, in the belief that it will not occur circumstanced the like, will in all probability find himself

to

above." *

*

In

the

Chin

State, which

robbers, there lived able

to

tell

a

*

robber

a

certain

by

was

Ch'i

his face

infested

with

Yung, who was ; by examining

CAUSALITY

114

of

shame,

will not

you

find

them

turning

into

robbers.5' The Prime

all the

thrust

shrewd up

cleverness

to

ferret

out

Using

the

will escape. excites hatred

in

the

at

all the

Duke

"

The

rest.

scant

the

the

which

eventually Apply says : cunning rogue "

commentator

*

of

judge

are

crime

only

evil

an

'

is

replied: "A good its general build superlativehorse "

tracks

elusive fleeting, lies

:

Tzu horses, of whom Chuang speaks Chinese Musings of a Mystic, p. 66.

in years. I whom

family your for in your horses

no

Lo

See

advanced

now

*

said to Po

of

look

leaves

State

'

respect.

member to

be

to

fled to

wrongdoing, and the gift of intuition to expose That wicked. sagacity is

of Ch'in

Mu

famous

You

robbers

brigand

*

A

Hui

saying."

empty

with

Sui

State.

swallowed

no

appointed

Minister, and

Ch'in A

then

Marquis

"

as

lower

horse and

stead be

?

air.

The

Po

Lo

out

by

But no

any

employ

"

picked

raises

something

thin

could

appearance.

that

one

is

can

Is there

the

dust

and

evanescent

talent

and

of

my

plane altogether: they can tell a good horse when they see one, but they tell a superlativehorse. I have cannot a friend, of fuel however, one Chiu-fang Kao, a hawker in things appertaining to and vegetables,who is nowise inferior. horses Pray see him." my sons

on

a

Duke him

the

later, he

kind

"

Oh, it However, the

look

out

be

to

horses

?

"

he

Has

together.

he

is

There

sent

made

worth is

Duke.

the

reply.

fetch

!

"

That

colour

know

about

of

that

of it.

mess

beast's

he

as

it,

stallion

Lo.

nice

sigh

a

a

the

I commissioned a

can

far

as

added.

to

for Po

whom

heaved

really got

then

"Ah,

Lo

sent "

was

he

coal-black

a

earth

on

Po

asked

distinguisha

even

What

"

being

horse, has

a

cannot

!

sex

Sha-ch'iu,"

had

he

that

mare,"

one

turned

for he

Why,

"

some

months

Three

news

is it ?

displeased,the Duke of yours," he said,

friend

or

in

now

horse

a

the

dun-coloured

a

on

animal

Much

to

is

of

steed.

a

with

It is

one.

What

for

returned

115

subsequently despatched

and

so,

quest "

found "

did

Mu

on

HORSE

SUPERLATIVE

THE

satisfaction. "

?

thousand

he of

cried.

put

me

us. comparison between Kao What ism. keeps in view is the spiritualmechanIn making sure of the essential, he forgets the homely details ; intent on the inward qualities, he loses sight of the external. he He what sees

wants

to

He

see.

and

see,

looks

at

no

not

the

what

things

he he

does

not

ought

to

want

to

look

at,

and

neglectsthose that need not be looked at. clever a judge of horses is Kao, that he has him to judge something better than horses." When be

a

the

horse

arrived, it turned

superlative horse.

out

So it in

indeed

to

CAUSALITY

116

Yii

Mr.

Another

His

was

a

for the

name

household

hoards

of

wealthy

of the

man

in the

State

Wei

rolling in

was

silk and

and

money

Liang

fourth

State.

century

b.o.

riches, and

his

valuables

other

It was his custom to quite incalculable. have banquets served, to the accompaniment of music, in a high upper hall overlooking the main sit drinking road ; there he and his friends would with bouts of their wine and amusing themselves gambling. One gallantshappened day, a party of young In the chamber above, to pass along the road. a as usual, and lucky going on play was were

dice, which resulted in the capture loud burst of merriment a fishes,evoked

of the

throw of both from

the

players.

alluded here game in the middle. river The

"

to

played

was

rat

young

in the

midst

men

held

of the an

a

board

with

happened that a dropped the carcass

it

Preciselyat that moment, which was sailingoverhead a

on

company

angry

kite of

The

outside.

consultation

a

on

the

been they said, "has a long day, and enjoying his wealth for many has always treated his neighbours in the most have although we now, arrogant spirit. And offended him, he insults us with this dead never If such rat. an outrage goes unavenged, the

spot:

"This

Mr.

Yu,"

NEMESIS world

will look

117

of

poltroons. Let utmost us summon our resolution, and up combine with accord and his to wipe him one of existence ! The whole family out party the evening signifiedtheir agreement, and when of the appointed day had they collected, come, for the exterminated fully armed attack, and member of the family. every us

upon

set

a

as

"

"

Pride

and

ways in

more

insulting an

this

others

habitual

lead

ruin calamity and was one. family destroyed, he had no thought particular instance due nevertheless, the catastrophe was ; and his conduct." in of modesty courtesy

extravagance

than

lack

Mr.

*

*

In

Yuan overcome

the

east

of China

lying there, order

to

fetched

and

an

?

feed

honest

What man

of to

was a

a

bowl

but

journey A

way.

of

name

named

man

was

certain

him

Ch'iu, saw of

rice-gruelin him. After swallowing three Ching Mu opened his eyes and

mouthfuls, Yuan "Who are murmured, of Hu-fu, and my name cried Yuan Ching Mu, Ch'iu

there

Hu-fu, of the

from

though al-

*

Ching Mu, who set off on the by hunger on

robber

in

to

Yii's

are

and

you

a

? " you is Ch'iu." "

are

not

"I

am "

you

feeding me

cannot

eat

your

Oh

a

native

misery ! the

"

robber

for ? food/'

I

am

So

saying, he clutched the ground with both hands, and began retching and coughing in order to bring it up again. Not succeeding,however, he fell flat on his face and expired.

CAUSALITY

118

the

Now

doubt, but

the

the

food

Because

thereby. eat

from

man

food

is tainted

he

Hu-fu

he a

brought is

man

with

out

robber, to refuse the ground that

a

*

to

it

*

brother, named

younger

day wearing

one

affected

not

was

no

lost all power of the nominal and the real.

*

Chu's

robber,

a

offers you, on crime, is to have

discriminatingbetween

Yang

was

suit of white

a

that

he

had

Pu,

went

clothes.

It

change, and back dressed in a suit of black. His came dog failed to recognise him in this garb, and rushed out at him, barking. This made Yang Pu angry, and he was going to give the dog a beating,when Do You not beat him. no are Yang Chu said : he. than wiser For, suppose dog went your to

on

came

rain, so

to

"

away

white

to tell me

and that

home

came

you

would

* "

aiming

at

wake.

You

provoke strife

will

The

You

may

but

fame

rich

and

cautious

about

*

*

mean

strange

good

?

"

will

to

without

to

come

fame

sure

without

Han-tan

Hence

you

without

follow

in

its

wishing

strife,yet emulation

certainlyresult.

good people of

do

have

pelf is be

it

you

*

may

pelf,but

emulation

is very

man

You

may

think

not *

Yang Chu said : thinking about fame, nevertheless.

black, do

to

and

the

superior doing good." *

were

in the

habit,

TELEOLOGY New

119

Year's

nor, day, of presentingtheir GoverChien of live pigeons. Tzii, with a number This pleased the Governor much, and he very rewarded the donors. To a stranger who liberally the asked meaning of the custom, Chien Tzii on explained that the release of livingcreatures New Year's the day was sign of a benevolent disposition. But," rejoined the stranger, the of your people being aware Excellency'swhim, no doubt themselves exert to catch as pigeons many must as possible,and large numbers get killed in the process. If you reallywish to let the birds live,the best way would be to prohibit the people from at all. If they have to be capturing them caught first in order to be released, the kindness does not compensate for the cruelty." Chien Tzii acknowledged that he was right. every

"

"

Mr.

T'ien, of the Ch'i State, was holding an ancestral banquet in his hall,to which a thousand As he sat in their midst, bidden. guests were with presents of fish and came many up to him

Eyeing them game. How with unction : "

to

man

grow,

!

and

He

makes

creates

approvingly, he exclaimed is Almighty God generous of grain to the five kinds the the finny and feathered

Mr. All benefit." tribes, especially for our T'ien's to the guests applauded this sentiment of a Mr. Pao, echo ; but the twelve-year-old son came regardlessof seniority,

forward

and

said

:

CAUSALITY

120 1 '

You

of

are

the

universe

ourselves,and than

my lord. stand in

wrong,

is of

one

another.

All the the

fit for

are

God

Man

particularspecies preys

these

and

therefore for

provide

to

or

In

reading

Christian "

food

for

to

reflect

until

man's

that

and

we

swept

gnats,

our

ago

doctrine

very

it

do pressly ex-

beginning of fifty years

to

arose

?

blood, and

mosquitoes and tigersand wolves." the

that use

flesh ; but created God man

before

the that

man's

only about solemnly preach this

Darwin

those

of

words, penned

teleology used

design,"

that

benefit

these

it is curious

era,

of

the

eats

expressly for

assert

another.

it be maintained

can

Mosquitoes and gnats suck his tigersand wolves devour not

upon

order to subserve

catches

food, but how

creates

as

greater intrinsic value is only by reason of size,

It

of others.

category

same

no

strength or cunning that some gains the mastery, or that one None of them are produced in uses

livingcreatures

away

for

ever.

A

having lost his axe, suspected his of having taken it. Certain neighbour's son in his gait,his countenance and his peculiarities him the thief. In his out as speech, marked man,

and in fact his whole actions, his movements, demeanour, it was plainly written that he and other had stolen the axe. ever, no By and by, howwhile diggingin a dell,the owner came across

the

missing implement.

The

next

day,

when

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