Tanis_1885

December 8, 2017 | Author: Angelo_Colonna | Category: Horus, Epigraphy, Ancient Egypt
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3 1162 02860 5773

The Stephen

Chm

Library of Fine Arts

KNOWLEDGE ENDURES BUT BOOKS MAY NOT

DO NOT PHOTOCOPY This volume is extremely fragile and should be handled as gently and as little as possible

Institute of Fine Arts,

New York

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TANIS. PAET

II.

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LONDON: PRINTED BY GILBERT ANU UIVINGTON, LIMITKD. ST.

JOHN'S HOUSE, CLKRKENWELL ROAD.

:

TANIS. PART

11.

NEBE SHEH

(AM)

AND

DEFENNEH

(TAHPANHES).

W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE. WITH CHAPTERS BY

A.

S.

MURRAY AND

F.

LL. GRIFFITH.

FOURTH MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.

LONDON TRUBNER &

CO., 57

&

59,

1888.

LUDGATE HILL,

E.G.

Mne

^rts

NEVyYORKUfilVEF'SiTY!

LIBRARY

:

/TANIS./ /

PABT

1886.

II.,

W. M. FLINDERS PETEIE AND

EL. GBIFFITH.

E.

FOURTH MEMOIR, OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

PUBLISHED BY OBDER OF TEE COMMITTEE.

LONDON TKUBNER &

W

750

J

4

CO., 57

&

59,

LUDGATE

HILL, E.G.

CO SECT.

NTE\T

S.

;

TANIS. PART

1.

As

these pages are a continuation

monuments

description of the

begun

in Part

I.

,

there

is

of the

was

of Tanis, which

no need of any prefatory

remarks before resuming the chronological descriptions, -which

may be remembered were

it

in the midst of the

immbering of the from Part

monuments

Tanis, since writing the is

the further

wells, of

Ramessu II. The

inscriptions here

The only work

I.

of

clearing

first

At the south end of the

is

continuous

that I have done at

part of this memoir,

of the

which an account

laid aside

two stone-lined be given.

will here

is

the back of

same

in the dedications,

on his

one naming Tahuti, lord of Hermopohs,

and the other Menthu, lord of Thebes.

Both

are

its

recess

and

left,

while

and on the other the

Each

shrine had three

the solid block, at

all in

and these seem to be the

;

Tum

;

side the sand-

on his

Amen, with Ra The deities

right.

represented in the scenes of offering (inscrip. 68),

however, are Khepera,

Tum, and Haremkhuti on

A

and Seb and Shu on the back.

sides,

similar

shrine,

but with a sphinx carved in

it,

now

at

Tell-el-Maskhuta, and

at

is

(pi. xvi. 5).

The great

&c.,

which

II.,

in both shrines, apparently

Ismailiyeh

are almost the only references to other places found at San,

seated deities, carved

was found

upon them, and the inscriptions Nos. 66 and 67

Ramessu

long line of early statues.

way

little

representations of cakes, vases, vegetables,

the interest of these

stone colossi of

they have the usual

two altars or tables of offerings some ;

by two of the large granite obelisks

side

beyond these again stood on one

the

line of early statues lie

apart (Plan, 105 and 115)

II.

San have them having been

series of granite stelae at

suffered severely

;

every one of

used up for building material in later times, and all is

but one being broken.

not so

much due

Their

however,

loss,

to this injury as to the severe

weathering, which had before they were thus used surface from

most of them.

cut in a very hard white limestone, breaking with

up, scaled

a splintering fracture, and No. 115

For a statement of their dimensions see Part sect. 24, where the plan number of the largest

is

considerably

broken.

On

either

side

of the

shrine of a deep form,

temple

stood a large

cut in yellow sandstone

(Plan, 80, and 81), see pi. xvi. 6; the southern shrine

is

broken into

many

pieces

and several

parts are missing, but the northern shrine has lost

only a part of one side, and one block of this part still lies

near to

it.

These shrines seem to have

the

misprinted 161 for 164.

The

I.,

is

inscriptions, so far

as they are legible, are given here in Nos.

No 78

69 to 82.

had supposed might be the missing

his 1

piece of No. 78, but on comparing

them together

this is seen not to be the case for several reasons.

The upper in

part of stele 196 (Plan)

the foreground of the

been placed facing each other on either hand of

5, in

the axial roadway, and were each flanked on either

appear to

'NEW

off

Part

be seen pi.

xiv.

The fragments (inscrips. 83 to 86) belong to large monuments such as

I.

YC'^K UNIVERSITY J

LIBRARY

may

photograph,

;

obelisks

83 and 84 are probably parts of one

;

block, by the style and the thickness of the pieces.

and specialh' the small cartouches, leaving the

The

titles.

object of this again is not clear, as

an appropriator would have used the previous

Of the

2.

architraves of the temple

87 to 93) not much remains

(inscrip.

of the large ones

;

but four, and two smaller hntel blocks.

These

architraves are a double cubit square (-il to

No. 25, used up

in.); but

42

in building the pylon,



48 in. wide, perhaps it belonged to the pylon of Ramessu, and not to the temple. The unfinished is

89 show the incompletion of the

figures in inscrip.

work as

Great Hall at Kamak.

in parts of the

Of the sanctuary walls

(described

in

inscriptions (Nos.

94

pearance of them

may

The

I.

I.,

101); the general ap-

to

94

block inscr.

pi. xiv. 5, in

curious,

is

as

having a piece of disused sculpture on the joint surface

;

sculpture which from

his

is

that on the pillar 64 a.

these columns has been curiously patched up, by inserting blocks of granite

by metal pins

;

been drilled out by a tube

the

drill

only

of thin

was ^ inch diameter, making a groove wide, and a part of the core still

-^ inch

remains in the hole, which

One

is

1-7 inch deep.

of the few remains of doorways (Plan, 134)

seems to have belonged to the entrance of a court

it

;

has the characteristic slope of the

and bears figures of Ptah and Mut

side

front,

(inscr. 109).

II.

up

Sheshonk III. are many pieces of the great colossus

77

of Piamessu II.

like the

change

was noticed

in the obelisk

Part

in

instance, perhaps,

will

31.

I., sect.

be seen in the

(sect.

28)

;

the ruins of the granite pylon

,

as have been described in Part

seem

itself,

to

yet from the size of their hieroglyphics

have belonged to the inscribed pilaster of

it,

inscriptions of these are

connection with I., sect.

more than

of

But they have

the

in

pylon

suffered even

this apparently, for the cartouches in

two

first

rebuilding

his

19).

III.,

entirely

cut

present

form,

cartouche

lines

out,

102

have

been

reinserted in

their

of inscr.

and

before

then the

by Sheshonk

erasure

We

III.

of the

half

might think

that this was another freak of Piamessu himself,

only he had no

the

other standard cartouches

cartouche

form

being scarcely ever varied.

and

No

and

some vagary

of the sculptors.

so

this

must be

No.

hawk above

110

to 118.

II.

,

the bull, -nath part of the

The

it.

about 45 inches wide,

of the

tail

large size of this banner, is,

however, paralleled by a

part of a cartouche (No. 113, plan 29) which must

have been about 38 inches wide.

Such

inscriptions

arc about proportionate to the size of the great colossus, as

compared with the inscriptions on and, moreover, the granite of

;

of these blocks

is

distinctively the

the pieces of the great colossus.

to

on block 110

The scenes around

temple of San

the lower part have been intentionally cut out,

The

stood.

it

in Nos.

sign nelht below, and the tip of the

other colossi

credited

shown

110 bears evidently the beginning of the

banner of Ramessu

to

however, have the piety to insert a predecessor's cartouches,

or to the built base on which

arrangement

later king would,

I.,

and beside these are several blocks,

pylon (inscrs. 102 to 108) have been in course of

by Sheshonk

of

which though not bearing any surface of the status

columns of the avenue from the

great

Among

3.

appropriation apparently

insert,

made

drill,

sheet bronze, and fed with loose cutting powder

Piamessu

third

the

and pegging them on

the hole for one of these has

can hardly

inscription 144, noticed below.

(Part

see

II. cutting

own work,

The

We

as well.

ram of Tattu, beside One of the capitals of

any period before

to

(Plan), which

A

and a mere defacer

another case of Ramessu

be placed This

its style

;

titles

here the only mention of the

be seen by the block at

the right hand of the photograph,

Part

Part

few pieces bear any continuous

but

23)

sect.

any demur

figures without

would have cut away the

is

is :

same

The

some

as that of

sculpturing

important to the history of the the banner of Ramessu

11. ,

110

b,

plainly the earliest piece of sculpture on this.

110

since the legs on the adjoimng side,

a, are

on

Merenptah placed two

4.

fine statues of

himself

a curved surface which woukl not be exposed, and

in the temple here (inscrs. 136, 137), one of grey,

could notwell be built up, and that sidewould there-

the other of pink granite.

fore

have been entirely dressed away

Ramesside times.

existing in

The dressing down of the face in must be due to Sheshonk III.,

110 A to build it when he used this

block,

filling

hieroglyph with mortar in laying

which

therefore,

if

remain

two Niles, on 110

a,

between Eamessu

II.

up the

bull

The

legs,

it.

from a group of the

must belong

to

and Sheshonk

some work

Now

III.

Siamen did not execute large work, nor generally good work, here,

some

to

judge by the examples we have

of which are wretched

and yet there

;

does not seem to be any other king to

can be ascribed. surface

is

whom

The sculpture being on

very peculiar, and there

is,

this

a curved

perhaps, no

The

similar instance of a large group on a curve.

fragments of inscriptions on various granite blocks (Nos. 119 to 135) are a selection from the

remains of the temple buildings

many

the blocks which

;

only bore isolated signs, or some of the innumerable

fragments of cartouches or

titles of

Ramessu, could

be of no importance, except in an attempt at restoring the plans of the buildings

task seems

quite hopeless

proportion of the material

;

and such a

when such a small No. 122 has a

is left.

fragment of early inscription on

it,

already given

No. 124 has an unusual arrangement

as No. 24.

of the sam and lotus.

Nos. 123 and 127, with

and have

in two,

condition,

Both

lost the feet

The

and worth preserving. 13G and 137

are given in Nos.

in Part

I.,

Nos. 3, 4,

an instance of

almost complete erasure in later times.

No. 130

has part of a group of Ramessu fighting, accompanied by his hon, as at is

Abu

Simbel.

No. 132

a portion of Ramesside inscription on the under-

side of the south of the pair of bases of

columns

placed by Siamen in front of the sanctuary

;

this

while

II.

has

one block of his work remaining. No. 141.

Of

he also worked here in granite.

Seti

are two kneeling statues, one bearing

Ramessu III.

a table of offerings (inscr. 142) carved in sandstone

this

;

has unfortunately

The other

of the figure. in

dark grey granite, and

the shrine

holds

it

still

lost the

statue

is

upper part

(inscr.

143)

much weathered

is

but

;

clearly contains figures of

There remains

Ptah and Sekhet hand in hand.

one conspicuous block of the Eamesside period (No. 144) which inscription

is

hard to attribute.

144 b alone

would

it

supposed to belong to Ramessu adjacent side

144

A,

it is

and

much

is

;

By at

the

once

but on the

this side is evidently the first cut, as

had dovetailed

better work, and has

cramp-holes made in Either, then,

its

Eamessu

ends when used afterwards. II.

broke up his own work, in a very inferior

on a rough and irregularly curved surface,

must belong

to a later

The

perhaps the twelfth.

king,

(Plan, 262) scale

II.

be

a plainly Eamesside inscription

or else these

is

;

two other blocks, Nos. 139 and 140, show that

supposing any to belong together, except perhaps

Inscription 129

in founding

the colonnade in front of the sanctuary

style,

on the plan.

No.

in limestone.

138 (Plan, 226), was used by Siamen

four Eamesside lintels, as the heights preclude our

two pieces mentioned, Nos. 124 and 129

and the many

;

5, 8, 14, 15, 25, 26, 27, 28.

Apiece of his work

and 29.

and had the pieces sculptured

first

fair

inscriptions

appropriations by Merenptah will be found before

the pieces mentioned on the plate, show at least

the

now broken

are

but they are in

;

;

is

strikingly

hke

this,

Eamesside

inscription

88

but on a smaller

and the lower part of a somewhat similar

arrangement remains at Abydos, only there the ra is placed immediately over the sotep as usual, and not

— as here—

to be read into place from the top.

This would seem to show that the re-use of this block

is

due to Eamessu

II. himself.

shows that Siamen did not merely inscribe existing bases, but

had cut these out

the buildings of Ramessu.

of ruined blocks of

5.

PI. viii contains all that

Siamen

at

can be attributed to

San, beside the appropriations given

;; ;

before

15

inscr.

in

one

inscribed in

Of these Xo. 145

b.

line,

across what

now

is

is

the

underside of a great roofing block, Plan 23G, but

;

The

7.

pieces

Taharka

of

stela

was

lower

the

;

clearance, and

is

broken in two

found

Mariette's

in

was copied and published by De

—strange

—no search

seems to

From

the

Rouge, but

inscription being thus on a horizontal surface,

and

have been made for the upper part, which lay

which was formerly the upper

side.

from the crab-hole cut into the top of it, it has evidently been re-used, perhaps by Pisebkhanu,

Of the

since he built in the sanctuaiy. tions around the

enough remains

inscrip-

two bases of columns(186-7,Plan) (inscr.

146) to see the character,

plamly borrowed from the Piamesside inscriptions.

The Untel

158)

(inscr.

is

bemg

very rudely cut,

merely marked in by a bruising away of the surface.

The

inscriptions

150 and 151 are two of the best

examples of the work of Siamen, and should be the latter I found on clearing beneath preserved ;

immense

the

block. No.

is

plan,

in

The block with

not been seen before.

No, 152

236

and

it

inscription

too shallow and rough to be of Piamessu II.

and shght

lies.

No. 153

inscription, on the side of a base of

obeUsk, the front of which

as on inscr.

The other fragments, 154-5-6, Siamen from

III.

The

I., pi.

to

150.

are attributed to

their style.

great granite pylon built by Sheshonk

out of earlier materials

The most complete

fallen.

an

occupied with the

is

usual decoration of Siamen,

6.

a very rude

is

more than

is

side is

shown

half

in Part

on which Sheshonk has been offering

XV. 1,

some god, with Mut standing behind him.

Many

of the blocks of this pylon bear fragments

of the figures Avith

but

all

pi. ix.

which

it

has been covered

the inscriptions remaining are given in

No. 157

is

on a piece of the back of the

pilaster of the great colossus,

of work of

its

age.

No. 161

and is

is

a good piece

remarkable, as

shows one stage of cutting an inscription painting cut out

and

it

;

it

after

on the granite, particular signs were

first,

apparently the easiest, such as neb

in this case the engraver got

no

furthfr.

the

at

from the

business

seeing the upper part of an in-

up on a block of

scription lying face

granite, I

and then

examined the quality of the stone,

searched around for any pieces of the same kind turning one such over,

The

;

found the lower part of

I

the inscription, which had been placed face

by Mariette.

down

text here given is taken from

a squeeze aided by a

hand copy, but

of course

is

rendered somewhat doubtful by the bad state of the stone.

Coming now

8. X., all

to Ptolemaic

monuments on

of these were found during

only one inscription of

and yet having crab-holes cut ia it at a later time, it is probably before Sheshonk III., who built the pylon where this

arrived

I

opposite end;

had

attributed to Siamen, because the style

is

exposed.

to say

my

age was known here

tliis

now

great stele of San,

before, the

pi.

excavations

at Bulak.

The value of these tablets mainly lies in their naming Am the capital of the nineteenth nome

Am

Pehu, and each of the deities represented

said to be of

Am.

Am

This pointed to

or near San, instead of at

is

being at

Buto or Pelusium, and

the later discoveries at Tell Nebesheh seem to point to that as the actual capital.

This will be

more fully considered in monuments. Photographs

with

and No. 165 of Ptolemy be seen in Part fully

I.,

II.

and Arsinoe

in

Part

I.,

The.)

The whole

British

Museum,

sees. ;

III.,

II., will

and these

pi. xv. 2, 3,

described

(Misprint p. 32, line 6, read except

finds

38,

30.

line 8, read

of these tablets are

now

in the

exhibited in one of the bays of

the Egyptian Gallery. the

those

of the two important

No. 164 of Ptolemy IV. and Arsinoc

tablets,

are

dealing

No. 167

is

a fragment of

back of a basalt statue, found

in

digging

between the avenue of columns and the sphinxes. No. 169

is

a fragment of a statue in grey granite,

which was found on the

on

tlie

site of

a Ptolemaic temple,

southern slope of the mounds of San.

largo sfjuare area

A

had there been dug out througii

;

a great depth of artificial

aud then

soil,

filled

with clean sand, to serve for the foundation of a

A

Ptolemaic temple.

some way

pylon of sandstone stood

the west of

to

connected by an

it,

may

of the inscription of which

carved on the

a pectoral

be seen in the

The head has been reworked,

front inscription.

away and a cartouche

chest, the

inserted,

girdle cut

and the inscriptions

a fine work, and the two

avenue, of which two rows of large blocks of red

changed.

granite remain loose on the surface of the ground.

hawks, cut in half round, standing face to face

much denuded by

Probably this part has been

and has thus

weathering,

exposed what were

The

foundations originally.

170

inscription

on a block of limestone, which

I

is

found in what

Still

it

is

There

behind the head are unusual.

is

no trace

Hyksos appropriation on the shoulders.

of any

The other

statue (inscrip. 174)

work of Eamessu.

original

—more

is

as plainly

much

It is

an

poorer

—than

any

appears to have been the great Ptolemaic temple

work

of San, just outside the wall of Pisebkhanu on

statue before that age that I know, and most like

clumsy, thick, and skew

a worse copy of the sandstone statues of

the south.

Eamessu;

the stripes of the kalantika are far wider than in 9.

At the Bulak Museum are four statues

\\'ith

long inscriptions, found in Mariette's clearance

San

of

sphinxes, &c., with

the

beside

;

titular inscriptions

those already published

like

The most important

here.

of these

statues

that of Nefert, the queen of Usertesen

wrought

The wig

in black granite.

shoulders in two spiral coils,

wig of many

still

II., finely

very

is

full,

is

unlike the

quite

The eyes were

inlaid

also a similar bust

which

plaits.

There

originally.

may

is

lumpy mass, which descends on the

in a broad

later

short

early statues, and are unpolished in the hollows

wears the pschent

it

the carving, nor

and

This

San.

manifestly those on the

No. 12 (Part

I.),

most probably

all

fi-ont

how

shows

inscription

of No. 11, and on

belong to the twelfth dynasty; these similar statues (for that

since then to have

the Bulak

10.

which pi.

I

xii.,

II. at

Bulak

(inscrip.

some distance

172)

statue of Piamessu

is

like

that I found

in front of the pylon at

San

;

it is

one of the best pieces of work of his in red granite. It

was probably made rather

Merenptah appears on the

late

side,

in

life,

as

and not Kha-

em-uas; indeed, four of the eight lines of inscription belong to

Merenptah

holding a baton or

and the arrangement,

;

standard in each hand,

more usual

in the reign of

Eamessu.

The

is

Merenptah than under

seated statue (inscrip. 173) has

clearly been altered

from an

earlier statue, traces

It

was recognized by II.,

somehow gained

but seems

the rank of

These two statues

Museum.

Part

I.

found there,

is

and which

and marked 40

inscriptions of

in

is

shown

in

the general plan,

This seems to be of the later Ptolemaic

it

The standing

there any sign of erasures;

Having now noticed the

in

II.

is

left for it in

San, we will turn lastly to the large stone well

the others originally) were a set of the family of

Usertesen

the girdle

are placed one on either side of the entrance to

Eoman

mother was

name on

an early statue undeservedly.

or

II. for his

is

has a collar on.

it

like

usurped by Eamessu

the

Mariette as an original of Eamessu

perhaps belong to some of the fragments at

;

not over any erasure, but on a place

period, as the pottery found low

is distinctly

down

of the second century a.d.

a fine piece of work, and

is

It

of value to us as

bearing on the question of the change of waterlevel in the country,

which

is

probably equivalent

to the rise in level of the inundated parts and

The present water-level May) is marked

river beds.

the lowest, being in

(and nearly in

it,

and

covers half of the spiral staircase.

When we had clear

down

by active work baled and dug

it

to the lowest step in the middle of the

well, the flow of

water was so strong, streaming

up from below, and pouring stones, that

it

in at the joints of the

was impossible

to

go to the base of

the wall; indeed,

rose an inch in five minutes.

it

From

this

level

must have heen much lower, when they

is at

it

much

could excavate a

manifest that the water-

wider hole to huild the

stones certainly extend 3 feet

the

well in, for

below our

first

lowest

water-level.

would be no object

in

Further, there

having steps descending

7 feet below the water, or in having the well so deep.

It

seems most

was

likely that the well

planned anticipating that the end of the spiral staircase

would reach the water, and then (per-

haps in a drought), finding that

it

was not low

enough, two additional steps were placed in the

Thus the lowest

middle.

step

represent the lowest water-level.

would probably Moreover, there

are holes cut in the ends of three steps, evidently

peg-bottomed amphorae upright

to hold the

these would be

the use of

water to

somewhat above

them would be

sit

and

to enable a

drawer of

on the step and lay hold of the am-

phora to carry on the

l^ack.

TJiat these amphoraj

must have been carried on the back from their shape slipped round

;

the

rising by the rim

holding

;

water-level, as

is

evident

probably a loop of rope was peg-l)ottom,

and kept from

which suiTounds the peg

up the rope over one

;

shoulder,

then

and

steadying the top with the other hand, the swell

amphora would

rest

on the

shoulders and in the neck of the carrier.

Look-

of the body of the

years (4|

all

mud

fine

about 7 feet in 2000

;

and the high Nile during some

to raise the water-level to its

But probably a change is

own.

in the country water-level

attendant on a similar change in the Nile water-

The

levels.

result

here agrees very nearly with

At Naulu-atis the

evidences of deposit elsewhere.

has been about 9

rise

2500 years

feet in

(4-^ in.

per century), and the well-known data of Hclio-

and Memphis are not very

polis

different,

more accurate information as deposit

is

to

needed in those cases.

though

the

time of

Some

further

notes on the changes in the country will be found in the account of

Nebesheh and Defenneh,

in

sees. 2, 3, &c.

Another large stone well was discovered about This well had a

a furlong south of the pylon.

square shaft to light the stairs

;

probably the stairs were a long

was roofed over

well

This well

is

tf)

and, therefore, flight,

and the

keep out blown dust.

now about 20

feet

beneath accu-

mulated dust, and we needed to dig out a very large

hole to work

at

Unfortunately, the

it.

water rose too rapidly for the clear even to the base of the side

;

and

it

was hopeless

to be able to

to

in the well-

examine

it

fully,

force

levels observed p. 51.

men

doorway

pump and hose to throw the and mud up about 40 or 50 feet. The

water

rise of water-level of

soil

months tends

the water ranged from about the lowest step to

imply a

Nile levels are

the rain which soaks into the ground cannot

without

This would

The

per century).

percolate but very slowly through the tenacious

ing then at these holes we should suppose that

about the level of the lowest hole.

in.

of course lower than the country water-level, as

here will hv found in Tart

T.,

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS IN By

The

Inscriptious from

F.

AND

I.

II.

Ll. Griffith.^

to 65 are published in

]

TANIS," PARTS

"

He

temple of On, probably at a later date.

"Tanisl."

seems, therefore, to have built temples succes-

11. No. 1. Block of red granite from a doorway showing part of prenomen Pepi L,

Bubastis,

sixth dynasty.

important reign.

2.

Block of red granite from a doorway,-

published also by

De Rouge,

Insc. pi. Ixxv.'

The two copies agree. " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ba men (beloved of Ra), wearing the two diadems, loving the body

12.

No.

3.

Statue red granite, Amenemhat I., " Beright side, 3d.

Front of throne

23.

cf.

Left side, 3c, "the

(?), triple

of Hathor, mistress of Tentyra Pepi), giver of

two

.

."

The connection of Pepi is shown by the

in the Ptolemaic temple of

lands, son of the Sun,

with

I.

the

Back support,

Tentyra

tradition recorded

finding

of

a

by the

followed

The alabaster lid, pi. xii. 5, bears the same cartouche, and was bought at Qeneh, opposite Denderah, by Professor Sayce.

ra,

The cartouche of Pepi, beloved of [Hathor], Ant and [Turn] of Anu, found in the temple

all

reign.

M.

ISTaville

corrected

the plates

of

inscriptions,

before publication, throughout the two volumes of

" Tanis,"

together with those of ]Srebesheh, Qantarah, and Defeneh,

by and He has also looked through proofs of the whole squeezes. His notes to this chapter are distinof my translations. guished by the letter N. He kindly drew my attention to the publication of some of the inscriptions in Burton's "Excerpta Hieroglyphica," and especially to the name of Usertesen I., that appears there on the statue numbered 5 as well as to an interesting discussion of the in this work monuments which appeared in the " Melanges d'Archeologie," from notes taken at De Eouge's lectures in 1869, p. 280, &c., by M. F. Kobiou. 2 Cf. De Eouge, " Melanges," I.e. ' Discovered by Burton, cf. Rouge, " Etudes sur les Six Premieres Dynasties," pp. 115 and 116. N.



of base,

ptah, " giver of

*

name nem mesii, and throne name shetep ah

rows of cartouches of Merenand purity,

all life, all stability

health, all joy (or fatness?)."

Side of throne, 3 b, cartouches of Merenptah. Side of base, 3b, "the

Lower Egypt,

lord of the

King of Upper and two lands, mer amen

ha n ra, son of the Sun, Merenjjteh hetep her mail, beloved of UatI ap taui.

reference in part to the originals, in part to photographs

;

the two lands,"

of

life

"pacifying the heart of Ra."

Back

shows that he was a builder in the lias

Amenemha[t], living

standard

" renewing births,"

1

Ptah Res

of

"beloved of Ptah Res

3a,

Anbuf, lord of the

plan of the temple in the palace during his

of Bubastis,

beloved

of his wall (?)), lord of the

for ever."

(Denderah)

of

.

.

.

living for ever."

Anbuf (Ptah south

.

;

loved of Ptah Seker, lord of the crypt

golden Horus, 8a Hather neht ant Pepi (son

all life, all stability

during his

chronological order

in

and

Heliopolis,

Tanis,

Tentyra,

at

sively

All the gods

named

Memphite forms

temple

obtain

its

when even

of

Memphis.

geographical

"^"^

1

early inscriptions

and 19, are and of the

13,

2,

of Ptah, Osiris,

M. Naville reminds me

*

the

in the

except those on

of Tanis,

i^

that ¥-

But

significance

found, like

is

\

]

at

^^

'

5-

""^

was

also a title of the

of

phrase

a later

period,

T'^^>^

graphical expression formed from the local



name

the

the

not

did

title

Memphite

of

Bast.

^

geo-

Ptah

?

TRA>CSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. Uati ap taui, in the inscription of

tomb gods.

the form of Uat worshipped at Pe Dep, and may be considered as the representative goddess of the northern marshes.

Merenptah,

Statue black granite, Usertesen

4.

and

is

I., cf.

5

Front, 4c, and 4b, similar, " good god, lord

Upper and Lower Egypt. son of the Sun [Usertesen],

King

of gladness.

^"«>

x^pf^''

of

beloved of Auubis, chief of his like

giver of

hill,

life,

of diadems,

of the Sun, lord

neteru, son

Merenptah

hetep her niaa, beloved of the

This

vahant Set for ever."

most

belongs entirely

line

Back

of base, 4a,

thrones of] Seb,

1.

1 " [prince

may he

.

scribe, general

the royal

Merenptah

The

(3)

valiant

.

monarchy

.

in

royal son

chief,

by "

."

.

to " Set, the very

made

is

his loving adorer, the here-

two countries, the royal

scribe, keeper of the

the

seal,

commander

of

life

Horus

(?)

two diadems,

lord of the

:

This inscription and scene were added on behalf of Merenptah

appears

when

heir-apparent.

on the statue No.

also

Rameses IL, and

is

He

172 of his

there also called

of

life

Burton,

iu

of births,

[life]

births, the

Black granite statue, supposed

Petrie to represent

.

hi (Usertesen

.

stability,

and

i)urity, like

Lower Egypt,

son

I.)

Anubis

of

life,

Ra, for ever."

Meren-

Full titles of

5c.

" Life of Horus, strong

ptah twice repeated.

truth

bull, rejoicing in

(?)

heaven, giver of

in his localities, lord of

King two

:

of

lord of the

Upper and Ba n ra

lands,

raer neteru (soul of Ra, loving the gods)

the sun, lord of diadems, Mernptali

:

son of

hr

hetej)

resting on truth), giver of

life

for ever: Merenptah, beloved of Set."

Line round base (usurpation); on left, "Merengiver

of life,

Hat

uart (Avaris),-

and purity,

stability,

but" beloved

for ever;" right, similar,

6.

Fragments sandstone

{Ru x«

(?),

7.

cf.

x"P'^^')i

like

Ra,

of Set,

statue,

171.

Usertesen IL

6a, part of the

6b, part of cartouche. Ra ^a Fragment pink granite architrave, User-

Nile formula

;

"

tesen III.

.

Ra

x''

/'^^"^

(brightness of

.

.

the

Rougd, images of Ra), beloved of Osiris." Mul., I.e., mentions also a large limestone block

Burton publishes an inscription from Tanis of " Usertesen III.,

with the name of this king.

beloved of Khent amenti (a form

" Exc. Hierog.,"

by Mr.

Amenemhat IL, but

copy of the front inscription,

I.

.

Sun (Merenptah), beloved

of the

of Osiris,

'chief of the West')."

"justified."

Usertesen

and Lower Egypt

of

the troops, the king's son Merenptah justified." Beneath "an offering of incense and Hquid."

5.

health, all

all

the very valiant, aa i^chtl"

justified {^ir)."

offering

ditary chief of the

father

The

ptah, beloved of Set, lord of

.

.

administrator of the two countries,

.

.

on the two

inherit the

the two lands, prince of

(2)

"

man (Merenptah

to the usurper.

of

and purity,

Front (original), 5c (see the copy I.e.),

Back (usurped),

Ra, eternally."

Back support, 4a, " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of the two lands, Ba n ra mer

all Ufe, stability,

golden Horus, Hfe of births, the king of Upper

8.

Ra

thee

joy (N.), like Ra, for ever."

xl. 5,

5c, in

shows the

full

the

Burton's titles of

partly erased and partly usurped

by Merenptah.

8.

Base of grey granite colossus.

line original

;

Horus, anx mcdn lord

of

activity.

'

'

— N.

of births), of

good god,

Upper and Lower

inserted), beloved of Osiris, '

For the hieroglyphic name of Tanis, see pp. 34, 35. •"c:^ was carved by mistake in the middle of the

The

line, as if for a

His heir before."

(life

King

Egypt (Merenptah lord of iinkh taui."

Original scene of Niles, Oa, on left, partly repeated from other side, 5b. " He says I give to

Upper

cartouche only altered, " Life of

group

rl

second 'c::7 was ailded.

•^^

,

but

JDL

not fitting the gap, a

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. " Life of Horus,

line (usurpation).

Second

1.

17

3, " the

strong bull, rejoicing in equity, King of Upper

great

and Lower Egypt, lord of the two lands, Ba n ra mer neteru (Merenptat)." Mr. Petrie must

cious

have

mestu which fixes

anJch

Usertesen

to

have had a pair of

to

granite and a third in red

in black

statues

statue

the

This king seems

I.

name

standard

the

overlooked

The leg

gi'anite in the temple.

of another ?

is

Block grey granite, apparently twelfth

dynasty, " giver of

life, stability,

and purity,

like

dynasty.

10a

Fragment

10.

twelfth

foot,

Ra, eternally." pation), beginning of cartouche "

10b

(original), "like

11.

Ra

(usur."

.

Black granite statue of a twelfth

Front

(original),

dynasty

gracious, the consort

followed by others

Back

(inscribed

.

.

n

setep

(N.), the very

ra,

same

."; right side,

difficult to

by Rameses

mother who bare the strong

understand.^

II.),

bull,

" the royal

Ba

son of the Sun^ (Rameses

user

maa

" the hereditary princess." 18. Part of red granite obehsk of middle kingdom, altered by Rameses II.; see also No. 60. The part shown is aU original except the

Apex, early cartouche erased and replaced It was "supported" in a II.

by Rameses

IL), and inscribed with

of his mother,

titles

Left side

cious

1.

the

In right

1.

1,

"the hereditary

great favourite,

the

very gra-

..."

2,

.

side

1.

1,

1.

3,

1.

1,

1.

2,

J

.

."

wife

.

.

" the chief wife of the king, loving I

!

divine

wife,

the

royal

mother ..."

the

Horus, lord of

giver

foreigners),^

II.),

desert of

hills

a

is

a

" '

:

of Set!

I.

The

attitude of the king offering is explained as

as a drink-offering." 14.

Red granite sphinx, now

hat

II. (cf

.

Tan.

of Merenptah

;

I., p. 7)

;

over

on base, right (?).

N.B.

On Amenem-

in the Louvre.

it

is

the

name

side, 14f, part of

— The usual

titles

beginning with Set and ending with mer'z, i.e. " Apepi, beloved of Set,'' seem to have been on the right shoulder. On left shoulder, 14c, titles ;" on right, of " Merenptah, giver of life for ever

Xeper

King of Upper and Lower Egypt, het' setep n rd (the upper crown, offspring

ra.

the

«

^ In the chapter on the Nebesheh inscriptions I have endeavoured to show that Horus wh xo^xet, or neb setu, is the god who was gradually developed in the course of Egyptian

Khem as the god either of the desert portion of in the the nineteenth nome, or of the foreign people settled

history into

The wife named Tud.

of

the

of

(or

eternally."

hfe

(?)

"beloved

of the Sun, chosen of the Sun), son of the Sun,

' M. Naville's copy reads, "The duat of the favourites of the palace " the ' favourites' are women

of the royal household, so also, very likelv,

feathers;

of the king's

Then follows an erasure name (replaced by Rameses

14e, "

him." " the

sliu

of heaven."

royal titles of Apepi

." " the royal mother, the mistress " the divine wife, the chief royal 1. 3, -|

Back

offering to a

(?)

hawk-headed god crowned with

chest, 14d, erased standard possibly of

imitating those of the earlier princesses.

princess,

crown, possibly a symbol of the Horus which appears in the name of the nineteenth nome.

" taking or offering (a vessel of peculiar shape)

II.).

Side and back of throne (altered by Rameses

-

in

queen of the middle kingdom,

at the top is the vulture called " Nekhebt, lady

"the hereditary

side,

left

the great favourite

princess,

rt.

inscription

statue;

granite

Beneath, scene of a king

.

?

queen, altered for the mother of Rameses II.

1.

the very gra-

." .

unique manner by two hawks wearing the lower

Ra."

title,

Black

favourite, .

cartouches.

at Berlin. 9.

12.

front, titles of a

the

princess,

hereditary

and mother of Eameses

II.

was

north-east portion of

Lower Egypt. C

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS.

Amen mer Sa'mnq (Shashanq, beloved giver of

life like

Round base, standard 1.

Amen),

of

the Sun."

Shashanq

inscription of

begins apparently at right end of 14c and

;

continues round corner of 14a, where a shorter inscription meets

the two lands,

it

Rd

from the

".

left

.

lord of

.

^eper setep n rd, son of

het'

the Sun, lord of diadems.

Amen mer

Sasa7iq,

wearer of the two diadems, crowned with the pschent like Horus son of

pacifying [the

Isis,

King of Upper and Lower Egypt, the very mighty? {ur next (?)), lord of action, Rd het )(eper setep n rd, son of the Sun, lord of diadems. Amen mer Sasanq, beloved of Amen ra, lord of the thrones of the two spheres (14a) Apt (East Thebes), lord [dwelling in ?] " the very mighty in [all ?] lands of heaven gods] with

(?) justice,

.

.

.

(or " in the land of

The

.

early part of the twenty-second dynasty

seems to have had much more connection with Thebes than with Bubastis. Thebes was the unquestioned capital of the country and

supreme erased

titles

near base, " giver of

for ever

.

Merenptah; see 14c above.

side, 1 5b, titles of

Inscription lands,

lyier

life, stability,

."

.

of Saamen, " lord

Amen

sa

Amen

of the

(beloved of

Amen

Saamen), beloved of

two

Amen

king of the

ra,

gods." Inscription round base, 15c, standard inscription of " of

Shashanq

might, smiting

torious in 16.

all

I.,

[golden] Horus, wielder

the nine [bows], very vic-

lands."

Brown-pink granite

Smenx

SEBEKnETEP good god, lord

statue,

side, IOa, " the

Til.

Front right

the sun, of his body, loving him

beloved of

I'teh res

of the

two lands, lord of activity, Rd ^d vefer (the

statues at Tanis, and doubtfully in the Turin

Papyrus

On

shoulder, inscription of Apepi II.

" Good god

En ua

Ptah res

iinbuf, lord of

Ankh

ijr.t

taui."

" boloved of

life,

The god's name beginning the of Apepi

(but

The reading

beloved of

read at the end)

of the throne

name

inscription

erased.

is

is

not very

any monument and most indistinct on

this.

Side of throne (usurpation of Rameses II.). At the top the serpent goddess Vat of the north

with the symbol of

eternal

purity faces the

of the south with the symbol of

vulture Nexetj

(?)

eternal

Beneath these are the Niles of

life.

Upper and Lower Egypt and the hierogly]ihs, " She (i.e. Nekheb and Uat respectively) gives The Niles are binding life and purity like Ra." the hieroglyph sam, unity, with water-plants,

symbolizing the union of Upper and Egypt.

Above the sam

Rameses

II.

On II.;

cf.

43b.

ruler of the

10a,

1.

Lower

are the cartouches of

back, standard and cartouches of Rameses

19. last,

17(',

qenen(?) (very victorious Ra),

[Set]."

From

Left side, IGn, same as

style

and the dedication agree with

this date.

18.

sanctuary,' N.)."

The

in the thirteenth dynasty.

of inscription

of his body, loving him, Srhel-hetep, beloved of

'

of the

The name mer mesda means " chief of the It is the commonest military title, and was also the name of the high priests of Mendes. The cartouche occurs only on these

base, "

on his great throne (or

mcsdiiy

life

infantry."

At

fair face

Mer

;

dnhuf, lord of the

two worlds."

beautiful brightness of the sun), son of the Sun,

Ptah of the

Upper and Lower Egypt;

of

(perfecting the soul of Ra), son of

rii

1^'a

clear on

15a, part of early

granite sphinx.

and purity

On

Amen

in the dedications.

Red

15.

King

activity,

sou of the Sun, Apepii, giver of

.").

.

1 Jr., 17. Black granite statue of Mermeshau. " The good god, lord of the two lands, lord of

1

"...

Rameses IL, beloved front

of

two lands

a

similar

of Sutekli."

statue

?

" as

for ever."

Fragments of one or more obelisks. on right, "... royal son Nehesi;" 1. 2,

[made

it

as] his meniorial

to Set, lord

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS.

Re

of

who

ahtu,

directs his countenance

counsels him (?));"

1.

3,

The

lord, of Re make any connected

Nehesi, beloved of Set, I cannot

(i.e.

eldest [royal] son

ahtu.

sense out of

the other fragments, but 19d should probably be 19e, the pyramidion of

placed over 19b.

broken obelisk,

is

important.

read, " beloved of Hershef " (no

a

The hieroglyphs t). The squeeze

brought home by Mr. Petrie shows the head,

name name

Rameses

of

II. in

front over erasure

in

;

Each

two ways.

near the

right to left

starts

end of 25b

left

may be

the fragment

from the crux ansata that running from ;

completed by reference to " Life of

28f,

King

For the date, &e.,

rest is lost.

of the obelisk,

.

.

3),

" good god, lord of the

of activity,

late,

be right in attributing find

R.-v

aa arq, son of

and 4) " he made mother Per ..."

(1

monument to his The style seems

it

as his

it

to the twenty-first

the original, which had been hidden by

Rameses

of

early

obelisk

a poi'tion of whose

II.,

by

altered

standard

is

Ea user maa

setep

from

Horus, mighty

bull,

left

to

" Life of

right,

giving birth to the gods,

Upper and Lower Egypt]; Ba user maa. setep n ra, son of the

possessing the two lands [King of

Amen mer

Eainessu, giver of

life,

;

beloved of

Set."

The inscriptions on the base are completed by two shorter ones, " Rameses IL, giver of stability,

Ra

of

and

for ever,"

life, stability,

on the throne and " Rameses IL, giver of

purity, (seated)

and purity, image

of all living (?)

(or health of all living)."

shown.

by Rameses whose standard appears. The

part

of

No. 26. Hyksos sphinx, unfinished

13.

21b. Part of early obelisk altered II.,

;

;

life,

Mariette. 21a. Part

of

Sun, of his body, loving him, lord of diadems

and Wiedemann may

Mr. Petrie unfortunately did not

dynasty.

the

Inscription

and

two lands, lord ;" the Sun .

(?),

n Ma, son of the Sun, lord of diadems Amen mer Bdmessu, giver of life, beloved of Set."

see p. 32, note. 20. Pillar (2

festivals

Upper and Lower

Tathnen

Egypt, lord of the two lands

The

Sed

(panegyrics of thirty years) like his father Ptah

Hershef apparently with both hands behind the back, one holding the whip.

Horus, strong

beloved of Maa, lord of

bull,

high feathers, and ram's horns of the figure of raised

25d,

;

Merenptah on shoulder inscription of Rameses II. round base, 25a and 25b, running of

scription of

Rameses

II.

in-

on base, completed by

remains of original inscription do not admit of

Merenptah, who erased his father's cartouche.

translation.

"

22. False

dynasty

door,

red

granite,

thirteenth

Turn

?

23. False door, red granite, with remains of

On the squeeze I could recognize name of Ba sehetep ah, i.e. Amenemhat I., first king of the twelfth dynasty. It may

the

have formed part of a chapel in which his statue 3

was

placed.

It

is

not unlikely that

the king had a special chapel in which ofi"erings

were made to

his statue.

24. Block of granite with early inscription

on

a

large

Rameses 25.

scale,

reversed and re-used by

II.

Sphinx

in the

Louvre from Tanis.

25c,

(erased), giver of

and

'!

"...

life

life,

like

upon the throne

of

son of the Sun, Merenptah

hetep her mau.'^

On

a cartouche. the

Mer Amen Bamessu

Ra, for ever, [giver of]

the chest, 2b, part of cartouche of Paseb-

khanen. 27.

Fragments

of

one

or

more

Hyksos

sphinxes. c, on one fragment; 27b, "giver of upon the throne of Ra," " giver of life, 27c, part of stability, and purity like Ra." name of Rameses II. 27d, e, f on another fragment to which 27q Right shoulder, 27d and 27g, also belongs.

27b,

life

shows

2

erased

inscription

of

Apepi

(?)

and

TRAXSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. portion of cartouches of Merenptah. left

27 e, on

shoulder, portion of inscription of Meren-

diadem,

On

27f.

chest, cartouche.

Amen mer Pa

seb

27a, on

base,

Rameses

II."

" like

Son

1.

.

Ptah,

his father

King

Hyksos sphinx

on chest, 28c,

;

king of the gods,' giving

ra,

for

life

ever."

On

28d, erased

right shoulder,

Hyksos

in-

scription -with cartouches of Merenptah.

On

left

subduing the Sati

".

prince, lord of might,

.

.

King Rameses

(Asiatics),

1 "... [emblem] Rameses IL, giver of

1. ;5,

"what

4, "

the

of

universal

life ;"

doing pious acts ;"

by

(?)

1.

and purity,

like

Maa lord of Sod

festivals like his father

Ptah, King of Upper and Lower Egypt,

(Rameses

.

.

.

same

as 28c, but begins "

;

on chest,

good god "

in-

stead of " son of the Sun."

Hyksos

visible in the

base, 29c,

" of the universal

5,

same as 28 F. 30. Base of forequarters

Rameses

of

35e. ".

.

tlie

.

Names

of

II.

of

in

Amen

Hyksos sphinx

(?)

merit living."

royal [wife] Ban-ta ant living."

Amen

Rameses IL

Banta ant were daughters

Ra

(1882) reads

with ad-

II.

monuments." 35d. the king, loving him {mererf

f, N.), tlie royal wife

hmt Ban-tau

front same as 28n, chest same as 28c,

of

Throne name name Rameses

name Rameses

mennu, " great

The daughter

stability,

life,

35a.

35b. Personal

II.

of

to the position of queens.

inscription.

inscription

iir

:"

.

Ra, for ever and ever."

35c. Personal

dition

35t'.

Right shoulder, 29a, same as 28d, but " good

On

II.

"

II.)."

Fore part of Hyksos sphinx

29.

Ra

Rameses

;" .

.

the lord of the two lands,

35. Sandstone colossus. of

lord,

2 "

1.

pleasing to Harmachis

is

lord, given

n. Side of base 28f, " Horus, mighty bull, be-

;

34. South granite colossus at Pylon; back, 1.

the lord of diadems, giver of

Rameses

front of base, 28b, inscription of

loved of

II.

none can stand before him."

I.

shoulder, 28e, inscription of Meren-

ptah.

On

4, ;"

.

Side inscriptions

of the Sun, beloved, Pisebkhanu, beloved

Amen

god"

.

overthrowing the strength of the foreign lands

28. Fore part

29b,

foreign ;"

.

."

5 ".

1.

xSnen Pisebkhanl' of the twenty-first dynasty.

"

binding

" golden (victorious) Horus, strong in years

ptah.

of

Egypt,

protecting

lands (part of standard inscription)

.

(c5)

.

It

.

merit and

Rameses II. raised M. Naville's copy

in 35d,

and

.

.

.

md

^"^^ ^^ ^'^'^

;

left side,

36. Sandstone colossus.

36a. Throne

name

of

with the addition " beloved of Maa." of Rameses II. 80n. " The great

30b, " possessing the two lands. King of Upper

Rameses

and Lower Egypt, Rameses II." 31. Hindquarters of Hyksos sphinx

royal wife, mistress of the two lands liu mat

tion of

Rameses IL on

36c. ;

inscrip-

Rameses

Names

nt'fera (seeing the beauties of Ra),

base, 31a.

No. 32. Portion of great colossus of

14.

II.

Petrie informs

II.

North colossus of Rameses II. at the Pylon. Inscription on back I. 1, "Lord of Sed festivals Hko his father Ptah very mighty 33.

daughter of

the great chief of the land of Kheta."

an eagle as

in

me

that the bird in this

Do Rouge's copy,

Inscr.

which agrees throughout with

Mr.

Mr.

name

pi.

is

cxxiv.,

Petric's.

:

.

like

Menthu

birth to

tlic

king

.;"

.

.

(?) in

.

.

.

;"

1.

2

.

".

.

.

Rii

giving

gods, possessing the two lands, 1.

3 ".

.

.

M.

Naville's

copy also

has

the

crowned with the double

reading in the plate

is

'

The

I'isebkliriim. like Siiimcn,

by an Yahudiyeh,in

also confirmed

interesting plaque found at Tell

el

which, however, the bird appears to be a hawk.

The name was misread Ba maa This makes it probable that was a Tlioban king.

eagle.

.

Lcpsius at Abusimliol

?

He

icr

nefeni by

mistook the eye of

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. for the cubit, the eagle a for the wagtail

mat

and the semicircle

iir,

also read ta instead of

mouth

for the

t

aa in the

r.

He

of her

title

strong

bull

portions

daughter of the prince of Bekhten, in the

pacifying the gods.

mythical story of the possessed princess, which

this

seems to refer to the times of Rameses

and ends with

37. Sandstone colossus. of

Rameses

the throne name.

Throne name

user maa, taken from

" The daughter of the

37c.

royal

great

the

king,

Ra

37a.

II.

37b.

II.

Ba[n-tau

wife

?

II.

.

giving

.

.

life like

Ra ";

loved of Anubis

(or

.

.

also twice repeated, " be?),

of the

lord

papyrus marshes.^

Grey granite statue, attributed by Mr. Rameses II. (Mr. Petrie agrees that this is probably of Osoekon II.) 41b. Cartouche on shoulder, "Amen mer sa Bast Uasadrken 41.

Petrie to

Osorkon 41a,

c,

(II.)

beloved of

Portions

d.

of

Amen, son

Isis,

squeeze of

.

.

the two lands [golden]

might, smiting his

(singular), strong, spreading .

A

41c.

.

."

These

of

titles

Fragment

Osorkon

enemy

[his] terror

II., I believe,

of red granite statue, portion

and

cartouche,

wide

title

" Lord

of

the

two

lands."

.

Reshpu

".

S..

Horus, wielder of

of

.

.

."

.

38b.

Rameses II. 39a, b. Rameses II. and portion of standard inscription, "mighty bull, beloved of Maa(?), lord crushing every foreign of the two lands strong in years." mighty king people o9c. Personal name of Rameses II. Ovals of Rameses II. 40. Standing statue. three times repeated, twice horizontally and once vertically, with " giving life for ever and .

.

do not occur elsewhere.

of

.

Upper and Lower Egypt, the

(i.e.

an]t

39. Black granite statue

Names

?

41a.

shows that the fragment begins with Y|

42.

Grey granite statue Rameses Throne name Rameses II.

Thebes

portions of Set and Horus), like the son of

living." 38.

in

" Wearer of the two diadems, uniting the two

The name is entirely Egyptian. Ra ueferu is the name of an Egyptian queen,

father.

crowned

]

of the two lands [Osorkon II.]."

lord

of Bast."

standard inscription

round base resembling that of Shashanq

on the sphinx 15c, and therefore probably Bubastite, and of Osorkon II. 41 D. " [Live the Horus, I.

43.

Granite

Rameses

II.,

43a.

triad.

the horizontal

Tathnen

line

In the vertical line

spelt.

Side

inscription,

"beloved of Ptah Tathnen."

In

phonetically

is

appears to be

it

by the determinative, as elsewhere. Inscription on back, 43b. The four centre lines are taken up with the titles of Rameses II.

implied

" beloved " of

Tum,

Khepra, and of " Harkhuti

of the

Tum

gives

again.

all

moon god Aah,

On

of

the right side,

happiness to the king

Rameses II., beloved of Harkhuti," and on the left " Ptah gives all life and purity to the king Rameses II., beloved of Ptah Tathnen (?)," Ptah and Harmachis therefore, with Rameses, formed the triad represented on the monument.

They were the two Ptah of the

civil

chief gods of

metropolis of

Lower Egypt, Lower Egypt,

Memphis, and Harmachis the royal deity of the religious capital, Heliopolis.

The

latter half of

the standard name in these hues besides the usual " beloved of Maa " varies to " son of Amen (god of Thebes)," " son of Ptah (god of Memphis),"

M. Naville read the combination of signs following | word as a fish caught by a snare, and taking i=i: as part of the geographical name, translated "Anubis, lord of the lake of the net, of the fishing lake." This was from the original, but the squeeze, which so often proves clearer, '

l\

in the last

seemed

to

me

to

show

plainly a

and Mr. Petrie agreed with therefore, that

M.

mo

monogram of c^fs

(2

and ^[F

about the reading.

I fear,

Naville's interpretation

in spite of its interest,

and appropriateness

must be given up, Lake Menzaleh.

to

"beloved of Ra (god of Heliopolis)." Such occur not uncommonly, but seldom

variations

cause any trouble in identifying a king.

on Pyramidion, 44. North obelisk of the Hall Rameses, Harkhuti (Harmachis), lord of heaven, ;

and Tum, lord lines,

of the

" Rameses

two lands

II. (in

[of

On]

;

vertical

standard 3faa mer, 8a

TR.AJN'SLATIOXS Turn,

and

OF THE IXSCRIPTIOXS.

smiting the lands of the Sati,

.),

.

.

crushing the nine bows, reducing every foreign land to non-existence

bull of

lord of diadems,

.,

.

.

vahant in arm the

.

.

.

youth

.

.

.

Ameii mer Raviessu, like Maher would seem to be a techSemitic term for some grade in the .

.

.

sun."

nical

There

college of devotees to Anaitis (AnOa).

were

and female slaves devoted to with which one may compare Maker

male

Anaitis,

"

Amen ..."

strong of heart in war,

;

a very Menthu in conflicts, a indher of Antha,

Harmachis, " Shu son of the Sun," and

II.,

hues, "

Vertical

"

.

RamQses

.of Ra," "beloved of

.

Horns,

golden

countries,

45. South obelisk

Rethenu (Syrians) as

Inscr.

On

pyramidion, Rameses

and

Ptah

II.,

ccxcvi.,

Vertical lines "

very valiant."

"the

?),

Rameses

II. (in

of

obchsks in temple.

obelisk.

centre line, usual

;

with the addition "beloved of

.

.

.

lines,

Amen

the foreign lands, he penetrates them, he

to

son of a

bull,

bull, sub-

directing his face (boldly) in battle, he in

the combat

is first

he conquers the land of Kens

;

(Nubia) with his valour, he spoils the Thehennu (Libyans)

;

very valiant like

.

.

,

bull in the

palace

his

his

.

arm from its

his desire

;

.

.

roads, he subdues

brings

;

life, like

with his might (and

;

he conquers every

Scenes of offering beneath these

he brings them to

49. South obelisk.

On

lines.

pyramidion, Rameses

offering to Turn, lord of Ileliopolis

Amen West

47.

pair of obohsks

in

the

(Northern) on pyramidion, Rameses II. offering to " Turn, lord of the two lands, and? [of On]," " to Har[khuti ?]," "he 40.

.

.

.

First line, standard inscrip-

Vertical lines.

Rameses II., beloved of Harmachis. Other lines, " Rameses II. (in standard " beloved of Ra" and .) opening the land tion of

.

.

.

Kheta, conquering

with

the land

Rameses II. (in standard son of Ptah, beloved of Maa, and ...)... mighty, strong of heart hke ^lenthu in the conflicts, (protecting) his soldiers, making a mighty

victories:

reigning in Ileliopolis, lord of duration

overthrow of

the sun,

his

to

father" and

to

might,

Vertical lines,

.

.

.

South obelisk 47.

On pyramidion Rameses

and

,

ra suten neteru.

"[Ptah

wine Tathjnen ?"

gives

II.,

Ra, for ever."

II."

40 and

?

foreign land, opening

.

it

waters

none can turn his

Ta mera (Egypt), Rameses

to

it)

giver of

?)

Egypt, (he) the lord of the two lands, Rameses

temple.

extending

boundaries to the ends of the

(mouths of the rivers

work

their

very terrible?;

.

.

(?),

land of the Retnu (Syria)

land with his strength

.

king

ra,

"

"beloved of Ptah" and "beloved of Maa"),

Menthu,

on 47

as

Rameses II. (in " standard " strong bull, mighty and valiant and " strong (?) bull, beloved of Menthu ?)," he Other

of the gods."

makes them bring the produce of

duing every foreign land, slaying their chiefs,

and

title

II.

standard name " strong bull with horns ready,"

valiant like

times

of

living prisoners,

standard inscription of Rameses

Ptah nefer[her]

Tathnen

(or

iinbuf

res

North

Vertical lines

to hardship, a

(Rouge,

master

crushing the land of the Hittites." 48, 49. Middle. pair

gives the fourth side, but omits the middle line).

of

.

standard inscription), carrying away the chiefs of the

48.

trained

.

(mighty in years, N.), great in victories (so far

Maher was adopted Kamesside vocabulary as a proverbial

courageous warrior or pioneer, a " brave."

".

diadems, protector of Egj^pt, binding foreign

into the

man

and

the two lands"), strong bull, wearing the two

AnOa and Banta Ant. expression for a

standard

(in

II.

Maa"

of

making .

.

.

a

great

the

it

overthrow

well-beloved,

in

liki^

.

.

his his

Tuin,

making bright the two lands, shining like the two horizons, image (N.) of the universal lord,

ever."

Ra

in

heaven, Rameses

II.,

like

living for

TRANSLATIONS OP THE INSCRIPTIONS.

At tlie base, " The life of Horus, the good god Rameses II.," " gives white bread to his father, performing the service of giving life

before "

pure

all

Amen life,

king of the gods, who gives

ra,

like

midion, Rameses the great

(?)

in

lord of On," to "Ptah Tathnen," and to " Ptah neb maa (lord of truth),

father of the gods." Vertical lines, "

On

temple.

II. offers to

pyra-

" Shu, son of Ra,

god."

name

valiant, smiting every land with

with victorious

strong of arm, lord of the scimitar

horses

ing

Ms

soldiers

terrors,

;

all

protect-

none can stand before him

Tum

victorious.

two lands

;

;

liis

scimitar

(?) is

Egypt and Deshert him (N.); he gives him

causes

?

Rameses II. "offers a tray" " Tum, lord of Heliopohs, great

base, to

In a second scene the king " gives, wine " to " Shu, son of Ra, great god, lord of heaven, lord of earth, giving all life and stability.''

In a third the king "gives a tray" or cake to " Seb, father [of the gods]."

Bast pair of obelisks in middle of

II.

two lands (and

ur dmaxf," to "

Har

of

On

?)

to "

Tum,

khuti," and to " Ptah neh

Rameses

titles of

repelling

when he

enters

Rameses II. (in one stanMenthu") Menthu among the millions, valiant

the

conflict

;

(their?)

53 North (Rouge,

On

Rameses

royal child of

II.,

beloved, Avarrior mighty with

the scimitar, rescuing his soldiers

forth in heaven

pyramidion,

.

.

Kash

.

:

.

sun's

.

.

uniting

disk,

going

(Ethiopia), subduing

the land of the Shasu, valiant like (Set

a

?),

54.

South obelisk similar to 53.

Vertical lines, " Rameses II. (in one standard

" beloved of

Ra ")

son of a bull

:

strong in his arms, bull,

.

.

.

sacred (or mighty)

lands beneath thy? feet

.

55.

like

(Set

?)

of

Ra

he puts

all

...

battlefields (N.),

.

in

;

any land."

Refaced obehsk in temple (see

pyramidion Rameses "

.

?

Har neb

offers to "

Har

21).

On

khuti " and

setu " or " khaskhet."

Vertical lines, "

Rameses

II. (in

standard be-

loved of Seb, Ra, and Maa), king, very mighty,

of

and mighty with the

Menthu, overthrower

always in a moment, he is

the offspring of

;

is

Tum ?

scimitar, beloved

he hits his mark

?

courageous ... he

issuing from his limbs

mighty king,

smiting every land, spoiling the land of the

Nahsi (Negroes), harrying (seizing)

all

lands

with the strength of victory, possessing the land

The occurrence foreigners " again 56.

Pyramidion similar to 51,

of the is

Tum"),

II. (in

god " Horus of the

interesting.

Sandstone obelisk

" Rameses

as at the first."

52. South obelisk.

upon

.

II.

Vertical hues, "

Tum, the much

valiant

Vertical lines, "

dard "beloved of

.

53. 54. Eastern obelisks.

Ptah

maat."

anew

.

.

ccxcvii., gives all four sides).

of

without cartouches in the boat of

over scenes of the king offering to

lord of the

kings,

victorious

.

Sati,

." .

none can stand before him

On pyramidion names

North obehsk.

Rameses

Ra

.

King

:

the

saviour of his

valiant,

coming forth from the horizon

temple. 51.

arm and

Egypt

to

striking

bull in the land of Rethenu."

god, lord of heaven."

51, 52.

.

scimitar,

his limbs, beloved like the

valour like his creator (N.)."

or cake

soldiers

magnifies him as king of the

he

(Arabia) to submit to

At the

strong in

lands are bowing before his

king placing his boundaries at his will;

them

scimitar, bringing

" Rameses II. (iu standard, " beloved of Ra," " strong and valiant," and " bull, son of Khepra ?" or " bull Khepra? "), (?),

Rameses II. (in one standard Ptah "), king, son of Tum,

called " son of

mighty and his

Vertical lines.

Harkhuti, great god, lord

"Tum,

of heaven," to

Ra, every dav."

Western obelisk

60.

"

offers to "

Rameses

in

wall

of

Pylon.

one standard called " son of

great ruler of

.

.

."

;

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS

On

57. Fragment of obelisk. Rameses II. and Shu. 58. Fragment of obelisk.

Rameses

pyramidion, (lb

On

pjraraidion,

" gives wine " to " Turn, ruler of

II.

Fragment of

pj-ramidion,

[Tum of] Heliopolis." On pyramidion, Rameses

Mail to " Set

.

.

"

."

and " Horus.

Har

khuti," "

nefer

singing priestess of

of

Tell

Mut

.

.

.

perfected."

rest of the inscriptions are in the plates

of the present volume. 66. White limestone altar, Rameses II. "Live? the (the living, N.) King of Upper and Lower Egypt, loi'd of the two lands Ra user maa setep n ra, son of the Sun, lord of diadems Amen mer Ramessu, giver of life like ;

offers

11.

Tum,

to

lord of On,"

." .

Zuwelen

The

On

obelisk.

" Rameses II. gives wine" to " [Harmachis], great god, lord of heaven," and " a figure of

60.

Ra

Psammetichus II. No. 32. Seal from South of

"...

On," and " Shu, son of Ra." 59.

Xo. 25. Blue pottery disk with name

;

the sun every day, beloved of Thoth, lord of

.

Upper Egypt), great

Vertical lines, standards of Rameses TI., " very valiant," " son of Tum," " beloved of

god, lord of heaven," repeated inscription run-

Maa," "beloved

ning both ways.

of

Ra."

Refaced obelisk;

61.

On

No. 13.

also

cf.

Sesennu (Hermopolis

pyramidion, names of Rameses II.; in vertical lines, " Rameses II." in standard called " beloved of Maa," " beloved of Ra," " son of

Thoth of Hermopolis was a very important god, and

62. Part of obelisk, with

names

63a,

Fragments

b.

of

of obelisk, usual titles of 64. Pillar, with

offering (1) to "

Rameses

of

Amen

standard, also " beloved of Menthu) " and " Ra."

White limestone altar, Rameses II. " Live the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, 67.

Rd

user

diadems

maa setep n ra, son of the Sun, lord Amen mer Ramessu, giver of life .

;

on base

great god, lord of heaven."

Ramessu

On

68.

II.

sixteen scenes of

Ptah nefer her,"

(or

(2) "

Ba

neb

of

Two

Rameses

Down

II.

dignity of (N.)

beautiful

of

"Sepdu nrfer ha n ra, the mummied hawk Sepdu, the soul of

(god of the city of Goshen), (4) "Set,

the most valiant, son of Nut," (4) ., (5) " Shu, son of Ra," (6) " Seb, father of the gods," (7) " Set, great god, lord of heaven, the .

most

(The rest are

valiant."

.

Tum

the middle

Amen mer Ramessu upon On edge of

diadems,

throne of Horus, like Ra."

"as

Inscriptions of

names

"...

King Rameses

II.

the roof

memorials

exists the sky, so (N.) are thy

established,

the

as lord of eternity, lord

.

.

.

Ra

in

his? rising; thou art like (N.) the circuit of the disk, lord of diadems

illegible.)

Rameses II. of the mentioning the Thchenu (Libyans)

65. Pillar.

.

sandstone shrines, almost identical.

outside of roof vultures alternate with

Dadiit (Mendes)," (3)

Ra"

of .

beloved of Menthu, lord of Uast (West Thebes),

inscription

Rameses

?

not surprising to find an altar

it is

dedicated to him at Tanis.

Amen." II. in

in

;

Amen mer Ramessu

right side, "

On

da ankh."

.

.

.

Turn resting

standard inscription in the la.st line it is said that " he reduced the land of Kheta to

upon thy handiwork, King Rameses II. Thou dost flourish as king for ever and ever." Back of shrine. Upper scene. Beneath the winged disk Tum and Harmachis give the sign

non-existence."

of

usual style, the

second

line

from the

left

contained

the

:

Note No.

also in "Tanis,"

5.

Alabaster

lid

I., pi. xii.

from Qeneh with name

of Pepi, son of Hathor, mistress of

derah) (see

p. 15).

Ant (Den-

life

hawk upon the standard name

to the

of the king.

"

and purity,

all

Rameses Lower

He

gives

health,

all

all

life,

all

liiippiiiess

stability,

to

King

II."

scone.

Rameses

II.,

" beloved of Sub

TRANSLATIONS OP THE INSCRIPTIONS. and Shu,"

offers to " Seb, father of the gods,

and Shu, son

of Ra."

Rameses

the sides

II.

is

In a general way at styled " beloved of

Turn, lord of Heliopolis," and " of Hai'machis."

On

Rameses

II.,

(var. " of the

two

sides of shrines in centre

" beloved of Turn, lord of

On "

lands of On, great god"), "offers white bread

and performs the service of giving

" to

life

" Tum, lord of Heliopolis." On right, the king, " beloved of Harraachis," " gives wine, performing the service of giving life

"

to Harmachis, great god, lord of heaven

" lord of the great temple of Heliopolis

(var.

On

Khepra

").

the king, " beloved of Khepra (var.

left,

in

boat) "

his

incense

gives

to

?

" Kheprii in his barge."

Tum

also called "

two lands of On,"

lord of the two lands of On, great god, lord of

who "gives

the great temple of Heliopolis,"

and

all life

On

all

health."

much

left

2,

3, "

.

.

(Of. 44,

.

.

.

.

middle

1.

Fragment granite 2, Rameses II.

1.

3,

75.

.

.

...

2, ".

1.

stela.

1,

1.

.

"

1,

1.

his

3, ".

4, ".

1.

."

.

.

.

.

mighty, strong in

arm."

Menthu, done by his arm,

.

preserving his might, bull of Baal 1.

.

" slaying."

.

76. Obverse.

valour

N.)

line,

bearinor their labours.

.

.

King Rameses II." The great chiefs of

.

.

fighting,

"

?

lands at

all

home and abroad felt reverence for him. (When) his spirits came they bowed their heads ? " Reverse. 1. 2, King Rameses 11. 3, ".

1.

.

than millions of soldiers united in

.

destruction (N.)."

Inside shrine. On right side, " the king, of pious acts,RamesesII." " gives wine " to " Tum, lord of the

1. 1.

King Rameses

4,

1.

*11

his strength ?

forth 1.

II.

Portion of granite

.

stela.

"son

of the sun,

scene with " Khepra, great

god,"

instead of

Tum.

"all lands

3,

1.

Rameses 1.

4,

.

.

with

land, sallying

..."

2,

mer Amen Bamessu, king,

..."

wielding power, subduing

broken, apparently the same

1, ".

1.

upon the foreign

King

with him.

fighting,

II."

" The very valorous upon horses.

He

Fragment of scene from top of stela. Rameses II. " offers incense to his father Har-

seized his bow, he shoots

machis," or Ptah

he was stronger than thousands, he was at

69.

Fragment

70. ofi'ers

to "

similar

beloved of

duing 72.

.

.

commencement

of

on granite

tion

Rameses

to last.

II.

Harmachis, lord of heaven."

Fragment

71.

(?).

" Horus, mighty bull,

stela.

Maa (Rameses Rameses

.

of inscrip-

II.)

.

.

many, sub-

.

11."

meses

Fragment granite

" All [lands]

stela.

1.

2,

giving

.

ye

.

.

.

life .

.

.

.

stela.

1.

1,

"

.

.

.

Ra-

."

1.

5,

"

.

my

making you guardians upon

.

tens of thousands by his

own might,

1. 6, " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Rameses II., great ruler, rampart of Egypt, ." remembered by .

.

78. Granite stela;

" Live

?

cf.

De R.

(Inscr. pi. Ixviii.),

this translation is

made.

the Horus, mighty bull, beloved of

bringing away] their chiefs?

King II.,

his feet,

of

life

for ever.

mighty king, strong

right, slaying ."

Upper

giver of

in battles, valiant

in fight against 10,000, overthrowing

upon

on

his

his left like Set in his time

of fury (N.).

.

74. Frag^ment granite stela.

its

head (N.), he knew ..."

(2)

.

spirits

.

."

and Lower Egypt; Rameses

the road " 1. 3, " every day " 1. 4, " give to me .

.

.

Maa, trampling [every land beneath

Fragment granite II.

5, ".

from whose copy

beneath his sandals." 73.

1.

.

1.

1,

Rameses

II.

(3)

mighty

bull,

repelling

every

foreign

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. people, opposing

arms

;

bows

;

them with the might of Egypt, smiting

defending

every land trembles before him

;

he

is

?

as a

no land hon who hath tasted battle can stand before him; King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Rameses II. pntering the com(4)

;

;

mighty

Ilorus,

.

.

not in Rouge.

side,

bull,

1)

(1.

"Live the

beloved of Maa, carrying

away all lauds with the force Rameses II. (2) king, strong in

of his might.

King

arm, mighty in valour,

prince, victorious, watchful, smiting every land,

great in spirits, mighty in valour, smiting the

bats.

back

(5) he doth not turn

the

Other

."

them

(16) before

his

nine

the

head of

strong upon

warriors,

his

he marches at

:

his

he seizes his bow, he shoots on his

horses;

right, he does not miss

he stands firm on the

;

and victorious

and the shield

;

;

(3) ruler

arm holds

his

the

mace

know not how

to receive the

onset ; every foreign land flees before him, his

King Rameses

bles

He

ever.

he

;

.

.

With the strength

.

a youth, mighty

strength of

.

the

.

.

of his might,

Menthu,

victorious like

plains (?)

(this

half-line

next

Kush.

victorious, he

might

(10) by the

makes Egypt

rejoice,

be glad of heart, king [Rameses

of his

.

.

.

in R, after P.) his

to

their hearts firm, their spirits

upon the gods when he conies and ?

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

upon

their

in the

land of

II.

Menthu on his

Rameses II., giver

of

right hand

life,

.

.

.

smiting every

foreign land beneath his feet." his.

thing

"1.1 provide you

Rameses

.

II.

.

ings

.

.

he said to his messengers

camping-station provided .

(?), all

Rameses

II.

.

.

and Ptah

I give to thee all

ofler-

happiness."

On the other half, Rameses II. and "

.

with every-

."

79. Granite stela, scene

.

.

.

soldiers. .

neb maa, " who says

.

the ships fighting

seizes

bull

4,

the Sharutani failing in (N.) heart.

them he

.

1.

.

in the midst of [the sea]

.

3,

.

.

smiting the foreign lands, marching

.

1.

.

.

.

... he

it

.

fighting in the plains (N.),

head of his .

(10)

onslaughts upon them,

.

.

2, I will

Menthu upon his right fighting, King Rameses II. he travels (14) to him with their products, he opens (10)

(9)

78

makes (read

every land trem-

making a great overthrow

1.

?

rare word)

he smites the forcigu lauds, he overruns

;

)Sati in their

he harries the western desert, making .

II.,

which no light shines

at the

.

(12) slain beneath his sandals he

.

(8)

arms

Ta Merk

lands, he destroys their inheritance

(13)

making

(7)

II.].

(11) spoiling the chiefs of the

makes them

.

(?

.

the Hittites

Ann

the negroes with his might; he slays the

possessed with

fail.

namely, the king, Rameses

every foreign laud, his spirits are courageous.

is

them,

husband of Egypt, protecting her from

sc)((iin

the land

;

mighty ones yield

within their hearts (N.), their

is

calling

.

horses

is

misplaced).

of the vile

.

.

(6)

omitted in Rouge, and the end of the

(9)

bold warrior, protecting Egypt

.

King Rameses

.

rescues them

brings their chiefs as living prisoners. .

.

.

.

(5)

II. living for

spoiled the lands of the Sati with his might

(8)

fear

(4) bellies

terrors are like fire pursuing them. (7)

.

before him, their limbs

he dashes the chiefs beneath his

sandals, (they)

.

scimitar

witTi his

fear of him, the

ground, mighty, vaUant. (6)

nine bows, reducing the foreign lands to nonexistence.

who

Set aa pehti,

says I give thee all pure life and victory." Behind the king, " preserving life behind him

like

Ra."

80. Portion of granite stela.

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. 81. Ixvii.,

Granite stela

from which

De Rouge,

(cf.

this translation is

Insc. pi.

made), scene

a. Eameses II. and Set aa pehti, lord of heaven, making him live. b. the king, beloved of Seb.

"(1) the Horns, strong

Inscription,

beloved of Ra, trampling

beneath] his

all

King Rameses

[feet].

harrjnng

in valour like Set, strong of arm.

giving

II.,

smiting

life,

scimitar, carrying

them

King Rameses

every land with to Egypt.

He

his

smites

the inhabitants of the South land, he slays their chiefs,

reducing the rebellious countries to non-

existence. spirit,

wielding courage, smiting the

King Rameses II. Prince whose fame reaches

making

to heaven,

a great overthrow in the land of the Shasu. King

Rameses

giver of

II.,

The chiefs bring their

life.

[his palace]."

In one of the scenes Rameses " Tum, lord of the two lands of? On.

tion.

offers to

Rameses 84 should be placed immediately above 83.

83a,

84a,

1.

2, ".

line

1,

standard

inscription

of

II. .

same " giving wine to his performing the service of giving life." ;

96. Portion of the same, the ".

.

.

Ra

of the Bast,

1.

he came, he celebrated a festival

.

2, ".

.

.

the

camp

of his soldiers

Tum?

.

.

."

lofty in

station (duration, N.) like the sun's disk." 86. Portion of obelisk of

Rameses

II.

name

87. Portion of granite architrave with

Rameses

of

Rameses

II.

alternating with a kind of

Ra

user

maa

setep

n

Rameses On."

II.,

•'

mono-

98. Portion of the same.

Rameses

as a gift of

II. ;"

"

" Offering of wine

the god says " I give

to thee the festivals of thirty years of Ra."

Similar.

Rameses

100. Portion of the same.

name

beloved of Tum, lord of

90. Portion of unfinished granite architrave

with name

II.,

be-

101. Portion of the same. Rameses II., " beloved of Tum, lord of the two lands of On."

The

inscription at the side begins with Un7i, a

Rameses

II.

102. Granite

Ra

" Thus it is the king, &c." is. " offers a figure of Maat." :

Upper

column.

inscription,

in heaven, brightening the

two lands

like

his horizon.

(2)

Rameses II. lord Ptah Tathnen ? .

.

of

.

SeJ

festivals

(3) Standard inscription.

joyful (N.) together with his

" beloved of

Amen ra, lord

of " Rameses, beloved of

Tum ;"

"

II.,

liii."

may

he be

Rameses

II.,

of the thrones of the

world, lord of heaven, and of

Tum

the lord

(?).

Harkhuti, great god, lord of heaven." Lower inscription, " son of the sun, of his II.,

beloved of Ptah,

two lands," and " son body, loving him lord of the

lord of heaven, king of the of the sun, of his

scimitar

(?) ra.

89. Portion of granite architrave with

of

named

97. Portion of the same.

body, loving him; Rameses

II.

88. Portion of granite architrave, cartouches

grammatic,

is

like his father

85. Portion of obelisk, "like

of

god

Tum."

Middle inscription, Rameses 83b,

name

" (1) good god, mighty in rule, like his father

83, 84. Portions of one obelisk of

Rameses

II.

II.

strong form of

82. Stela of Rameses II. with defaced inscrip-

II.

"the

to

loved of Harkhuti and other gods.

Sati,

works to

Rameses

95. Portion of the father,

99.

Great of

of

Rameses

of

Strong, mighty

lands with victory.

all

valiant,

compared

is

94. Portion of granite sanctuary with

master?

II.

and

temple

91, 92, 93. Portions of gi'anite architrave with

name

bull,

[foreign countries

of victory, setting a watch, mighty

apparently the

horizon in heaven" in which Turn rested.

Rameses

;

II.,

beloved of

Ba neb Dada

(Ram Ba, lord of Mcndesj." At the side of the erased scene " his admirer, who loves him, his son coming forth from ..." The latter half of the personal name of Rameses II. is erased, probably to make way for Sa Bast

;:

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. 126. "

Uasaiirken (Osorkon II.) or for Shashanq III,

whom would

both of

also alter the

Ka

by changing the hawk's head to that of the lion. 10:3. Granite column, with fragments of similar

"he made

inscriptions, .

Rameses

.

.

places

129. Erased inscription of

131. ". of

.

as ruler, happiness,

.

132. Inscription

inscription,

a curious

part of the standard

"golden Horus" being written in frequent on papyri than on

way more

names

109. Part of doorway,

134. 135.

Rameses

of "

Rameses

— 118.

Fragments probably of the great Nile

the

god

Hapi."

This

no doubt, belongs to the scene of

the Niles, a portion of which appears in 110a. p. 10, col. 1, for

Mr.

Petrie's note

on 110

but the columns of small inscription on 112 being parallel to the large ones that they are contemporary

IIU

make

probable

it

placed at

scriptions of

1.

by Rameses ." .

1.

4,

" (great)

1.

6,

"

1.

7,

Ra

see

1.

1,

"Live the

title

II. ? ".

.

.

with good stone of

An

life,

diadems

;

;

Mer

soul of Ra), son

mer Vtah hetep her

in standard, " prince

in rule,

Ra

as king of the

as king."

two lands."

lord of the diadems like the

Round

of the

*'

Amen,

Merenptah, son of the Sun, beloved of ;

twice over."

II.

inscription relating to the building of the temple

.

side,

Amen "

" Sou of

3,

Rameses

125. Granite block with traces of historical

north

II.,

strong in years."

of

The Hchud, great god, the ray, heaven, coming forth." Granite block with name of Rameses II.

124.

Rameses

Tathnen."

Miscellaneous granite blocks, in-

123. Portion of the lintel with

winged disk.

ha n ra (beloved of

of the Sun, lord of

Amen

lost.

— 122.

lord of

inscriptions of

maa (Merenptah resting on Maa), beloved of Amen, lord of the diadems ? of the world." 1. 2, Same as last, but " son of Ptah Tathnen" in standard, and "beloved of Ptah

[Amen] ra, king of the gods dwelling The name of the city is unfor-

."

.

Granite blocks with names of " beloved of Seb, father of the

and Lower Egypt, lord of the two lands

right angles on the curved surface of the statue ?

.

to every

No. 136. Standing statue, Merenptah.

15.

and Ramesside, the

scene to which they belong being

in

lord of the scimitar

Beginning from right

Amen

112. "(says)

tunately

on block

II.

Horus, strong buU, son of Amen, King of Upper

colossus.

114. "

II.,

For other

"Ptah, lord of heaven," and "Mut, lady

of heaven."

See

Rameses

Nos. 172, 173, and 174.

inscriptions.

inscription,

of

land."

Fragments of column

105, 106, 107, 108.

110

upon the throne

gods."

stone monuments.

II.,"

am

133. " I

crushing the rebellion against his father Haris

II.

Horus."

re-used by Siamen.

the other side

Rameses

130.

II.,

This perhaps refers to the myth of Horbehud

On

his hands."

from the horizon."

Harkhuti, making the lower crown of Turn."

khuti.

Maa upon

lintel.

" The Behud, great god, ray coming

128. forth

as his memorial toliis

it

beloved of Harkhuti." 104. Portion of granite column. " Good god, likeness of Ra, avenging (fabricated " by " N.) father

He

127. Portion of

to Bast

loved of

Sun, the

capital

Amen,

and crowns, giver ever and ever

first for

of sceptre Merenptah, " be-

lord of the diadems (?), of the

two lands."

The is

haa

title of the standard of Merenptah maul, " rejoicing in truth," as on the

usual

m

other statue. 137. Standing statue Merenptah.

Side of sceptre. Translation doubtful, " giving

;

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS.

Ra

King Merenptah, beloved of Ptah Tathnen (the god) whose feathers are

truth

?

high,

who

to

daily

Name

138.

says, " I

Merenptah on limestone block

of

" the hawk."

Tum nefer Nefer Tum is

Merenptah and

(The name of

and

and by the seated figure of a god.) 140. Granite block, Merenptah and lands, of

Ba

beloved

Amen,

of

Tum

diadems, 8eti Merenptah " and "

kneehng statue

142. Sandstone III.

.

holding table

Horus, strong

great

bull,

of

in

.

.

of

Rameses

King of the two lands rule.

giver of life;" on table of offerings, "live the

Rameses III." 143. Grey granite statue, " Rameses .

beloved of

.

Amen

144. A. ". festivals

Egypt

.

(i.e.

.

.

ra

.

III.,

periods of thirty years each), tens

of milhons of years."

No. 145. Block

16.

"

later king.

piety?

n

to

King

his

of

of SiAJiEN, re-used by a Upper and Lower Egypt,

father,

netr

Bel

iimen, godlike, offspring of

son of the Sun, lord of diadems

amen (Siamen), beloved

of

x^j?er

setep

Ra, chosen of Ra,

Amen

;

mer amen sa

rii,

lord of the

thrones of the earth." 146.

Block with

a later king.

" Live

beloved of Maa, son

of Siamen,

Siamen, re-used by

the Horus, mighty bull, of

Amen,

issuing

Siamen

of

.

with

Khem-

Fragment with Sekhet

?

mer? Pteh

was covered represented

it

number

of divinities.

No. 163. Stela of Tahaeqa.

17.

Ixxiii.-iv. (trans-

by Rouge, "Melanges d'Archeologie," L p. 21, and Birch, Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1880, p. 193). His copy is diflFerent in some lated

places.

The

Petrie's

excellent

much

stela is

weathered.

was

copy

Mr.

by M.

revised

Naville from the squeezes. 1.

1

.

son of field

.

2.

[says the king Taharqa,^ I

my father? .

.

.

.

.

around

.

.

animals.

I

it ?

a goodly

.

[lo

share) of

the

it

share the harvest.

the flax

was brought up

?]

?

and corn

.

.

.

amongst the king's

.

.

I

than the (rest 7.

me

he prevented the locusts

(as his

my

all

children

1.

was the younger

he [gave}

.

took as

4 5. [I

6.

.],

.

. from devouring 1. 3. ... he took

1.

Fragments with name of

(?)

.

.

scenes with which

1.

150.

same date

of

These inscriptions, from 157, are on blocks The the pylon built by Shashanq III.

1.

147.

149,

Fragment

162.

aa

This fragment of the standard

appears to be unique.

148,

h.

.

.

of

like god.

from the base of a column,

from his limbs." title

Thoth, lord of

1.

titles of

setep

same date with cow-headed

N

Latter half in Rouge, Insc.

."

hundreds of thousands of Sed

maa

same date with Moon god Hermopolis Magna.

Fragment

161.

user

last.

of

goddess Hathor, of 160.

Ea

III.

the king worshipping a

?

.

of scene of

sa Bast shashanq neter haq An.

Fragment

159.

."

Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of E^ user mad mer Amen (the veritable strength of Ra, beloved of Amen), son of the Sun, lord of diadems, Ramessu haq An (ruler of Heliopolis) good god

Fragment

Amen mer

158. Similar to

" Live the

offerings.

of

lord

Siamen

of

illegible inscription.

Shashanq

.

user )(eperu mer amen, Ra, strength

creatures,

all

.

of vulture Nekhebt.

Fragment with cartouches

157.

n ra

" lord of the two

II.,

as thy

154, 155, 156. Fragments.

determined by the feather crown that he wears

141. Block of Seti

bows

give to thee the nine

Name

52.

]

153.

re-used by Siamen. 139. Granite block,

amen, who

property (N.)."

furnished with horns."

is

29

Khem

Siamen and the god

151.

?

was] loved by of)

my

father

the royal children.

more

TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. 18.

1.8. 1.

placed] 1.

lands

all

10.

.

,

westward 11.

1.

my father Amen beneath my feet.

[had

[Now when]

9.

to

.

.

palm

king,

the

of

12.

.

had parted from? her

I

[For] he (that

13.

On

Now

to the north land. river to

she descended the

[and reaching this city]

years she found

me crowned

.

.

many

after

.

.

protecting

the

majesty, even as Isis views

crowned upon the throne 1. 18. [of Seb (Masp.)],

beauties

of

her

Horns

after he

son

had been as

19.

of

all

20.

...

obeisance

to

?]

this

22.

King

of

[Horus so the queen finds] her son the Upper and Lower Egypt, Taharqa

Hor Sa Ast Sam

mistress of

Amt, Horus, (appears

taui, the prince

all

Rfi, lord of

heaven,

the gods."

says, " I give to thee

victory,

all

(.s/r) all

pure

life,

prosperity."

all

165. Limestone tablet from a site soutli of

23.

.

Thou

.

.

living

art

ever

for

in

.

.

.

he (the god

who knows his 25.

father

2.

!tf

^BEB=MW*=^S V

u^S^^m^WMml plcLn

^tf

l^®^^4n^= (3^ 5:

'''m3\\n.m\\>)^\\rTi^: pi»n

/OS-

1

I If.

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NEBESHEH

(AM)

ANT)

DEFENNEH (TAHPANHES). W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE. WITH CHAl'TEES BV A.

S.

MURRAY,

KEEPER OF GREEK AND ROMAN

ANTIO.UITIES, BRITISH

MUSEUM

AND F.

LL.

GRIFFITH.

FOURTH MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMIITEE.

LONDON: MESSRS. TRiJBNER &

CO., 57

&

59,

LUDGATE HILL,

E.G.

AntiijuU'j

!

thou ivondrous charm, what art thou ?

"

Ei.i/

CONTENTS. Chap. V.

Pkeface Introduction

By

...

Inscriptions.

F. Ll. GniFFiTH.

SECT.

Chap.

I.

of

Am

28

29. Inscriptions of the Xllth Dj'nasty

Position and History.

Present State

I'AOK

TheCity

28.

NEBESHEH.

31.

...

Changes in the Country around Changes elsewhere and loss of Ceme ;

32. 33.

34.

teries

XlXth Dj-nasty Ushabti before XXVIth Dynasty Inscriptions of XXVIth Dj-nasty Sarcophagi of XXVIth Dynasty Ushabti of XXVIth Dynasty

30. Inscriptions of the

'

'

. .

The City Am, and nome Am-pehu Chap. VI.

In Eamesside and later Times

Chap.

II.

Temples.

Discovery of the Temples

7.

Egyptian System of Foundations

8.

Temenos Column and Propylon

10. Pj-lon

3G.

Temenos

37. Inlaid Shrine

...

38. Foundation Deposits

...

...

39. Glass- working

and Statues

...

40. History

Temple Second Temple

11. First 1 2.

Gemaiyemi.

F. Ll. Griffith.

35. Position

G.

9.

By

41. Sites near ]S''ebesheh

...

13. Shrine

DEFENNEH.

14. Foundation Deposits, &c.

Chap. VII.

15. Altar

IG.

Government of the Hyksos Chap.

III.

42. Position

Cemetery.

Tomhs Red Brick Tomhs Tomhs of the XXth Dynasty Cypriote Tombs ... Saitic Tombs

18.

19. 20.

21.

45.

48.

Tombs

25. Plan of

Chap. VIII.

Town

27. Miscellaneous Objects

...

...

...

Jews

I. ... ...

51

...

The Kasr and Camp.

Nature of the Kasr

52. Periods of Building

26. Ptolemaic Houses, Coins, &c.



The Palace of the Jew's Daughter".. Pavement before the Entry Removal of the Greeks

50. Later Notices

IV.— Town.

24. Destroyed Building with Deposits

...

47. "

49.

Chap.

The Camp of Psamtik The Jewish Migration

46. Hellenization of ...

22. Amulets 23. Objects from Saitic and later

...

43. Piamesside Period 44.

17. Classes of

Position and History.

53. Original

Form

...

54. Foundation Deposits

...

29

29 31 33 35

36

fv

PLATES. DEFENNEH.

NEBESHEH. I.

Funereal

XXtli

Objects,

XXVth

to

II.

III.

Funereal Objects,

XXth

Dynasty.

V. Foundation Deposits, Temple of Uati.

VII. Objects from

House 100,

XXXVI.

&c.

XXXVII.

VIII. Beads, Scarabs, &c.

and

IX. Inscriptions, Xllth

XXVIth Dy-

to

XXVIth

XL



XlXth Dynasty.

XII.



XXVIth

XIII.

.,

Ushabti.

XIV. Plan

XV. Plan

Dynasty.

Dynasty.

of Temple. of Cemetery.

XVI. Plans

of

Tombs.

XVII. Plan of Town, and General Plan. XVIII. Glass Mosaics.

XIX. Foundation

XX.

Deposits.

Bronzes.

XXI. Plan

of

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

nasty.

X. Inscriptions, Xllth

Temple of Gemayemi.

Plans. Pottery, Vllth

Painted Greek Vases.

XXXII. Lined Greek

XXXIIL— XXXV.

Plans.





Figures and

of Kasr.

cent; B.C.

XXV.— XXXI.

IV. Great Shrine of Uati.





XXIV. Greek

Cypriote Tombs.

,,

,,

VI.

XXII. Foundation Deposits XXIII.

Dynasty.

XL.

Vases.

Plain Pottery.

Lids and Sealings. Military Iron-work. Civil Iron-work.

Bronze Work. Objects from

XLI. Small

Camp.

Antiquities.

XLII. Inscription of

Stela.

XLIII. General Plan.

XLIV. Plan

XLV. Plan

of Kasr.

of Eastern Buildings.

XLVI. Types

XL VII. XL VIII. XLIX.

of Weights.

Types of Weights. Curves of Naukratite Weights. Curves of Dafniote Weights.

L. Curves of Weights compared. LI. Inscriptions of Kantara.

PREFACE. In placing before the public another record of explorations in Egypt, a fitting opportunity to define the general j^rinciples

view in conducting and publishing these researches. definition

and

as it

which

seems

it

I

have had in

The need

of some such

apparent from certain miscoucej^tions which I have observed

is

may

serve to

some extent

an end in

as

well as an explanation

itself, as

with regard to this work, I need not apologize for stating

it.

Just as one person has, for economy of time and means, to jierform difi'erent functions in

for

carrying on such w^ork

one expedition to be made to serve

so, in

;

many

the same w\ay,

different ends, in such

the explorer in striving for one end should not disregard the

on any

site

if

desire

it is

larger

and more

we would

The

use well our advantages.

to see sometliing beautiful in a

w ise that

In Avorking

scientific interests

;

collector,

whose

museum, should remember the

the student of

art,

who

seeks to recover

dim pedigrees, must remember how much history can help him

links in his

the linguist, whose idea of Egyptology

recoUect that Egypt

will

rest.

many

needful

the opportunities are many-sided, and our research should neglect

none of them

grand

it is

civilization.

is

not the

To look

name

modern

to

is

restricted to

hieroglyjahics,

may

of a dead language, but the country of a times, our

own thoughts and

doings

be found quite as well recorded by the homely Metropolitan Board of

Works,

as in

Our

the archives of the

War

geographical identification, or a

development of an or the

Ofiice.

object then should be not only the discovery of an historical text, or a

mode

Archeology

art, or

of living, but is

new

construction

the language, or the

in

the history of pottery, or the details of manufactures, all

of these together

— the whole body of archaeology.

the history of men's thoughts and works

;

it is

to the history of

TREFACE.

,i

mind, what mineralogy, and geology, and

are to

palaeontology,

matter.*

language and political history are the grand sciences Avithin the

Doubtless

domain of archa;ology

but they are only

;

Another point not to be overlooked

and not the

sections,

Avhole.

that the condition of objects has

is

to serA-e as lures for attracting the public to the education prepared for tlicm it

often happens that for real instruction a broken thing

whole, and in no case should

been better

A

originally.

we

is

Avorth

it

" did not

it

has

reported, said on seeing the

is

come there

to see a hospital of

but then she should rather have visited the Crystal Palace or a

;"

Avax-Avork

sIioav.

A museum

is

the

in

place a treasure-house

first

scientific research, and in the second

systematic and

establishment for the public

no case should

in

;

it

place

it

not popularly attractive

is

To

a concession to

is

Let us suppose, in biology for instance, that a

for

an educational

descend to the past indignity

of a collection of curiosities or a place of amusement.

because

but

;

more than one

neglect an injured specimen because

FrencliAVoman,

Parthenon sculptures, that she cripples

little

Perfect and pretty things are no doubt very useful

to do with their true value.

reject anything

mere showmanism.

set of preparations illustrating

each of the main discoveries of recent times Avere placed on one side of a gallery,

and a roAV of execrably stuficd beasts on the other side Avould be Avorth Avorthless side

The

most

does any one doubt Avhich Avould iiock to the

therefore, on Avhich exploration sliould be conducted, are the

lines,

all

concerning the history and Avays of the people

facts

But

remains avc are examining. is

;

Or doubt that the populace

?

ascertaining of

tion of Avhat

?

accidental and Avliat

isolated fact as

it

appears

;

is

general, in the immediate valuing of each

in short, in dealing Avith a larger

be recorded or preserved, and abstracting from

A

intelligibly connected.

Avliose

a difficulty at once meets us in the discrimina-

it

as Ave

amount than can go along Avhat

perfect excavator Avould need a perfect

is

memory,

since

it is

impossible to record or preserve a tenth or even a hundredth part

of

that

is

all

"What

is

seen and found.

AVorth keeping

* Nothihj^ shows better

?

tlie

Tliere

is

no more troublesome question

tlian.

may be

wortli

Sometimes one

trifling chip of

pottery

ignoring of true arcliaeology than the journalistic lieading " Arehajology

uiJ Art," two titles which have the tame relation as archa;oIogy and history, or archaeology and poetry.

PREFACE.

vii

keeping and recording, when thousands of sherds and pieces of bronze have

The

been rejected. in

difference

impart,

between collecting things because of their value

of the

themselves, or because

information their

site,

position,

just the difference between a bibliomaniac collecting "

is

tall

and age copies,"

and the historian who studies the copies regardless of large paper or

fine

binding.

Now

will

it

be evident that, for

of which the age and locality are

Yet

purposes of true archaeology, specimens

all

unknown have

for the sake of their value in themselves, collections, public

and

and

Here

private.

inferior to others already in a

them

value.

if it

has

its

history

with the better examples

which form nearly the whole of

lies,

all

then, the great value of systematic

the obtaining of a scale of comparison by which to

strict excavation, in

arrange and date the various objects

of

more than half their

lost

unfortunately just such specimens, collected by dealers and travellers

it is

;

as a

we

and

it

A specimen

already possess.

museum, and yet

it

will

may be

be worth more than

all

will bo the necessary key, to be jDreserved

voucher of their historical position.

When

it

can

be said that a dated collection consists mainly of objects already in a public

museum,

it

shows how invaluable such a

series will

be for helping to reduce the

undated and unlocalized chaos to some order, and

The aim,

historical value.

for

stamping

it

with an

then, in excavating should be to obtain and preserve

such specimens in particular as

may

serve as keys to the collections already

existing.

"Whenever, therefore, I have the opportunity of carrying on such work, I

wish to glean every fact which can be intelligibly built into the general fabric of archaeology

;

and

specially to attend to such details as

have not yet been

recorded, and can only be ascertained by means of close attention to every step of the work.

Much

of the

work described

with the help of Mr. F. LI.

in the present

Griffith,

who

volume has been carried on

has also contributed some chajDters on

As

those matters to which he paid particular attention. visited

Gemayemi, and not seen the Kantara remains

quite independently. this year

by di-awing

Of the five,

plates

and Mr.

at

all,

I have only briefly

he of course writes

Mr. Percy Newberry has again aided

Griffith has

done

me

six jjlates of inscription

the remaining plates arc of

my

o\Yn drawing

:

and

I Avish

any intention that these should be looked on from an they are simply representations of in their

scientific

accuracy.

antitpiities,

Mr. Spurrell

Avho have done such wearisome I

much

Avork in

work

Avill

regret that circumstances

has also

know

make

it

generously helped ;

likely that I shall carry on I

have had

tlie

KkXT,

my

pleasure

new ground.

^^ovemhcr 20, 1886.

me

and only those

W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.

EllO.MLEY,

;

consists

hon' to aj^preciate such service,

Egypt independently of the Fund, with which

of opening so mucli

point of view

and their only value

a serious task, by ^veighing nearly a thousand Aveights

Avith

here to disclaim

artistic

INTEODUCTION. The work ever

of this year has lain at places scarcely

by any European, and at

visited

wliicli

no exploration bad previously been attempted.

was wholly unknown,

Naukratis ancient

and

its

exploration

as

an

I

was

end of

last

there,

my

Tanis

at

and

;

flying

his life

;

younger days been the shekh of the Bedawin,

far

and wide on the E. of the

until I settled there

Esneh

:

campaigns, and was never weary of telling long say but

little,

having

than a month

I stayed less

;

but in

of

tales

the year before to be probably the site of

it,

and

he also found the temenos of Hera.

The temple

came

remained, as

out, so far as

in the area of the

it

temenos which

and, most happily, within ten

days I had the clue to the temenos of Aphrodite,

and Abbas.

doings with Ibrahim

his

Falling into

some disgrace with the Government,

he was pitchforked out of his high position, and

down

to near Naukratis, in the quagmires

about Tell Afrin;

;

Nile, about

he had fought along with Ibrahim Pasha in his

sent

more

in

his

by him in the mound which had been suspected

I found last year

much

travellers,

merely to induct Mr. Gardner

I cleared

seen

about as old as the century, he had in

Defenneh,

March.

it.

He had

was almost embarrassing.

that time I saw the cemetery successfully opened

of the Dioscuri

down

tracts

was delighted

old shekh

have his sohtude enhvened, and his affection

I need

already described

The

to

was tmtouched and unheeded

Of Naukratis

on most sides are desert or marshy

only dates from last year.

though seen by one or two passing

at the

that impossible for any but a native to find, while

Lake Menzaleh.

never seen by any archaeologist, imtil

when

except in the driest months

;

but one path through the marshes, and

to

it

Nebesheh, on the opposite side of the Delta, was

visit

is

two years ago,

I first visited

site, until

even

from the world

off

there

again,

then after a while removed

and given the grant of two or three

hundred acres of marshy ground where he lives.

He

and longs

feels his

change and his present

some one

for

of his old wild days

;

still

state,

to listen to the stories

he

is

truly solitary, with

only a few rough attendants, and one son

who

is

There the pottery of

but a sorry result for

all

the finest Naukratite ware, with the dedications,

which the old shekh

is

came abundantly to light, and a rich field was opened, which was most successfully worked out

in times

by Mr. Gardner.

walls of both were tunnelled by rats and white

and

identified the temple.

appeared;

all

Other points of interest also

of which will be duly recorded in

his forthcoming volume.

At Tell Nebesheh the

ground was wholly

:

different

ing native village as

there was no flourish-

at Naukratis,

but only a

past.

He

the six and forty wives credited 'with having

room, and a smaller roofless room adjoining

ants,

who had

;

to be kept in check respectively

heaps of broken shabti and insect powder.

some

had

provided us with a guest-

iron roofing

from

my

the

by

With

house at San, this

place was inhabitable, and Mr. Griffith or myself for full three

months.

few scattered huts of settled Bedawin, or Arabs

occupied

as they should be called in their present state, in

Of Defenneh no real account could be obtained before I left England I was told that it was in-

contradistinction to the

Egj'ptian blood

is

whom

old

These people

live

fellahin,

prominent.

in

here under their aged shekh Nebesheh, almost cut

it

accessible until near the told there

summer.

was no water there

At San I was to

di-inli.

At

IXTKODUCTIOX.

Nebesheh

I

heard of a farm

The

information proved wrong.

would be

in the

The experivoked under several hours' journey. supposed; ment answered better than I could have there, far from though I had up to seventy people

All of this

there.

best time there

mundation, for then there would

had the least dwellings, in the desert, I never heard a squabble trouble with any one, and I never

all

and the place, be a fuU supply of fresh water; all the year. and the way there, is dry desert in the canal The water begins to turn brackish March, and

there, in

about the time I went

two months. between them during the whole known them They worked as well as I have ever thoroughly work, they obeyed completely, and a always seen. contented and happy spirit was

as between better and worse according upper canals. more or less is let down from the on a few the sembbiest corn is grown

fluctuates

Some

Not only

of

hunt

to

attended to by its patches S.E. of the site, but it is place a dozen owners from the nearest inhabited

quiet and respectful as

habitation is to be miles off, and no trace of any stray tent of the seen beside the rums and a

camp used

These tents they pitch out in the by bushes remotest edges of the lake, hidden up a ruddy and it is only when theh: fires send

a mile

Bedawin.

glow

at night that

they can be found.

marsh gi-ound of the north Delta inhabited by men who have fled scription,

and two

of

my

is

All the

more or

less

fi-om the con-

stoutest workers were

liberty men of Zagazig, who had thus saved their inhabited land by settlmg^on the borders of the

Lon

near Defenneh. people at

before I went there,

Nebesheh were

all

my

clamorous to go with

intentions were me, and the questions about my When at last I more pressing as time went on. started,

we fonned a procession

bundles of broad on their

mme

on at

nor

any of ;

the

;

day, most of them for they worked for sixpence a they had to walk but five days of the week, as then- food. Some twenty-five to forty miles to fetch left the place, but had a of them, indeed, never over once a donkey-load of provisions brought

week.

by Their shelter they made up, partly

mounds, partly by digging a hole in the sand bushes ; some were booths'' of thin tamarisk content M-ith

lair

hardly more

than a dog's

one or two merry party they were ; excepting a lad over twenty or older men, there was scarcely whole lot. Each night giri over fifteen in the a

flickered their yellow a blazing row of camp-fires all along the line of stariight, the into flames up

canal banks mounds of booths which skirted the tamarisk bushes (in sand tufted over witli dark .IwcUings) backed the which they muaed tluir ruins of the kasr showed Une, while the distant ;

dimly on one

side,

and the gleam of the sluggish Parties would go into the

canal on the other.

of

there was no authority to be in-

a

some made an approach to distmct With all this, a chambers in their construction.

bole, while

twenty,— were all stray workers boy named Tulbeh; the rest before. whom I had never seen till a short time no We had no soldiers, no police, no shckhs, Egj-ptian rule

my

nor yet nothing was ever disturbed, I never spent complaint to make.

;

the people back from the difficulty only was to keep was a sort Defenneh at settlement This going. often wished for; I went with of ex°periment I had Muhammed— a lad of about only my faithful rds and his younger cousin, a fine, sturdy

guards,

;

bread to

Griffith,

machinery

our

be wished;

any guard, and only tent, while we were half

;

of about forty,

usual

could

had we any while heading two months more smoothly than Yet the people had not much our desert camp. they came without any shelter, to content them what they wore they had dry but nothing and and drink eat, and brackish water to

boys with the hoes, be bought in th? desert,—the their heads, with andthe°girls with the baskets on In spite of the work a few hdlehs and utensils. stUl being carried

away

;

Nebesheh by Mr.

and weights, were as

to be left without

a pin in the flap of

the men with backs—for no food can

with two baggage camels of

who used

but the Bedawin around,

so,

for stray antiquities

1

circle to hold a zikr of half darkness, and form a

INTRODUCTION. the howliug derwishes, for

among us who

we had one holy mean

led such devotions

and the grim

;

hardship

sawing howl would go up by the hour together.

Otherwise, shelter

Perhaps some

manage

girls

would sing on in their wild

Arab unison on another enjoy a

tabernacles, where

the

official

side, or a

group of boys

Such was

hearty game.

we had

curse of the

at last

mammon

oiir feast

of unrighteous-

ness. result,

which was very plain,

is

that

it

is

hopeless to try to begin work in an out-of-the-way

you can carry over with you a party

place, unless

who

already

had

to wait

know and

trust you.

At Nebesheh

I

some days before a working gang but so soon as they knew

could be got together

;

the work, they were ready to go anywhere to

continue

it.

This experience at Defenneh has

also a decisive bearing

the

on the real hardships of

much abused institution, the corvee. It is now what natives will gladly do, and what

clear

they will

go

without, for

the

lowest ordinary

wages, and without any compulsion.

The

real

and

work of one,

supply

food

they will

any arrangement, and do

easily without

I

must not conclude

what

is

my

the characters of

and weeding,

men whom

I respect

know them.

The

Muhammed

and

this without

a necessary part of

selection

One

to do the

a long tramp in the bargain.

of

got clear of

men

taking ten

is

and removing them beyond reach of their homes.

my

acknowledging

facilities for

By

overseers.

work,

continual

have now three or four

I

and trust more, the better

three brothers

— abu

—Mahajub,

Daud

el

Gabri

I

Said,

have

proved unequalled for sturdy independence, unceasing goodwill and kindliness, obedience, and readiness

for

any

while Tulbeh, their quite

their

between it

service, little

men

or

unasked;

Though they never stand

equal.

me and my

workers in any matter, yet

would be impossible

spirit

asked

cousin, promises to be

to maintain such a

good

and straightforwardness in the work with

inferior to

my

good

friends.

TELL NEBESHEH. CHAPTER

Tanis

I.

POSITION

One

1.

HISTORY.

AJS^D

on

the

suiTOund the marshes of Lake Menzaleh, low

mound

of Tell Nebesheh.

Originally

Farun

Eas

acquired the

name



or

of Tell

is

the

known

of

Bedawin about a

Neither of these names, how-

names

existed elsewhere, and would cause confusion in

future

;

name

so the third

side of

rise of

it,

of Tell Nebesheh, so

Shekh Nebesheh, the old

chief of the

regular

on the gezirehs around.

as

it

of Tell

Nebesheh

cultivation site is

it

furthest

this

The highest

outpost.

about a mile across, with the

on the eastern

a hillocky,

a

between the edge of the

lie

and

temple at the west end (see general plan on

adjoins

is

seen in crossing the swamp,

is

projecting into the cultivated ground

is

on

is

ground, with sand hillocks on one

The whole

the settle-

ever, were convenient to use, as very similar

called after

low dusty

Bedam from

ment there of a number generation back.

lesser sites rest

The present appearance

three miles of which



cemetery of Snellen

and Tell Gemeyemi, Tell Nebesheh, and

;

monoHth shrine " Pharoah's head" it

as Tell Farun, with the gi-eat called

many

swamj^s which

desert

salt

upon one of the largest of these double

the

;

another

of the furthest outposts of cultivation,

bordering

built

is

islands

side,

;

pi. xvii.)

the town

and east of the whole

sandy plain covered with tombs.

part does not rise

more than

or twenty feet above the country.

the mud-house of the

fifteen

On the south Bedam shekh,

Bedawin, seemed the best to adopt permanently

of the plain

The other names are, however, better known, and are sometimes marked on maps. The position, as may be seen on the

Nebesheh, and on the east and north of the plain

for archaeological pui-poses.

War

Office

map

(Tell Badaui),

is

S.E. of Tanis or San, and about

about 8 miles miles

N.W.

this point

one of the

ground that occur

it is

settled there.

But though the present elevation of this is so slight, it must have had a far more

mound

it first

attracted settlers

there in the early days of the twelfth dynasty.

rises of

swells

up from

The changes which

All the

historic times are as great, perhaps, as

in this district

eastern part of the Delta clearly shows ;

2.

Bedawin

many sandy

beneath the general plain of Nile mud.

origin

are the mud-huts of the

imposing appearance when

of Salahieh.

At

is

its

desert

a piece of rolling sandy country, just

almost

the Delta has undergone within

any other country.

Egypt

is

those of so often

spoken of as unchanged land, ever the same,

hke the entirely desert regions outside of the Delta but being at a lower level it has been

owing to the similarity in many respects of

inundated by the Nile, and a sea of mud deposited

time, that the great physical changes which have

leaving only the tops

taken place, in especially this eastern side of the

;

over nearly the whole of of the sandy hillocks

the midst of the black

it,

and low ridges exposed

soil.

in

Thus these "gezirchs

"

its

ancient people and ways to those of the present

country, are liable to be overlooked altogether.

Some new and important

evidences of the past

have come to light in

or islands, as they are called, crop out at every

state of the land

few miles, and have formed from the earliest days

year; and, broadly spcalung, we

the sites for dweUings, temples, and cemeteries.

when the ancient

LiBftARY

may

this last

say that

inhabitants settled and built

CHAP. I.— POSITION here

was not, as we now

it

plain, but retained

having high

work

almost

much more of its sand

hills of

Not only has a at

see,

still

a level

desert features,

remaining.

levelling action

in the filling

all

been constantly

mud

deposits of the river, until they are all but obli-

been

HISTORY.

at

work

in

Now

these tombs were

naturally sunk to various depths

constructed

up of the valleys by the

terated, but a converse action has

AND

sepulchi-e above ground.

some only

;

others to a greater depth

profound tombs

Memphite

that

more resembling the the

pierce

hills to their

sixth century B.C.,

which have escaped denudation,

outside of the Nile valley, the country has approxi-

mated

to a perfectly level plain, filled

down

until its original elevations

disappeared. to

The

up and worn

have

all

but

we know

deposits of the Nile

have averaged about four inches per century in

depth

being this or rather more at Naiikratis in

;

the rise since Greek times, at Tanis in the rise of

Greek

water-level since

same amount

at

times,

and about

at the time of even the twelfth

this

Hence

Heliopohs and Memphis.

have been about

and this

all

fifteen feet

lower than

it

now

is,

the elevations accordingly standing by

amount higher above the general

level of the

country.

But

this is

feet of the

tale.

The

little

Hence the

years.

present tops.

The

lower than

of the twelfth dynasty

fifteen feet

higher than their

it

now is,

there were thirty feet

elevation, or a total of about

place of the twenty feet or thereabouts

fifty feet in

to be seen.

Not only does

this afi'ect so vastly

what we now

but there can be no doubt that

see,

now covered by above

feet

safely

plain being also by about as

more of apparent

now

may be

more than two thousand

hills

must have stood some

much

it

more probably ten

whole surface of the ground has been

blown away within

it

many

parts

the black plain stood then some

as sand islets

;

so that the country

then more resembled a piece of desert with valleys covered

probably only half of the

the

and the height of those tombs

said that at least six feet, and

dynasty (to say

nothing of earlier times), the black plain must

From

almost complete removal of some tombs of the

the denudation of the exposed parts by the wind

seen around Ismailiyeh, or almost anywhere

of the

cliffs

very base.

thus, from being a piece of native desert such as is

when they were

just beneath the surface,

of

mud

its

by the inundation, than a plain

broken by a few low

rises of sand.

denudation of the high sandy ground by the wind is

something hitherto quite disregarded, but

now

seen to be a great

the tombs at

factor.

sight appeared as

first

if

they were

merely the ruins of built tombs which had stood above the ground

;

perhaps a foot or two, perhaps

To

3.

is

At Nebesheh

turn briefly to other places, the extent

of this denudation of the

camp

at

is fully

wall, fifty feet thick,

much

as

borne out by the state

Defenneh.

There a sohd brick

and doubtless more than half

in height, has

been completely carried

an inch or two, remain of their walls,

away, swept off the surface of the ground, without

sometimes even two or three walls have wholly

leaving an inch above the plain, within twenty-five

only

But these tombs, while they seem have been like the modern Arab cemeteries of

disappeared.

centuries.

The bearing

to

state of the

hydrography of the country, especially

dome tombs,

yet bear in most cases the evidence

of the isthmus of Suez, is all-important.

that they were really all subterranean chambers.

feet of

Not only may they be found

it

in every stage,

from

of this evidence on the

If fifteen

sand has been scoured away, or even

less,

must have completely modified the water depths

being nearly entire beneath the ground, to being

for

almost swept away, but they have usually the well

dust must be dropped somewhere, and the water

of access remaining (see Nos. 1, 11, 38, and 42, for

and wet country

instance, on pi. xvi.)

which

and no such chimney with foot-holes could have been built by the side of a ;

must be remembered that

it

The

all

goes

is

in,

all this

an ever-ready trap

storm of

for

but none comes out

it,

into

again.

Bitter Lakes, and other stretches of water

TKLL XKBESHEH. across the isthmus of Snez, are less in area by far

that of Tanis, and these two sand-hills of Nebesheh

than the country around them, which has been

and Tanis were very

scoured by the wind, so that a foot off the country

time.

would mean much more than that dej^th of deposit

At

It will thus be seen that, so far as

in the water.

How

first it

far they

seemed as

same

likely settled at the

were related if

is

yet undecided.

Nebesheh might have been

a cemetery of Tanis, and

it is

not certain that this

thus completely altering

was not the case to some extent especially since we see that the temple and cemetery of Nebesheh are larger and more important than would be

the conditions of the water communication, without

expected in proportion to the size of the town.

this evidence goes, a depth of twenty or even fifty feet of

may have been

sand

during historic times

any need of

relj^ing

From

upheaval.

;

laid over these lakes

on

changes

geologic

other considerations

is

it

of

not

changes have been so extensive as

likely that the

this scale of denudation

would produce

;

but at least

we have here to reckon with a factor capable of doing aU that we need to account for, and even more. This fact of the denudation opens our eyes in a

melancholy way

to the reason

seem to be unattainable

why early

in the Delta.

cemeteries If

tombs

of the nineteenth, and even of the twenty-sixth, d}-nasty are often so scoured

anything remains of them,

it is

away that barely a simple conclusion

that earher tombs, perhaps of double that age, have

vanished into

air,

entirely

denuded aM-ay

be

Only tombs of

a couple of thousand years ago. exceptional depth, or preser\'ed by protection,

may

some accidental

would have any chance of coming down

We may

to our days.

see this also

shown by the

proportions of tombs of different ages at Nebesheh

;

one of the nineteenth dynasty, two or three of the twentieth, half a dozen

or a dozen

twenty-sixth, and a hundred or

before the

more of the twentyYet the place was

sixth and Persian periods.

;

Snellen,

about

three

from

miles

certainly one cemetery of Tanis

if

a funeral

procession once took boat to a place three miles

no reason against their going

distant, there is

eight miles.

The name of the city Am, capital of the nome of Lower Egypt, is closely con-

nineteenth

nected with Nebesheh, having been found there

on eight

monuments

different

and since three of

;

these were in the temple (to the exclusion of

other town names), one of them being on a

the temple festivals in honour of Uati, lady of there

is

scarcely a possibility of

being this

Am.

of

city

question whether there was a separate

still

the

nome

for

nome Am Pehn, The latter seems

Tanis, or whether that lay in the of which

more

the

Am

was the

likely

and religious

legal

capital,

to superior position

legal

its

capital.

and thus Nebesheh would be the

;

superior,

Am,

while Tanis, owing

and importance, overshadowed

— much

Chatham exceeds

as

Maidstone, and Liverpool and Manchester eclipse

Then

Lancaster.

Greek

in the reconstitution of

under the twelfth and nineteenth dynasties, than

was

mud

over

all

What,

fifteen feet of

therefore, with fifteen feet

the works of

man

in the plains,

and

denudation sweeping away the tombs

in the hills, there is a

poor chance of recovering

the remains of early ages, except in the rocky sites of

Upper Egypt.

called,

from

Such seems, so case

;

From

far as

ago of two tablets,

Am, Khem

clear that this

twelfth dynasty ;

it

is

most important

we know,

of

at Tanis,

it

at

Nebesheh

is

Am, and

the

of

three years

Am,

nome

a step of the

geography of the Delta. to be equivalent to Biito,

is

made

naming Uati lady of points to

at Tanis.

probably parallel to

history

nome

Tanis.

to be the probable I

Am, and Horus

place was of importance in the its

city,

there not being a religious centre of oqniil impor-

tance to rival

the statues found in the temple

its

and the discovery which

This fixing of 4.

of

Am,

Nebesheh not

This leaves

times, Nebesheh, having dwindled away, the

of

all

list

grander, to judge hy the remains of the temples,

in later times.

was

Tanis,

and

;

Am

first

of

Am

rdin,

class in tjie

had been supposed

somewhere

in the central

CHAP. I.— POSITION AND HISTORY. delta (owing to Uati being

otherwise

been placed

safely fixed

its

Now

by the monuments, both

in

is

the

twenty-sixth

and out

the

temple, yet

it

of the temple, to the region of Nebesheh, and

most probably

mounds themselves.

to the

Though no monuments

goddess), and had

at Pelusium.

of

Aahmes

place

this

be

to

Cypriote

found in

by the time

arose

considerable

of

some

Apparently

of the earlier part of

dynasty have been

importance.

were

mercenaries

stationed here in the military reorganization of 5.

Founded

Am

underwent,

hke Tanis,

rearrangement by Ramessu

complete far

in the twelfth dynasty, or earlier,

temple of

the

a

How

II.

he redecorated the temple, or founded a new

building,

we cannot

learn

until

we

extract the

foundation deposits of the great temple

but

;

it is

Psamtik I., when he established the Greek garrison at the fortress of Tell

to the

Defenneh, seventeen miles

Tombs with

east.

Cypriote pottery and

spears have been found here, and in one case earlier

than a tomb which

is

of the twenty-sixth

and therefore early in that dynasty.

dynasty,

certain that he j)ractically appropriated the place,

Aahmes undertook

as he did Tanis, and re-established the worship

but apparently considering the old

of Uati, dedicating

middle of the temenos as too large to

beautiful

a

of that

statue

He

goddess in highly pohshed black syenite.

also dedicated a pair of colossi of himself, in the

adopted a

and

w'alls

with

and erecting clustered columns

his inscriptions, like those of

covering the

beside

Gurneh.

Gurneh may very

In

fact,

temple of

the

likely enable us to

reahze that

of Nebesheh as to general appearance.

Private

persons apparently also offered monuments, as a large crouching

figure

Merenptah

temple.

was found here in

continued

monument

place, as a unique

column was placed by him front of the pylon,

by the

Setnekht and Ramessu

to

this

favour

the

of a free-standing

at

some distance

in

placed their names

on a sphinx here, but throughout the decadence of the empire the place

appears to have been

The tombs of this time are poor, and no monuments of Siamen, or the Bubastites, neglected.

have been found.

'The fiourishing time of the

Renascence

brought favour to

strange to

at last

say

rather seems as

it

did

if

two

nothing for cities

Am, though Tanis.

were too

much

support in this district in later times. rose again under the Bubastites, while effaced

;

then

Am

while

Am

temple was

under

was neglected

the

Ptolemies

sunk to be a mere finally ruined.

;

(see pi. xvii.).

to Uati, of large

blocks of limestone, with a pavement two courses

Bringing from the old temple the

in thickness.

beautiful

placed

dedicated

statue in

it

by Ramessu

a great monohthic

II.,

which weighed nearly sixty tons.

granite,

he

shrine of red

The

remains of the Ramesside temple were doubtless largely used

up

new temple, as they were Aahmes constructed in the temenos. The other statues

for this

pylon which

for the

to

the

which adorned the early temple were removed and placed in the later temple, though not all ot them.

At the same time the tombs here rose splendour

;

in place of small

brick, with rudely fine limestone

in

chambers of crude

formed pottery

coffins,

we

find

chambers, and sarcophagi of the best

class sculptured in basalt,

and even encased in

outer cases of hmestone.

The

was

again Tanis

and Romans,

village,

it

It

was re-estabhshed under the

Saites, while Tanis

flourished

at the north-east corner of

Here he erected a new temple

to

Tanis

Am

and

refill,

much encumbered with rubbish, he new site at right angles to the old one,

entrance

side of the roadway. III.

in the

site

perhaps too

same

material,

the rebuilding of the temple,

and the

place, however,

seems to have suffered severely invasion

;

and

is

it

most

at

the Persian

likely that the

great

destruction of the statues and shrine happened at that

time, since

desecrated in

we

the

find

that

Ptolemaic

the

temjjle

times, and

workshops and houses established

was

small

in the temenos,

even just in front of the temple of Aahmes.

The

TELL XEBESIIEII.

before the

Eoman

Roman

cemetery, and this lasted until late (see small plan

on

Having thus defined the temcnos and pylon,

how much

I observed

north end of the

the

at

was away.

statues while I

Another town had,

conquest.

up

however, spining

Mr. Griffith found these

other nearly perfect.

town, however, continued to be inhabited in the Ptolemaic period, though apparently deserted

times

was pi.

pi. xvii.).

had

Avbich I xiv.)

and the

;

to one side the temple site

found (temple of Aahmes,

first

temenos looked very much as

had stood

CHAPTER

Ncbesheh three years

Tell

saw there a great mass of

ago, I

from

first visiting

its

which

gi-anite,

rounded top appeared to be the bottom This proved,

of a sarcophagus turned up on end.

however, on digging to be the back of a shrine, a semicu-cular top (sec

with

pi.

It

iv.).

was

over the neighbourhood as the Puts

known

all

Faruii

(Phai-aoh's

might be seen

head)

for a mile or two, standing

above the ground. I began to

Farun,

Taget

or

It

work on

was one

and

This building we cleared

the Hmits of

its

about

scattered

and traced

all over,

foundations (see pi. xiv.), finding

several inscribed

monuments lying broken up and among the blocks of paving

Shortly after arriving, and before I noticed,

beginning

while making a plan, a line on

the ground, on one side of which the tufts of coarse grass grew scattered side the

about, while on the other

ground was nearly barren.

at once that this

was a

as the surface would

enclosed

and

after

began

I

had a large temcnos

pylon were

it

This

shrine,

to try for the pylon of the tcmenos.

quickly,

as well

to deal with

working a few days at the

was found very the

it

and found that

ground around the shrine.

the

showed that

Suspecting

wall, I traced

allow,

;

I

This

and the foundations of

uncovered

:

here

were

more

monuments, a pair of sphinxes of the twelfth dynasty (one broken to colossi of

Ramessu

II.,

one

feet

it.

brought up nothing, until

it

below the surface a vertical

with sand against

This was un-

it.

mistakably the retaining wall of a foundation,

up with sand, on which

filled

and sinking a row of deep at

round the

last all

found

site

we tracked

this

of the building,

and

(First temple

In this way we recovered two

of Uati, pi. xiv.).

temple

to lay a building

pits,

the corners of the area.

all

which were quite unknown before.

sites

Before entering on the description of these

7.

remains,

chips),

and a pair of

much

defaced, but the

will

it

be well to notice what has been

observed here, and in other examples, to be the

Egyptian mode of founding a building First a space, each

Delta.

more

in

than the

larger

marked around

which remained.

work here,

blown dust,

up high

found that there were remains of a building near it.

mud

face of

of the first places

Nebesheh, and I soon

at

some building

with more or less of chips of stone around

II.

one showed at 12

On

if

there, being a flat space of

Several pits dug in

0.

middle of the

the

in

site

it

in

;

the

in

foot or

was

building,

of crude

bricks

built

some cases the space was excavated

hard rammed

was quite

intended

and a wall

Out,

way about a

fiat

mud

and

:

the bottom of the space

This enclosure thus

level.

formed a shallow sunken chamber, which was partly

filled

with clean desert sand, and on that

sand the building was placed, standing clear of the retaining walls of the foundation, with a few inches, or two or

between

its

The depth it

may

feet of

sand

in

filled

and the

courses

wall.

of the sand enclosure varies greatly

be only a few inches, a mere ceremonial Naulu-atis;

film,

as

feet

but at the

;

three

foundation

at

side of the

little

mounds

it

is

Ptolemaic

usually 2 or site

3

on the south

of Tanis, a pit has been ex-

cavated tlu-ough the mass of dirty rubbish-ground to

more than 12

dirty sand

feet

and chips

deep, and

for

4

feet,

filled

up with

and with 8

feet

CHAP. II.— TEMPLES.

The foundation

of clean saud over that.

are always placed in the sand, about

deposits

two

feet

inward from each face of the corner-stone, and a This same order of

below the stone.

foot or so

building a retaining wall around the foundation is

followed even

when

The

sand plain.

the building stands on a

retaining wall

sometimes of

is

Such

possibly in the earlier periods.

stone,

is

the regular system of foundation, which has been

my

traced during

work

Egypt by the com-

in

parison of half a dozen different buildings.

8.

Turning now

there represented.

wall

far

may

is

we

to pi. xiv.

details

from regular

in its

the cultivated ground approaches

thick

the

at

thinnest

and 63

feet elsewhere,

on the N.W. as

It

Buto, but

and Tanis 27

feet, after all their

9.

At 170

feet in front of the

The north

plan

but this

is

;

On

for.

the

how closely

on the S.W.

it

—so

we know

far as

surface

—unique.

now broken

of red granite,

askew

to

the

But while

axis.

is

also

planning the

being

not

decomposed on the surface

The top was

sculptures.

thickness, at the northern ends of

position of these variations, and plot

them found that,

when

I

came

to

quite unexpectedly, they were

opposite one to another

;

that a line

so

parallel to the axis of the temple, as

exactly connected the two points. fore, very

fixed the

It

drawn

on the plan, seems, there-

probable that originally the temenos

wall on the west side was parallel to the temple

;

but after being ruined, say in the post-Ramesside

was

and

re-

taining a portion of each of the old corners.

A

times,

still

it

rebuilt rather further out,

later addition to

east corner,

where

the north side. if it

were

it

it

it

was noticed

at the north-

has plainly been thickened on

Some further details might appear

completely uncovered

not spare time or

men

for

;

but I could

more than a row of

small pits and trenches around

it,

just to

show the

to

quite

too

much

show much

of the

it is

flat,

without any

moulding around

it

;

but

surface stood a group, of the king

flat

kneeling, overshadowed by a

The

behind him. the diameter of a statue

the

by the king

offering

Unhappily

on the

I carefully

its

Around it were

its sides.

and

of adoration

scenes

before different gods.

edges of the wall, I was puzzled by two strange its

;

interrupt

to

sufficient

sort of capital or even

changes in

column

divided by the large curves of a sub-

is

temenos, and in fact while excavating to find the

the east and west sides.

It is a

in three parts

clustered form, the projection of each rib of the

well have caused

willbe seen,

side, it

propylou of the

temenos stood a monument of Mereuptah, which

the builders to contract the enclosed space at that corner.

denudation), then

would contain 100,000 cubic yards of brickwork.

temenos

greater before the

may

or

;

sculpturing of groups on

plain rose by deposits, and

feet), Sais,

if 30 feet high, which is we can expect (Buto is over 30 feet,

the least

surface

still

45

was a vast piece of work, being just

still

The

must have been

feet

to

gigantic, therefore,

Tanis (80

the ground falling away there into a small canal. dip

30

is

feet at the exceptional part

of

half a mile in circuit

it

wall

increasing

point,

was not so

the great walls

three or

ftxces in

The

side.

great

be seen

(pi. xvii.) it will

on each

four spots

will notice the

The

be to a great extent accounted

general plan

position of the inner and outer

is

total

hawk which stands feet, and

height was 12

No

31 inches.

on the

toj?

found in Egypt, until

other example-

of a column has been

Roman

times, I believe;

nor any case of free-standing columns placed far out in front of a building, to flank the avenue of

approach. far out as

Statues of

230

but no columns. of a pair, as

it

II.

were placed as

pylon of Tanis,

This column was doubtless one

would never have stood alone on one

side of the road

dug around

Ramessu

feet in front of the

;

but though

many

trenches were

this region,

no trace of the second

column could be found.

Architecturally, such a

column seems Asiatic rather than Egyi^tian, remembering the two great free-standing columns, with special names, placed in front of Solomon's

temple

;

and again the great column remaining at c

TELL NEBESHEH.

some way

Persepolis,

in front of the bulls

which

Passing this column, and a square base of lime-

we

stone lying on the other side of the roadway,

Though none

of the stonework, except part of the

substructure

of the pavement, remains,

hardly doubt from the form of the

we can shallow chamber The

with sand, that a propylon stood here.

central hollow (shaded with dots)

having 34 inches of sand in

ment

slabs

;

it

is

the deepest,

beneath the pave-

while the side hollows had only C or

No

8 inches of sand.

foundation deposits were

found in these spaces, which were discovered and cleared by Mr.

The width 70 of

feet, it

search, the fellow-statue

of this propylon

must have been about

judging by the foundation space.

two drains were found

stone,

Nebesheh.

I left

after

Griffith

:

In front

they were cut in lime-

with two equal upper and lower pieces

The

fitted together.

more

or rather

outside

in diameter

is cylindrical,

2

feet

and the inside

;

is

hexagonal, each face about 6 inches wide, three sides of the hollow being cut in the upper,

and

Another, similar,

three sides in the lower stone.

and has not

II.,

On

drain was found at the S.E. of the great temple

site.

further

was found, a good deal

injured, to the north of this.

The whole

to the propylon site, in fi-ont of the gateway.

come

filled

an original work of Ramessu

been appropriated by any other king.

lead up to the gi-eat square building there.

been

built

Kamessu

of the substructure of this pylon has

from the ruins

II.,

temple of

the

of

by Aahmes, when he

evidently

many

re-

On

estabUshed the place with the new temple.

of the blocks are portions of hieroglyphic

and one of them bore

inscriptions of a large scale,

a fine portrait of

Kamessu

II.,

happily quite un-

injured as to the face, though the back of the head

This we were allowed to remove, by M.

is lost.

Maspero's permission, and to the

Museum

Fine Art

pavement has been

I hope, be

it will,

The

at Boston.

less injured

added

central

than other parts

of the substructure of the pj'lou

for the reason

;

having to bear any weight, the stones

that, not

were smaller and

The

removal.

inferior,

and hence

less

sides of the pylon are,

trary, nearly all cleared

worth

on the con-

away, leaving only a few

The edge

large blocks of the lowest course.

of

the pavement substructure which remains, shows that the passage was about

10^

feet wide,

and

the mass of the pylon on each side about 14 feet wide, and 30 or 40 feet through from back to

10. is

Beyond

sand foundation of the propylon

front.

At the inner

a deep and massive pavement of four courses in

thickness

;

the top course, which runs on over the

sand hollow, it

this

is

13 inches thick, and those below

The

27, 21, and 20 inches respectively.

last

of these reaches to 9 inches below the water-level of the beginning of April.

Thus the

Avhole four

courses of this pavement are 81 inches thick, and

side of the pylon stood

of black syenite.

One

two sphinxes

of these remains complete,

with the exception of the head, and a flake off the left

flank

;

it is

The

G7 inches long.

other,

on the

north side, was broken up into chips, and thrown

down

by the extraction of

into a deep hollow left

the foundations.

These sphinxes have a most

reach up to 72 inches over the present low-water

remarkable history of appropriation, which seems-

level.

to

Just beyond the propylon, guarding the entrance to the pylon, were two seated colossi of Piamessu

One

II.

of these remains lying on the

in a fair state of preservation, the face braised, and part of the beard off,

but othei-wise

black

syenite,

it

and

is is

pavement is

rather

and ura;us knocked

perfect.

It is carved in

82 inches high over

and therefore considerably over

life

size.

all,

It is

show that they were valued.

First carved,

and

well carved, under the twelfth dynasty apparently,

they bore the founder's

name on

between the paws and on the chest.

were appropriated by a high

the usual space

Secondly, they

official,

probably of

the thirteentli to seventeenth dynasties, the same

apparently

who

appropriated an altar which we

shall notice farther on. all

He

cut a long inscription

round the base, which has unfortunately been

CHAP. II.—TEMPLES. nearly

all

Thirdly, there

erased in later times.

an erased space on the right

contained cartouches. space similarly on

Fifthly, there is

an erased

shoulder.

Sixthly,

the

left

on which a statue of an

Along the front

beyond

of

Ramessu

there

III. cut across the ribbed lines of the

Aahmes

forebore

this defaced animal.

Indeed,

wig on either side of the any further claims on

chest.

knocked

much smoothed by

very

is

The broken

off before his time.

was another sand hollow

for another

All around the rest of the building

only the retaining wall, with clean sand

is

it

of dirty earth

and stone

course of

wall

demolition finally, there would not be hkely to

and

have been enough passing to have gradually worn

surface of the ground.

away the

when the

surface.

It

place was in

seems rather as

been injured before Aahmes placed

it

while all around the area

;

if it

had

observed by sinking

and

wall,

present

The depth

When by

masonry.

possible,

valuable as showing the style

of the destroyed temple of

Ramessu

II.

The

I left the

after finding

10 or 12

work in Mr.

most of the

below the

feet

Griffith's hands,^

foundation

circuit of the

urgently desired

pits, I

him

to finish clearing

the form of the foimdation, and to extract,

foundation

the

happily, he

ribs

are semicyhndrical, without any ridge or

it

show a clean

to

surface of. blown earth accumulated in

ment was found between the pylon and the temple, and just at the S.W. of the pylon is a piece of banded lotus column placed at the base of some

of

as

the temenos.

in the area of the temenos, are

various pieces of substructure remaining; pave-

is

present

through the

cutting

pits

is

the

to

These particulars were

sand, and earth, so

section.

frequented.

a bank of earth

is

up

reaches

here,

had been worn by loungers and passers, while the

This

which

chips,

new temple was

Within the pylon,

formed

heaped up outside, over the top of the retaining

is

only broken

is

The sand has

chips.

been partly dug out in removing the stones, and

had been

if it

;

where the

it,

stones had been extracted, the ground

repeated rubbing, in

spite of the htirdness of the stone

sand was about 30

this

;

inches wide, and immediately within

surface

mass

this is a

and then,

against the face of

seems very probable that the head had been

it

that,

lying.

;

foundation.

Eighthly, there are cartouches

shoulder.

left

beyond

;

of brickwork (shaded in the plan)

Seventhly, there are cartouches of Set-nekht on

the

was found

official

a broad bed of sand in a

is

hollow, for a foundation

on the chest.

there are cartouches of Seti II.

and a

it,

piece of substructure remains at the S.E. corner,

which also

flank,

was

retaining wall of the foundation

traced by pits around the circuit of

Fourthly, there

doubtless contained cartouches. is

The

gone.

is

an erased space on the right shoulder, which

strenuous

was unable

efi"orts,

to

do with the most

owing to the depth below the

At the N.E. corner he went

25 inches

break in the curvature, like the clustered columns

water.

of the temple of Gurneh ; and from the appearance

below water, at the S.E. to 35 inches,

at

N.W.

to

foundation of the

of the

most in

front

feet

of the

it

seems

temple, like the

colonnade

of

This drum was measured as about 6

diameter

;

or the colonnets as

which would give a

across,

temple,

such columns formed a colonnade

likely that

Gurneh.

first

22 inches each

circuit of

175 inches

for the whole, there being eight colonnets

around

S.W.

to

11.

Of the

first

in situ, so

temple far as

scarcely

anything

our excavations have

the

the

40 yet

;

no case was any deposit reached, or the bottom In the S.W.

corner a fine limestone wall was found below the brick wall, flush with the face of

the

lower

inches

remains

at

of the retaining wall discovered.

limestone

it.

25 inches, and

to

inches below the low-water level of April in

if

un-

This,

deposits.

part

of

the

wall was of three

thick,

and 12

it,

retaining

and forming This

wall.

courses, each

inches deep

back

;

20 the

courses beginning at 6 inches above water-levei,

and being found by probing

c 2

to

a depth of

5-1

TELL XEBESIIEH.

The sumptuous work limestone lining to a mere

The

undergi-ouncl retaining wall suggests that a fine

that

inches below the water. a

of placing

fine

size

208x92 is

temple, therefore, was

the

of

feet outside,

155x70

and

about

feet inside:

to say, about the size of the temple of

foundation enables the water to flow in so readily,

Amenhotep III., or either of the temples of Eamessu III. at Kaniak. The only statue found here was lying on the

without some

northern part of the substructure, at the south-

deposit probably awaits the explorer here;

the great sand bed of the

the permeability of

that

impossible to reach

is

it

but

it

extraordinary means, such as freezing the

soil,

a

pumping the whole area around As has been observed pumps.

diving caisson, or

dry with large in

Chapter

the

I.,

the country

water-level of

has risen 10 or 11

feet

founded, perhaps even 15

since this temple

Hence the

foundation of the twelfth dynasty.

may

deposits

easily be

was

the original

feet, if it is

C or S feet

below the

At the S.E. corner there remains one course of substructure, of which the joints are

and

level,

base

its

There are

IG inches thick.

is

it

shown on

12 inches over the water-

is

traces of the blocks above having been set back

along the front;

8 inches of the

it

recede.

On

was a mason's mark.

evident that this wall did not run round

it is

the building, as

the front of

has a smooth

it

facing in line on the north side

mass

the blocks

as

Aahmes temple foundation

the block with a spot on

Now

just

and from the

;

of brickwork (shaded) ending so flatly on the

down to below a more massive

west, and the disturbed soil going

water-level there,

seems that

it

on the west of

tind important wall existed

brick mass.

It

seems

represents the space within a colonnade in front

of the temple

;

that the real front of the temple

stood on the west of

by

it

;

and a colonnade, flanked

antfE, stood in front of the temple.

drum found by the

pylon,

From

the

and the intercolum-

uiation of the colonnade of similar columns at

Gurnoh, we

may

conclude that there were two

columns on either classical phrase anils.

A

it

side

of

the

entrance.

would thus be

dotted line

is

In

tetrastyle in

placed around the area

of the building, showing the probable size of the interior,

up

to the inner face

of the stone walls.

a figure represented as seated

is

knees in the usual position. official,

Merenptah, son

tomb

Between the hands

(No. 35). of

It represents

Eamessu

11.,

an

Pa-mer-kau, whose

of

ushabti were found in a

cemetery

in the

the cartouche

is

showing the age, and on the front

were two divinities standing the other

is

;

one

Uati, lady of

is

The

defaced.

inscriptions

mention also the mother of Merenptah, Ta-uscrt,

and two other sons of Pa-mer-kau

evidently this

;

family were the great people of the district in

The whole

those days.

statue weighs about a

Probably other sculptures

ton.

beneath the

lie

sand in the area of this temple, but as take

weeks' Avork

several

pounds to clear

much still

it

out,

it

would

and cost a hundred

and there did not seem

prospect of obtaining fresh information,

There

remains to be examined.

it

some

is

chance of finding Hyksos remains here, or inscriptions of officials of their period,

perhaps make further work

this

likely, then, that this brick

It

on the ground, with the arms resting on the

Am, and

present water-level.

the plan;

east corner.

12. built ill

which would

desiral)lo.

We nowturn to the second and smaller temple by Aahmes

.situ,

II.

The only remains

of this

above the foundation enclosure, are portions

of a thick double

pavement near the

back of the great granite shrine

still

front,

and the

standing erect

upon a block of quartzite sandstone, which

rests

The

front

on some other blocks of the pavement. is

peculiar in form, having a projection, unlike

the usual

flat

front of

Egyptian temples.

As

a

porch or portico seems to be unknown elsewhere in

temples,

it

seems probable that

this

was a

small platform in front of the entrance, perhajis

approached by one or two steps,

for the basis of

the statues of quartzite sandstone which stood on

CHAP. II.-TE.MPLES. either bide of the

The throues

door.

of these

two statues were found lying in the hollow

left

They

the abstraction of the double pavement.

were

seated

Usertesen

of

figures

hy

with

III.,

standing figures of his daughters at either side

The

throne were

iv.).

seems very probable, therefore, that this

It

was the statue of the temple, originally placed the great temple by

Ramessu

in

and then removed

II.,

and enshrined afresh by Aahmes on founding the

new temple.

sculptured with the group of the two Niles hold-

Beside this a group of three persons seated was found, holding a table of offerings in front of

around the sam.

them, on the front of which a long inscription

knees.

of his

ing the

One

lotus

the

twisted

i^lants

of these thrones

on the

of

sides

good

in

is

The

side being in perfect condition.

of the

height

was about 6

statues

about 76

X

47

not more

would seem

itself

outside,

ft.

G6

than

X

total

No

feet.

records the festivals in honour of Uati, the lady

Am, and

of

other divinities of the place (see sect.

30).

was found.

trace of the upper parts

The temple

group

state, the

37

to

have been

and therefore probably

The

13. Finally, at the north end stood the great

granite

monoHth

which

shrine,

examine the

jjlace (see pi. iv.).

would, therefore, be doubtless supported by two

15

high, 8

rows of

and 10

parts.

pillars,

ft.

inside.

the

dividing

roof

breadth in

three

Perhaps some indication of the internal

divisions of

may

it

be seen by the foundation

deposit, found near the middle of the area. this

was only a

central deposit,

sole

If

would

it

probably have been put in the middle, and not

SO

in.

this

one

to

side.

seems most

It

the cella.

If ^

about 30

in.

the stone, like the

of

likely that

was placed beneath one jamb of the door of inward from the face

other deposits,

imply that the doorway was about 100

and

it

it

just

In the area of the temple were several blocks

offering,

and

cartouches

which

entirely erased.

have

Beside

unthese

the loAver part of a beautiful statue of Uati, in

highly polished black syenite, was found, bearing a dedication by

Eamessu

II.

on the back.

From

the size of this fragment, broken off just above the

hand holding the papyrus

ankles,

it

seems probable that

high when perfect. apparently just

was about 90

fit

in.

sceptre, it

and

in.

at the

was about 75

in.

This, with the crown, would

the great granite shrine, which

high inside above the bencJi in

which the base of the statue would be placed

(pi.

This

7 in. wide

ft.

weight being about 58 tons.

is

base,

the total

;

This does not quite

Thmuis, as that

rival the great shrine of

to all

at the

from back to front

is

18

ft.

high, and wrought to a fine pyramidal top, instead

of being rather roughly rounded fine piece of

;

but

work, the sides being

polished, and the edges

still it is

flat

a

and well

neatly bevelled

avoid their being accidentally chipped.

off

to

At the

back, however, the stuff ran rather short, and both

front

;

of red granite remaining, sculptured with scenes of

4

wide

in.

in.

fortunately been

in. ft.

the back edges are sloped

seems not improbable that the door might

100

4

would

have been of the same width as the shrine, which is

ft.

me

over

drew

first

away

irregularly.

The

was decorated along the top by a frieze of crowned uraei surmounting the globe and wings,

Up

the sides of the

doorway were two columns of

inscriptions, un-

familiar in late work.

so

happily

defaced.

All

can

that

marked on the drawing

be traced

begins with S-men, and this limits II.

,

is

it

Nekht-har-heb, or Nekht-neb-f.

no trace of the two

latter kings here,

known from the foundation

built this temple, there

is

The banner

in pi. iv.

to

Aahmes

As

there

is

and Aahmes

deposits to have

seems no doubt but that

he had this shrine made oh re-establishing the worship of Uati at

show how the found, would

Am.

statue, of fit

The dotted

outline wall

which the lower part was

in the shrine.

The plan and

elevation

here

given are,

of

course, a restoration, as will be seen from the

sketch of the present state of the shrine on the

TELL XEBESIIEH.

same

The materials

plate.

fragments found lying around the shrine

Tvere the

when

positions of these finds in relation to the corners

for this restoration

In

excavated.

The

The depth

examined and measm-ed.

carefully

of the

twenty blocks were

all,

shown

I tried.

in the

and could be

identified

by the

are 17-9

foundation.

x

x

8-9

5-2

found I was below

I

Scraping out the sand,

water-level.

The

fractures.

wall of the

removing that carefully

after

and a block which went between them

elevation,

retaining

The S.W. was the first deposit for which Here we came down on the pottery, and

inches.

from back to front was determined by the present back, the piece of sculptm-ed front

brick

bricks of this wall

groped down

I

below the water, scarcely expecting to find any-

only uncertain points in this restoration are the

thing

height of the doorwf^y, and the verticaHty of the

water I brought up a porcelain plaque, which on

doorway and

inscription, or its parallehsm with

but after going nearly a foot below the

;

hastily rubbing the sand off

Many more

the shghtly slopmg side, and also the thickness

Aahmes.

of the reveals or jambs of the doorway.

further groping,

these did not

That

extend up to the bench in the

corner of

and

it

showed the name of

plaques

this

were found by

proved to be the richest

ha^ang a double supply of plaques,

all,

inside is certain, as there is a piece of the side

and some pottery stands not fouud elsewhere.

near the bottom which

After this,

The

positions of the

were

all

a

little

measured on the

way

only 20

is

inside has a recess in

it,

gi-anite, in

still

alabaster

fixed

on

its

bare

all

the deposits

all

the time I was at work

regularly,

and draw and

measure their exact positions, as shown on

we

pi. vi.

At the N.E. no deposit could be found, although

we searched

statue of

base block of

others

Museum.

the Bulak

the other corners

In this way I was able to lay

below water-level.

the arrange-

of the statue and its base block was,

Queen Ameniritis,

kept going actively

lies

The bench

What

I next excavated

with more space, and arranged to have baling

evidently intended to

can best realize from the

grey

thick.

jamb, which

fallen

in front of the shrme.

hold the base of the statue.

ment

in.

hieroglyphs on the sides

far lower

and wider than

and as a double

;

set

for

of plaques

the

was

found at the S.W., I can only suppose that the

N.E. corner was accidentally not prepared pro-

monuments, two pieces of

perly,

statuettes

were foimd in the chips of the temple.

After

The

piece found within this temple, on the

14. Beside the large

first

much

close to its upper fracture (see pi. x. 12).

and a half weeks

later,

Am

its

of the

dynasty;

thirtieth

of

Am,

X. 11).

1)1.

offerings,

this again its

bore the

lower fracture (see

Beside these the group with a table of

and the statue of

mention the it

back, apparently of the style

but close to

city of

Moronptah,

Am, making

both

four notices of

in this temple.

We

will

lastly

it

Two

green basalt statuette was fouud, with a dehcately

The

foundation deposits.

In

pi. vi. will

the

be seen the

was two

pottery

this,

though

I

cleared

On

feet

over water-level, and

below the water.

I searched to !

with

to a far greater depth than the other deposits.

looking at the types of the deposits

plaques

the stone

arc

with

delicate

straight.

No. 9

is

rather hard.

(pi. v.),

ground but not highly

polished, and the gold and silver arc

punching

punches,

marked by

curved

and

of green limestone apparently,

The green glazed plaques

are varied

the two cartouches appear one on each side, but the

notice the small objects,

was put in the S.W.

of the door of the cella, as already noticed.

No plaques were placed

a torso of a very fine

cut inscription on

name

jamb

injured, but yet

bearing the precious mention of the city of

sui*plus

the corners, a set of pottery was found

near the middle of the area, probably below one

second day of digging, was a fragment of the legs of a statuette in limestone,

and that the

title is either nulcr

lead plaque

copper

is

is

too

nofcr or

sukn

sclhet.

distinctly not inscribed

much

;

The

and the

corroded to show whether

it

CHAP. II.— TEMPLES

was

The types of the pottery show them to be ceremonial

iuseribed or not.

vessels

phxinly

and

imitations of various vessels of larger size

sometimes of be

therefore,

They

may,

cheap substitutes for

more

material.

different

the

valuable vessels which were deposited in earlier

under

times

temples,

either

as

the

vessels

consecrated by having been used in the ceremony of the foundation, and therefore not to be used

again for other purposes, or else as models of

what were to be used seems the

re-use

The view

in the temple.

buried to prevent

of consecrated articles

more

likely;

and

it

their

would

explain the models of tools found at Nauki-atis

and Gemeyemi as not the models of what would

he

used in the building, but as representing the tools

which would otherwise have been

the

forfeit to

gods as having been already used in the foundation

ceremony

;

—much

as

if

the silver trowel used at

a modern masonic ceremony should be

left in

the

mortar beneath the stone, or a cheaper substitute for

The

it.

vessels Nos. 12

and 13 are evidently

copied from the bronze situla with a swinging

handle

;

Nos. 18 and 19, again, look as

from metal prototypes

;

well be imitations of stone vessels; 15,

if

modelled

Nos. 24, 25, and 33

may

and Nos. 11,

29 and 35 are clear copies of the larger

pottery vessels of the twenty-sixth dynasty, such as I found at Defenneh

(see pi. xxxiii. 4, xxxiv.

19, 21).

The these

full

catalogue of

deposits

numbers on

as

is

pi. v.

:

all

that

follows,

was found

referring

to

in

the

TELL XEBE.SHEII. fine

and

lines,

The upper

dynasty.

much

of

This action of

which has scaled

— so

surface,

shows that they existed

after the twelfth dj-nasty,

reigning kings.

still

These were

component

far as

by the

mass was held

would hold

it

—by

where the

salt crystallizes

damp

the salt

near

the

out of the

soil,

porous material lying

earth,

So

we

far

are on certain facts.

entirely

crystals

stone, so that the

above the permanently

is

always

16.

To turn now

suggested by these

an

to

briefly

We

facts.

hjpothesis

Hyksos

find in the

invasion the rule of a hated and conquering race yet

a rule which did not at

which

civiHzation

Further, after a time, civilization over

which

crush out the

Egypt.

in

gradually imbibed the

it

it

all

found

already

it

And

dominated.

yet

it

thus attacked, pottery being flaked to pieces, or

was a rule without much

Even mud bricks are frequently reduced to powder, and show as much salt as mud on cutting them through. The inscriptions added to this altar in later

any, since

it

length they

made one

conquering and i^illaging the country (Jos. Cont. Ap. i. 14). ITe/sas Se implies " finally," " at the

times than the twelfth dynasty are, however, the

end " of

large chips blistered out of

most important part of it

it.

They were

(see pi. ix. 1).

engraved by a certain " chief of the chancellors

and royal seal bearer," whose name and further titles

series

are effaced. of oflScials

This person was one of a

whose

parallel to the English

Lord

Privy Seal.

position,

or

were singularly

titles

Lord High Chancellor and

Such in

imply a unique

titles

one which would

by a viceroy

duplicate

a

The

dj-nasty.

after

The

nearest

historical

by the light of which we must judge this

parallel,

case, is the

Arab invasion of Egypt, and sub-

jugation of the Copts

here the conquered Avere

:

under the debasement of Byzantine

rule, as the

Egyptians of the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasty were living under the decayed forms of the

power of is

seen

of the royal families of

capable of organizing themselves

;

yet

we

see that

they adopted the arts and the government which

they found in the country to a great extent, and like the

thing

Hyksos

— became Egyptianized.

they took

much

But oue

they found

as

it,

the twelfth and fourteenth dynasties, with then-

bureaucracy who

many such are known, as for inhes, Se-neb, stance, Ha-sa-r, Ptah-ran, Ka-cm and Herfu. Senb-su-ma, Senb-a, Hor-em

the needful administration of the country.

names and

titles

;

.

.

Beside

this

civili-

more civihzed probably than the Hyksos, and more

their having a series of scarabs, like those

members

king"

the invasion, struggle, and capture

inhabitants.

the

" at

province,

diflerent

further evidences of the

of the kings and

all

of themselves

if

says,

was only as Manetho

zation of the twelfth; but the conquerors were

the successive holders of this double office

from

of

organization,

civil

only be held in

such as the Princes of Cush under the eighteenth

.

This altar gives, therefore, this obscure class of officials;

they usurped prerogatives otherwise reserved to

their

Any

alone.

on

more shown

on syenite was

crystalHzing force of the salt in the interstitial

together

it

fresh light

close to the

salt

joints of the

by long inscriptions.

much

though of course before the eighteenth, and that

surface just N. of the altar. into

sphinxes before mentioned, and this momiment,

comers are flaked away Ukewise.

by some sculptured fragments found frayed

twell'th

uufortunately

and has also so swollen the

it,

syenite that the

salt,

the

of

surface has

from the

suffered severely off

poHsh

high

.

.

.

.,

no other instance

is

known, so

officials

probably

managed

continued to little

all

the

—the

details

of

The

be Copts, and there was

break in the

the internal organization.

inherited offices of

Now

this is exactly

far as I

remember, of a personage not actually

an explanation of what we can see under the

reigning

who has

Hyksos.

usui-ped royal

monuments

public temple, and even in a capital of a this

chief chancellor has

in a

nomc, as

appropriated the

two

They

conquered

militai-y horde, without

the

country

even a king

tribute (1st Sail. Pap. line 2)

;

;

as

a

they levied

but they probably

CHAP. III.—THE CEMETERY.

had the sense them, and its

the natives collect

to let

for

it

the native organization to follow

left

A

own ways.

very curious evidence of this

being in after times believed to have been the

even when the

case,

Hyksos were

Egyptianized as possible, brated fragment

which at

In that we

knowing

kingdom and the

But yet one

undoubtedly refers

we

there

discreet

as

his

scribes

This view explains

rise of the

empire

;

it

exactly

.

and wise, and

— not,

Thou

.

to

the Hyksos

" And Pharaoh said unto Joseph

my house, and according my people be ruled only

shalt be over

unto thy word shall

all

;

Pharaoh said unto Joseph, See,

There

is

from Asia.

apply the facts we have noticed above a series of viziers,

men who

the laud of Egypt.

set thee over

And Pharaoh

took off his

to ride in the second chariot

cried before him,

the land of Egypt."

These men lived

after the twelfth,

And,

they would seem to have acted for rulers

them

to

seal-bearer,

who

second

did

usurp them at their pleasure.

Here we have the exact description of a native vizier of a Hyksos king. We have but fi-agments

on

this hypothesis,

any other.

how

the fourteenth dynasty, with

its

short reigns

averaging only two years and a half, represents viceroys of the

Hyksos; but may these not be

identical with the

men who

were reckoned as

countiymen

in

different title,

viziers,

?

while

upper

the

counted as kings

in the

Hyksos country by

their

own

country they were

They may have even had

and acted as

viziers

a

in one part

of the countiy, and as semi-independent kings in

another part.

Or the

viziers

may have been

the

and he made him

and he

;

Here we read

This we

chariot.

up of a regular

set

him over aU

of the investiture

him

royal

now

see

was not an

office of

the head of the native

administration.

CHAPTER

III.

THE CEMETERY.

and would be hard to adjust

Leibleiu has already pointed out

Abrech

;

which he had; and they

extraordinary act of an autocrat, but the filhng

exactly falls into a consistent place

to

upon Joseph's

and giving him the honour of the

and suggestions to lead us, but every item that

we can glean

it

of a vizier under the Hyksos, creating

further,

not care about the public monuments, and would allow

and put

put a gold chain about his neck

acted for

the king over the treasury and taxes, and over

and before the eighteenth dynasty.

I

hand, and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen, and

:

the royal decrees and public documents, bearing

the king's seal.

And

have

signet-ring from his hand,

Now to

than thou.

in the throne will I be greater

all

historic parallel of the later invasion

and

man

him over the land of

set

agrees with the one or two fragments of informaaccords with the

period,

Pharaoh give orders to his

let

tion that remain to us, and

it

this question

" Let Pharaoh look out a

read,

officers.

o^^Ti .

document may be quoted,

account of Joseph in the book of Genesis

the

Egypt,"

according

further

and receiving light on

as giving

hands of

evident between the middle

so

had to adopt when the Hyksos made themselves a king. This is a point on which we must wait for more light.

said not to dictate his

said."

affairs

continuity

the

is

to be completely in the

a notice,

in

even for a royal

" King Apapi sent to the Euler of

his scribes, for

South

Papyrus,

Sallier

find, that

Hyksos Apapi

own words, but the

first

shows us what was the tradition of

least

their rule. letter the

the

of

which the chief of the native ad-

title

ministration

much

as

given us in the cele-

is

lower

The cemetery

17.

of Tell

large space of ground (see

seem

to

Nebesheh covers a

pi. xv.),

but does not

have been arranged on any regular plan,

or to have conformed to any Hues of road across it,

The tombs

almost

are placed, as will be seen, at

all angles,

though roughly

to the cardinal

The earher tombs, however, be inclined more to the east of north

points in general.

seem

to

than the later

;

Nos.

4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 27,

Eamesside period are east, only

No. 21

all

is less so.

31 of the

considerably

to

the

The Cypriote tombs

are rather less incUned on the whole, Xos. 1, 17,

D

TELL NEBESHEH.

The

18, 26, 29, 33.

tombs of the twenty-

later

sixth dynasty, such as Nos. 28, 12, 42, 38, 39,

are nearly due north and south

which

while No. 23,

;

certainly of the Persian period, is even a

is

the west of north

little to

tomb No.

which

77,

so

;

also the great

is

probably late in the

is

Note also the two tombs

twenty-sixth dynasty.

marked "earher" and "later." A far greater number of tombs were excavated than those here shown on the

more than these

—many times

map

But nearly

in fact.

which

all

were of interest from their form or contents have

A

been planned and mapped.

few were

from the record, as their numbers (which

lost

I always

when more complex,

cavations before

was finishing the ex-

Griffith

my

Otherwise, the record of

the plan. noticeable

is

make

return to Nebesheh to all

that

was

not three (see

if

and

pi. xv.

there are the great hoshes (as they

from the Ai-ab name

Fkst,

xvi.).

may be

called,

chambered tomb

for a large

nevertheless

is

still

were lined with stone

also

dynasty (No. 4G), and

twenty-sixth

in the

all

such tombs have a wide well of access, with one or two ledges narrowing

it

part of the

way down,

on the side opposite to the doorway.

tombs developed

distinct class, the third

which

77,

feet

up

filling it

these are large square

Uned with brick

square,

chambers

having stone

and

space,

60

is

;

Psamtikmcukh tomb. No.

hollows, such as the

walls and

These

what must be reckoned a

into

built

in the

mass

to the lining with a

of constructions.

The

positions of the bodies are not constant,

though they generally planned in

lie

and west.

east

the following results

between the classes

Head 2

Eamcssidc.

:

6 E., 1 S.

Cypriote.

Here a very

17 W., 3 N.

Those

and some others noted, give

pi. xvi.,

2 W., 1 N., 1 S.

complete.

There are here two entirely separate classes of tombs,

They

subterranean.

cut deeply in the brick walls with a knife) crumbled

away while Mr.

as in No. 31, developed into

hoshes, as in No. 28, which

may

E.,

Sake.

distinction

clear

The Ilames-

be seen.

sides were nearly indifferent, but the Cypriotes

As the

were exactly the reverse of the Saites.

building), which were certainly built on the surface

Cypriote tombs are, at least in part, contemporary

of the ground, and rose to probably 10 or 15 feet

with the Saite, this complete contrast shows a

No. 7G).

in height (see

The chambers

them

in

real

and important distinction between the two

The

position of the

sometimes communicated with one another, but

classes.

no instance of an outer doorway

does not seem so fixed

seen,

is

and

it

the

Saites

east,

must have been from the

placing the bodies

terranean rebuilt,

same

tombs.

Many

of

these

have been

lines,

;

Their state

is

consequently very

but in no case have I found anything

come mto use

to have

second class

is

at that time.

provided with

The

of the cemetery.

as the people

fell

and carried

in

my

foot-holes in the sides (sec Nos.

in

hand

to the

tomb from the

there were two or

Very usually

more chambers opening

passage (see Nos.

1, 38).

off

a

These tombs

It

built of

had been much disturbed and

broken up in early times; and

it,

The entrance

tomb opened, was one

earliest

the tombs, and

well is always carefully bricked up.

common

The

18.

red baked bricks. No. 35, almost at the extreme east

entirely subterranean, with wells

of access built by the side of

42, 20).

in

east or west indifferently.

and many reinterments have taken

earher than the twenty-sixth dynasty, and they

seem

well of entrance

sometimes two or three times, on the

place in them.

confused

as in the sub-

tomb

though usually on the

—who were most regular —yet placed the well on the

rather appears that the access to the chambers top,

;

on

it

I

could not plan

iu the night after

off all the bricks.

This was early

residence here, and before I had ;

but

it

gave occasion for

it,

we found

me

them well to

promise

so absolute a decree of dismissal against the whole village, if

any further disturbance of

place, that I never

afterwards.

my work

took

had a brick or a stone removed

This tomb was of Pa-mcr-kau, ac-

CHAP. III.—THE CEMETERY. cording to the two limestone nsliabti found in

forming an

it

4^

ellipse

x

4 inches, and the sand

and from a statue found in the temple, representing

stuck to the pottery within the line.

Merenptah, son of Pa-mer-kau, and bearing the

head of this

coffin

were the two ushabti marked

21 on

made

of rough red pottery; these

cartouche of

Ramessu

II., it

may

be dated to the

The style of the two ushabti (see pi. i., top hue, numbered 35) also exactly accords with that period and some fragments of nineteenth dynasty.

wrought granite found

in this

tomb, again

With

The employment is

name User it is made

agi'ee

of red brick in this tomb,

and

on the

seen any red brick in Egypt of earlier times than the Constantine period

;

and

Now we

test of that age.

mud

see from these cases,

titles,

brick of the twenty-sixth dynasty, at

Mr. it is

Ramesside times in the Delta. There

point of size; those in long,

and

at

tomb 21

Defenneh, 12-6

;

whereas the

These early bricks seem

made much Hke material

;

and

bricks in

are 13-5 inches

are usually 8 or 9 in., and only at to 11*7.

however, a

is,

Roman

between these and the

in size as they do

mud

than with the crude

The next tomb XV., xvi.).

This

is

articles of

baked

bricks,

The

The N.

wall ran across

and

all

the walls

The upper part had much denuded, could be obtained. The

well, to several feet high.

lid type,

It

was

E. recess was either of the slipper or

not of two large pots

of very hard,

mouth

to

mouth.

good pottery, painted with

yellow bands outside on the red surface. outside, beneath the head,

which

was a black Hue

On

is

the

scarab cxhii. of

of the

same period;

pohshed dark green jasper. at

the

Nekht-Amen, No. 31.

is

Bulak.

tomb

This was disturbed by

me

six glazed-ware ushabti of the pi.

i.

Further working here

alabaster vase (marked 31 also) and the two plugs of alabaster,

vessels

probably from the

ears.

These

S.W. corner of the chamber probably the tomb

rifled in early times,

smashed up

in

and the alabaster

this antechamber.

The

southern chamber of the tomb was almost entirely lost

by denudation, though more remained of the

others owing to a great sand hillock rising on the

N.E.

The chambers were floored with

side.

two deep, and were

washed

been disturbed in later times and so that no further details

Ramesside

These scarabs and heart amulet are now

had been

rose around the group of recesses, in a square

coffin in the

of highly

No. 21

shaded part in the plan was of brick on edge; the

;

made

objects were in the

placed together dry, and irregularly bonded.

the foot of the coffin recesses

Loftie's collection,

is like the-

containing the two coffins;

entirely of red

was the lower

clearly

be of Ramessu XIII. (Kgsb.);

baked clay

(pi.

coffin

it is

i. ;

brought out pieces of the beautifully engraved

from

bricks.

in point of age is

rest of the bricks flat.

may

type marked 31 on

other Ramesside bricks, they rather seem to be classable with the large

was a large

the Arabs before I began to work that region, and

the thick pottery coffins as to

differing

coffin

and from the occurrence of Si-Neit in the

they brought

rise

have been

to

was

by the

Probably also of the twentieth dynasty of

Roman

Dendera

W.

In the

character of the cutting

Defenueh, that baked brick was introduced in the

distinction

surface.

in style,

and from the discoveiy of red brick beneath the black

:

Ramessu V.

represents

it

coffin, i.

of schist, white, and has been glazed.

scarab marked 21 on pi.

appeared to be a

it

pi.

heart amulet of red glass, decomposed to green

Hitherto I had never

of great importance.

hheper ma,

E.

this

marked 21 on

In the N. part of the middle

also Eamesside,

is

head of

these, over the

the upper scarab

Eamesside period.

in the next to be described, which

i.,

are of a style never found again at Nebesheh.

;

to a

pi.

Over the

all

mud

bricks

plastered and white-

inside.

Slight remains of other tombs, probably of the

same

age, were found on the S. side, and on the

top of the

work

same

hillock;

also

remains of fine

in granite, &c., from destroyed

No. 25.

tombs E. of

Further to the N.E. were more tomb

the

chambers. No. 41, and in the N.W. one of the

traced.

group were the two alabaster vessels, marked 41,

D 2

TELL NEBESHEII. pi.

standing in the

i.,

S.W. comer; and

in the

been smashed up in

vessel,

the alabaster vessels and the ushabti

apparently a

certain that this

tomb

is

it is

almost

of the twentieth dynasty.

Another early tomb of the nineteenth or twentieth

dynasty was found at No. 4

with two limestone ushabti, see

(pi. xv., xvi.)

on

4,

pi.

earl}'

times, but I carefully

The broken

what remained.

same chamber three terra-cotta ushabti of Patekh, From the style of of the type marked 41, pi. i.

cleared out

marked

to

cap the pin on which

this

had

i.,

with a

it), it

turned,

and another Imob to serve as a handle.

Beside

were pieces of a bowl, a small dish, and a

sjTnbolic eye, all in alabaster

i.

alabaster

pi.

(shown above

lid of slate

knob of alabaster

of

side

right

27,

pieces of two cups,

;

one with a spout, made of blue-green glazed ware,

The

19.

best group of

tombs of the twentieth

dynasty was that of Ha-ra

Nos.

3,

5,

tombs are

and

7,

all

on

myself, and so

pi.

Beneath the

8.

The

ii.

Tomb

objects

from these

8 I cleared entirely

certain that the very varj-ing

it is

styles of the ushabti

and Ra-mes-neldit,

were

all really

coffin of pottery,

ribbed

and

;

five

ushabti of blue-green, very rudely

painted with black. pi.

i.

All these are

marked 27,

There were also pieces of an ivory

and of a blue glazed colour of

Roman

dish, rather

flat

flask,

Hke the

glazed ware.

found together.

which lay on a raised

20.

We

now come

to a wholly difiierent class of

bench of brickwork covered with cement, were the

tombs, which, from the pottery found in them, I

ushabti, of sandstone, of limestone, and three of

have called here Cypriote.

pottery beneath the head, and of limestone

was not found in every tomb so named,

two of pottery beneath the in all directions.

:

they lay pointing

Across the head was the food

That such very diverse types of ushabti

vessel.

should

feet

and

all

be not only of one period, but belonging

to one interment, is result.

From

a strange and unexpected

the style of the stone ones, and

from the green glazed ones of Ra-mes-nekht

tomb is

3, it is fairly certain that this set of

of the twentieth dynasty.

in

tombs

Two heads from

the

pottery coffms, painted with black, red and yellow,

were sufficiently well preserved to bring away; and parts of the coffins were brightly coloured with stripes of the

pottery,

same

paint.

found in tomb

broken up

it

;

3,

The square box is

much

unhappily

appears to have had a

of

lid fitting in

the groove around the top, and the pottery jackal of Anubis most likely was couchant on the

We

now know from

varieties of ushabti,

this

tomb the age of

lid.

several

and of these painted pottciy

Tomb 27

(pi. xv., xvi.) appears,

from the style

before the Saitic renascence. ally call

this pottery,

The Cypriote

class, then,

it

It

had

Saitic

in this class.

be defined as having

Moreover, as already

noticed, the bodies always

lie

with the heads to

the E. or rarely to the S., and never to the

W.

or the N. as in the Saitic tombs.

Yet we must not conclude that these belong a wholly diS'erent period to the Saitic tombs the contrary,

No.

be seen on

it -will

pi. xv.

2, a great brick-lined well of Saitic

that

;

to

on

tomb

work, has

cut into the corner of the group of Cypriote tombs,

Hence 17 and 18 must have been when tomb 2 was made. Yet, on the other hand, after tomb 2 was ruined, and the

Nos. 17, 18. disregarded

stone sarcophagi in intei-ment

in

it

smashed and

a pottery still

looted, a later

was

coffin

made over

an intei-ment near the

present surface, with a bronze spear-head of the

Cyi)riote

of the twenty-second djTiasty.

may

never having any ushabti.

Cypriote

been nearly denuded away, and the contents had

them

I include

Cypriote pottery, or bronze spears or forks, and

We may provision-

still

as the

and are never found in purely

tombs with ushabti,

long

of the ushabti, to be rather later, but

pottery

j'et

bronze spear-heads and forks often accompany

them, and yet later

coffins.

Though such

class.

Thus

it

is

tombs began early

dynasty, and probably lasted

Persian period

;

clear

that

these

in the twenty-sixth till

the middle of the

perhaps even extending beyond

CHAP.

From the pottery,

these limits.

absence of ushabti,

entire

Ill

—THE CEMETERY.

the spears, and the

seems certain that

it

these belong to a colony of Cypriote mercenaries,

brought over by Psamtik

when he

I.

settled the

Carians and lonians at Defenneh, one day's journey to the E. of this site for

some two

As the contents on

illustrated

tombs

to

and that

;

pi.

tombs are nearly

of these iii.,

all

with the numbers of the

which each object belongs, and the tombs

are planned on pi. xvi., and is

this colony lasted

centuries or more.

mapped on

xv.,

jjl.

it

only needful to notice such as were peculiar.

The only tomb containing

was 17, which

iron

contained both bronze and iron spear-heads in the positions

shown

In the same tomb

in the plan.

was one of the best preserved pottery lid

of

which has

represented on hole,

made

Tomb 26

pi.

It

i.

brought

of interest

is

coffins, the

away, and

is

has also a curious round

intentionally, in the

earrings (see pi.

scarab

been

viii., fig.

as

head of the

coffin.

having three gold

better

grip of the all unlikely.

On the whole,

therefore,

it

seems probable that the

butt ends of the spears had a fork on

them

could be fastened to the hand

;

and that a later

form had a bar across the fork to prevent the thong slipping off in action. The fork from tomb

24 was intended to

The presence monly

on

fit

to a naturally forking

wood.

staff of

of this Cj-jiriote pottery so

dynasty, suggests that

it

was

really

from

and of green glazed pottery so often found with and inscriptions impressed down the

lotus necks,

Such forms

edge.

unknown

Egypt

in

are,

so far as I remember,

until the Cypriote types

21.

The

Saitic

tombs are characterized by the

had the curious vase in the

Mr.

mid-bottom of

and pieces of pumice, sand-

subject in Chapter V., there is not

33, beside five vases

and alabaster, together with apparently a

bronze knife, with hilt-plate and

finial for

The

iii.).

the end

positions of the

spear-heads and forks, whenever noted, are marked

on the plans.

The use is still

stone sarcophagi, and the abundance of ushabti.

undecided.

They are generally found along

with the spear-heads

said here of these remains. to place one or

two

several rougher

to be

with

and a few hundred small

uninscribed ones, in a wooden box in the tomb.

;

yet they cannot be weapons,

be traced on clearing the gi-ound.

11 (Plan,

pi. xvi.)

only one inscribed

;

have a cross-bar.

with feet broken

This bar also prevents our

thinking them to be fishing spears. explanation that occurs to

me

is

The only

that they were

the shoeing of the butt ends of spears.

It will

were inscribed.

end in a fork

which suggests that

flooring

Again, for

with stucco

such a type was familiar.

utility,

it

to have a point which could be driven

into the ground, to stand the spear upright

;

and

of fastening a leather thong on to

tomb

parallel,

one on the other,

In the next chamber was a all

plain

;

then a wooden box,

which had been 26 inches square and 15 inches high, had contained 45 ushabti, of which only 5

be remembered how the Egyptian sceptres always at the base,

in

again 16 ushabti, and only

off.

box with 5 ushabti,

Thus

were 11 ushabti together, and

one inscribed, lying

means

much

The usual course was

finely inscribed ushabti,

ones,

as they are never sharpened, and they frequently

yet a

As

Griffith will describe the ushabti as a separate

Generally the outline of the square box-full could

of the curious bronze forks here found,

was needful

were

introduced.

of pilgrim bottle type,

of the handle (see pi.

this type

of pottery that the Egyptians formed the "pilgrim bottle " type of red pottery made on a sand bag,

Tomb

pi. iii.,

com-

here, in the beginning of the twenty-sixth

glazed figure of Mut.

stone,

to stick

ground, and to put a thong over, which

in the

18) and a rude glazed

19), together with an indistinct blue

(fig.

the butt end, so as to get

spear in charging, would not be at

large

This tomb had part of a wooden and panelling which had been covered ;

possibly, however, this

flat coffin

was part of a

placed close against the wall.

In

tomb No. 39, again, were two boxes of ushabti; one had been about 17 inches square, and contained

TELL NEBESHEH. 154 ushabti

;

x

and another, 19

had 171, of which only 3 were

broken up to force an entrance, this

12^ inches,

in a very

is

bad condition.

In

inscribed.

I

tomb 46, which

is

Tomb No. 42

stone lined, with a brick well

of

Pet-amen has another

fine

I

x

19^

of access on the west side, was a bos

22

sarcophagus in

it,

but entirely of limestone

j

204 uninscribed ushabti

inches, with

and another

;

heap of 62 more, pell-mell in the comer.

tomb No. 39 (map,

pi. xv.,

In

not planned) was a

hd sloping which

is

two mummies.

The

all in

situ,

tomb No. 77 is probably the

the cemetery.

It still

finest of

has the sarcophagi

and the hmestone pavement

of the stone structm-e which has stood in the great lining of brickwork has been removed.

The two

This again mentions the city iVm.

bricks of this

tomb

X

are 14-1

C-9

x

5

inches.

Out of the hundreds of tombs which we

in

but the whole

;

on

general (mer-mashau), son of Psamtik-mer-ptah

and Ta-asar.

gi-eat

to a flat space along the middle,

a column of inscription of Pet-amen, a

box of plain ushabti, lying on the legs of the

The

the

;

cleared,

very few proved to have been unrifled before, and

only one contained the bodies with a

amulets undisturbed.

of

This

full suj^ply

was tomb 23

western sarcophagi are of hmestone, rough-adzed

(map,

on the outside, and with a band of hieroglyphs

one undisturbed (marked with a spot), and in this

mnning

were four bodies lying as in the plan

all

round on each of them.

The

scriptions record a chief secretary of the city

Psamtik, son of Uat-em-hat ab, son of Aset-khebt,

The

great sarcophagus

who

;

in-

Am,

and Psamtik-menkhheld the same

office.

of polished basalt, with

is

pi. XV.),

left,

sticking to the walls against which they

been placed,

although the

disappeared.

It

wooden

on the

wooden door

found on the best examples of the

twenty-sixth dynasty; the body of the sarcophagus is also

of basalt, and has a line of titles around the

upper part.

The whole is encased

in

an enormous

outer case of hard limestone, the body part

cemented

in,

and the

lid

was covered with a

responding block of limestone.

It

is

cor-

belonged to

(pi. xvi.).

There were traces of the paint of wooden boxes

the usual head, collar, and columns of inscription lid,

where in seven chambers we found

canoplc

wood had

seemed that jars,

there

wooden

had been

boxes,

just inside the bricking

had

entirely

and

a'

up of the

doorway. 22.

were

The amulets found on all carefully collected,

were accidentally disturbed in

the four

mummies

and (excepting what

A

by the workman's

pick, before the bodies were seen) the positions

of nearly all of

them were noted.

I

have mounted

Psamtik, son of Paserf and his wife Naisharu.

each set on a card in their original order, and

For the

noted the positions.

inscriptions see Chapter V.

In the tomb GO, on the is

a similar coffin

;

N.W.

of the cemetery,

but as the huge upper block

has been only broken away, and the basalt

lid

pottery

were

:

amulets of

A and B contained C and D, green glazed

Bodies

stone amulets, and bodies fine

work.

The

positions

CHAP. III.— THE CEMETERY.

TELL NEBESHEII. by several examples. and

gilt,

B

The body

was pitcbed

eyes inlaid with wbite glass and tbin

Beside tbese, some otber sets of amulets were found, but not in position on tbe bodies,

types not included above are, in

and

But of

therefore not needing notice in detail.

tomb 39, tbe sun

on the horizon; cartouche plaque, plain; breasts?;

tomb

in

feathers

49, Tat with feathers

;

with

disc

and head -rest.

;

Thebes

this is fixed

;

by the amulets

of

known from

to the twenty-

In a tomb S.W. of the plain,

sixth dynasty.

towards the tovra, some Arabs found a set of gold

shown

objects,

foil

in pi.

10 to 17, which

viii.

look most like Ptolemaic work.

In another tomb

near that, two large scarabs of jasper and basalt

two camelian eyes

;

three crescents, tongue-piece,

and figures of Hapi and Tuaut-maut-f, 23. In the S.E. corner of the great hosh No. 7G

W.

In tomb 25 we found a few amulets and

part of an armlet of horn, such as are

glass edging.

and

demotic inscriptions was found in the hosh

No. 76.

foil

gold

all in

with a quantity of small blue glazed beads.

;

we

found, high up, a tetradrachm of Alexander

In a late tomb in the plain, No. 70, was found

III.

;

bed

a number of beads of glass, pottery, bone, and

below this

level a great miscellaneous

of loose bones, ransacked out of tombs near, and

thrown in together ; below that two sarcophagi

all

of stones and mortar, one of large blocks

built

well laid, the other thinner; and below these again, at the bottom, the remains of a rich interment.

There were

silver cases for the fingers,

and portions

vertebra; of fish,

which are shown in

pi. viii. 1

:

with these was an oval plano-convex piece of dark green glass, polished, for setting

:

as several small

brass coins of Constantine II. were found with

may

these, they

be dated to the middle of the

In some other interments in

fourth century a.d.

mound on

of foot-cases of silver with the toes modelled on

the

them

cymbals, a turned bone pot (gnawed by rats), and

15

;

winged

silver

Isis,

gilt figures

and an

of Neit seated, 3 of

Cow's head

eye, similar.

in

from

red glass

;

green jasper scarab, large

the heart

;

square and altar of Bast in lapis lazuh.

size,

Also great quantities of beads, over a dozen pounds

weight gilt

;

made

;

these are mostly of blue

many hundreds in

paste,

some

of lapis lazuli, but mostly

two pieces cemented together

to save the

labour of drilling the hole, which could thus be

made by a

saw-cut

;

many dozens

of small round

carnehan, of blue glass sloping to a ridge around the middle, and of silver of sheet silver.

its

coiling a piece

This interment, which from the

style could not be djTiasty,

made by

dated before the twenty-sixth

had been made before the huah was

built in

present form, as a great deal was taken out from

under the

Among

walls.

noted the large bronze pail and

may

be

lid (pi. xx. 5),

The pail has found deep in the sand in tomb IG. been wrought in one piece, with handles riveted on and the Hd seems to have had a leather (?) ;

handle riveted on

a clear glass flask with

neck

it.

A

pottery jar

^\ith

two

wavy brown

rings on the

the neck of a glass flask, with a bronze

;

handle looped in the

mould

pottery

seemed

to be

perhaps

only

;

also

a piece

of a

pottery,

and some pieces of very

;

The interments here some poor ones

wrapper.

black

cymbals and

ears

making patterned

for

scribbled on in Cufic

coarse

of various ages,

a

flask

century

or

two

but

old,

the

were probably of the Byzantine

or early Cufic period.

Among

miscellaneous objects from tombs, of

which a great quantity of amulets,

&c.,

were

obtained from the Arabs, a few require notice.

A double

Tat, joined by the sides, in schist, glazed

plaques

of bright

(viii.

other articles from the tombs

the extreme E. were five brass

2)

;

an

blue glaze, with four deities

aegis of

Bast in blue, with yellow

facing to the disc and bands eyes,

(viii, 3).

two pkcjucs, 2 inches long.

Quadruple

Amulet of

groyish gi-een glaze, about thirtieth dynasty, in

form of a kalantika wig fine

work.

inches wide.

(pi. viii. 7).

Bes

seated,

Large plaque with head of Bes, 2 Lotus flower of blue paste

(viii.

G).

CHAP. IV.— THE TOWN. Blue glaze

cups,

flat

poor

Osiris,

Limestone

Isis,

and 2^

1|-

on

work,

Bronze

in. across.

wooden

original

base.

of Ramesside period (?},on oi'iginal

bronze base, 2| high.

amount of sepulchral

It is evident that a large

objects

may

still

from

this

much

of interest or of scientific value

cemetery

but

;

it

be obtained

doubtful whether

is

would repay

required to excavate

though several long

be noticed that

It will

it.

lines of street

may be

yet the houses are mostly separate several of

them we can

followed,

In

insula'.

see the one larger space,

sometimes indeed with an outer doorway into which was the open court

Such

branched.

now

is

it,

which the rooms

off

the almost universal form

of even poor Egyptian huts, the court serving in

the time required.

such a chmate most of the purposes of a room.

But the greater number

CHAPTER

IV.

and so the internal

THE TOWN.

A

plained.

24.

We

remains

may

cemetery,

noticing

the

which, though

not a tomb, but rather the

is

the

site

of a

the site of a " Destroyed Limestone

(pi. xv.)

Nothing

building."

slight

in

Just north of tomb No. 42 will be

small chapel. seen

by

begin

building,

a

of

remains

of the walls are evidently

only the foundations, below the level of doorways,

of

but

this

the

some

arrangements are not ex-

few chambers were excavated, and

articles

found

chamber 99 a

in

;

terra-cotta

impression of a mould with a good head of Horus, of Ptolemaic

work

a piece of a dark blue glazed

;

cup, and a piece of an iron pruning-hook.

Others

of these pruning-hooks, probably for use in vineyards, were found in the town (see pi.

14, 15).

vii.

retaining wall of the foundation, and a quantity of

chips of limestone

digger

came



but in

;

my

to

tracing

surprise

— on

N.E. corner, of which he preserved

deposit in the

The S.E. corner

only the mortar and a plaque. I

carefully cleared

shown

objects

myself, obtaining the set of

the

at

foot

of

pi.

shown on the plan

positions are pi.

out the

it

a foundation

at the top of

This more resembles the Ptolemaic de-

vi.

posits of Naukratis than the deposits of

Nebesheh

and Defenneh of the twenty-sixth dynasty seems probably as least.

Their

xix.

No name

late

is

;

and

it

as the Persian period at

marked on the plaques.

No

trace of a deposit could be found in either of the

The enclosure measures 697 in. 408 E., 405 W. so the building

other corners. N.,

712

S.,

;

must have been about 57

feet

x

33

26.

The most

was one

house we cleared

town which had

of the

encroached into the temenos of the temple. the

corner

S.E.

siderable

mound

the

of

temenos

of house remains,

and one house.

of twenty-five Ptolemaic tetradrachms which

found in is

it,

be seen on

now

pi. xvii.

to the

town proper, there

a plan of such parts of

will

it

as

have been cleared by the natives in digging for earth.

As

I

have not before seen a

site

on which

they have so consistently carried away the

and

left

filling

the walls, this oifered a good opportunity

to get a plan without spending the time or

money

we

the latest of which (in good condition)

of the year 4 of Ptolemy III., or 244-3 b.c.

So the burning of

house and

this

can scarcely be put later than 230 curious

objects

well as

many

contents Several

were found in this house, as

On

ordinary things.

be seen some of them. jackal standard

its

b.c.

(fig.

is

the

3), the bronze bowl (fig. 6),

little bell (fig.

in bronze, large but

pi. vii. will

In bronze there

4)

beside these there were

;

three large bronze nails, 5^ in. long 25. Turning

In con-

a

is

No. 100, can happily be well dated by a find

and the

feet.

important

in that part

worn

;

Nefertum

Osiris in bronze

;

and

a piece of iron inlaid with strips of bronze.

In

;

stone are the small alabaster pot

hawk of

in limestone

;

Greek work, 1|

piece,

(fig.

2)

a rude

;

a marble foot from a statue in.

wide;

such as those found with

a marble tongue-

mummies

;

and a

necklace of carnehan, onyx, and coral beads of

TELL NEBESHEH. the globular, bugle, ribbed, and truncated paral-

In

lelepiped forms. (fig. 1),

glazed

ware are the pot

and the very curious draped

which seems

to

figure (fig. 8)

have been a small flask

scarab with legs, and an ibis amulet. cotta is

remarkable

the

central open tube all

lamp

(fig.

5)

vdth a

the tube lamps of Xaukratis

belonged to the sixth century, instead of the

third century e.g.,

Greek pottery of a tube

lamp

female figure

:

and are in a hard, close-grained

this is the only instance I

of such late date.

(fig. 7)

In ivory

know is

the

and a scrap of ornamental

The tetradrachms found

rod. in

;

also a

;

In terra-

(with the

numbers

E. S. Poole's B. M. Catalogue of the Ptolemies)

are of Ptolemy

I.

CHAP. IV.— THE TOWN. than Egyptian in

appearance

its

hands

on

the

(fig.

23).

Two

and

19).

A

and a vase

hips,

A

20).

(fig.

standing with the

plaque with a female figure

her

beside

rude heads of animals

(figs.

four-handled model vase

(fig.

17

16),

and a curious form of two-handled bowl in hard,

head,

gilt

4

handle, incised

figured, several small long-necked flasks of dark

Bowl, 6

brown

with loop handles, such as

pottery,

Egypt

often found in Cyprus and in

age

be

shall

must

Also a piece of pottery painted

remain unsettled.

with a cross-line pattern in brown on a white

ground

as this

;

not like late Roman,

is

when

dynasty,

the

Ramesside

it is

more

twenty-sixth

probably of the beginning of the

painting

still

Of stone

objects there

a recumbent female "

is

in limestone, like those figured in " Naukratis (xix. 9),

show that such

A

Greek.

figures

X

3j

piece

inch.

A Bennu

mould

A

in limestone.

of a trachyte corn-rubber (pL'

vii.

with in late

unknown

sites,

and hitherto their object was

at Naukratis

;

and Nebesheh,

this year,

pieces with a wheel on the side were found, and this

implied that

with them plainly

;

at

some motion was connected

Defenneh

showed them

of a flat slab, with a

from end slit,

to

found

I

pieces which

Made

to be corn-rubbers. slit

down

the middle nearly

end, the sides sloped

down

to the

out of which the corn passed to be rubbed

on the slab below; the small plan and section with

fig.

21

show the form.

Three

of

dice

The

Osiris, 5 of Har-pe-khruti,

Khem, 3

size,

high

and a piece

;

of

finish,

f

The

The general

pi. viii.

Nebesheh scarabs

the

is

and often bright appleSchist

scarabs are not so characteristic here in their work,

and do not so

Of

clearly belong to the place.

scarabs most distinctly belonging to Nebesheh,

may

notice

The Tanis

20

to 28, 33, 37,

44

always of schist, and are often figs.

to 48,

63

69, 71, and

scarab, but a

80

little

on either

5 of Nefertum, 3

of

60 seems

to 67.

to S3.

still

The

fig.

smaller, as

36

not a

is

plaque of schist with Sekhet in

side.

The

to be of

scarabs (47, 48)

hetcs

Psamtik

II.,

by a double

Dr. Grant Bey's collection.

to read Ra-en-ka, but

supposed that a king of

the

it is

No.

hardly to be

obscure

eighth

dynasty would be noticed in the later times 2

we

scarabs, on the other hand, are nearly

of

II is

bone

extraordinary thickness

green colour of the glaze on the pottery.

figures

Khonsu.

and one gold.

Nebkau and cynocephali on the

;

die of blackened

now known name on one of

of Isis and Horus, and 1 of

Am. Two

Bulak.

at

scarabsei only remain to be noticed.

are

Flat bronze head of Isis chased both sides.

Silver ring

which may be con-

silver earrings,

style characteristic of the

small

relief

15

in.

iron

of

Silver ring with gold foil inlaid

whole of them are drawn on

crystal seal of Pehlevi period.

kneeling,

(pi. viii. 4),

Three

of the

skull,

limestone, large crystal of calcite, and a rock-

Of bronzes, a king

slab

on the back Horus holding a hare and

;

A

sides.

Eight-

21).

angled pieces of black trachyte are often met

A

An Athenian drachma.

another animal

of

pattern.

6

iron

thick.

piece of a throne of a large statuette of glazed

lotus

very

an

,

(pi. viii. 5).

pottery

with

asehead

in.

f found with the broken pieces of tomb 77. A base Athenian

plain silver rings.

rude

vases,

l}r

second like this was kept

Two

alabaster

(16).

Plummet,

nected vdth the hieroglyph of the city of

and not of dark

basket.

arrows

(8),

If high.

and f

with Har-pe-khruti

are Egyptian,

inches long,

X

tetradrachm.

A

whetstone, 5J

swing

high, with

and

situla

sticks

note

also

wide,

2;^

seems to

:

in.

5f

the sarcophagus in

green fine-grained stone, and well shaped. small

2

this

but of rather better work

Model

across.

We may long,

A

lingered in a very rude form.

Situla

kohl

(2),

and feathers of

;

long.

until their

;

origin

their

established,

are

high.

in.

in.

Horus.

Situla with

pendants.

figures.

Bodkins

colour.

7 in. long

Osiris feather,

;

and

Ra,

a ureeus inlaid with red glass and

;

Osiris with ursei

Also, not

smooth pottery of dark bro-mi

Khem, Amen

Triad,

Three beards

:

it,

TELL XEBESHEH. aud 02 of Xaukratis,

as well as scarabs Gl

probably a blunder for Ea-men-ka,

is

who was much

The most singular scarab a queen Aahmes, who must be

noticed in later times.

one of

to find is

of the beginning of the eighteenth dynasty

the work in clear

carnelian

Whether

this be of

period.

Amenhotep is

the

which

first

I

I.,

;

and

exactly of that

is

Aahmes, one

-mie of

or of Nofertari or Meritamen,

it

fragment of the eighteenth djuasty

No. G3

have seen in the Delta.

is

one

of the Delta to Polusium by a guess not far from

the truth.

In 1884 Mr. Pctrie found at Tanis a chapel of the

gods of Amt, in which were limestone sphinxes and tablets

One

(now in the British Museum).

tablets represented

of the

Ptolemy IV. Philopator

and

?

Arsinoe giving land to these gods; another smaller

one was a plain representation of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Ai-sinoe.

II.

This chapel was on the

N. side of the road leading E. from the

river to

of the well-wishing scarabs, " All good business ;"

the temple

and Nos. 65 and 66 the very usual "praise to

a similar scene of Ptolemy II. and Arsinoe offering

Khonsu " or " devoted to Khonsu." The Tanite scarabs were brought over by my workmen who came fi'om there. No. 71 is of

discovered with a sphinx "just on the watershed

Sheshank

I.

No. 75 proves that the

or Takelut II.

bright Indian red glaze, of which I had suspected

the genuineness,

is

undoubtedly ancient, and of

Tanis, Pt.

(cf.

I., p.

Besides

31).

land to the same gods was found on a large tablet

at the S.

end of the valley that runs

pylon."

From

that

Amt was

A

of Tanis.

these discoveries

from the

S.

was concluded

it

probably none other than the city possibility of this

remains

still,

the twenty-fourih dynasty; this also shows that

the site of Nebesheh

the series of scarabs of possible vassals of Pianklii

to be that of the capital of the nineteenth

(Ea-men-kheper) do belong to the Delta,

The name

being of Ea-men-i.

The

others

this

one

do not show

anything of importance, beyond the general connection of the very rude schist scarabs with the

San

No. 81, of " praise Tahuti,"

district.

is

one

side

of

Bt

very

are fairly numerous, and add considerably to our

comer

and

religion

in

tliis

of the Delta.

nome

of

Lower Eg^qit,

capital

Am

foi-merly identified with

of the nineteenth

This name was

pfli.

that of Buto, owing to

the worship of Uat (Buto) as the chief divinity of

the in

city.

great temple

at San.

shows that

wine of

the ;

salt,

desert

scarcely

Amt was

while in Ptolemaic it

from Syria.

grow

vines, being

except southward along the edge of the

about Salhiyeh and Faqus, where palm

trees gi'ow abundantly

and to a great

Some

size.

small sickle-shaped implements of iron, that were

found in houses of Ptolemaic date at Nebesheh,

The inscriptions on the sarcophagi and temple monuments show that here were the city, temple, and cemetery of Amt,

nome.

Eamcs-

dedicated to Uat of Amt, a very different matter

from the chapels

The land now would

F. Ll. Griffith.

local history

its

its

and monuments was

times wine was also imported into

hieroglyphic inscriptions of Nebesheh

knowledge of

fine statues

celebrated in the earliest times

CHAPTER V. THE INSCRIPTIONS. The

occurs continually on

but

enough

quite important

and Saite monuments, and

adorned with

Diimichen

28.

Amt

is

Eeturning to the hieroglyphic name of Nebesheh,

known.

of the smallest inscribed scarabs

this,

Diiniichcn in his History of Egypt had

1879 shown that Amt was not the same as

(Buto), and Brugsch removed

it

I'anat

from Hk; N.W.

were perhaps used in vine-dressing, when under a better system of irrigation " the fields of Aanru," as the

nome was named (like name in the lower world),

territory of this

those bearing the same

produced rich corn vignettes of the

cro2)s,

Book

such as appear

in

ilic

of the Dead, instead of Ihe

meagre and stunted growth of the small part that At the present day tliere is is still cultivable. only. a very

narrow

strip of

good

liuul

on

tlie

edge

CHAP, v.— THE INSCRIPTIONS. of the desert,

and every mile that one proceeds

northward the land becomes rapidly more barren, until at

Nebesheh, six miles N., we reach the limit

and north of that

of cultivation, tilled

ground

miles no

for

as San, existing for other reasons, has contrived to

The

29.

monuments

ments of

The

this date.

earliest is a large part

Amenemhat

of an altar dedicated by

king

Nebesheh are

of the twelfth dynasty in

Here were found three monu-

the small temple.

The

II.

described as beloved of Osiris lord of Tattu

is

and of Anubis on his sacred mount

(pi. ix. 1).

These are the usual epithets of kings of dynasty, and have no local reference.

tunate that the dedication

imperfect, as

is

this

It is unforit

might

have contained the name of the chief god of the Inscriptions have been added

city at that period.

on the sides of the

in later times

appears on the top of each side vertical line titles

"the

and

(d

e)

chancellor,

Those

nub mertu."

(i

A

altar.

commencing with the titles

zontal line

and

b

cut below

hori-

-'erpei c)

hd"

the chief of the sealers

on the

right

have

side

left

they were allowed to remain, being probably out

This side

of sight.

The

is

now

unfortunately

much

horizontal and vertical lines pro-

The

bably belong to the same person.

hiero-

glyphs are so rudely cut in both that they are difficult to

The

recognize.

other two

monuments

are thrones of statues

of one is lost, but they

appear to be a pair, and the

name

was found on a fragment which showing

it

Usertesen

to

III.

stood at his knee

The

have

is

of the second

fitted

belonged

The name

inscriptions

smooth

to

the other to

is

broken into small fragments.

have corresponded exactly.

rough

inscription cut in the

An

style of those that

were added to the altar ran round the base of each, but had been almost erased, having

itself

appa-

rently replaced an earlier erased inscription.

That on the right side ofthe base of the southern sphinx

is

given in

The

6«.

pi. x.

The remains

erased.

sphinx are in

pi.

x.

left

The

6c.

side is entirely

on the northern

of that

legible part

the end of a proper name, perhaps " Bai I

was

This

is

.

.'"

.

and

"says,

'I

shows



says,

was chosen.'"

the formula of a high functionary, not of

a king.

The head of the sphinx had been recut before it off. Between the paws and upon the

was broken breast

On

were erased cartouches.

the

right

shoulder also was an erased cartouche over which

Setnekht placed his ovals

They

(pi. x. 6b).

are

found on both the sphinxes, while Barneses III. chiselled

his

name

lightly

upon the

of the wig of the southern sphinx.

front flaps

These early

usurped sphinxes are a feature of SAn, Nebesheh, Khata'ueh,

Muqdam, and

Maskhuta).

A

Ismailiyeh (from Tel

fragment of another with part

of the cartouche of

Eameses

amongst Eoman remains

at

III.

lies

Nebesheh,

exposed

W.

of the

huts of El Ebshari.

the throne,

a

statue

30.

of

The only remains ofthe eighteenth dynasty

who

hitherto found in the Delta were in the south cen-

twelfth dynasty are,

was under the ban, and a long blank follows the

of the princess

tral part at

not legible. of the

;

They seem

el

The name

fpl. ix. 2).

of equal age.

sphinxes of black granite which were found in

with a

giving the

it,

been almost entirely erased, while on the

broken.

show a monument

Perhaps from the same remote period date two

One is headless, and has been so for ages, the broken edges being worn

earliest inscriptions of

those upon the

as yet

the gateway of the temenos.

a small patch.

till

It is strange

that in the rest of the Delta, HeHopolis alone can

seen, except where a village such

is

corner of the Delta which was

sites in this far-off

honoured by these early monarchs.

therefore, without local signification.

them we learn that Nebesheh has with San and Kliata'neh as one

But from

HeHopolis and Benha.

twelfth dynasty

to be counted

usm'pers.

of a group of

II.

Even

monuments and Seti I. has left

Nebesheh,

their

too,

imknown

no record. Eameses

perhaps built the great temple whose founda-

TELL NEBESHEH. tions

He

remain there.

still

temple and pylon.

a goddess or of Ptah

lies in

the temple of Amasis

with the cartouches of Rameses

"beloved of

II.,

Sekhet, Uat, and Turn ?" on the back support the last figure

the lower crown (pi. x. 7).

He

of this king.

was a block with the

of

Mereuptah was an important one

for at least three generations, as

the recurrence of the

name

Of

of Uat.

we

Pa-mer-qau we probably have the ushabti.

Merenptah occurs

of

another

of

The

on a fragment

also

monument from

granite

by

small

the

Uat

supreme again upon the monument of

is

black granite found in the small temple, which

adorned the entrance with two

represented three figures seated before two altars

on these are of no particular

The

in-

In the great temple was

a crouching figure of a functionary,

life

size,

(pi.

X.

The

5).

inscriptions

and

other from

altar

but the inscription in each

left to right,

column reads from was

one

on the

are cut

The columns succeed each

front of the altars.

interest.

Several other monimients should probably be attributed to this period.

right to

left.

Before the

first

offerings

are

Funeral

figure.

wearing a large and carefully worked wig, upon

demanded

whose knees between the hands was the cartouche

by his son, the royal scribe Khemmes.

Meramen

of Piamessu

see

his father

titles

large black gi-anite statues of himself. scriptions

Amt

temple.

In the pavement at the gateway, but not built into the substructures,

at

name

and wears

distinctly bearded,

is

The family

at least rebuilt the

Part of a black granite statue of

god (pi. xi. 1Gb). the " Pa raslu (astro-

the

The statue represents nomer?) Merenptah, son governor of the desert

hill

judge

the

of

and

country, Pa-mcr-ejau,

Amt,

of Uati, lady of

the next altar are two persons. are

demanded

scribe

for

judge Ai

for the

Before

Similar offerings

Rennefer by her son, the royal

Khemmes, and

a longer inscrip-

finally in

tion funereal offerings are prayed for from " Uati,

and of the singer of Uati Ta-usert," while a deceased son of his was " first prophet of Uati,

lady of Amt, on the occasion of the feast of Uati

named Se

the feast of the

Uati.

.

Uati, whose

." (pi. xi.

entitled qat'en or

mother was the Urt

lOg.;

cf.

16c).

" royal courier."

He was also He professes

himself to be " the high priest of Uat " Aral

16/), " one near the noble portico

^(enrat,

? (of

mouth ... on the 15th day, new year, the feast of Uag, of Sokar, of the going forth of Khem, in

lady of Amt, in the

Thoth, of

the feast of the beginning of the season, each one

(pi. xi.

that takes place in this temijle of the two justices,

the temple)

to this gi-eat goddess, mistress of the two lands,

of the mistress of the two lands (Uat)," and calls

for the

upon the

to his

prophets of Menthu lord of Uas, the chief super-

priests to offer food

The

and incense

qa of the eiyd hd supeiinteudcnt of the

was dedicated by

intendent of the buildings in the temples of the

another son, the priest i\juen nu ? as we are infoimcd

gods of the north and south, the superintendent

by a kind of

of the cattle of

Amen

(this god's

altered probably

owing

to another mistake of the

statue (pi.

xi. 16(/).

graffito

statue

roughly

cliiselled

on the right

arm.

On

the front of the garment below the knees

is

a curious scene of Uat, mistress of Amt, regent of the two lands, confronted by a half-erased figure.

name and speech and Uat's speech him have been carefully erased. The figure

engraver)

the

scribe

Khemmes." His

office

in connection with

This person's

Upper and Lower Egypt

to

explain

can scarcely have been a king, and at any rate not Piameses

II., to

doubtedly belongs. himself,

whose period the statue unProbably

and the priests or the

scene a piece of presumption.

it

was Moreuptali

laity considered the

king loving him,

the

of

name has been

the

discovery

Thebau functionary

name

is

a

to the

of

the temples of

a sufficient reason to a

monument

in the temple of

common one

the date of the

is

feast

at this period.

of

Uat

is

of this

Amt.

from

His

At Edfu tlu;

l'2th

17th day of Payni.

Another monument probably of

this time

is

a

CHAP, v.—THE INSCRIPTIONS

Amen-

small crouching figure in black granite of

hotep

An

(pi. X.

He

15).

invokes Mentliu, lord of

or Hermonthis, and calls himself scribe of the

district of

Ani and

priest of

Menthu.

a puzzle

It is

relief

was found

One

gateway, and two more in

at the

The

the great temple.

probably of the nineteenth

passage of the inscription, which

contains the

Amenhotep

a

is

name belonging

Perhaps

dynasty.

is

nearly perfect.

to the eighteenth

some reason his family had

for

from Upper Egypt, and carried with them

to flee

I.

temple was engraved underneath with the curious

know -why this statue should have been found here in Lower Egypt. There is no local reference to Amt, or even to Lower Egypt, in any remaining to

that of Set!

style is

of the blocks at the S.E. corner of the great

mason's mark

xi.

title

which

17),

fragment of

uncertain

taui,

(pi.

is

therefore

dynasty.

Another

period

this

of a priest of

(pi.

Amen

and probably came from a tomb.

finely cut.

4)

xii.

ra neb nes It is

very

Other traces of rich tombs of

this

period exist at Nebesheh in small fragments of

sandstone sarcophagi with elaborate sculpture.

the statue of their ancestor.

After

This figure was not found in the temple, but

was brought to our hut a few days

after

our

Rameses

III.

there

is

a complete blank

until the twenty-sixth dynasty.

settlement at Netesheh, and sold to us for a few

The name II.,

a

would prevent

Its weight

shillings.

brought from

ushabti found in the cemetery.

of Merenptah, successor of

was found on a biock of hmestone

tomb

He

in the cemetery.

monument in front

Rameses

built into

also left an unusual

hawk

name

standard

nating with (pi. X.

upon

king bears

of the

figure

Merenptah

of

9h) and

9a), alter-

x.

ra neb nes taui

Merenptah exchanging

mat (Truth) with

the

sides

its

(pi.

Amen

of

figures

small kneeling

a

overshado-SN-ing

figures of

who

upon the

chiselled his cartouche

sphinxes in the temple

Eameses

(pi.

x.

His son

Qh).

and his cartouche

III. did like-^-ise,

found on the fragment of another sphinx unusual form

above), and in a rather

block

of

pavement

the gateway

in

Another hmestone block

(pi. x.

also

nome

titles

god of the of

Lower Egypt

;

x.

a 8).

this period

of liorbehud of Edfu, capital

(see

upon

(pi.

is

10) built into the

pavement of the gateway of about contains the

city of the

who was

fourteenth

but perhaps this

is

only

from the representation of the god (the winged disk)

usually placed

over

the

entrance

to

a

temple. A.

will

make

a few remarks on those figures that can

be placed earlier

The

(cf. pis.

i.

and

ii.).

principal distinction between the early and

late kinds of ushabti is that the Saite type is that

of a bearded,

mummified

figure,

placed upon a square base

not so

beardless,

;

resembling Osiris,

the earUer type being

completely mummified,

without either back-support or stand. at

Nebesheh stood up

and

The former

in their boxes, the latter

were lying down, as far as could be ascertained,

the god for victory.

At the beginning of the next dynasty comes Setnekht,

Before proceeding

to the inscriptions of the twenty- sixth dynasty, I

of the gateway of the enclosure.

Here a red granite column surmounted by a colossal

31. I have hitherto neglected to speak of the

being

its

far.

fragment of limestone with hieroglyphs in

beneath the earthenware coflSns

;

but nearly

the early tombs had been disturbed.

all

In the early

ushabti the elbows almost invariably project, and

the

arms are frequently traceable and crossed

upwards instead of horizontally. statuettes

show much more

These early

variety than the Saite,

which seem never to depart from the closely

mummified

type, while the former often ajjproach

the figure of the living person.

The collection from Nebesheh contains specimens of various materials limestone, sandstone, The style varies red pottery, and glazed ware. :

according to material, but

all

these materials are

found together in one tomb, the group of chambers 8, 5, 7, 8.

The

red pottery specimens are the most elon-

TELL XEBESIIKH. gated, and the porcelain the most stumpy.

The

single specimen of sandstone is rather stumjiy, the

Tomb

limestone specimens are less so.

Those

marked

clearly

and red pottery have the features

in stone

lump

and moulding. Those

in the cutting

moulded

in red pottery have been

of clay in the

shaped with a knife are often apparent

end of the figure

;

in front, the

mould being then roughly the

marks

on the

of this shaving

and back.

side

bent forward at the

is

The

feet, \Yithout

any stand being formed. In the porcelain specimens the features are very

beneath the glaze was depended on for marking

and

legs

feet of the figures of this period

are veiy shapeless. earliest

.

.

tomb now almost

Son),

The

35.

may be

inscription

entirely lost through

of the salt contained in the lime-

efflorescence

seems to have been

hieratic script.

?

.

and

lips

specimens,

now

Tliis

inscription,

implements coloured

inscription

One

black.

with reddish stucco, lappets straight,

Tomb

two specimens limestone with

4,

.

.

mer qau in half

.

may be compared

with the

latter in the great temple,

as on the group of three figures.

They were found amongst the rubbish of a destroyed tomb in which red tiles had been used. (Two specimens, from back to

Umestone, rounded

work,

front, crossed

hangs

basket

fair

between

hands hold two hoes,

shoulders,

wig painted

black, straight lappets, inscription in thick black hieratic in vertical

and

Imes

(?)

5| inches (elongate)

nineteenth dynasty).

G.\,

Tomb

;

incised

(nineteenth or twentieth djTiasty).

Tomb

chambers

of

7 and 8

3, 5, 8, 7.

5 seems to be a later addition.

the innermost, a

7.

Two

man

8.

One very

brown

glaze, inscription lines,

brown,

sht'

and features dark

Asar aiknnu n pa amen

JVt'xi

amen,

7

is

entering 3 from the added (cf. pi. ii.).

specimens red pottery.

and stumpy, red

heavj' features

Three slender, red pottery, one being

pottery.

coloured yellow. lines (pi.

ii.

These are marked with incised

8) in front

below waist.

Also two specimens hmestone, 6 and 7 inches,

;

lappets, small

Wig

curves

and pointed, come

out in front from beneath the wig.

Also sandstone one specimen, 7^ inches, coloured red; inscription incised, hair &c. and inscriptions

coloured black.

hoe in left

;

Tunic projects in front; holds

right, broad-bladed

hoe with cross-bar

wig short, lappets very short. lines

vertical

Harud, 3.

31. Six specimens porcelain, pale yellow-

are

two parallel chambers, crossed at the end at right

away over back

title

painted

inches

dynasty?).

rather flattened, holding two hoes.

a

6i-

found with two large alabaster vessels (nineteenth

on the statue of the it is

red, hair

entirely

name, Pa mer qau, of the father of ilerenptah unless

sht'

red clay, well

illegible,

5 passing through 8 into 7

specimens to which a date

assigned, are those of (pi. xiii.

stone,

and

te^^

angles by 3.

details.

The

made,

Three

41.

Asar Pa

inscriptions illegible, 7 inches, one rather flattened

shghtly indicated in the moulding, and colour laid

The

early ushabti from Xebesheh, 5 inches (nineteenth

dynasty).

down

&c., part of

Two

tunic

and

in

Inscription in

legs,

shot'

Asar

Chapter VI. of the Ritual.

of red pottery,

one with very heavy

features, the other coloured j'ellow.

Also

ten

specimens

marldngs &c. black,

bluish

wig

porcelain,

collar, straight lappets.

Two

" lieutenant-governor of Diospolis Nekhtamen."

specimens have the tunic projecting in

Diospolis in the Delta was probably the same as

these the wig is short, the implements are more

Pachnamounis,

like

the coast.

in the direction of Damietta, near

Inscription in horizontal lines in front,

finishing with a vertical line

down

the back, figure

holds two hoes, and basket between the shoulders, straight lappets, legs rounded.

The

best of the

cuiTed clubs, and the basket

deceased •J.

tion

is

Two is

is

In

front.

absent.

The

named Rfunscsnekht.

slender specimens.

A

hieratic inscrip-

written on the back of one in two lines.

From

21, a tonil) in wliich

ilie

sarcopliagi were

CHAP, v.—THE INSCRIPTIONS

up of red

built

were taken two

tiles,

examples

scarabs

indicating the twentieth dynasty, and two ushabti

They

of curious form. cLay

The

are of red pottery.

lump has not been shaved

off at the

To one have been added two arms

of a broad flat shape, elbows

heads,

the wig chocolate, back almost

But there

in the collection.

are all

made

at

many

Amen named Ankhsnast, 2| of

a

greyish

holding two painted

One specimen green

of porcelain.

hoes.

inscription

cut

is

They

cut flat, bearded, pale

from head to foot

A

27, Nebesheh, with alabaster, potterj-,

and porcelain

vessels,

specimens,

six

modelled

roughly

markings and colour

'2h

pale

and

an

inches

and

alabaster

very

long,

ridged

illegible inscriptions black,

ground

blue

(twentieth

to

twenty

-

fifth

follo-ssing,

but

more

It

also

are the

their exact provenance is not

No

wig as usual.

There

is

if

appear to have been pressed into u mould on a

impressed,

t'et

piece of linen to facilitate their removal from the

the prophet Phra

mould.

They

cut

leaving projections at the hips and the

The back has been project.

A

the figure

III.

The

.

.

.

."

unfortunately

now

ntr

prd

inscription

....

3^ inches

to the larger

is

"says

The lower portion lost.

is

of

(?).

monuments,

and Amasis

11.

The name

of the latter

is

found

j

finer work,

Another, well modelled,

is

elbows prominent,

on the plaques of the foundation deposits in the

has been similarly

shaved at the back and painted.

porcelain,

The

no cartouche occurs of any king between Rameses

in

black 2i inches.

much

is

an Asar hn

32. Pieturuing fillet

round the head, tools and basket are daubed Another, of

but

slung over the shoulder.

well bandaged.

smooth, as

The arms

is

a very doubtful trace of a beard.

They

bottom of the wig.

visible,

elbows do not project, and the whole figure

Three specimens of a pale gi-eenish-blue.

smaller temple,^ and on two fragments of hmestone. I

of pale-greenish figure

that

of a

Probable height 2^ inches. Amongst the small specimens, most of which

female, feet lost.

to

arms or hands are

the implements are indicated, and the basket in

known.

are very rough.

The

face projects very little, the ears are distinct, the

the form of the sign Neb

From Nebesheh

seem

has been shaved at the side

where the two halves of the mould joined.

dynasty)

flat,

specimen from Nebesheh

interesting

a double mould.

eye,

back,

probably degradations of the

of red earthenware (black inside) impressed in

is

slender,

the

at

last are

Saite type.

in the

early period.)

Tomb

the arms, back

green porcelain, lines of wig

2 inches.

impressed.

These two

uncommon

2^ inches.

One rough, very stumpy below

(twentieth to twenty-fifth dynasty ?).

Ushabti of priestesses are not

an

featm-eless, cylindrical like

base and back support.

with

flat,

(not Saite) porcelain, wig

irregular column, but has indication of a square

markings black,

The back it

One specimen,

qemdt n

inches long.

colour, the

upon

Amen

tools scarcely

11 inches long.

support.

small

fifty

flat,

2-2t6 inches.

black, rough work, heard, square pedestal and hack

peculiarities.

Zuwelen furnished about

ushabti of a female musician of

are

indicated, bearded.

number

are besides a

have

of small ones which

like that of

Hathor, cream colour with a tinge of chocolate,

raising the

These are the larger specimens of early ushabti

(A tomb

and shoulders very

prominent, the vdg curved somewhat

tunic in front.

They

combined.

200 specimens were brought together

About

Lappets straight.

nor has the foot been turned.

which characteristics of the early and

in

late types are

belong to a transition period, are

many

'

In this connection it is interesting to note that a small is preserved atBuIaq of Amasis II., " beloved of

clay seal

Uat lady of Amt." Salle du Centre, Vitrine P. No. 3937 The monuments of Sais show that at this (see pi. li.). period Uat of Amt had a chapel dedicated to her worship in the

Egyptian

capital.

F

TELL NEBESHEH.

One

of these

carefully cut,

is

a-way;

other

the

a

is

name

is

piece

with

rough

cartouches of the king cut upon of the

former

name name

Uat and

of is

Khem

broken the

and portions

it,

The

remaining.

beneath the preuomen, the latter

In the hieroglyi^hic Usts and the papyri, Uat' always mentioned as the goddess of Amt, but on

from San there

the Ptolemaic tablets

Horus sam

and Uat, the

taui,

a triad

is

(called Ilor her ah set had),

Kliem

consisting of

latter pair being

now

two members of this triad

see that

date back at least as far as the reign of Amasis.

There

is

no appearance of a third name having temple of Amasis was being ex-

the

cavated, several red

blocks were found

granite

between the vestibule and the shrine, with scraps of hieroglyphs

and sculpture on one

blocks had been

The

the stone.

much

is

the

first in

No.

been erased.

and the shrine

These

face.

scaled by decomposition of

inscriptions

had been very

lightly

Squeezes

engraved, and parts had been cut out.

of the king, smcn maat, can be traced

on the side of the great shrine

erasures are sufficient to

was not

until the

By good luck

any idea could be formed about them.

;

and

cutting

and the material, poHsh, and

show that the

stele

the

was

defaced at the same time as the other

monument. dispose at once of the

hieroglyph that has been

shrine, the only

untouched when few

left

signs can be even traced elsewhere,

To suppose

following the cartouche.

mcnmtf, &c., seems insufficient: of the

an eye

is it

to be the

of the formula of dedication, iir-nef in

first letter

name

The

of Osiris.

been to Uat, but Amasis

Amt, or even as

It

they were

clear that

Nearly the whole of the

were passed and covered up by the advancing

and rabbish.

stele

the period of the

to

is

it

placed here by Amasis.

name

supposed the

I at first

to belong

beloved of Osiris, her ah

squeezes were compared together in England that

letter

upon which has likewise

were taken of them as each was found, before they

lines of trench

The same

3.

middle kingdom, but

made and

entirely

the standard on the side of the great

shrine, the inscription

standard

almost

an important remnant of the

is

standard which begins with S.

To

been inscribed on the block.

When

have been

titles

the fine shallow

closely connected together.

We

royal

erased, but there

For many reasons

beneath the personal name.

is

The

and the sign mer,

beloved, remains, but the god's

it

should be part

dedication must have

may have set luia,

styled himself

or

mcr'iti

her ah

in early dedications Iseh Tattn.

There are two instances

in the British

Museum

Gallery that I have noticed of erasures of the

name

Amasis

of

:

No. 134, statue of Henaat,

these blocks, the only granite blocks that occurred

whose great or good name was Rakhnemiib men

in the small temple besides those that obviously

the basalt has resisted the evident attempt

belonged to the shrine and lay around

up the greater part of a large

it,

make

In the upper part in two compartments the vultures of the north and south their wings a royal

name and

shadowed with

titles

which are un-

fortunately no longer legible, having been erased.

Below

this

two more compartments, edged on

either side with a line stability, contain

of symbols of

figures of

before the standard of the

Khem

same

life

of Horus,

/i':r

trp ^^as-xet."

titles.

He

and No. 94, which

;

much

These

battered.

is

not so clear an

of the inscription

monuments

are

has been

undoubtedly

from Sais. If at

Sais itself the cartouche of Amasis

is

found to be defaced on a statue placed in the

tomb-chapel of a functionary also

is

in the British

surprised

if

(for his

sarcophagus

Museum), we need not be

the people of

Amt,

terrified l)y the

Behind the

approach of the victorious army of Cambyscs from

Below

Pelusium, hastened to own themselves vanquished,

god are traces of the usual altar or stand. these again are the king's

and

back to back

king.

erasure

instance, as

stele (pi. ix. 4).

:

at

is

"beloved

and

to

queror

show

their zeal in the cause of the con-

by chiselling out the name of the king

CHAP, v.—THE INSCRIPTIONS.

who had ments,

him from

offended

-with

the temple

monu-

the whole of the dedication of the

shrine.

cut

stele, it

can scarcely have been

up of separate blocks, but must have been

up

order

in

be

to

Perhaps the

reused.

latest periods,

Heq

some

alterations above ground, in

which the foundations of Amasis were not

The

turbed.

abandoned

it

was not

hr

tep

x.,

and

13,

This latter

No. 55), and on the original

cartouche

on the pyramidion.

Khem head.

is

Beneath

the

god as

this

full

Khem

But on the

well.

Horus

see that

name upon

Khem

mertu presided as well as

Khem

(sar-

at Berlin), while the inun-

and herbage

The

Khem

Brugsch, Diet. Geog., 482).

(cf.

triad then

seems

combine the

to

desert

god

with the goddess Uat of the marshes, and

her nursHng, the young Horus, destined to unite

sam

taui is

The

with the double crown.

probably has no

sign

This Horus

crowned on the Ptolemaic monuments prince in the

nome

mythological reference,

indicate the relative position of the two halves

monument we assumed the

Osiris

and the crown which he wears varies only to

Probably the hawk wearing the lower crown

god's

name

Xas haa,

over a town of which

hawk-headed

by the double straight feathers on his The king is " beloved of Horus neb xcsxet."

symbol of

called Set or

connected with the representation of

this is a scene of a king offering to a

god who

desert, or half desert,

nome was

the lands of upper and lower Egypt.

remarkable for the two hawks,

crowned with the lower crown, which support the king's

would seem that the

" desert of exultation,"

II.

p. 7).

is

It

tation," celebrated for the abundance of its canals

part of an altered obehsk of the middle empire ii.,

not exclusively,

^^^^^ i^

found on two monuments at San, on the pyra-

pi.

if

cophagus of Nekhtnebf

midion of an early obelisk re-cut by Rameses I.,

be the equivalent of Hyksos.

dated portion was the Sex^t haa, "field of exul^^^^

'^^

x

remain, together

willi

built.

sides of

a

small

detached piece of brickwork buried in the sand

name amongst

the hiero-

between the E. end of the central chamber and

&c.

the later E. side of the enclosure, near the middle.

(ten) se

rfi,

might very well occur

in

The hawk upon the panel was no doubt the hawk of Lower Egj^pt overPtolemaic cartouches.

shadowing a king's

favour of this.

all in

the

of xmi suggests Philadelphus or lions

Appearances are

of the objects are unfinished, and parts only

separately

These include Su

The occurrence

with

no certain

from the signs enclosed, and there

glyphs found.

order to hide

is

are unfortunately in eveiy case

indication of the king's

Some

about the time of the

the glass pieces are numerous fragoutlines

building in

placed there after the complete destruction of the building.

re-

gilt stucco,

of Practical Geology.

ments of the

his son,

to the

the

It is evident, therefore, that

Probably

have been cloisonne in the wood.

to

on

The work does not seem

over

title.

An

early Ptolemaic

This

is

may

curved, and

gateway looking E.

be the last trace of a

The

wall perhaps enclosed

a temple of the same date, which has vanished.

I trenched

now entirely

the whole enclosure tho-

roughly without finding any other bricks as large

This massive wall

date will agi'ee very well with the rest of the

as those of the enclosure wall.

remains found in the sand, which included a piece

no doubt served

Greek pottery, a small black and buff bowl of bad glaze, but probably made at the end of the

canal or river branched to Tunis niul Xeliesheh.

fourth centuiy.

flourishing Saitc epoch the enclosure

of

xxi.),

the walls of

guard the point

Nothing more can be told df

it

at

which the

unlil duiiiig the

was rei)aired;

Icmcnos (see

the E. end, which was tlien probably in ruins, was

the central clianiber are

carried out further, and the entrance stojqjcd, while

PictuiTiing to the buildings in the pi.

to

CHAP. VI.— GEMAIYEMI.

a new gateway was cut tbrongli on the the growing settlement on the rebuilding,

N.W.

the account of the w^orkmen

if

N.E. corner was

trusted, the

W.

built over the

Upper and Lower Egypt, Sankhqara, to grant The names of the two persons

towards

of

In this

faneral oiTerings.

is to

be

remains

The

style is that of the eleventh or twelfth

(see pi. xlii.).

dynasty, celebrated

The

style of the bronze, -which

unusually massive,

is

makes

temple or chapel was at the same time the enclosure

soon destroj^ed, perhaps in the

built,

But

with chambers.

filled

first

and

this -was

Persian in-

The enclosure was taken up by

vasion.

A

possible.

this

artistic

for

an expedition to Punt

undertaken in his reign by an is

named Hennu,

officer

next to Khufu in a doubtful connection on the

San papyri, and Pepi

been found in the Delta.

was

name has

It

would appear that he

unknown

especially connected -with this

Perhaps he had a temple here.

now almost

remark that the cartouche on the curious

entirely

to

when

their trade

Here

washed away.

they

have flourished into the Ptolemaic period,

was suddenly put a stop

to

by a

The artisans buried their unfinished work and some of their less portable stock in trade before panic.

taking

but never returned to claim them.

flight,

doorway in the great temple and

San

at

city.

worthy of

It is

false

(Tanis, p. 10,

28) seems to read Schotep ah rd on

pi. iv.

the squeeze.

If so, in all probability

a chapel or cenotaph of

to

some

similarly doubtful on

blocks at Tanis, the earliest king whose

workers, who covered the ruins with fresh buildings,

seem

feet.

dynasty

Sankhqara, a king of the eleventh

of a shrine, perhaps part of the buried treasures

of an early bronze-working community, or even of

the old temple.

and

are unfortunately lost, with the heads

it

belonged

Amenemhat

I,

It

probable that this king was regarded as the

is

The village, however, still flourished, and a new camp or enclosure was built on the S. But later

founder (or second founder) of Tanis, and that he

the place declined, and before the Arab conquest

temple, in which his statue was placed, his real

Gemaiyemi, as well as Nebesheh, was abandoned.

tomb being more probably at Thebes

was worshipped here

Egypt. 41. Notes on villages, &c., in the neighbourhood of Nebesheh.^ 1.

of

Faqus

the

(F, Eng.), low

railway,

mounds on both

of the time of

King Sankhqara

He may

in the place of a

Rameses

any of these.

Geziret

II.

I

some even

have not been able

Probably those at Qantir

Dedamun,

from the village of its

west

his

memory was

(Fr.

Dahdamoun)

western edge.

the

Khatanah) hes on the

extensive though low mound.'

tion between

them with an invocation

at that period.

Sema'ne, F. Eng.

-

Eng., the

War

M. Naville has described

liere in "

Goshen," pp. 21-23.

of this

5.

Office

Map

of

tlie

a stretch

immediately N.W.

lies

Qantir, F. Eng.

Piameses

is

and remains of

A large heap of limestone debris mixed

buildings.

II. is visible in

The base

column of

of a

the cemetery.

A quantity

to the king

of limestone remains

and a basalt architrave of the

same king have

been found.

the houses

is

also

The hollow

is

Outside one of

an inscribed box or trough of rough

limestone, 2G inches ;

West

I

F. denotes the Atlas Geographique of the Description I'Egypte

must

shows, living kings were counted almost as gods

with granite

limestone of two persons standing with an inscrip-

tie

We

kept sacred there.

of sand with pottery on the surface

purchased here a small fragmentary group in dark

^

afterwards

however, that, as the story of Saneha

recollect,

a sand-island, so called

Ed Dedamun

Hata'ne (Eng. El of

at Hata'ne.

adorned by the kings of the twelfth dynasty, and

4.

3.

god

have founded the temple

are intended.

on

or in Middle

This throws light on the occurrence of

sides

now almost levelled by the Lower Egypt it is

stated that there are inscriptions here,

2.

tomb, or chapel in the

In Baedeker's

sebakhin.

to find

at a

X

18, with the base rounded.

rectangular, 9 inches deep.

The

in-

Delta.

the results of his excavations

scription runs,

' '

The hereditary

prince, the divine

father lovins: the 2;od, the roval scribe, the chief

TELL XEBESHEH.

From

another tomb

commander of the troops Set her khepshef," and name of Rameses II. is inscribed in the centre. The mound here is very shght, but almost con-

These are

tinuous -with that of Hata'ne.

These are probably of the twenty-sixth dynasty.

the

6.

Samakin

(=

Amarin, Eng.)

7.

Geziret

a

name

Some palm

recurs on the road to Salhiye. in the desert

is

that trees

beyond Pelusium belong to this clan. Abu Qeh (Abou Qahar, F. Abu ;

named due E. of The site of Tell Badaui, Eng.).

Tel Far'un (marked but not

Abou Qahar, F. Amt, but the name ;

heard

Mr. Petrie has

rarely used.

is

The gi-eat spoken of as Tel Nebese. is well known in the neighbourhood,

it

pre-Saite.

The other mound also

of

Zuwelen

mile N.,

1

is

covered with opened tombs, but with some

town remains

at

This

N. end.

its

only 2^

is

mounds together For previous cemetery.

miles S. of San, and the two

must have formed

Kabih, Eng.). 8.

all

came some long beads, and from a third bronze and lead eyes and eyebrows with long beads.

11.

its

Zuwelen (Sueihn), see Tanis

finds at

San

el

p, 29.

I.

(the village), and Tel

Hagar

SAn

(Fr. Eng.).

12. Tel Dibqu (mines d'Ebqou, F.

Tell

;

Dengu

granite shrine

(but too far north), Eug.), according to Mr. Petrie,

and is called at Faqus Taqiyet el Far'un, or " Pharaoh's cap," which is not inappropriate,

latitude

local

name, however,

mound

i.e.

is likely

Taq'at

is

known

to be

en Nebesheh,

has

recently

founded a struggling 'Ezbe. 9. (Tel) Gemaiyemi (Eng.

nam,

away towards the E., and forming

almost

amphitheatre round a central hollow.

The

and

there

settled

Mehallet

cl

Ga-

10. Tel

are regularly

Zuwelen (Zawalin, F.

The name

;

Tell

of two sandhills

;

one, about 3 miles N. of Gemaiyemi,

Abu

Uelin,

the southern is

the site of

an

bricks

Large

dug out and carried away.

quantities of wood and woollen material are found in the ruins.

13.

Hamadiu.

11,

El Menagi

(el

and

Kebire

At M.

Several in F. Eug.

F.).

Eng.).

^Vi-ab brick.

sides sloping

Et

named Muhammad

;

covered with

In future the

as Tel Nebesheh, for

a well-known Bedawin sheikh,

mound

and steep on the N., the

It is lofty

Far'un, or

el

Pharaoh's niche.

a large

;

Its

though evidently arising from a mistake.

taq'a simply,

5 miles N.E. of San, and on the 31st degree of

el

es

sagire).

Kebire, on the bare

sandhill E. of the village and S. of the cemetery, lies

X

a block of sandstone, 16

There

pi. xlii.).

20 inches (see

shallow sculpture on one side

is

an extensive ancient cemetery now ravaged by From one tomb I obtained about

representing the two Niles kneeling, and holding

the Bedawin.

the

50 ushabti of a priestess of Amen Ankhsnast. Amongst them was a piece of limestone cut into

Nekhtuebef.

The

standing and

his

the shape of a tent peg with a head similar to

visible

Other objects apparently

those of the ushabti.

Sam

;

over the

Sam tunic

arm

sign are the ovals of

and

side.

above the head of the lower Nile

handles projecting above the rim and pierced

traces of a partial repetition of

with small holes for suspension, a lion's head of porcelain, porcelain rings, with sistrum and hawk's

god.

disc

on bezel

;

Isis

and Horns of good

work, wig colom-ed black, on back of throne Ast nebtaui; Neb qau, porcelain scorpion with human ;

head, porcelain; two blundered scarabs of steatite

and

porcelain,

and

innumerable short

beads.

king

adoration are

behind the figure of the lower Nile.

probably stood at the other

from the same tomb are a portion of a gi-een porcelam vessel with long spout and small false

head and

of the

feet

raised in

An is

Uati

inscription

restored with

the help of a duplicate on the other half, and

The inscription runs

lady of •^(cpcr

Amt, thy

it

remain behind the

as follows

:

—"

Uati

son, lord of the two lands

qa lord of diadems

Ki-)(t iieh f,

Bu

cometh, ho

conducteth to thee the lower Nile with (?)

all

good things of the North country, tliat he (the " (of which the l;ordcr Nile) may give all pure life of rt"x ""* ^^ emblematic).

CHAP. VII.— POSITION

Nekhtnebf must

There are no mounds here. have a

set this

that

men have gone down

admitted under the

line

from the dawn of

being

Uat of Amt, whose temple lay

On

miles distant.

six

the other side of the village,

amongst the palm

trees, there is a large block of

granite almost buried, that probably belonged to

monument

a similar

is

name

the usual

The canal

of another king.

perhaps corresponded to the Bahr

which

el

Baqar (Eng.)

of the once large canal

that flowed past Defeneh, and which

usually

is

and

portion of a small canal running E.

W., and lying on the road from Nebesheh

Hamadin

the

before

Pelusiac branch

is

great

canal

to

Menzaleh

sides

by water

canal on the N., and a fresh-water lake, through

which the canal runs, on the

the line of the Syrian road.

It

This

site it

is

faces

was, therefore,

Kamesside times

find that at least as early as

Till this year, so far as I

Museum.

Srilahiyeh, Eng.).

it

was occupied. know, no attempt has site,

But

my

The

history of the place. arrived there, I

beyond a stay of

Bulak

reis of the

work there during two months

in this spring has brought to

Es

;

W.

only open on the south, and on that side

been made to work in this

(F. Eng.).

Salhiye (F.

(see pi. xliii.)

on the E., the Pelusiac branch or

lies

name

16. Qassasin.

17.

this

occurs a sandy plain, about a mile across, and

bounded on three

two or three days by a native

Samakin

Egypt along

Immediately after

passing the southern end of Lake Menzaleh there

or so-called

reached, bears the curious

of Habres.

15.

into

history.

admirably adapted for a frontier guard, and we

supposed to represent the Pelusiac branch.

A

the caravan road, and there can be no doubt but

up as a record of cutting or clearing

canal, the water

auspices of

AND HISTORY.

light

much

of the

evening that I

first

saw that the brick ruins in the

midst of the plain were of a large building of the

CHAPTER TELL

twenty-sixth dynasty; and I heard, to

VII.

DEFEXNEH— POSITIOISr

AND

(for I

HISTOKY.

mind), that 42.

In the sandy desert bordering on Lake

my surprise in my

had only come with the Karian camp was known

it

as the "

Kasr

el

Bint

el

Yehudi," or "the Palace of the Jew's daughter."

Menzaleh, some hours distant on the one hand

This at once called up the connection of Tah-

from the cultivated Delta, and on the other hand

panhes, or TaphuG as the Septuagint version

from the Suez Canal, stand the ruins of the old

with Daphnse

frontier fortress of

or Defenneh.

been selected but

it

Tahpanhes, Taphne, Daphnai,

That such a point should have

may seem

strange at

was the advanced post

highway iuto Syria details of its

;

and when we look

position, the

map on

evident (see small

sight,

first

to guard the great at the

advantages of pi. xliii.).

before

one,

;

it

is,

and with the situation of the place is

impossible

to

disconnect the

modern name, Defenneh, from the ancient. Indeed the identity of these names seems to have been taken for granted by most writers on the topography of the Delta.

are

it

All traffic

43.

The

earliest

remains found here

are

a

taking the northern route by Kantara, which was

part of the foundation of a building of red bricks

and convenient than that by the Wady

remaining beneath the pavement or platform in

more

fertile

Tumilat, must have skirted the southern shore of

Lake Menzaleh, or region which ancient times.

may

of the

swampy and

have

occupied that

The edge

of the desert

canalized site

in

was the

only suitable route within reach of the Pelusiac

branch of the Nile

for watering.

This line

is

now

front of the entrance.

similar red bricks in the at

Nebesheh, and from

From

the occurrence of

tombs of Eamesside age this

being shown to be

older than the twenty-sixth dynasty,

some buildings existed here twentieth dynasty.

it is

clear that

in the nineteenth or

Curiously, a tale related by

TELL DEFEXNEIT. Herodotos bears upon

this;

he says

107) that

(ii.

on his return from an Asiatic campaign, invited to a banquet by his brother at the Pelusian Daphnai, Sesostris

(Eamessu

II.) was,

be scon that

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