Tanis_1885
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3 1162 02860 5773
The Stephen
Chm
Library of Fine Arts
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Institute of Fine Arts,
New York
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TANIS. PAET
II.
^^^i'^
LONDON: PRINTED BY GILBERT ANU UIVINGTON, LIMITKD. ST.
JOHN'S HOUSE, CLKRKENWELL ROAD.
:
TANIS. PART
11.
NEBE SHEH
(AM)
AND
DEFENNEH
(TAHPANHES).
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE. WITH CHAPTERS BY
A.
S.
MURRAY AND
F.
LL. GRIFFITH.
FOURTH MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.
LONDON TRUBNER &
CO., 57
&
59,
1888.
LUDGATE HILL,
E.G.
Mne
^rts
NEVyYORKUfilVEF'SiTY!
LIBRARY
:
/TANIS./ /
PABT
1886.
II.,
W. M. FLINDERS PETEIE AND
EL. GBIFFITH.
E.
FOURTH MEMOIR, OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
PUBLISHED BY OBDER OF TEE COMMITTEE.
LONDON TKUBNER &
W
750
J
4
CO., 57
&
59,
LUDGATE
HILL, E.G.
CO SECT.
NTE\T
S.
;
TANIS. PART
1.
As
these pages are a continuation
monuments
description of the
begun
in Part
I.
,
there
is
of the
was
of Tanis, which
no need of any prefatory
remarks before resuming the chronological descriptions, -which
may be remembered were
it
in the midst of the
immbering of the from Part
monuments
Tanis, since writing the is
the further
wells, of
Ramessu II. The
inscriptions here
The only work
I.
of
clearing
first
At the south end of the
is
continuous
that I have done at
part of this memoir,
of the
which an account
laid aside
two stone-lined be given.
will here
is
the back of
same
in the dedications,
on his
one naming Tahuti, lord of Hermopohs,
and the other Menthu, lord of Thebes.
Both
are
its
recess
and
left,
while
and on the other the
Each
shrine had three
the solid block, at
all in
and these seem to be the
;
Tum
;
side the sand-
on his
Amen, with Ra The deities
right.
represented in the scenes of offering (inscrip. 68),
however, are Khepera,
Tum, and Haremkhuti on
A
and Seb and Shu on the back.
sides,
similar
shrine,
but with a sphinx carved in
it,
now
at
Tell-el-Maskhuta, and
at
is
(pi. xvi. 5).
The great
&c.,
which
II.,
in both shrines, apparently
Ismailiyeh
are almost the only references to other places found at San,
seated deities, carved
was found
upon them, and the inscriptions Nos. 66 and 67
Ramessu
long line of early statues.
way
little
representations of cakes, vases, vegetables,
the interest of these
stone colossi of
they have the usual
two altars or tables of offerings some ;
by two of the large granite obelisks
side
beyond these again stood on one
the
line of early statues lie
apart (Plan, 105 and 115)
II.
San have them having been
series of granite stelae at
suffered severely
;
every one of
used up for building material in later times, and all is
but one being broken.
not so
much due
Their
however,
loss,
to this injury as to the severe
weathering, which had before they were thus used surface from
most of them.
cut in a very hard white limestone, breaking with
up, scaled
a splintering fracture, and No. 115
For a statement of their dimensions see Part sect. 24, where the plan number of the largest
is
considerably
broken.
On
either
side
of the
shrine of a deep form,
temple
stood a large
cut in yellow sandstone
(Plan, 80, and 81), see pi. xvi. 6; the southern shrine
is
broken into
many
pieces
and several
parts are missing, but the northern shrine has lost
only a part of one side, and one block of this part still lies
near to
it.
These shrines seem to have
the
misprinted 161 for 164.
The
I.,
is
inscriptions, so far
as they are legible, are given here in Nos.
No 78
69 to 82.
had supposed might be the missing
his 1
piece of No. 78, but on comparing
them together
this is seen not to be the case for several reasons.
The upper in
part of stele 196 (Plan)
the foreground of the
been placed facing each other on either hand of
5, in
the axial roadway, and were each flanked on either
appear to
'NEW
off
Part
be seen pi.
xiv.
The fragments (inscrips. 83 to 86) belong to large monuments such as
I.
YC'^K UNIVERSITY J
LIBRARY
may
photograph,
;
obelisks
83 and 84 are probably parts of one
;
block, by the style and the thickness of the pieces.
and specialh' the small cartouches, leaving the
The
titles.
object of this again is not clear, as
an appropriator would have used the previous
Of the
2.
architraves of the temple
87 to 93) not much remains
(inscrip.
of the large ones
;
but four, and two smaller hntel blocks.
These
architraves are a double cubit square (-il to
No. 25, used up
in.); but
42
in building the pylon,
—
48 in. wide, perhaps it belonged to the pylon of Ramessu, and not to the temple. The unfinished is
89 show the incompletion of the
figures in inscrip.
work as
Great Hall at Kamak.
in parts of the
Of the sanctuary walls
(described
in
inscriptions (Nos.
94
pearance of them
may
The
I.
I.,
101); the general ap-
to
94
block inscr.
pi. xiv. 5, in
curious,
is
as
having a piece of disused sculpture on the joint surface
;
sculpture which from
his
is
that on the pillar 64 a.
these columns has been curiously patched up, by inserting blocks of granite
by metal pins
;
been drilled out by a tube
the
drill
only
of thin
was ^ inch diameter, making a groove wide, and a part of the core still
-^ inch
remains in the hole, which
One
is
1-7 inch deep.
of the few remains of doorways (Plan, 134)
seems to have belonged to the entrance of a court
it
;
has the characteristic slope of the
and bears figures of Ptah and Mut
side
front,
(inscr. 109).
II.
up
Sheshonk III. are many pieces of the great colossus
77
of Piamessu II.
like the
change
was noticed
in the obelisk
Part
in
instance, perhaps,
will
31.
I., sect.
be seen in the
(sect.
28)
;
the ruins of the granite pylon
,
as have been described in Part
seem
itself,
to
yet from the size of their hieroglyphics
have belonged to the inscribed pilaster of
it,
inscriptions of these are
connection with I., sect.
more than
of
But they have
the
in
pylon
suffered even
this apparently, for the cartouches in
two
first
rebuilding
his
19).
III.,
entirely
cut
present
form,
cartouche
lines
out,
102
have
been
reinserted in
their
of inscr.
and
before
then the
by Sheshonk
erasure
We
III.
of the
half
might think
that this was another freak of Piamessu himself,
only he had no
the
other standard cartouches
cartouche
form
being scarcely ever varied.
and
No
and
some vagary
of the sculptors.
so
this
must be
No.
hawk above
110
to 118.
II.
,
the bull, -nath part of the
The
it.
about 45 inches wide,
of the
tail
large size of this banner, is,
however, paralleled by a
part of a cartouche (No. 113, plan 29) which must
have been about 38 inches wide.
Such
inscriptions
arc about proportionate to the size of the great colossus, as
compared with the inscriptions on and, moreover, the granite of
;
of these blocks
is
distinctively the
the pieces of the great colossus.
to
on block 110
The scenes around
temple of San
the lower part have been intentionally cut out,
The
stood.
it
in Nos.
sign nelht below, and the tip of the
other colossi
credited
shown
110 bears evidently the beginning of the
banner of Ramessu
to
however, have the piety to insert a predecessor's cartouches,
or to the built base on which
arrangement
later king would,
I.,
and beside these are several blocks,
pylon (inscrs. 102 to 108) have been in course of
by Sheshonk
of
which though not bearing any surface of the status
columns of the avenue from the
great
Among
3.
appropriation apparently
insert,
made
drill,
sheet bronze, and fed with loose cutting powder
Piamessu
third
the
and pegging them on
the hole for one of these has
can hardly
inscription 144, noticed below.
(Part
see
II. cutting
own work,
The
We
as well.
ram of Tattu, beside One of the capitals of
any period before
to
(Plan), which
A
and a mere defacer
another case of Ramessu
be placed This
its style
;
titles
here the only mention of the
be seen by the block at
the right hand of the photograph,
Part
Part
few pieces bear any continuous
but
23)
sect.
any demur
figures without
would have cut away the
is
is :
same
The
some
as that of
sculpturing
important to the history of the the banner of Ramessu
11. ,
110
b,
plainly the earliest piece of sculpture on this.
110
since the legs on the adjoimng side,
a, are
on
Merenptah placed two
4.
fine statues of
himself
a curved surface which woukl not be exposed, and
in the temple here (inscrs. 136, 137), one of grey,
could notwell be built up, and that sidewould there-
the other of pink granite.
fore
have been entirely dressed away
Ramesside times.
existing in
The dressing down of the face in must be due to Sheshonk III.,
110 A to build it when he used this
block,
filling
hieroglyph with mortar in laying
which
therefore,
if
remain
two Niles, on 110
a,
between Eamessu
II.
up the
bull
The
legs,
it.
from a group of the
must belong
to
and Sheshonk
some work
Now
III.
Siamen did not execute large work, nor generally good work, here,
some
to
judge by the examples we have
of which are wretched
and yet there
;
does not seem to be any other king to
can be ascribed. surface
is
whom
The sculpture being on
very peculiar, and there
is,
this
a curved
perhaps, no
The
similar instance of a large group on a curve.
fragments of inscriptions on various granite blocks (Nos. 119 to 135) are a selection from the
remains of the temple buildings
many
the blocks which
;
only bore isolated signs, or some of the innumerable
fragments of cartouches or
titles of
Ramessu, could
be of no importance, except in an attempt at restoring the plans of the buildings
task seems
quite hopeless
proportion of the material
;
and such a
when such a small No. 122 has a
is left.
fragment of early inscription on
it,
already given
No. 124 has an unusual arrangement
as No. 24.
of the sam and lotus.
Nos. 123 and 127, with
and have
in two,
condition,
Both
lost the feet
The
and worth preserving. 13G and 137
are given in Nos.
in Part
I.,
Nos. 3, 4,
an instance of
almost complete erasure in later times.
No. 130
has part of a group of Ramessu fighting, accompanied by his hon, as at is
Abu
Simbel.
No. 132
a portion of Ramesside inscription on the under-
side of the south of the pair of bases of
columns
placed by Siamen in front of the sanctuary
;
this
while
II.
has
one block of his work remaining. No. 141.
Of
he also worked here in granite.
Seti
are two kneeling statues, one bearing
Ramessu III.
a table of offerings (inscr. 142) carved in sandstone
this
;
has unfortunately
The other
of the figure. in
dark grey granite, and
the shrine
holds
it
still
lost the
statue
is
upper part
(inscr.
143)
much weathered
is
but
;
clearly contains figures of
There remains
Ptah and Sekhet hand in hand.
one conspicuous block of the Eamesside period (No. 144) which inscription
is
hard to attribute.
144 b alone
would
it
supposed to belong to Ramessu adjacent side
144
A,
it is
and
much
is
;
By at
the
once
but on the
this side is evidently the first cut, as
had dovetailed
better work, and has
cramp-holes made in Either, then,
its
Eamessu
ends when used afterwards. II.
broke up his own work, in a very inferior
on a rough and irregularly curved surface,
must belong
to a later
The
perhaps the twelfth.
king,
(Plan, 262) scale
II.
be
a plainly Eamesside inscription
or else these
is
;
two other blocks, Nos. 139 and 140, show that
supposing any to belong together, except perhaps
Inscription 129
in founding
the colonnade in front of the sanctuary
style,
on the plan.
No.
in limestone.
138 (Plan, 226), was used by Siamen
four Eamesside lintels, as the heights preclude our
two pieces mentioned, Nos. 124 and 129
and the many
;
5, 8, 14, 15, 25, 26, 27, 28.
Apiece of his work
and 29.
and had the pieces sculptured
first
fair
inscriptions
appropriations by Merenptah will be found before
the pieces mentioned on the plate, show at least
the
now broken
are
but they are in
;
;
is
strikingly
hke
this,
Eamesside
inscription
88
but on a smaller
and the lower part of a somewhat similar
arrangement remains at Abydos, only there the ra is placed immediately over the sotep as usual, and not
— as here—
to be read into place from the top.
This would seem to show that the re-use of this block
is
due to Eamessu
II. himself.
shows that Siamen did not merely inscribe existing bases, but
had cut these out
the buildings of Ramessu.
of ruined blocks of
5.
PI. viii contains all that
Siamen
at
can be attributed to
San, beside the appropriations given
;; ;
before
15
inscr.
in
one
inscribed in
Of these Xo. 145
b.
line,
across what
now
is
is
the
underside of a great roofing block, Plan 23G, but
;
The
7.
pieces
Taharka
of
stela
was
lower
the
;
clearance, and
is
broken in two
found
Mariette's
in
was copied and published by De
—strange
—no search
seems to
From
the
Rouge, but
inscription being thus on a horizontal surface,
and
have been made for the upper part, which lay
which was formerly the upper
side.
from the crab-hole cut into the top of it, it has evidently been re-used, perhaps by Pisebkhanu,
Of the
since he built in the sanctuaiy. tions around the
enough remains
inscrip-
two bases of columns(186-7,Plan) (inscr.
146) to see the character,
plamly borrowed from the Piamesside inscriptions.
The Untel
158)
(inscr.
is
bemg
very rudely cut,
merely marked in by a bruising away of the surface.
The
inscriptions
150 and 151 are two of the best
examples of the work of Siamen, and should be the latter I found on clearing beneath preserved ;
immense
the
block. No.
is
plan,
in
The block with
not been seen before.
No, 152
236
and
it
inscription
too shallow and rough to be of Piamessu II.
and shght
lies.
No. 153
inscription, on the side of a base of
obeUsk, the front of which
as on inscr.
The other fragments, 154-5-6, Siamen from
III.
The
I., pi.
to
150.
are attributed to
their style.
great granite pylon built by Sheshonk
out of earlier materials
The most complete
fallen.
an
occupied with the
is
usual decoration of Siamen,
6.
a very rude
is
more than
is
side is
shown
half
in Part
on which Sheshonk has been offering
XV. 1,
some god, with Mut standing behind him.
Many
of the blocks of this pylon bear fragments
of the figures Avith
but
all
pi. ix.
which
it
has been covered
the inscriptions remaining are given in
No. 157
is
on a piece of the back of the
pilaster of the great colossus,
of work of
its
age.
No. 161
and is
is
a good piece
remarkable, as
shows one stage of cutting an inscription painting cut out
and
it
;
it
after
on the granite, particular signs were
first,
apparently the easiest, such as neb
in this case the engraver got
no
furthfr.
the
at
from the
business
seeing the upper part of an in-
up on a block of
scription lying face
granite, I
and then
examined the quality of the stone,
searched around for any pieces of the same kind turning one such over,
The
;
found the lower part of
I
the inscription, which had been placed face
by Mariette.
down
text here given is taken from
a squeeze aided by a
hand copy, but
of course
is
rendered somewhat doubtful by the bad state of the stone.
Coming now
8. X., all
to Ptolemaic
monuments on
of these were found during
only one inscription of
and yet having crab-holes cut ia it at a later time, it is probably before Sheshonk III., who built the pylon where this
arrived
I
opposite end;
had
attributed to Siamen, because the style
is
exposed.
to say
my
age was known here
tliis
now
great stele of San,
before, the
pi.
excavations
at Bulak.
The value of these tablets mainly lies in their naming Am the capital of the nineteenth nome
Am
Pehu, and each of the deities represented
said to be of
Am.
Am
This pointed to
or near San, instead of at
is
being at
Buto or Pelusium, and
the later discoveries at Tell Nebesheh seem to point to that as the actual capital.
This will be
more fully considered in monuments. Photographs
with
and No. 165 of Ptolemy be seen in Part fully
I.,
II.
and Arsinoe
in
Part
I.,
The.)
The whole
British
Museum,
sees. ;
III.,
II., will
and these
pi. xv. 2, 3,
described
(Misprint p. 32, line 6, read except
finds
38,
30.
line 8, read
of these tablets are
now
in the
exhibited in one of the bays of
the Egyptian Gallery. the
those
of the two important
No. 164 of Ptolemy IV. and Arsinoc
tablets,
are
dealing
No. 167
is
a fragment of
back of a basalt statue, found
in
digging
between the avenue of columns and the sphinxes. No. 169
is
a fragment of a statue in grey granite,
which was found on the
on
tlie
site of
a Ptolemaic temple,
southern slope of the mounds of San.
largo sfjuare area
A
had there been dug out througii
;
a great depth of artificial
aud then
soil,
filled
with clean sand, to serve for the foundation of a
A
Ptolemaic temple.
some way
pylon of sandstone stood
the west of
to
connected by an
it,
may
of the inscription of which
carved on the
a pectoral
be seen in the
The head has been reworked,
front inscription.
away and a cartouche
chest, the
inserted,
girdle cut
and the inscriptions
a fine work, and the two
avenue, of which two rows of large blocks of red
changed.
granite remain loose on the surface of the ground.
hawks, cut in half round, standing face to face
much denuded by
Probably this part has been
and has thus
weathering,
exposed what were
The
foundations originally.
170
inscription
on a block of limestone, which
I
is
found in what
Still
it
is
There
behind the head are unusual.
is
no trace
Hyksos appropriation on the shoulders.
of any
The other
statue (inscrip. 174)
work of Eamessu.
original
—more
is
as plainly
much
It is
an
poorer
—than
any
appears to have been the great Ptolemaic temple
work
of San, just outside the wall of Pisebkhanu on
statue before that age that I know, and most like
clumsy, thick, and skew
a worse copy of the sandstone statues of
the south.
Eamessu;
the stripes of the kalantika are far wider than in 9.
At the Bulak Museum are four statues
\\'ith
long inscriptions, found in Mariette's clearance
San
of
sphinxes, &c., with
the
beside
;
titular inscriptions
those already published
like
The most important
here.
of these
statues
that of Nefert, the queen of Usertesen
wrought
The wig
in black granite.
shoulders in two spiral coils,
wig of many
still
II., finely
very
is
full,
is
unlike the
quite
The eyes were
inlaid
also a similar bust
which
plaits.
There
originally.
may
is
lumpy mass, which descends on the
in a broad
later
short
early statues, and are unpolished in the hollows
wears the pschent
it
the carving, nor
and
This
San.
manifestly those on the
No. 12 (Part
I.),
most probably
all
fi-ont
how
shows
inscription
of No. 11, and on
belong to the twelfth dynasty; these similar statues (for that
since then to have
the Bulak
10.
which pi.
I
xii.,
II. at
Bulak
(inscrip.
some distance
172)
statue of Piamessu
is
like
that I found
in front of the pylon at
San
;
it is
one of the best pieces of work of his in red granite. It
was probably made rather
Merenptah appears on the
late
side,
in
life,
as
and not Kha-
em-uas; indeed, four of the eight lines of inscription belong to
Merenptah
holding a baton or
and the arrangement,
;
standard in each hand,
more usual
in the reign of
Eamessu.
The
is
Merenptah than under
seated statue (inscrip. 173) has
clearly been altered
from an
earlier statue, traces
It
was recognized by II.,
somehow gained
but seems
the rank of
These two statues
Museum.
Part
I.
found there,
is
and which
and marked 40
inscriptions of
in
is
shown
in
the general plan,
This seems to be of the later Ptolemaic
it
The standing
there any sign of erasures;
Having now noticed the
in
II.
is
left for it in
San, we will turn lastly to the large stone well
the others originally) were a set of the family of
Usertesen
the girdle
are placed one on either side of the entrance to
Eoman
mother was
name on
an early statue undeservedly.
or
II. for his
is
has a collar on.
it
like
usurped by Eamessu
the
Mariette as an original of Eamessu
perhaps belong to some of the fragments at
;
not over any erasure, but on a place
period, as the pottery found low
is distinctly
down
of the second century a.d.
a fine piece of work, and
is
It
of value to us as
bearing on the question of the change of waterlevel in the country,
which
is
probably equivalent
to the rise in level of the inundated parts and
The present water-level May) is marked
river beds.
the lowest, being in
(and nearly in
it,
and
covers half of the spiral staircase.
When we had clear
down
by active work baled and dug
it
to the lowest step in the middle of the
well, the flow of
water was so strong, streaming
up from below, and pouring stones, that
it
in at the joints of the
was impossible
to
go to the base of
the wall; indeed,
rose an inch in five minutes.
it
From
this
level
must have heen much lower, when they
is at
it
much
could excavate a
manifest that the water-
wider hole to huild the
stones certainly extend 3 feet
the
well in, for
below our
first
lowest
water-level.
would be no object
in
Further, there
having steps descending
7 feet below the water, or in having the well so deep.
It
seems most
was
likely that the well
planned anticipating that the end of the spiral staircase
would reach the water, and then (per-
haps in a drought), finding that
it
was not low
enough, two additional steps were placed in the
Thus the lowest
middle.
step
represent the lowest water-level.
would probably Moreover, there
are holes cut in the ends of three steps, evidently
peg-bottomed amphorae upright
to hold the
these would be
the use of
water to
somewhat above
them would be
sit
and
to enable a
drawer of
on the step and lay hold of the am-
phora to carry on the
l^ack.
TJiat these amphoraj
must have been carried on the back from their shape slipped round
;
the
rising by the rim
holding
;
water-level, as
is
evident
probably a loop of rope was peg-l)ottom,
and kept from
which suiTounds the peg
up the rope over one
;
shoulder,
then
and
steadying the top with the other hand, the swell
amphora would
rest
on the
shoulders and in the neck of the carrier.
Look-
of the body of the
years (4|
all
mud
fine
about 7 feet in 2000
;
and the high Nile during some
to raise the water-level to its
But probably a change is
own.
in the country water-level
attendant on a similar change in the Nile water-
The
levels.
result
here agrees very nearly with
At Naulu-atis the
evidences of deposit elsewhere.
has been about 9
rise
2500 years
feet in
(4-^ in.
per century), and the well-known data of Hclio-
and Memphis are not very
polis
different,
more accurate information as deposit
is
to
needed in those cases.
though
the
time of
Some
further
notes on the changes in the country will be found in the account of
Nebesheh and Defenneh,
in
sees. 2, 3, &c.
Another large stone well was discovered about This well had a
a furlong south of the pylon.
square shaft to light the stairs
;
probably the stairs were a long
was roofed over
well
This well
is
tf)
and, therefore, flight,
and the
keep out blown dust.
now about 20
feet
beneath accu-
mulated dust, and we needed to dig out a very large
hole to work
at
Unfortunately, the
it.
water rose too rapidly for the clear even to the base of the side
;
and
it
was hopeless
to be able to
to
in the well-
examine
it
fully,
force
levels observed p. 51.
men
doorway
pump and hose to throw the and mud up about 40 or 50 feet. The
water
rise of water-level of
soil
months tends
the water ranged from about the lowest step to
imply a
Nile levels are
the rain which soaks into the ground cannot
without
This would
The
per century).
percolate but very slowly through the tenacious
ing then at these holes we should suppose that
about the level of the lowest hole.
in.
of course lower than the country water-level, as
here will hv found in Tart
T.,
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS IN By
The
Inscriptious from
F.
AND
I.
II.
Ll. Griffith.^
to 65 are published in
]
TANIS," PARTS
"
He
temple of On, probably at a later date.
"Tanisl."
seems, therefore, to have built temples succes-
11. No. 1. Block of red granite from a doorway showing part of prenomen Pepi L,
Bubastis,
sixth dynasty.
important reign.
2.
Block of red granite from a doorway,-
published also by
De Rouge,
Insc. pi. Ixxv.'
The two copies agree. " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ba men (beloved of Ra), wearing the two diadems, loving the body
12.
No.
3.
Statue red granite, Amenemhat I., " Beright side, 3d.
Front of throne
23.
cf.
Left side, 3c, "the
(?), triple
of Hathor, mistress of Tentyra Pepi), giver of
two
.
."
The connection of Pepi is shown by the
in the Ptolemaic temple of
lands, son of the Sun,
with
I.
the
Back support,
Tentyra
tradition recorded
finding
of
a
by the
followed
The alabaster lid, pi. xii. 5, bears the same cartouche, and was bought at Qeneh, opposite Denderah, by Professor Sayce.
ra,
The cartouche of Pepi, beloved of [Hathor], Ant and [Turn] of Anu, found in the temple
all
reign.
M.
ISTaville
corrected
the plates
of
inscriptions,
before publication, throughout the two volumes of
" Tanis,"
together with those of ]Srebesheh, Qantarah, and Defeneh,
by and He has also looked through proofs of the whole squeezes. His notes to this chapter are distinof my translations. guished by the letter N. He kindly drew my attention to the publication of some of the inscriptions in Burton's "Excerpta Hieroglyphica," and especially to the name of Usertesen I., that appears there on the statue numbered 5 as well as to an interesting discussion of the in this work monuments which appeared in the " Melanges d'Archeologie," from notes taken at De Eouge's lectures in 1869, p. 280, &c., by M. F. Kobiou. 2 Cf. De Eouge, " Melanges," I.e. ' Discovered by Burton, cf. Rouge, " Etudes sur les Six Premieres Dynasties," pp. 115 and 116. N.
—
of base,
ptah, " giver of
*
name nem mesii, and throne name shetep ah
rows of cartouches of Merenand purity,
all life, all stability
health, all joy (or fatness?)."
Side of throne, 3 b, cartouches of Merenptah. Side of base, 3b, "the
Lower Egypt,
lord of the
King of Upper and two lands, mer amen
ha n ra, son of the Sun, Merenjjteh hetep her mail, beloved of UatI ap taui.
reference in part to the originals, in part to photographs
;
the two lands,"
of
life
"pacifying the heart of Ra."
Back
shows that he was a builder in the lias
Amenemha[t], living
standard
" renewing births,"
1
Ptah Res
of
"beloved of Ptah Res
3a,
Anbuf, lord of the
plan of the temple in the palace during his
of Bubastis,
beloved
of his wall (?)), lord of the
for ever."
(Denderah)
of
.
.
.
living for ever."
Anbuf (Ptah south
.
;
loved of Ptah Seker, lord of the crypt
golden Horus, 8a Hather neht ant Pepi (son
all life, all stability
during his
chronological order
in
and
Heliopolis,
Tanis,
Tentyra,
at
sively
All the gods
named
Memphite forms
temple
obtain
its
when even
of
Memphis.
geographical
"^"^
1
early inscriptions
and 19, are and of the
13,
2,
of Ptah, Osiris,
M. Naville reminds me
*
the
in the
except those on
of Tanis,
i^
that ¥-
But
significance
found, like
is
\
]
at
^^
'
5-
""^
was
also a title of the
of
phrase
a later
period,
T'^^>^
graphical expression formed from the local
—
name
the
the
not
did
title
Memphite
of
Bast.
^
geo-
Ptah
?
TRA>CSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. Uati ap taui, in the inscription of
tomb gods.
the form of Uat worshipped at Pe Dep, and may be considered as the representative goddess of the northern marshes.
Merenptah,
Statue black granite, Usertesen
4.
and
is
I., cf.
5
Front, 4c, and 4b, similar, " good god, lord
Upper and Lower Egypt. son of the Sun [Usertesen],
King
of gladness.
^"«>
x^pf^''
of
beloved of Auubis, chief of his like
giver of
hill,
life,
of diadems,
of the Sun, lord
neteru, son
Merenptah
hetep her niaa, beloved of the
This
vahant Set for ever."
most
belongs entirely
line
Back
of base, 4a,
thrones of] Seb,
1.
1 " [prince
may he
.
scribe, general
the royal
Merenptah
The
(3)
valiant
.
monarchy
.
in
royal son
chief,
by "
."
.
to " Set, the very
made
is
his loving adorer, the here-
two countries, the royal
scribe, keeper of the
the
seal,
commander
of
life
Horus
(?)
two diadems,
lord of the
:
This inscription and scene were added on behalf of Merenptah
appears
when
heir-apparent.
on the statue No.
also
Rameses IL, and
is
He
172 of his
there also called
of
life
Burton,
iu
of births,
[life]
births, the
Black granite statue, supposed
Petrie to represent
.
hi (Usertesen
.
stability,
and
i)urity, like
Lower Egypt,
son
I.)
Anubis
of
life,
Ra, for ever."
Meren-
Full titles of
5c.
" Life of Horus, strong
ptah twice repeated.
truth
bull, rejoicing in
(?)
heaven, giver of
in his localities, lord of
King two
:
of
lord of the
Upper and Ba n ra
lands,
raer neteru (soul of Ra, loving the gods)
the sun, lord of diadems, Mernptali
:
son of
hr
hetej)
resting on truth), giver of
life
for ever: Merenptah, beloved of Set."
Line round base (usurpation); on left, "Merengiver
of life,
Hat
uart (Avaris),-
and purity,
stability,
but" beloved
for ever;" right, similar,
6.
Fragments sandstone
{Ru x«
(?),
7.
cf.
x"P'^^')i
like
Ra,
of Set,
statue,
171.
Usertesen IL
6a, part of the
6b, part of cartouche. Ra ^a Fragment pink granite architrave, User-
Nile formula
;
"
tesen III.
.
Ra
x''
/'^^"^
(brightness of
.
.
the
Rougd, images of Ra), beloved of Osiris." Mul., I.e., mentions also a large limestone block
Burton publishes an inscription from Tanis of " Usertesen III.,
with the name of this king.
beloved of Khent amenti (a form
" Exc. Hierog.,"
by Mr.
Amenemhat IL, but
copy of the front inscription,
I.
.
Sun (Merenptah), beloved
of the
of Osiris,
'chief of the West')."
"justified."
Usertesen
and Lower Egypt
of
the troops, the king's son Merenptah justified." Beneath "an offering of incense and Hquid."
5.
health, all
all
the very valiant, aa i^chtl"
justified {^ir)."
offering
ditary chief of the
father
The
ptah, beloved of Set, lord of
.
.
administrator of the two countries,
.
.
on the two
inherit the
the two lands, prince of
(2)
"
man (Merenptah
to the usurper.
of
and purity,
Front (original), 5c (see the copy I.e.),
Back (usurped),
Ra, eternally."
Back support, 4a, " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of the two lands, Ba n ra mer
all Ufe, stability,
golden Horus, Hfe of births, the king of Upper
8.
Ra
thee
joy (N.), like Ra, for ever."
xl. 5,
5c, in
shows the
full
the
Burton's titles of
partly erased and partly usurped
by Merenptah.
8.
Base of grey granite colossus.
line original
;
Horus, anx mcdn lord
of
activity.
'
'
— N.
of births), of
good god,
Upper and Lower
inserted), beloved of Osiris, '
For the hieroglyphic name of Tanis, see pp. 34, 35. •"c:^ was carved by mistake in the middle of the
The
line, as if for a
His heir before."
(life
King
Egypt (Merenptah lord of iinkh taui."
Original scene of Niles, Oa, on left, partly repeated from other side, 5b. " He says I give to
Upper
cartouche only altered, " Life of
group
rl
second 'c::7 was ailded.
•^^
,
but
JDL
not fitting the gap, a
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. " Life of Horus,
line (usurpation).
Second
1.
17
3, " the
strong bull, rejoicing in equity, King of Upper
great
and Lower Egypt, lord of the two lands, Ba n ra mer neteru (Merenptat)." Mr. Petrie must
cious
have
mestu which fixes
anJch
Usertesen
to
have had a pair of
to
granite and a third in red
in black
statues
statue
the
This king seems
I.
name
standard
the
overlooked
The leg
gi'anite in the temple.
of another ?
is
Block grey granite, apparently twelfth
dynasty, " giver of
life, stability,
and purity,
like
dynasty.
10a
Fragment
10.
twelfth
foot,
Ra, eternally." pation), beginning of cartouche "
10b
(original), "like
11.
Ra
(usur."
.
Black granite statue of a twelfth
Front
(original),
dynasty
gracious, the consort
followed by others
Back
(inscribed
.
.
n
setep
(N.), the very
ra,
same
."; right side,
difficult to
by Rameses
mother who bare the strong
understand.^
II.),
bull,
" the royal
Ba
son of the Sun^ (Rameses
user
maa
" the hereditary princess." 18. Part of red granite obehsk of middle kingdom, altered by Rameses II.; see also No. 60. The part shown is aU original except the
Apex, early cartouche erased and replaced It was "supported" in a II.
by Rameses
IL), and inscribed with
of his mother,
titles
Left side
cious
1.
the
In right
1.
1,
"the hereditary
great favourite,
the
very gra-
..."
2,
.
side
1.
1,
1.
3,
1.
1,
1.
2,
J
.
."
wife
.
.
" the chief wife of the king, loving I
!
divine
wife,
the
royal
mother ..."
the
Horus, lord of
giver
foreigners),^
II.),
desert of
hills
a
is
a
" '
:
of Set!
I.
The
attitude of the king offering is explained as
as a drink-offering." 14.
Red granite sphinx, now
hat
II. (cf
.
Tan.
of Merenptah
;
I., p. 7)
;
over
on base, right (?).
N.B.
On Amenem-
in the Louvre.
it
is
the
name
side, 14f, part of
— The usual
titles
beginning with Set and ending with mer'z, i.e. " Apepi, beloved of Set,'' seem to have been on the right shoulder. On left shoulder, 14c, titles ;" on right, of " Merenptah, giver of life for ever
Xeper
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, het' setep n rd (the upper crown, offspring
ra.
the
«
^ In the chapter on the Nebesheh inscriptions I have endeavoured to show that Horus wh xo^xet, or neb setu, is the god who was gradually developed in the course of Egyptian
Khem as the god either of the desert portion of in the the nineteenth nome, or of the foreign people settled
history into
The wife named Tud.
of
the
of
(or
eternally."
hfe
(?)
"beloved
of the Sun, chosen of the Sun), son of the Sun,
' M. Naville's copy reads, "The duat of the favourites of the palace " the ' favourites' are women
of the royal household, so also, very likelv,
feathers;
of the king's
Then follows an erasure name (replaced by Rameses
14e, "
him." " the
sliu
of heaven."
royal titles of Apepi
." " the royal mother, the mistress " the divine wife, the chief royal 1. 3, -|
Back
offering to a
(?)
hawk-headed god crowned with
chest, 14d, erased standard possibly of
imitating those of the earlier princesses.
princess,
crown, possibly a symbol of the Horus which appears in the name of the nineteenth nome.
" taking or offering (a vessel of peculiar shape)
II.).
Side and back of throne (altered by Rameses
-
in
queen of the middle kingdom,
at the top is the vulture called " Nekhebt, lady
"the hereditary
side,
left
the great favourite
princess,
rt.
inscription
statue;
granite
Beneath, scene of a king
.
?
queen, altered for the mother of Rameses II.
1.
the very gra-
." .
unique manner by two hawks wearing the lower
Ra."
title,
Black
favourite, .
cartouches.
at Berlin. 9.
12.
front, titles of a
the
princess,
hereditary
and mother of Eameses
II.
was
north-east portion of
Lower Egypt. C
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS.
Amen mer Sa'mnq (Shashanq, beloved giver of
life like
Round base, standard 1.
Amen),
of
the Sun."
Shashanq
inscription of
begins apparently at right end of 14c and
;
continues round corner of 14a, where a shorter inscription meets
the two lands,
it
Rd
from the
".
left
.
lord of
.
^eper setep n rd, son of
het'
the Sun, lord of diadems.
Amen mer
Sasa7iq,
wearer of the two diadems, crowned with the pschent like Horus son of
pacifying [the
Isis,
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, the very mighty? {ur next (?)), lord of action, Rd het )(eper setep n rd, son of the Sun, lord of diadems. Amen mer Sasanq, beloved of Amen ra, lord of the thrones of the two spheres (14a) Apt (East Thebes), lord [dwelling in ?] " the very mighty in [all ?] lands of heaven gods] with
(?) justice,
.
.
.
(or " in the land of
The
.
early part of the twenty-second dynasty
seems to have had much more connection with Thebes than with Bubastis. Thebes was the unquestioned capital of the country and
supreme erased
titles
near base, " giver of
for ever
.
Merenptah; see 14c above.
side, 1 5b, titles of
Inscription lands,
lyier
life, stability,
."
.
of Saamen, " lord
Amen
sa
Amen
of the
(beloved of
Amen
Saamen), beloved of
two
Amen
king of the
ra,
gods." Inscription round base, 15c, standard inscription of " of
Shashanq
might, smiting
torious in 16.
all
I.,
[golden] Horus, wielder
the nine [bows], very vic-
lands."
Brown-pink granite
Smenx
SEBEKnETEP good god, lord
statue,
side, IOa, " the
Til.
Front right
the sun, of his body, loving him
beloved of
I'teh res
of the
two lands, lord of activity, Rd ^d vefer (the
statues at Tanis, and doubtfully in the Turin
Papyrus
On
shoulder, inscription of Apepi II.
" Good god
En ua
Ptah res
iinbuf, lord of
Ankh
ijr.t
taui."
" boloved of
life,
The god's name beginning the of Apepi
(but
The reading
beloved of
read at the end)
of the throne
name
inscription
erased.
is
is
not very
any monument and most indistinct on
this.
Side of throne (usurpation of Rameses II.). At the top the serpent goddess Vat of the north
with the symbol of
eternal
purity faces the
of the south with the symbol of
vulture Nexetj
(?)
eternal
Beneath these are the Niles of
life.
Upper and Lower Egypt and the hierogly]ihs, " She (i.e. Nekheb and Uat respectively) gives The Niles are binding life and purity like Ra." the hieroglyph sam, unity, with water-plants,
symbolizing the union of Upper and Egypt.
Above the sam
Rameses
II.
On II.;
cf.
43b.
ruler of the
10a,
1.
Lower
are the cartouches of
back, standard and cartouches of Rameses
19. last,
17(',
qenen(?) (very victorious Ra),
[Set]."
From
Left side, IGn, same as
style
and the dedication agree with
this date.
18.
sanctuary,' N.)."
The
in the thirteenth dynasty.
of inscription
of his body, loving him, Srhel-hetep, beloved of
'
of the
The name mer mesda means " chief of the It is the commonest military title, and was also the name of the high priests of Mendes. The cartouche occurs only on these
base, "
on his great throne (or
mcsdiiy
life
infantry."
At
fair face
Mer
;
dnhuf, lord of the
two worlds."
beautiful brightness of the sun), son of the Sun,
Ptah of the
Upper and Lower Egypt;
of
(perfecting the soul of Ra), son of
rii
1^'a
clear on
15a, part of early
granite sphinx.
and purity
On
Amen
in the dedications.
Red
15.
King
activity,
sou of the Sun, Apepii, giver of
.").
.
1 Jr., 17. Black granite statue of Mermeshau. " The good god, lord of the two lands, lord of
1
"...
Rameses IL, beloved front
of
two lands
a
similar
of Sutekli."
statue
?
" as
for ever."
Fragments of one or more obelisks. on right, "... royal son Nehesi;" 1. 2,
[made
it
as] his meniorial
to Set, lord
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS.
Re
of
who
ahtu,
directs his countenance
counsels him (?));"
1.
3,
The
lord, of Re make any connected
Nehesi, beloved of Set, I cannot
(i.e.
eldest [royal] son
ahtu.
sense out of
the other fragments, but 19d should probably be 19e, the pyramidion of
placed over 19b.
broken obelisk,
is
important.
read, " beloved of Hershef " (no
a
The hieroglyphs t). The squeeze
brought home by Mr. Petrie shows the head,
name name
Rameses
of
II. in
front over erasure
in
;
Each
two ways.
near the
right to left
starts
end of 25b
left
may be
the fragment
from the crux ansata that running from ;
completed by reference to " Life of
28f,
King
For the date, &e.,
rest is lost.
of the obelisk,
.
.
3),
" good god, lord of the
of activity,
late,
be right in attributing find
R.-v
aa arq, son of
and 4) " he made mother Per ..."
(1
monument to his The style seems
it
as his
it
to the twenty-first
the original, which had been hidden by
Rameses
of
early
obelisk
a poi'tion of whose
II.,
by
altered
standard
is
Ea user maa
setep
from
Horus, mighty
bull,
left
to
" Life of
right,
giving birth to the gods,
Upper and Lower Egypt]; Ba user maa. setep n ra, son of the
possessing the two lands [King of
Amen mer
Eainessu, giver of
life,
;
beloved of
Set."
The inscriptions on the base are completed by two shorter ones, " Rameses IL, giver of stability,
Ra
of
and
for ever,"
life, stability,
on the throne and " Rameses IL, giver of
purity, (seated)
and purity, image
of all living (?)
(or health of all living)."
shown.
by Rameses whose standard appears. The
part
of
No. 26. Hyksos sphinx, unfinished
13.
21b. Part of early obelisk altered II.,
;
;
life,
Mariette. 21a. Part
of
Sun, of his body, loving him, lord of diadems
and Wiedemann may
Mr. Petrie unfortunately did not
dynasty.
the
Inscription
and
two lands, lord ;" the Sun .
(?),
n Ma, son of the Sun, lord of diadems Amen mer Bdmessu, giver of life, beloved of Set."
see p. 32, note. 20. Pillar (2
festivals
Upper and Lower
Tathnen
Egypt, lord of the two lands
The
Sed
(panegyrics of thirty years) like his father Ptah
Hershef apparently with both hands behind the back, one holding the whip.
Horus, strong
beloved of Maa, lord of
bull,
high feathers, and ram's horns of the figure of raised
25d,
;
Merenptah on shoulder inscription of Rameses II. round base, 25a and 25b, running of
scription of
Rameses
II.
in-
on base, completed by
remains of original inscription do not admit of
Merenptah, who erased his father's cartouche.
translation.
"
22. False
dynasty
door,
red
granite,
thirteenth
Turn
?
23. False door, red granite, with remains of
On the squeeze I could recognize name of Ba sehetep ah, i.e. Amenemhat I., first king of the twelfth dynasty. It may
the
have formed part of a chapel in which his statue 3
was
placed.
It
is
not unlikely that
the king had a special chapel in which ofi"erings
were made to
his statue.
24. Block of granite with early inscription
on
a
large
Rameses 25.
scale,
reversed and re-used by
II.
Sphinx
in the
Louvre from Tanis.
25c,
(erased), giver of
and
'!
"...
life
life,
like
upon the throne
of
son of the Sun, Merenptah
hetep her mau.'^
On
a cartouche. the
Mer Amen Bamessu
Ra, for ever, [giver of]
the chest, 2b, part of cartouche of Paseb-
khanen. 27.
Fragments
of
one
or
more
Hyksos
sphinxes. c, on one fragment; 27b, "giver of upon the throne of Ra," " giver of life, 27c, part of stability, and purity like Ra." name of Rameses II. 27d, e, f on another fragment to which 27q Right shoulder, 27d and 27g, also belongs.
27b,
life
shows
2
erased
inscription
of
Apepi
(?)
and
TRAXSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. portion of cartouches of Merenptah. left
27 e, on
shoulder, portion of inscription of Meren-
diadem,
On
27f.
chest, cartouche.
Amen mer Pa
seb
27a, on
base,
Rameses
II."
" like
Son
1.
.
Ptah,
his father
King
Hyksos sphinx
on chest, 28c,
;
king of the gods,' giving
ra,
for
life
ever."
On
28d, erased
right shoulder,
Hyksos
in-
scription -with cartouches of Merenptah.
On
left
subduing the Sati
".
prince, lord of might,
.
.
King Rameses
(Asiatics),
1 "... [emblem] Rameses IL, giver of
1. ;5,
"what
4, "
the
of
universal
life ;"
doing pious acts ;"
by
(?)
1.
and purity,
like
Maa lord of Sod
festivals like his father
Ptah, King of Upper and Lower Egypt,
(Rameses
.
.
.
same
as 28c, but begins "
;
on chest,
good god "
in-
stead of " son of the Sun."
Hyksos
visible in the
base, 29c,
" of the universal
5,
same as 28 F. 30. Base of forequarters
Rameses
of
35e. ".
.
tlie
.
Names
of
II.
of
in
Amen
Hyksos sphinx
(?)
merit living."
royal [wife] Ban-ta ant living."
Amen
Rameses IL
Banta ant were daughters
Ra
(1882) reads
with ad-
II.
monuments." 35d. the king, loving him {mererf
f, N.), tlie royal wife
hmt Ban-tau
front same as 28n, chest same as 28c,
of
Throne name name Rameses
name Rameses
mennu, " great
The daughter
stability,
life,
35a.
35b. Personal
II.
of
to the position of queens.
inscription.
inscription
iir
:"
.
Ra, for ever and ever."
35c. Personal
dition
35t'.
Right shoulder, 29a, same as 28d, but " good
On
II.
"
II.)."
Fore part of Hyksos sphinx
29.
Ra
Rameses
;" .
.
the lord of the two lands,
35. Sandstone colossus. of
lord,
2 "
1.
pleasing to Harmachis
is
lord, given
n. Side of base 28f, " Horus, mighty bull, be-
;
34. South granite colossus at Pylon; back, 1.
the lord of diadems, giver of
Rameses
front of base, 28b, inscription of
loved of
II.
none can stand before him."
I.
shoulder, 28e, inscription of Meren-
ptah.
On
4, ;"
.
Side inscriptions
of the Sun, beloved, Pisebkhanu, beloved
Amen
god"
.
overthrowing the strength of the foreign lands
28. Fore part
29b,
foreign ;"
.
."
5 ".
1.
xSnen Pisebkhanl' of the twenty-first dynasty.
"
binding
" golden (victorious) Horus, strong in years
ptah.
of
Egypt,
protecting
lands (part of standard inscription)
.
(c5)
.
It
.
merit and
Rameses II. raised M. Naville's copy
in 35d,
and
.
.
.
md
^"^^ ^^ ^'^'^
;
left side,
36. Sandstone colossus.
36a. Throne
name
of
with the addition " beloved of Maa." of Rameses II. 80n. " The great
30b, " possessing the two lands. King of Upper
Rameses
and Lower Egypt, Rameses II." 31. Hindquarters of Hyksos sphinx
royal wife, mistress of the two lands liu mat
tion of
Rameses IL on
36c. ;
inscrip-
Rameses
Names
nt'fera (seeing the beauties of Ra),
base, 31a.
No. 32. Portion of great colossus of
14.
II.
Petrie informs
II.
North colossus of Rameses II. at the Pylon. Inscription on back I. 1, "Lord of Sed festivals Hko his father Ptah very mighty 33.
daughter of
the great chief of the land of Kheta."
an eagle as
in
me
that the bird in this
Do Rouge's copy,
Inscr.
which agrees throughout with
Mr.
Mr.
name
pi.
is
cxxiv.,
Petric's.
:
.
like
Menthu
birth to
tlic
king
.;"
.
.
(?) in
.
.
.
;"
1.
2
.
".
.
.
Rii
giving
gods, possessing the two lands, 1.
3 ".
.
.
M.
Naville's
copy also
has
the
crowned with the double
reading in the plate
is
'
The
I'isebkliriim. like Siiimcn,
by an Yahudiyeh,in
also confirmed
interesting plaque found at Tell
el
which, however, the bird appears to be a hawk.
The name was misread Ba maa This makes it probable that was a Tlioban king.
eagle.
.
Lcpsius at Abusimliol
?
He
icr
nefeni by
mistook the eye of
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. for the cubit, the eagle a for the wagtail
mat
and the semicircle
iir,
also read ta instead of
mouth
for the
t
aa in the
r.
He
of her
title
strong
bull
portions
daughter of the prince of Bekhten, in the
pacifying the gods.
mythical story of the possessed princess, which
this
seems to refer to the times of Rameses
and ends with
37. Sandstone colossus. of
Rameses
the throne name.
Throne name
user maa, taken from
" The daughter of the
37c.
royal
great
the
king,
Ra
37a.
II.
37b.
II.
Ba[n-tau
wife
?
II.
.
giving
.
.
life like
Ra ";
loved of Anubis
(or
.
.
also twice repeated, " be?),
of the
lord
papyrus marshes.^
Grey granite statue, attributed by Mr. Rameses II. (Mr. Petrie agrees that this is probably of Osoekon II.) 41b. Cartouche on shoulder, "Amen mer sa Bast Uasadrken 41.
Petrie to
Osorkon 41a,
c,
(II.)
beloved of
Portions
d.
of
Amen, son
Isis,
squeeze of
.
.
the two lands [golden]
might, smiting his
(singular), strong, spreading .
A
41c.
.
."
These
of
titles
Fragment
Osorkon
enemy
[his] terror
II., I believe,
of red granite statue, portion
and
cartouche,
wide
title
" Lord
of
the
two
lands."
.
Reshpu
".
S..
Horus, wielder of
of
.
.
."
.
38b.
Rameses II. 39a, b. Rameses II. and portion of standard inscription, "mighty bull, beloved of Maa(?), lord crushing every foreign of the two lands strong in years." mighty king people o9c. Personal name of Rameses II. Ovals of Rameses II. 40. Standing statue. three times repeated, twice horizontally and once vertically, with " giving life for ever and .
.
do not occur elsewhere.
of
.
Upper and Lower Egypt, the
(i.e.
an]t
39. Black granite statue
Names
?
41a.
shows that the fragment begins with Y|
42.
Grey granite statue Rameses Throne name Rameses II.
Thebes
portions of Set and Horus), like the son of
living." 38.
in
" Wearer of the two diadems, uniting the two
The name is entirely Egyptian. Ra ueferu is the name of an Egyptian queen,
father.
crowned
]
of the two lands [Osorkon II.]."
lord
of Bast."
standard inscription
round base resembling that of Shashanq
on the sphinx 15c, and therefore probably Bubastite, and of Osorkon II. 41 D. " [Live the Horus, I.
43.
Granite
Rameses
II.,
43a.
triad.
the horizontal
Tathnen
line
In the vertical line
spelt.
Side
inscription,
"beloved of Ptah Tathnen."
In
phonetically
is
appears to be
it
by the determinative, as elsewhere. Inscription on back, 43b. The four centre lines are taken up with the titles of Rameses II.
implied
" beloved " of
Tum,
Khepra, and of " Harkhuti
of the
Tum
gives
again.
all
moon god Aah,
On
of
the right side,
happiness to the king
Rameses II., beloved of Harkhuti," and on the left " Ptah gives all life and purity to the king Rameses II., beloved of Ptah Tathnen (?)," Ptah and Harmachis therefore, with Rameses, formed the triad represented on the monument.
They were the two Ptah of the
civil
chief gods of
metropolis of
Lower Egypt, Lower Egypt,
Memphis, and Harmachis the royal deity of the religious capital, Heliopolis.
The
latter half of
the standard name in these hues besides the usual " beloved of Maa " varies to " son of Amen (god of Thebes)," " son of Ptah (god of Memphis),"
M. Naville read the combination of signs following | word as a fish caught by a snare, and taking i=i: as part of the geographical name, translated "Anubis, lord of the lake of the net, of the fishing lake." This was from the original, but the squeeze, which so often proves clearer, '
l\
in the last
seemed
to
me
to
show
plainly a
and Mr. Petrie agreed with therefore, that
M.
mo
monogram of c^fs
(2
and ^[F
about the reading.
I fear,
Naville's interpretation
in spite of its interest,
and appropriateness
must be given up, Lake Menzaleh.
to
"beloved of Ra (god of Heliopolis)." Such occur not uncommonly, but seldom
variations
cause any trouble in identifying a king.
on Pyramidion, 44. North obelisk of the Hall Rameses, Harkhuti (Harmachis), lord of heaven, ;
and Tum, lord lines,
of the
" Rameses
two lands
II. (in
[of
On]
;
vertical
standard 3faa mer, 8a
TR.AJN'SLATIOXS Turn,
and
OF THE IXSCRIPTIOXS.
smiting the lands of the Sati,
.),
.
.
crushing the nine bows, reducing every foreign land to non-existence
bull of
lord of diadems,
.,
.
.
vahant in arm the
.
.
.
youth
.
.
.
Ameii mer Raviessu, like Maher would seem to be a techSemitic term for some grade in the .
.
.
sun."
nical
There
college of devotees to Anaitis (AnOa).
were
and female slaves devoted to with which one may compare Maker
male
Anaitis,
"
Amen ..."
strong of heart in war,
;
a very Menthu in conflicts, a indher of Antha,
Harmachis, " Shu son of the Sun," and
II.,
hues, "
Vertical
"
.
RamQses
.of Ra," "beloved of
.
Horns,
golden
countries,
45. South obelisk
Rethenu (Syrians) as
Inscr.
On
pyramidion, Rameses
and
Ptah
II.,
ccxcvi.,
Vertical lines "
very valiant."
"the
?),
Rameses
II. (in
of
obchsks in temple.
obelisk.
centre line, usual
;
with the addition "beloved of
.
.
.
lines,
Amen
the foreign lands, he penetrates them, he
to
son of a
bull,
bull, sub-
directing his face (boldly) in battle, he in
the combat
is first
he conquers the land of Kens
;
(Nubia) with his valour, he spoils the Thehennu (Libyans)
;
very valiant like
.
.
,
bull in the
palace
his
his
.
arm from its
his desire
;
.
.
roads, he subdues
brings
;
life, like
with his might (and
;
he conquers every
Scenes of offering beneath these
he brings them to
49. South obelisk.
On
lines.
pyramidion, Rameses
offering to Turn, lord of Ileliopolis
Amen West
47.
pair of obohsks
in
the
(Northern) on pyramidion, Rameses II. offering to " Turn, lord of the two lands, and? [of On]," " to Har[khuti ?]," "he 40.
.
.
.
First line, standard inscrip-
Vertical lines.
Rameses II., beloved of Harmachis. Other lines, " Rameses II. (in standard " beloved of Ra" and .) opening the land tion of
.
.
.
Kheta, conquering
with
the land
Rameses II. (in standard son of Ptah, beloved of Maa, and ...)... mighty, strong of heart hke ^lenthu in the conflicts, (protecting) his soldiers, making a mighty
victories:
reigning in Ileliopolis, lord of duration
overthrow of
the sun,
his
to
father" and
to
might,
Vertical lines,
.
.
.
South obelisk 47.
On pyramidion Rameses
and
,
ra suten neteru.
"[Ptah
wine Tathjnen ?"
gives
II.,
Ra, for ever."
II."
40 and
?
foreign land, opening
.
it
waters
none can turn his
Ta mera (Egypt), Rameses
to
it)
giver of
?)
Egypt, (he) the lord of the two lands, Rameses
temple.
extending
boundaries to the ends of the
(mouths of the rivers
work
their
very terrible?;
.
.
(?),
land of the Retnu (Syria)
land with his strength
.
king
ra,
"
"beloved of Ptah" and "beloved of Maa"),
Menthu,
on 47
as
Rameses II. (in " standard " strong bull, mighty and valiant and " strong (?) bull, beloved of Menthu ?)," he Other
of the gods."
makes them bring the produce of
duing every foreign land, slaying their chiefs,
and
title
II.
standard name " strong bull with horns ready,"
valiant like
times
of
living prisoners,
standard inscription of Rameses
Ptah nefer[her]
Tathnen
(or
iinbuf
res
North
Vertical lines
to hardship, a
(Rouge,
master
crushing the land of the Hittites." 48, 49. Middle. pair
gives the fourth side, but omits the middle line).
of
.
standard inscription), carrying away the chiefs of the
48.
trained
.
(mighty in years, N.), great in victories (so far
Maher was adopted Kamesside vocabulary as a proverbial
courageous warrior or pioneer, a " brave."
".
diadems, protector of Egj^pt, binding foreign
into the
man
and
the two lands"), strong bull, wearing the two
AnOa and Banta Ant. expression for a
standard
(in
II.
Maa"
of
making .
.
.
a
great
the
it
overthrow
well-beloved,
in
liki^
.
.
his his
Tuin,
making bright the two lands, shining like the two horizons, image (N.) of the universal lord,
ever."
Ra
in
heaven, Rameses
II.,
like
living for
TRANSLATIONS OP THE INSCRIPTIONS.
At tlie base, " The life of Horus, the good god Rameses II.," " gives white bread to his father, performing the service of giving life
before "
pure
all
Amen life,
king of the gods, who gives
ra,
like
midion, Rameses the great
(?)
in
lord of On," to "Ptah Tathnen," and to " Ptah neb maa (lord of truth),
father of the gods." Vertical lines, "
On
temple.
II. offers to
pyra-
" Shu, son of Ra,
god."
name
valiant, smiting every land with
with victorious
strong of arm, lord of the scimitar
horses
ing
Ms
soldiers
terrors,
;
all
protect-
none can stand before him
Tum
victorious.
two lands
;
;
liis
scimitar
(?) is
Egypt and Deshert him (N.); he gives him
causes
?
Rameses II. "offers a tray" " Tum, lord of Heliopohs, great
base, to
In a second scene the king " gives, wine " to " Shu, son of Ra, great god, lord of heaven, lord of earth, giving all life and stability.''
In a third the king "gives a tray" or cake to " Seb, father [of the gods]."
Bast pair of obelisks in middle of
II.
two lands (and
ur dmaxf," to "
Har
of
On
?)
to "
Tum,
khuti," and to " Ptah neh
Rameses
titles of
repelling
when he
enters
Rameses II. (in one stanMenthu") Menthu among the millions, valiant
the
conflict
;
(their?)
53 North (Rouge,
On
Rameses
royal child of
II.,
beloved, Avarrior mighty with
the scimitar, rescuing his soldiers
forth in heaven
pyramidion,
.
.
Kash
.
:
.
sun's
.
.
uniting
disk,
going
(Ethiopia), subduing
the land of the Shasu, valiant like (Set
a
?),
54.
South obelisk similar to 53.
Vertical lines, " Rameses II. (in one standard
" beloved of
Ra ")
son of a bull
:
strong in his arms, bull,
.
.
.
sacred (or mighty)
lands beneath thy? feet
.
55.
like
(Set
?)
of
Ra
he puts
all
...
battlefields (N.),
.
in
;
any land."
Refaced obehsk in temple (see
pyramidion Rameses "
.
?
Har neb
offers to "
Har
21).
On
khuti " and
setu " or " khaskhet."
Vertical lines, "
Rameses
II. (in
standard be-
loved of Seb, Ra, and Maa), king, very mighty,
of
and mighty with the
Menthu, overthrower
always in a moment, he is
the offspring of
;
is
Tum ?
scimitar, beloved
he hits his mark
?
courageous ... he
issuing from his limbs
mighty king,
smiting every land, spoiling the land of the
Nahsi (Negroes), harrying (seizing)
all
lands
with the strength of victory, possessing the land
The occurrence foreigners " again 56.
Pyramidion similar to 51,
of the is
Tum"),
II. (in
god " Horus of the
interesting.
Sandstone obelisk
" Rameses
as at the first."
52. South obelisk.
upon
.
II.
Vertical hues, "
Tum, the much
valiant
Vertical lines, "
dard "beloved of
.
53. 54. Eastern obelisks.
Ptah
maat."
anew
.
.
ccxcvii., gives all four sides).
of
without cartouches in the boat of
over scenes of the king offering to
lord of the
kings,
victorious
.
Sati,
." .
none can stand before him
On pyramidion names
North obehsk.
Rameses
Ra
.
King
:
the
saviour of his
valiant,
coming forth from the horizon
temple. 51.
arm and
Egypt
to
striking
bull in the land of Rethenu."
god, lord of heaven."
51, 52.
.
scimitar,
his limbs, beloved like the
valour like his creator (N.)."
or cake
soldiers
magnifies him as king of the
he
(Arabia) to submit to
At the
strong in
lands are bowing before his
king placing his boundaries at his will;
them
scimitar, bringing
" Rameses II. (iu standard, " beloved of Ra," " strong and valiant," and " bull, son of Khepra ?" or " bull Khepra? "), (?),
Rameses II. (in one standard Ptah "), king, son of Tum,
called " son of
mighty and his
Vertical lines.
Harkhuti, great god, lord
"Tum,
of heaven," to
Ra, every dav."
Western obelisk
60.
"
offers to "
Rameses
in
wall
of
Pylon.
one standard called " son of
great ruler of
.
.
."
;
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS
On
57. Fragment of obelisk. Rameses II. and Shu. 58. Fragment of obelisk.
Rameses
pyramidion, (lb
On
pjraraidion,
" gives wine " to " Turn, ruler of
II.
Fragment of
pj-ramidion,
[Tum of] Heliopolis." On pyramidion, Rameses
Mail to " Set
.
.
"
."
and " Horus.
Har
khuti," "
nefer
singing priestess of
of
Tell
Mut
.
.
.
perfected."
rest of the inscriptions are in the plates
of the present volume. 66. White limestone altar, Rameses II. "Live? the (the living, N.) King of Upper and Lower Egypt, loi'd of the two lands Ra user maa setep n ra, son of the Sun, lord of diadems Amen mer Ramessu, giver of life like ;
offers
11.
Tum,
to
lord of On,"
." .
Zuwelen
The
On
obelisk.
" Rameses II. gives wine" to " [Harmachis], great god, lord of heaven," and " a figure of
60.
Ra
Psammetichus II. No. 32. Seal from South of
"...
On," and " Shu, son of Ra." 59.
Xo. 25. Blue pottery disk with name
;
the sun every day, beloved of Thoth, lord of
.
Upper Egypt), great
Vertical lines, standards of Rameses TI., " very valiant," " son of Tum," " beloved of
god, lord of heaven," repeated inscription run-
Maa," "beloved
ning both ways.
of
Ra."
Refaced obelisk;
61.
On
No. 13.
also
cf.
Sesennu (Hermopolis
pyramidion, names of Rameses II.; in vertical lines, " Rameses II." in standard called " beloved of Maa," " beloved of Ra," " son of
Thoth of Hermopolis was a very important god, and
62. Part of obelisk, with
names
63a,
Fragments
b.
of
of obelisk, usual titles of 64. Pillar, with
offering (1) to "
Rameses
of
Amen
standard, also " beloved of Menthu) " and " Ra."
White limestone altar, Rameses II. " Live the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, 67.
Rd
user
diadems
maa setep n ra, son of the Sun, lord Amen mer Ramessu, giver of life .
;
on base
great god, lord of heaven."
Ramessu
On
68.
II.
sixteen scenes of
Ptah nefer her,"
(or
(2) "
Ba
neb
of
Two
Rameses
Down
II.
dignity of (N.)
beautiful
of
"Sepdu nrfer ha n ra, the mummied hawk Sepdu, the soul of
(god of the city of Goshen), (4) "Set,
the most valiant, son of Nut," (4) ., (5) " Shu, son of Ra," (6) " Seb, father of the gods," (7) " Set, great god, lord of heaven, the .
most
(The rest are
valiant."
.
Tum
the middle
Amen mer Ramessu upon On edge of
diadems,
throne of Horus, like Ra."
"as
Inscriptions of
names
"...
King Rameses
II.
the roof
memorials
exists the sky, so (N.) are thy
established,
the
as lord of eternity, lord
.
.
.
Ra
in
his? rising; thou art like (N.) the circuit of the disk, lord of diadems
illegible.)
Rameses II. of the mentioning the Thchenu (Libyans)
65. Pillar.
.
sandstone shrines, almost identical.
outside of roof vultures alternate with
Dadiit (Mendes)," (3)
Ra"
of .
beloved of Menthu, lord of Uast (West Thebes),
inscription
Rameses
?
not surprising to find an altar
it is
dedicated to him at Tanis.
Amen." II. in
in
;
Amen mer Ramessu
right side, "
On
da ankh."
.
.
.
Turn resting
standard inscription in the la.st line it is said that " he reduced the land of Kheta to
upon thy handiwork, King Rameses II. Thou dost flourish as king for ever and ever." Back of shrine. Upper scene. Beneath the winged disk Tum and Harmachis give the sign
non-existence."
of
usual style, the
second
line
from the
left
contained
the
:
Note No.
also in "Tanis,"
5.
Alabaster
lid
I., pi. xii.
from Qeneh with name
of Pepi, son of Hathor, mistress of
derah) (see
p. 15).
Ant (Den-
life
hawk upon the standard name
to the
of the king.
"
and purity,
all
Rameses Lower
He
gives
health,
all
all
life,
all
liiippiiiess
stability,
to
King
II."
scone.
Rameses
II.,
" beloved of Sub
TRANSLATIONS OP THE INSCRIPTIONS. and Shu,"
offers to " Seb, father of the gods,
and Shu, son
of Ra."
Rameses
the sides
II.
is
In a general way at styled " beloved of
Turn, lord of Heliopolis," and " of Hai'machis."
On
Rameses
II.,
(var. " of the
two
sides of shrines in centre
" beloved of Turn, lord of
On "
lands of On, great god"), "offers white bread
and performs the service of giving
" to
life
" Tum, lord of Heliopolis." On right, the king, " beloved of Harraachis," " gives wine, performing the service of giving life
"
to Harmachis, great god, lord of heaven
" lord of the great temple of Heliopolis
(var.
On
Khepra
").
the king, " beloved of Khepra (var.
left,
in
boat) "
his
incense
gives
to
?
" Kheprii in his barge."
Tum
also called "
two lands of On,"
lord of the two lands of On, great god, lord of
who "gives
the great temple of Heliopolis,"
and
all life
On
all
health."
much
left
2,
3, "
.
.
(Of. 44,
.
.
.
.
middle
1.
Fragment granite 2, Rameses II.
1.
3,
75.
.
.
...
2, ".
1.
stela.
1,
1.
.
"
1,
1.
his
3, ".
4, ".
1.
."
.
.
.
.
mighty, strong in
arm."
Menthu, done by his arm,
.
preserving his might, bull of Baal 1.
.
" slaying."
.
76. Obverse.
valour
N.)
line,
bearinor their labours.
.
.
King Rameses II." The great chiefs of
.
.
fighting,
"
?
lands at
all
home and abroad felt reverence for him. (When) his spirits came they bowed their heads ? " Reverse. 1. 2, King Rameses 11. 3, ".
1.
.
than millions of soldiers united in
.
destruction (N.)."
Inside shrine. On right side, " the king, of pious acts,RamesesII." " gives wine " to " Tum, lord of the
1. 1.
King Rameses
4,
1.
*11
his strength ?
forth 1.
II.
Portion of granite
.
stela.
"son
of the sun,
scene with " Khepra, great
god,"
instead of
Tum.
"all lands
3,
1.
Rameses 1.
4,
.
.
with
land, sallying
..."
2,
mer Amen Bamessu, king,
..."
wielding power, subduing
broken, apparently the same
1, ".
1.
upon the foreign
King
with him.
fighting,
II."
" The very valorous upon horses.
He
Fragment of scene from top of stela. Rameses II. " offers incense to his father Har-
seized his bow, he shoots
machis," or Ptah
he was stronger than thousands, he was at
69.
Fragment
70. ofi'ers
to "
similar
beloved of
duing 72.
.
.
commencement
of
on granite
tion
Rameses
to last.
II.
Harmachis, lord of heaven."
Fragment
71.
(?).
" Horus, mighty bull,
stela.
Maa (Rameses Rameses
.
of inscrip-
II.)
.
.
many, sub-
.
11."
meses
Fragment granite
" All [lands]
stela.
1.
2,
giving
.
ye
.
.
.
life .
.
.
.
stela.
1.
1,
"
.
.
.
Ra-
."
1.
5,
"
.
my
making you guardians upon
.
tens of thousands by his
own might,
1. 6, " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Rameses II., great ruler, rampart of Egypt, ." remembered by .
.
78. Granite stela;
" Live
?
cf.
De R.
(Inscr. pi. Ixviii.),
this translation is
made.
the Horus, mighty bull, beloved of
bringing away] their chiefs?
King II.,
his feet,
of
life
for ever.
mighty king, strong
right, slaying ."
Upper
giver of
in battles, valiant
in fight against 10,000, overthrowing
upon
on
his
his left like Set in his time
of fury (N.).
.
74. Frag^ment granite stela.
its
head (N.), he knew ..."
(2)
.
spirits
.
."
and Lower Egypt; Rameses
the road " 1. 3, " every day " 1. 4, " give to me .
.
.
Maa, trampling [every land beneath
Fragment granite II.
5, ".
from whose copy
beneath his sandals." 73.
1.
.
1.
1,
Rameses
II.
(3)
mighty
bull,
repelling
every
foreign
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. people, opposing
arms
;
bows
;
them with the might of Egypt, smiting
defending
every land trembles before him
;
he
is
?
as a
no land hon who hath tasted battle can stand before him; King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Rameses II. pntering the com(4)
;
;
mighty
Ilorus,
.
.
not in Rouge.
side,
bull,
1)
(1.
"Live the
beloved of Maa, carrying
away all lauds with the force Rameses II. (2) king, strong in
of his might.
King
arm, mighty in valour,
prince, victorious, watchful, smiting every land,
great in spirits, mighty in valour, smiting the
bats.
back
(5) he doth not turn
the
Other
."
them
(16) before
his
nine
the
head of
strong upon
warriors,
his
he marches at
:
his
he seizes his bow, he shoots on his
horses;
right, he does not miss
he stands firm on the
;
and victorious
and the shield
;
;
(3) ruler
arm holds
his
the
mace
know not how
to receive the
onset ; every foreign land flees before him, his
King Rameses
bles
He
ever.
he
;
.
.
With the strength
.
a youth, mighty
strength of
.
the
.
.
of his might,
Menthu,
victorious like
plains (?)
(this
half-line
next
Kush.
victorious, he
might
(10) by the
makes Egypt
rejoice,
be glad of heart, king [Rameses
of his
.
.
.
in R, after P.) his
to
their hearts firm, their spirits
upon the gods when he conies and ?
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
upon
their
in the
land of
II.
Menthu on his
Rameses II., giver
of
right hand
life,
.
.
.
smiting every
foreign land beneath his feet." his.
thing
"1.1 provide you
Rameses
.
II.
.
ings
.
.
he said to his messengers
camping-station provided .
(?), all
Rameses
II.
.
.
and Ptah
I give to thee all
ofler-
happiness."
On the other half, Rameses II. and "
.
with every-
."
79. Granite stela, scene
.
.
.
soldiers. .
neb maa, " who says
.
the ships fighting
seizes
bull
4,
the Sharutani failing in (N.) heart.
them he
.
1.
.
in the midst of [the sea]
.
3,
.
.
smiting the foreign lands, marching
.
1.
.
.
.
... he
it
.
fighting in the plains (N.),
head of his .
(10)
onslaughts upon them,
.
.
2, I will
Menthu upon his right fighting, King Rameses II. he travels (14) to him with their products, he opens (10)
(9)
78
makes (read
every land trem-
making a great overthrow
1.
?
rare word)
he smites the forcigu lauds, he overruns
;
)Sati in their
he harries the western desert, making .
II.,
which no light shines
at the
.
(12) slain beneath his sandals he
.
(8)
arms
Ta Merk
lands, he destroys their inheritance
(13)
making
(7)
II.].
(11) spoiling the chiefs of the
makes them
.
(?
.
the Hittites
Ann
the negroes with his might; he slays the
possessed with
fail.
namely, the king, Rameses
every foreign laud, his spirits are courageous.
is
them,
husband of Egypt, protecting her from
sc)((iin
the land
;
mighty ones yield
within their hearts (N.), their
is
calling
.
horses
is
misplaced).
of the vile
.
.
(6)
omitted in Rouge, and the end of the
(9)
bold warrior, protecting Egypt
.
King Rameses
.
rescues them
brings their chiefs as living prisoners. .
.
.
.
(5)
II. living for
spoiled the lands of the Sati with his might
(8)
fear
(4) bellies
terrors are like fire pursuing them. (7)
.
before him, their limbs
he dashes the chiefs beneath his
sandals, (they)
.
scimitar
witTi his
fear of him, the
ground, mighty, vaUant. (6)
nine bows, reducing the foreign lands to nonexistence.
who
Set aa pehti,
says I give thee all pure life and victory." Behind the king, " preserving life behind him
like
Ra."
80. Portion of granite stela.
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. 81. Ixvii.,
Granite stela
from which
De Rouge,
(cf.
this translation is
Insc. pi.
made), scene
a. Eameses II. and Set aa pehti, lord of heaven, making him live. b. the king, beloved of Seb.
"(1) the Horns, strong
Inscription,
beloved of Ra, trampling
beneath] his
all
King Rameses
[feet].
harrjnng
in valour like Set, strong of arm.
giving
II.,
smiting
life,
scimitar, carrying
them
King Rameses
every land with to Egypt.
He
his
smites
the inhabitants of the South land, he slays their chiefs,
reducing the rebellious countries to non-
existence. spirit,
wielding courage, smiting the
King Rameses II. Prince whose fame reaches
making
to heaven,
a great overthrow in the land of the Shasu. King
Rameses
giver of
II.,
The chiefs bring their
life.
[his palace]."
In one of the scenes Rameses " Tum, lord of the two lands of? On.
tion.
offers to
Rameses 84 should be placed immediately above 83.
83a,
84a,
1.
2, ".
line
1,
standard
inscription
of
II. .
same " giving wine to his performing the service of giving life." ;
96. Portion of the same, the ".
.
.
Ra
of the Bast,
1.
he came, he celebrated a festival
.
2, ".
.
.
the
camp
of his soldiers
Tum?
.
.
."
lofty in
station (duration, N.) like the sun's disk." 86. Portion of obelisk of
Rameses
II.
name
87. Portion of granite architrave with
Rameses
of
Rameses
II.
alternating with a kind of
Ra
user
maa
setep
n
Rameses On."
II.,
•'
mono-
98. Portion of the same.
Rameses
as a gift of
II. ;"
"
" Offering of wine
the god says " I give
to thee the festivals of thirty years of Ra."
Similar.
Rameses
100. Portion of the same.
name
beloved of Tum, lord of
90. Portion of unfinished granite architrave
with name
II.,
be-
101. Portion of the same. Rameses II., " beloved of Tum, lord of the two lands of On."
The
inscription at the side begins with Un7i, a
Rameses
II.
102. Granite
Ra
" Thus it is the king, &c." is. " offers a figure of Maat." :
Upper
column.
inscription,
in heaven, brightening the
two lands
like
his horizon.
(2)
Rameses II. lord Ptah Tathnen ? .
.
of
.
SeJ
festivals
(3) Standard inscription.
joyful (N.) together with his
" beloved of
Amen ra, lord
of " Rameses, beloved of
Tum ;"
"
II.,
liii."
may
he be
Rameses
II.,
of the thrones of the
world, lord of heaven, and of
Tum
the lord
(?).
Harkhuti, great god, lord of heaven." Lower inscription, " son of the sun, of his II.,
beloved of Ptah,
two lands," and " son body, loving him lord of the
lord of heaven, king of the of the sun, of his
scimitar
(?) ra.
89. Portion of granite architrave with
of
named
97. Portion of the same.
body, loving him; Rameses
II.
88. Portion of granite architrave, cartouches
grammatic,
is
like his father
85. Portion of obelisk, "like
of
god
Tum."
Middle inscription, Rameses 83b,
name
" (1) good god, mighty in rule, like his father
83, 84. Portions of one obelisk of
Rameses
II.
II.
strong form of
82. Stela of Rameses II. with defaced inscrip-
II.
"the
to
loved of Harkhuti and other gods.
Sati,
works to
Rameses
95. Portion of the father,
99.
Great of
of
Rameses
of
Strong, mighty
lands with victory.
all
valiant,
compared
is
94. Portion of granite sanctuary with
master?
II.
and
temple
91, 92, 93. Portions of gi'anite architrave with
name
bull,
[foreign countries
of victory, setting a watch, mighty
apparently the
horizon in heaven" in which Turn rested.
Rameses
;
II.,
beloved of
Ba neb Dada
(Ram Ba, lord of Mcndesj." At the side of the erased scene " his admirer, who loves him, his son coming forth from ..." The latter half of the personal name of Rameses II. is erased, probably to make way for Sa Bast
;:
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. 126. "
Uasaiirken (Osorkon II.) or for Shashanq III,
whom would
both of
also alter the
Ka
by changing the hawk's head to that of the lion. 10:3. Granite column, with fragments of similar
"he made
inscriptions, .
Rameses
.
.
places
129. Erased inscription of
131. ". of
.
as ruler, happiness,
.
132. Inscription
inscription,
a curious
part of the standard
"golden Horus" being written in frequent on papyri than on
way more
names
109. Part of doorway,
134. 135.
Rameses
of "
Rameses
— 118.
Fragments probably of the great Nile
the
god
Hapi."
This
no doubt, belongs to the scene of
the Niles, a portion of which appears in 110a. p. 10, col. 1, for
Mr.
Petrie's note
on 110
but the columns of small inscription on 112 being parallel to the large ones that they are contemporary
IIU
make
probable
it
placed at
scriptions of
1.
by Rameses ." .
1.
4,
" (great)
1.
6,
"
1.
7,
Ra
see
1.
1,
"Live the
title
II. ? ".
.
.
with good stone of
An
life,
diadems
;
;
Mer
soul of Ra), son
mer Vtah hetep her
in standard, " prince
in rule,
Ra
as king of the
as king."
two lands."
lord of the diadems like the
Round
of the
*'
Amen,
Merenptah, son of the Sun, beloved of ;
twice over."
II.
inscription relating to the building of the temple
.
side,
Amen "
" Sou of
3,
Rameses
125. Granite block with traces of historical
north
II.,
strong in years."
of
The Hchud, great god, the ray, heaven, coming forth." Granite block with name of Rameses II.
124.
Rameses
Tathnen."
Miscellaneous granite blocks, in-
123. Portion of the lintel with
winged disk.
ha n ra (beloved of
of the Sun, lord of
Amen
lost.
— 122.
lord of
inscriptions of
maa (Merenptah resting on Maa), beloved of Amen, lord of the diadems ? of the world." 1. 2, Same as last, but " son of Ptah Tathnen" in standard, and "beloved of Ptah
[Amen] ra, king of the gods dwelling The name of the city is unfor-
."
.
Granite blocks with names of " beloved of Seb, father of the
and Lower Egypt, lord of the two lands
right angles on the curved surface of the statue ?
.
to every
No. 136. Standing statue, Merenptah.
15.
and Ramesside, the
scene to which they belong being
in
lord of the scimitar
Beginning from right
Amen
112. "(says)
tunately
on block
II.
Horus, strong buU, son of Amen, King of Upper
colossus.
114. "
II.,
For other
"Ptah, lord of heaven," and "Mut, lady
of heaven."
See
Rameses
Nos. 172, 173, and 174.
inscriptions.
inscription,
of
land."
Fragments of column
105, 106, 107, 108.
110
upon the throne
gods."
stone monuments.
II.,"
am
133. " I
crushing the rebellion against his father Haris
II.
Horus."
re-used by Siamen.
the other side
Rameses
130.
II.,
This perhaps refers to the myth of Horbehud
On
his hands."
from the horizon."
Harkhuti, making the lower crown of Turn."
khuti.
Maa upon
lintel.
" The Behud, great god, ray coming
128. forth
as his memorial toliis
it
beloved of Harkhuti." 104. Portion of granite column. " Good god, likeness of Ra, avenging (fabricated " by " N.) father
He
127. Portion of
to Bast
loved of
Sun, the
capital
Amen,
and crowns, giver ever and ever
first for
of sceptre Merenptah, " be-
lord of the diadems (?), of the
two lands."
The is
haa
title of the standard of Merenptah maul, " rejoicing in truth," as on the
usual
m
other statue. 137. Standing statue Merenptah.
Side of sceptre. Translation doubtful, " giving
;
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS.
Ra
King Merenptah, beloved of Ptah Tathnen (the god) whose feathers are
truth
?
high,
who
to
daily
Name
138.
says, " I
Merenptah on limestone block
of
" the hawk."
Tum nefer Nefer Tum is
Merenptah and
(The name of
and
and by the seated figure of a god.) 140. Granite block, Merenptah and lands, of
Ba
beloved
Amen,
of
Tum
diadems, 8eti Merenptah " and "
kneehng statue
142. Sandstone III.
.
holding table
Horus, strong
great
bull,
of
in
.
.
of
Rameses
King of the two lands rule.
giver of life;" on table of offerings, "live the
Rameses III." 143. Grey granite statue, " Rameses .
beloved of
.
Amen
144. A. ". festivals
Egypt
.
(i.e.
.
.
ra
.
III.,
periods of thirty years each), tens
of milhons of years."
No. 145. Block
16.
"
later king.
piety?
n
to
King
his
of
of SiAJiEN, re-used by a Upper and Lower Egypt,
father,
netr
Bel
iimen, godlike, offspring of
son of the Sun, lord of diadems
amen (Siamen), beloved
of
x^j?er
setep
Ra, chosen of Ra,
Amen
;
mer amen sa
rii,
lord of the
thrones of the earth." 146.
Block with
a later king.
" Live
beloved of Maa, son
of Siamen,
Siamen, re-used by
the Horus, mighty bull, of
Amen,
issuing
Siamen
of
.
with
Khem-
Fragment with Sekhet
?
mer? Pteh
was covered represented
it
number
of divinities.
No. 163. Stela of Tahaeqa.
17.
Ixxiii.-iv. (trans-
by Rouge, "Melanges d'Archeologie," L p. 21, and Birch, Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1880, p. 193). His copy is diflFerent in some lated
places.
The
Petrie's
excellent
much
stela is
weathered.
was
copy
Mr.
by M.
revised
Naville from the squeezes. 1.
1
.
son of field
.
2.
[says the king Taharqa,^ I
my father? .
.
.
.
.
around
.
.
animals.
I
it ?
a goodly
.
[lo
share) of
the
it
share the harvest.
the flax
was brought up
?]
?
and corn
.
.
.
amongst the king's
.
.
I
than the (rest 7.
me
he prevented the locusts
(as his
my
all
children
1.
was the younger
he [gave}
.
took as
4 5. [I
6.
.],
.
. from devouring 1. 3. ... he took
1.
Fragments with name of
(?)
.
.
scenes with which
1.
150.
same date
of
These inscriptions, from 157, are on blocks The the pylon built by Shashanq III.
1.
147.
149,
Fragment
162.
aa
This fragment of the standard
appears to be unique.
148,
h.
.
.
of
like god.
from the base of a column,
from his limbs." title
Thoth, lord of
1.
titles of
setep
same date with cow-headed
N
Latter half in Rouge, Insc.
."
hundreds of thousands of Sed
maa
same date with Moon god Hermopolis Magna.
Fragment
161.
user
last.
of
goddess Hathor, of 160.
Ea
III.
the king worshipping a
?
.
of scene of
sa Bast shashanq neter haq An.
Fragment
159.
."
Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of E^ user mad mer Amen (the veritable strength of Ra, beloved of Amen), son of the Sun, lord of diadems, Ramessu haq An (ruler of Heliopolis) good god
Fragment
Amen mer
158. Similar to
" Live the
offerings.
of
lord
Siamen
of
illegible inscription.
Shashanq
.
user )(eperu mer amen, Ra, strength
creatures,
all
.
of vulture Nekhebt.
Fragment with cartouches
157.
n ra
" lord of the two
II.,
as thy
154, 155, 156. Fragments.
determined by the feather crown that he wears
141. Block of Seti
bows
give to thee the nine
Name
52.
]
153.
re-used by Siamen. 139. Granite block,
amen, who
property (N.)."
furnished with horns."
is
29
Khem
Siamen and the god
151.
?
was] loved by of)
my
father
the royal children.
more
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. 18.
1.8. 1.
placed] 1.
lands
all
10.
.
,
westward 11.
1.
my father Amen beneath my feet.
[had
[Now when]
9.
to
.
.
palm
king,
the
of
12.
.
had parted from? her
I
[For] he (that
13.
On
Now
to the north land. river to
she descended the
[and reaching this city]
years she found
me crowned
.
.
many
after
.
.
protecting
the
majesty, even as Isis views
crowned upon the throne 1. 18. [of Seb (Masp.)],
beauties
of
her
Horns
after he
son
had been as
19.
of
all
20.
...
obeisance
to
?]
this
22.
King
of
[Horus so the queen finds] her son the Upper and Lower Egypt, Taharqa
Hor Sa Ast Sam
mistress of
Amt, Horus, (appears
taui, the prince
all
Rfi, lord of
heaven,
the gods."
says, " I give to thee
victory,
all
(.s/r) all
pure
life,
prosperity."
all
165. Limestone tablet from a site soutli of
23.
.
Thou
.
.
living
art
ever
for
in
.
.
.
he (the god
who knows his 25.
father
2.
!tf
^BEB=MW*=^S V
u^S^^m^WMml plcLn
^tf
l^®^^4n^= (3^ 5:
'''m3\\n.m\\>)^\\rTi^: pi»n
/OS-
1
I If.
.on
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NEBESHEH
(AM)
ANT)
DEFENNEH (TAHPANHES). W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE. WITH CHAl'TEES BV A.
S.
MURRAY,
KEEPER OF GREEK AND ROMAN
ANTIO.UITIES, BRITISH
MUSEUM
AND F.
LL.
GRIFFITH.
FOURTH MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMIITEE.
LONDON: MESSRS. TRiJBNER &
CO., 57
&
59,
LUDGATE HILL,
E.G.
AntiijuU'j
!
thou ivondrous charm, what art thou ?
"
Ei.i/
CONTENTS. Chap. V.
Pkeface Introduction
By
...
Inscriptions.
F. Ll. GniFFiTH.
SECT.
Chap.
I.
of
Am
28
29. Inscriptions of the Xllth Dj'nasty
Position and History.
Present State
I'AOK
TheCity
28.
NEBESHEH.
31.
...
Changes in the Country around Changes elsewhere and loss of Ceme ;
32. 33.
34.
teries
XlXth Dj-nasty Ushabti before XXVIth Dynasty Inscriptions of XXVIth Dj-nasty Sarcophagi of XXVIth Dynasty Ushabti of XXVIth Dynasty
30. Inscriptions of the
'
'
. .
The City Am, and nome Am-pehu Chap. VI.
In Eamesside and later Times
Chap.
II.
Temples.
Discovery of the Temples
7.
Egyptian System of Foundations
8.
Temenos Column and Propylon
10. Pj-lon
3G.
Temenos
37. Inlaid Shrine
...
38. Foundation Deposits
...
...
39. Glass- working
and Statues
...
40. History
Temple Second Temple
11. First 1 2.
Gemaiyemi.
F. Ll. Griffith.
35. Position
G.
9.
By
41. Sites near ]S''ebesheh
...
13. Shrine
DEFENNEH.
14. Foundation Deposits, &c.
Chap. VII.
15. Altar
IG.
Government of the Hyksos Chap.
III.
42. Position
Cemetery.
Tomhs Red Brick Tomhs Tomhs of the XXth Dynasty Cypriote Tombs ... Saitic Tombs
18.
19. 20.
21.
45.
48.
Tombs
25. Plan of
Chap. VIII.
Town
27. Miscellaneous Objects
...
...
...
Jews
I. ... ...
51
...
The Kasr and Camp.
Nature of the Kasr
52. Periods of Building
26. Ptolemaic Houses, Coins, &c.
•
The Palace of the Jew's Daughter".. Pavement before the Entry Removal of the Greeks
50. Later Notices
IV.— Town.
24. Destroyed Building with Deposits
...
47. "
49.
Chap.
The Camp of Psamtik The Jewish Migration
46. Hellenization of ...
22. Amulets 23. Objects from Saitic and later
...
43. Piamesside Period 44.
17. Classes of
Position and History.
53. Original
Form
...
54. Foundation Deposits
...
29
29 31 33 35
36
fv
PLATES. DEFENNEH.
NEBESHEH. I.
Funereal
XXtli
Objects,
XXVth
to
II.
III.
Funereal Objects,
XXth
Dynasty.
V. Foundation Deposits, Temple of Uati.
VII. Objects from
House 100,
XXXVI.
&c.
XXXVII.
VIII. Beads, Scarabs, &c.
and
IX. Inscriptions, Xllth
XXVIth Dy-
to
XXVIth
XL
„
XlXth Dynasty.
XII.
„
XXVIth
XIII.
.,
Ushabti.
XIV. Plan
XV. Plan
Dynasty.
Dynasty.
of Temple. of Cemetery.
XVI. Plans
of
Tombs.
XVII. Plan of Town, and General Plan. XVIII. Glass Mosaics.
XIX. Foundation
XX.
Deposits.
Bronzes.
XXI. Plan
of
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
nasty.
X. Inscriptions, Xllth
Temple of Gemayemi.
Plans. Pottery, Vllth
Painted Greek Vases.
XXXII. Lined Greek
XXXIIL— XXXV.
Plans.
„
„
Figures and
of Kasr.
cent; B.C.
XXV.— XXXI.
IV. Great Shrine of Uati.
„
„
XXIV. Greek
Cypriote Tombs.
,,
,,
VI.
XXII. Foundation Deposits XXIII.
Dynasty.
XL.
Vases.
Plain Pottery.
Lids and Sealings. Military Iron-work. Civil Iron-work.
Bronze Work. Objects from
XLI. Small
Camp.
Antiquities.
XLII. Inscription of
Stela.
XLIII. General Plan.
XLIV. Plan
XLV. Plan
of Kasr.
of Eastern Buildings.
XLVI. Types
XL VII. XL VIII. XLIX.
of Weights.
Types of Weights. Curves of Naukratite Weights. Curves of Dafniote Weights.
L. Curves of Weights compared. LI. Inscriptions of Kantara.
PREFACE. In placing before the public another record of explorations in Egypt, a fitting opportunity to define the general j^rinciples
view in conducting and publishing these researches. definition
and
as it
which
seems
it
I
have had in
The need
of some such
apparent from certain miscoucej^tions which I have observed
is
may
serve to
some extent
an end in
as
well as an explanation
itself, as
with regard to this work, I need not apologize for stating
it.
Just as one person has, for economy of time and means, to jierform difi'erent functions in
for
carrying on such w^ork
one expedition to be made to serve
so, in
;
many
the same w\ay,
different ends, in such
the explorer in striving for one end should not disregard the
on any
site
if
desire
it is
larger
and more
we would
The
use well our advantages.
to see sometliing beautiful in a
w ise that
In Avorking
scientific interests
;
collector,
whose
museum, should remember the
the student of
art,
who
seeks to recover
dim pedigrees, must remember how much history can help him
links in his
the linguist, whose idea of Egyptology
recoUect that Egypt
will
rest.
many
needful
the opportunities are many-sided, and our research should neglect
none of them
grand
it is
civilization.
is
not the
To look
name
modern
to
is
restricted to
hieroglyjahics,
may
of a dead language, but the country of a times, our
own thoughts and
doings
be found quite as well recorded by the homely Metropolitan Board of
Works,
as in
Our
the archives of the
War
geographical identification, or a
development of an or the
Ofiice.
object then should be not only the discovery of an historical text, or a
mode
Archeology
art, or
of living, but is
new
construction
the language, or the
in
the history of pottery, or the details of manufactures, all
of these together
— the whole body of archaeology.
the history of men's thoughts and works
;
it is
to the history of
TREFACE.
,i
mind, what mineralogy, and geology, and
are to
palaeontology,
matter.*
language and political history are the grand sciences Avithin the
Doubtless
domain of archa;ology
but they are only
;
Another point not to be overlooked
and not the
sections,
Avhole.
that the condition of objects has
is
to serA-e as lures for attracting the public to the education prepared for tlicm it
often happens that for real instruction a broken thing
whole, and in no case should
been better
A
originally.
we
is
Avorth
it
" did not
it
has
reported, said on seeing the
is
come there
to see a hospital of
but then she should rather have visited the Crystal Palace or a
;"
Avax-Avork
sIioav.
A museum
is
the
in
place a treasure-house
first
scientific research, and in the second
systematic and
establishment for the public
no case should
in
;
it
place
it
not popularly attractive
is
To
a concession to
is
Let us suppose, in biology for instance, that a
for
an educational
descend to the past indignity
of a collection of curiosities or a place of amusement.
because
but
;
more than one
neglect an injured specimen because
FrencliAVoman,
Parthenon sculptures, that she cripples
little
Perfect and pretty things are no doubt very useful
to do with their true value.
reject anything
mere showmanism.
set of preparations illustrating
each of the main discoveries of recent times Avere placed on one side of a gallery,
and a roAV of execrably stuficd beasts on the other side Avould be Avorth Avorthless side
The
most
does any one doubt Avhich Avould iiock to the
therefore, on Avhich exploration sliould be conducted, are the
lines,
all
concerning the history and Avays of the people
facts
But
remains avc are examining. is
;
Or doubt that the populace
?
ascertaining of
tion of Avhat
?
accidental and Avliat
isolated fact as
it
appears
;
is
general, in the immediate valuing of each
in short, in dealing Avith a larger
be recorded or preserved, and abstracting from
A
intelligibly connected.
Avliose
a difficulty at once meets us in the discrimina-
it
as Ave
amount than can go along Avhat
perfect excavator Avould need a perfect
is
memory,
since
it is
impossible to record or preserve a tenth or even a hundredth part
of
that
is
all
"What
is
seen and found.
AVorth keeping
* Nothihj^ shows better
?
tlie
Tliere
is
no more troublesome question
tlian.
may be
wortli
Sometimes one
trifling chip of
pottery
ignoring of true arcliaeology than the journalistic lieading " Arehajology
uiJ Art," two titles which have the tame relation as archa;oIogy and history, or archaeology and poetry.
PREFACE.
vii
keeping and recording, when thousands of sherds and pieces of bronze have
The
been rejected. in
difference
impart,
between collecting things because of their value
of the
themselves, or because
information their
site,
position,
just the difference between a bibliomaniac collecting "
is
tall
and age copies,"
and the historian who studies the copies regardless of large paper or
fine
binding.
Now
will
it
be evident that, for
of which the age and locality are
Yet
purposes of true archaeology, specimens
all
unknown have
for the sake of their value in themselves, collections, public
and
and
Here
private.
inferior to others already in a
them
value.
if it
has
its
history
with the better examples
which form nearly the whole of
lies,
all
then, the great value of systematic
the obtaining of a scale of comparison by which to
strict excavation, in
arrange and date the various objects
of
more than half their
lost
unfortunately just such specimens, collected by dealers and travellers
it is
;
as a
we
and
it
A specimen
already possess.
museum, and yet
it
will
may be
be worth more than
all
will bo the necessary key, to be jDreserved
voucher of their historical position.
When
it
can
be said that a dated collection consists mainly of objects already in a public
museum,
it
shows how invaluable such a
series will
be for helping to reduce the
undated and unlocalized chaos to some order, and
The aim,
historical value.
for
stamping
it
with an
then, in excavating should be to obtain and preserve
such specimens in particular as
may
serve as keys to the collections already
existing.
"Whenever, therefore, I have the opportunity of carrying on such work, I
wish to glean every fact which can be intelligibly built into the general fabric of archaeology
;
and
specially to attend to such details as
have not yet been
recorded, and can only be ascertained by means of close attention to every step of the work.
Much
of the
work described
with the help of Mr. F. LI.
in the present
Griffith,
who
volume has been carried on
has also contributed some chajDters on
As
those matters to which he paid particular attention. visited
Gemayemi, and not seen the Kantara remains
quite independently. this year
by di-awing
Of the five,
plates
and Mr.
at
all,
I have only briefly
he of course writes
Mr. Percy Newberry has again aided
Griffith has
done
me
six jjlates of inscription
the remaining plates arc of
my
o\Yn drawing
:
and
I Avish
any intention that these should be looked on from an they are simply representations of in their
scientific
accuracy.
antitpiities,
Mr. Spurrell
Avho have done such wearisome I
much
Avork in
work
Avill
regret that circumstances
has also
know
make
it
generously helped ;
likely that I shall carry on I
have had
tlie
KkXT,
my
pleasure
new ground.
^^ovemhcr 20, 1886.
me
and only those
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.
EllO.MLEY,
;
consists
hon' to aj^preciate such service,
Egypt independently of the Fund, with which
of opening so mucli
point of view
and their only value
a serious task, by ^veighing nearly a thousand Aveights
Avith
here to disclaim
artistic
INTEODUCTION. The work ever
of this year has lain at places scarcely
by any European, and at
visited
wliicli
no exploration bad previously been attempted.
was wholly unknown,
Naukratis ancient
and
its
exploration
as
an
I
was
end of
last
there,
my
Tanis
at
and
;
flying
his life
;
younger days been the shekh of the Bedawin,
far
and wide on the E. of the
until I settled there
Esneh
:
campaigns, and was never weary of telling long say but
little,
having
than a month
I stayed less
;
but in
of
tales
the year before to be probably the site of
it,
and
he also found the temenos of Hera.
The temple
came
remained, as
out, so far as
in the area of the
it
temenos which
and, most happily, within ten
days I had the clue to the temenos of Aphrodite,
and Abbas.
doings with Ibrahim
his
Falling into
some disgrace with the Government,
he was pitchforked out of his high position, and
down
to near Naukratis, in the quagmires
about Tell Afrin;
;
Nile, about
he had fought along with Ibrahim Pasha in his
sent
more
in
his
by him in the mound which had been suspected
I found last year
much
travellers,
merely to induct Mr. Gardner
I cleared
seen
about as old as the century, he had in
Defenneh,
March.
it.
He had
was almost embarrassing.
that time I saw the cemetery successfully opened
of the Dioscuri
down
tracts
was delighted
old shekh
have his sohtude enhvened, and his affection
I need
already described
The
to
was tmtouched and unheeded
Of Naukratis
on most sides are desert or marshy
only dates from last year.
though seen by one or two passing
at the
that impossible for any but a native to find, while
Lake Menzaleh.
never seen by any archaeologist, imtil
when
except in the driest months
;
but one path through the marshes, and
to
it
Nebesheh, on the opposite side of the Delta, was
visit
is
two years ago,
I first visited
site, until
even
from the world
off
there
again,
then after a while removed
and given the grant of two or three
hundred acres of marshy ground where he lives.
He
and longs
feels his
change and his present
some one
for
of his old wild days
;
still
state,
to listen to the stories
he
is
truly solitary, with
only a few rough attendants, and one son
who
is
There the pottery of
but a sorry result for
all
the finest Naukratite ware, with the dedications,
which the old shekh
is
came abundantly to light, and a rich field was opened, which was most successfully worked out
in times
by Mr. Gardner.
walls of both were tunnelled by rats and white
and
identified the temple.
appeared;
all
Other points of interest also
of which will be duly recorded in
his forthcoming volume.
At Tell Nebesheh the
ground was wholly
:
different
ing native village as
there was no flourish-
at Naukratis,
but only a
past.
He
the six and forty wives credited 'with having
room, and a smaller roofless room adjoining
ants,
who had
;
to be kept in check respectively
heaps of broken shabti and insect powder.
some
had
provided us with a guest-
iron roofing
from
my
the
by
With
house at San, this
place was inhabitable, and Mr. Griffith or myself for full three
months.
few scattered huts of settled Bedawin, or Arabs
occupied
as they should be called in their present state, in
Of Defenneh no real account could be obtained before I left England I was told that it was in-
contradistinction to the
Egj'ptian blood
is
whom
old
These people
live
fellahin,
prominent.
in
here under their aged shekh Nebesheh, almost cut
it
accessible until near the told there
summer.
was no water there
At San I was to
di-inli.
At
IXTKODUCTIOX.
Nebesheh
I
heard of a farm
The
information proved wrong.
would be
in the
The experivoked under several hours' journey. supposed; ment answered better than I could have there, far from though I had up to seventy people
All of this
there.
best time there
mundation, for then there would
had the least dwellings, in the desert, I never heard a squabble trouble with any one, and I never
all
and the place, be a fuU supply of fresh water; all the year. and the way there, is dry desert in the canal The water begins to turn brackish March, and
there, in
about the time I went
two months. between them during the whole known them They worked as well as I have ever thoroughly work, they obeyed completely, and a always seen. contented and happy spirit was
as between better and worse according upper canals. more or less is let down from the on a few the sembbiest corn is grown
fluctuates
Some
Not only
of
hunt
to
attended to by its patches S.E. of the site, but it is place a dozen owners from the nearest inhabited
quiet and respectful as
habitation is to be miles off, and no trace of any stray tent of the seen beside the rums and a
camp used
These tents they pitch out in the by bushes remotest edges of the lake, hidden up a ruddy and it is only when theh: fires send
a mile
Bedawin.
glow
at night that
they can be found.
marsh gi-ound of the north Delta inhabited by men who have fled scription,
and two
of
my
is
All the
more or
less
fi-om the con-
stoutest workers were
liberty men of Zagazig, who had thus saved their inhabited land by settlmg^on the borders of the
Lon
near Defenneh. people at
before I went there,
Nebesheh were
all
my
clamorous to go with
intentions were me, and the questions about my When at last I more pressing as time went on. started,
we fonned a procession
bundles of broad on their
mme
on at
nor
any of ;
the
;
day, most of them for they worked for sixpence a they had to walk but five days of the week, as then- food. Some twenty-five to forty miles to fetch left the place, but had a of them, indeed, never over once a donkey-load of provisions brought
week.
by Their shelter they made up, partly
mounds, partly by digging a hole in the sand bushes ; some were booths'' of thin tamarisk content M-ith
lair
hardly more
than a dog's
one or two merry party they were ; excepting a lad over twenty or older men, there was scarcely whole lot. Each night giri over fifteen in the a
flickered their yellow a blazing row of camp-fires all along the line of stariight, the into flames up
canal banks mounds of booths which skirted the tamarisk bushes (in sand tufted over witli dark .IwcUings) backed the which they muaed tluir ruins of the kasr showed Une, while the distant ;
dimly on one
side,
and the gleam of the sluggish Parties would go into the
canal on the other.
of
there was no authority to be in-
a
some made an approach to distmct With all this, a chambers in their construction.
bole, while
twenty,— were all stray workers boy named Tulbeh; the rest before. whom I had never seen till a short time no We had no soldiers, no police, no shckhs, Egj-ptian rule
my
nor yet nothing was ever disturbed, I never spent complaint to make.
;
the people back from the difficulty only was to keep was a sort Defenneh at settlement This going. often wished for; I went with of ex°periment I had Muhammed— a lad of about only my faithful rds and his younger cousin, a fine, sturdy
guards,
;
bread to
Griffith,
machinery
our
be wished;
any guard, and only tent, while we were half
;
of about forty,
usual
could
had we any while heading two months more smoothly than Yet the people had not much our desert camp. they came without any shelter, to content them what they wore they had dry but nothing and and drink eat, and brackish water to
boys with the hoes, be bought in th? desert,—the their heads, with andthe°girls with the baskets on In spite of the work a few hdlehs and utensils. stUl being carried
away
;
Nebesheh by Mr.
and weights, were as
to be left without
a pin in the flap of
the men with backs—for no food can
with two baggage camels of
who used
but the Bedawin around,
so,
for stray antiquities
1
circle to hold a zikr of half darkness, and form a
INTRODUCTION. the howliug derwishes, for
among us who
we had one holy mean
led such devotions
and the grim
;
hardship
sawing howl would go up by the hour together.
Otherwise, shelter
Perhaps some
manage
girls
would sing on in their wild
Arab unison on another enjoy a
tabernacles, where
the
official
side, or a
group of boys
Such was
hearty game.
we had
curse of the
at last
mammon
oiir feast
of unrighteous-
ness. result,
which was very plain,
is
that
it
is
hopeless to try to begin work in an out-of-the-way
you can carry over with you a party
place, unless
who
already
had
to wait
know and
trust you.
At Nebesheh
I
some days before a working gang but so soon as they knew
could be got together
;
the work, they were ready to go anywhere to
continue
it.
This experience at Defenneh has
also a decisive bearing
the
on the real hardships of
much abused institution, the corvee. It is now what natives will gladly do, and what
clear
they will
go
without, for
the
lowest ordinary
wages, and without any compulsion.
The
real
and
work of one,
supply
food
they will
any arrangement, and do
easily without
I
must not conclude
what
is
my
the characters of
and weeding,
men whom
I respect
know them.
The
Muhammed
and
this without
a necessary part of
selection
One
to do the
a long tramp in the bargain.
of
got clear of
men
taking ten
is
and removing them beyond reach of their homes.
my
acknowledging
facilities for
By
overseers.
work,
continual
have now three or four
I
and trust more, the better
three brothers
— abu
—Mahajub,
Daud
el
Gabri
I
Said,
have
proved unequalled for sturdy independence, unceasing goodwill and kindliness, obedience, and readiness
for
any
while Tulbeh, their quite
their
between it
service, little
men
or
unasked;
Though they never stand
equal.
me and my
workers in any matter, yet
would be impossible
spirit
asked
cousin, promises to be
to maintain such a
good
and straightforwardness in the work with
inferior to
my
good
friends.
TELL NEBESHEH. CHAPTER
Tanis
I.
POSITION
One
1.
HISTORY.
AJS^D
on
the
suiTOund the marshes of Lake Menzaleh, low
mound
of Tell Nebesheh.
Originally
Farun
Eas
acquired the
name
—
or
of Tell
is
the
known
of
Bedawin about a
Neither of these names, how-
names
existed elsewhere, and would cause confusion in
future
;
name
so the third
side of
rise of
it,
of Tell Nebesheh, so
Shekh Nebesheh, the old
chief of the
regular
on the gezirehs around.
as
it
of Tell
Nebesheh
cultivation site is
it
furthest
this
The highest
outpost.
about a mile across, with the
on the eastern
a hillocky,
a
between the edge of the
lie
and
temple at the west end (see general plan on
adjoins
is
seen in crossing the swamp,
is
projecting into the cultivated ground
is
on
is
ground, with sand hillocks on one
The whole
the settle-
ever, were convenient to use, as very similar
called after
low dusty
Bedam from
ment there of a number generation back.
lesser sites rest
The present appearance
three miles of which
—
cemetery of Snellen
and Tell Gemeyemi, Tell Nebesheh, and
;
monoHth shrine " Pharoah's head" it
as Tell Farun, with the gi-eat called
many
swamj^s which
desert
salt
upon one of the largest of these double
the
;
another
of the furthest outposts of cultivation,
bordering
built
is
islands
side,
;
pi. xvii.)
the town
and east of the whole
sandy plain covered with tombs.
part does not rise
more than
or twenty feet above the country.
the mud-house of the
fifteen
On the south Bedam shekh,
Bedawin, seemed the best to adopt permanently
of the plain
The other names are, however, better known, and are sometimes marked on maps. The position, as may be seen on the
Nebesheh, and on the east and north of the plain
for archaeological pui-poses.
War
Office
map
(Tell Badaui),
is
S.E. of Tanis or San, and about
about 8 miles miles
N.W.
this point
one of the
ground that occur
it is
settled there.
But though the present elevation of this is so slight, it must have had a far more
mound
it first
attracted settlers
there in the early days of the twelfth dynasty.
rises of
swells
up from
The changes which
All the
historic times are as great, perhaps, as
in this district
eastern part of the Delta clearly shows ;
2.
Bedawin
many sandy
beneath the general plain of Nile mud.
origin
are the mud-huts of the
imposing appearance when
of Salahieh.
At
is
its
desert
a piece of rolling sandy country, just
almost
the Delta has undergone within
any other country.
Egypt
is
those of so often
spoken of as unchanged land, ever the same,
hke the entirely desert regions outside of the Delta but being at a lower level it has been
owing to the similarity in many respects of
inundated by the Nile, and a sea of mud deposited
time, that the great physical changes which have
leaving only the tops
taken place, in especially this eastern side of the
;
over nearly the whole of of the sandy hillocks
the midst of the black
it,
and low ridges exposed
soil.
in
Thus these "gezirchs
"
its
ancient people and ways to those of the present
country, are liable to be overlooked altogether.
Some new and important
evidences of the past
have come to light in
or islands, as they are called, crop out at every
state of the land
few miles, and have formed from the earliest days
year; and, broadly spcalung, we
the sites for dweUings, temples, and cemeteries.
when the ancient
LiBftARY
may
this last
say that
inhabitants settled and built
CHAP. I.— POSITION here
was not, as we now
it
plain, but retained
having high
work
almost
much more of its sand
hills of
Not only has a at
see,
still
a level
desert features,
remaining.
levelling action
in the filling
all
been constantly
mud
deposits of the river, until they are all but obli-
been
HISTORY.
at
work
in
Now
these tombs were
naturally sunk to various depths
constructed
up of the valleys by the
terated, but a converse action has
AND
sepulchi-e above ground.
some only
;
others to a greater depth
profound tombs
Memphite
that
more resembling the the
pierce
hills to their
sixth century B.C.,
which have escaped denudation,
outside of the Nile valley, the country has approxi-
mated
to a perfectly level plain, filled
down
until its original elevations
disappeared. to
The
up and worn
have
all
but
we know
deposits of the Nile
have averaged about four inches per century in
depth
being this or rather more at Naiikratis in
;
the rise since Greek times, at Tanis in the rise of
Greek
water-level since
same amount
at
times,
and about
at the time of even the twelfth
this
Hence
Heliopohs and Memphis.
have been about
and this
all
fifteen feet
lower than
it
now
is,
the elevations accordingly standing by
amount higher above the general
level of the
country.
But
this is
feet of the
tale.
The
little
Hence the
years.
present tops.
The
lower than
of the twelfth dynasty
fifteen feet
higher than their
it
now is,
there were thirty feet
elevation, or a total of about
place of the twenty feet or thereabouts
fifty feet in
to be seen.
Not only does
this afi'ect so vastly
what we now
but there can be no doubt that
see,
now covered by above
feet
safely
plain being also by about as
more of apparent
now
may be
more than two thousand
hills
must have stood some
much
it
more probably ten
whole surface of the ground has been
blown away within
it
many
parts
the black plain stood then some
as sand islets
;
so that the country
then more resembled a piece of desert with valleys covered
probably only half of the
the
and the height of those tombs
said that at least six feet, and
dynasty (to say
nothing of earlier times), the black plain must
From
almost complete removal of some tombs of the
the denudation of the exposed parts by the wind
seen around Ismailiyeh, or almost anywhere
of the
cliffs
very base.
thus, from being a piece of native desert such as is
when they were
just beneath the surface,
of
mud
its
by the inundation, than a plain
broken by a few low
rises of sand.
denudation of the high sandy ground by the wind is
something hitherto quite disregarded, but
now
seen to be a great
the tombs at
factor.
sight appeared as
first
if
they were
merely the ruins of built tombs which had stood above the ground
;
perhaps a foot or two, perhaps
To
3.
is
At Nebesheh
turn briefly to other places, the extent
of this denudation of the
camp
at
is fully
wall, fifty feet thick,
much
as
borne out by the state
Defenneh.
There a sohd brick
and doubtless more than half
in height, has
been completely carried
an inch or two, remain of their walls,
away, swept off the surface of the ground, without
sometimes even two or three walls have wholly
leaving an inch above the plain, within twenty-five
only
But these tombs, while they seem have been like the modern Arab cemeteries of
disappeared.
centuries.
The bearing
to
state of the
hydrography of the country, especially
dome tombs,
yet bear in most cases the evidence
of the isthmus of Suez, is all-important.
that they were really all subterranean chambers.
feet of
Not only may they be found
it
in every stage,
from
of this evidence on the
If fifteen
sand has been scoured away, or even
less,
must have completely modified the water depths
being nearly entire beneath the ground, to being
for
almost swept away, but they have usually the well
dust must be dropped somewhere, and the water
of access remaining (see Nos. 1, 11, 38, and 42, for
and wet country
instance, on pi. xvi.)
which
and no such chimney with foot-holes could have been built by the side of a ;
must be remembered that
it
The
all
goes
is
in,
all this
an ever-ready trap
storm of
for
but none comes out
it,
into
again.
Bitter Lakes, and other stretches of water
TKLL XKBESHEH. across the isthmus of Snez, are less in area by far
that of Tanis, and these two sand-hills of Nebesheh
than the country around them, which has been
and Tanis were very
scoured by the wind, so that a foot off the country
time.
would mean much more than that dej^th of deposit
At
It will thus be seen that, so far as
in the water.
How
first it
far they
seemed as
same
likely settled at the
were related if
is
yet undecided.
Nebesheh might have been
a cemetery of Tanis, and
it is
not certain that this
thus completely altering
was not the case to some extent especially since we see that the temple and cemetery of Nebesheh are larger and more important than would be
the conditions of the water communication, without
expected in proportion to the size of the town.
this evidence goes, a depth of twenty or even fifty feet of
may have been
sand
during historic times
any need of
relj^ing
From
upheaval.
;
laid over these lakes
on
changes
geologic
other considerations
is
it
of
not
changes have been so extensive as
likely that the
this scale of denudation
would produce
;
but at least
we have here to reckon with a factor capable of doing aU that we need to account for, and even more. This fact of the denudation opens our eyes in a
melancholy way
to the reason
seem to be unattainable
why early
in the Delta.
cemeteries If
tombs
of the nineteenth, and even of the twenty-sixth, d}-nasty are often so scoured
anything remains of them,
it is
away that barely a simple conclusion
that earher tombs, perhaps of double that age, have
vanished into
air,
entirely
denuded aM-ay
be
Only tombs of
a couple of thousand years ago. exceptional depth, or preser\'ed by protection,
may
some accidental
would have any chance of coming down
We may
to our days.
see this also
shown by the
proportions of tombs of different ages at Nebesheh
;
one of the nineteenth dynasty, two or three of the twentieth, half a dozen
or a dozen
twenty-sixth, and a hundred or
before the
more of the twentyYet the place was
sixth and Persian periods.
;
Snellen,
about
three
from
miles
certainly one cemetery of Tanis
if
a funeral
procession once took boat to a place three miles
no reason against their going
distant, there is
eight miles.
The name of the city Am, capital of the nome of Lower Egypt, is closely con-
nineteenth
nected with Nebesheh, having been found there
on eight
monuments
different
and since three of
;
these were in the temple (to the exclusion of
other town names), one of them being on a
the temple festivals in honour of Uati, lady of there
is
scarcely a possibility of
being this
Am.
of
city
question whether there was a separate
still
the
nome
for
nome Am Pehn, The latter seems
Tanis, or whether that lay in the of which
more
the
Am
was the
likely
and religious
legal
capital,
to superior position
legal
its
capital.
and thus Nebesheh would be the
;
superior,
Am,
while Tanis, owing
and importance, overshadowed
— much
Chatham exceeds
as
Maidstone, and Liverpool and Manchester eclipse
Then
Lancaster.
Greek
in the reconstitution of
under the twelfth and nineteenth dynasties, than
was
mud
over
all
What,
fifteen feet of
therefore, with fifteen feet
the works of
man
in the plains,
and
denudation sweeping away the tombs
in the hills, there is a
poor chance of recovering
the remains of early ages, except in the rocky sites of
Upper Egypt.
called,
from
Such seems, so case
;
From
far as
ago of two tablets,
Am, Khem
clear that this
twelfth dynasty ;
it
is
most important
we know,
of
at Tanis,
it
at
Nebesheh
is
Am, and
the
of
three years
Am,
nome
a step of the
geography of the Delta. to be equivalent to Biito,
is
made
naming Uati lady of points to
at Tanis.
probably parallel to
history
nome
Tanis.
to be the probable I
Am, and Horus
place was of importance in the its
city,
there not being a religious centre of oqniil impor-
tance to rival
the statues found in the temple
its
and the discovery which
This fixing of 4.
of
Am,
Nebesheh not
This leaves
times, Nebesheh, having dwindled away, the
of
all
list
grander, to judge hy the remains of the temples,
in later times.
was
Tanis,
and
;
Am
first
of
Am
rdin,
class in tjie
had been supposed
somewhere
in the central
CHAP. I.— POSITION AND HISTORY. delta (owing to Uati being
otherwise
been placed
safely fixed
its
Now
by the monuments, both
in
is
the
twenty-sixth
and out
the
temple, yet
it
of the temple, to the region of Nebesheh, and
most probably
mounds themselves.
to the
Though no monuments
goddess), and had
at Pelusium.
of
Aahmes
place
this
be
to
Cypriote
found in
by the time
arose
considerable
of
some
Apparently
of the earlier part of
dynasty have been
importance.
were
mercenaries
stationed here in the military reorganization of 5.
Founded
Am
underwent,
hke Tanis,
rearrangement by Ramessu
complete far
in the twelfth dynasty, or earlier,
temple of
the
a
How
II.
he redecorated the temple, or founded a new
building,
we cannot
learn
until
we
extract the
foundation deposits of the great temple
but
;
it is
Psamtik I., when he established the Greek garrison at the fortress of Tell
to the
Defenneh, seventeen miles
Tombs with
east.
Cypriote pottery and
spears have been found here, and in one case earlier
than a tomb which
is
of the twenty-sixth
and therefore early in that dynasty.
dynasty,
certain that he j)ractically appropriated the place,
Aahmes undertook
as he did Tanis, and re-established the worship
but apparently considering the old
of Uati, dedicating
middle of the temenos as too large to
beautiful
a
of that
statue
He
goddess in highly pohshed black syenite.
also dedicated a pair of colossi of himself, in the
adopted a
and
w'alls
with
and erecting clustered columns
his inscriptions, like those of
covering the
beside
Gurneh.
Gurneh may very
In
fact,
temple of
the
likely enable us to
reahze that
of Nebesheh as to general appearance.
Private
persons apparently also offered monuments, as a large crouching
figure
Merenptah
temple.
was found here in
continued
monument
place, as a unique
column was placed by him front of the pylon,
by the
Setnekht and Ramessu
to
this
favour
the
of a free-standing
at
some distance
in
placed their names
on a sphinx here, but throughout the decadence of the empire the place
appears to have been
The tombs of this time are poor, and no monuments of Siamen, or the Bubastites, neglected.
have been found.
'The fiourishing time of the
Renascence
brought favour to
strange to
at last
say
rather seems as
it
did
if
two
nothing for cities
Am, though Tanis.
were too
much
support in this district in later times. rose again under the Bubastites, while effaced
;
then
Am
while
Am
temple was
under
was neglected
the
Ptolemies
sunk to be a mere finally ruined.
;
(see pi. xvii.).
to Uati, of large
blocks of limestone, with a pavement two courses
Bringing from the old temple the
in thickness.
beautiful
placed
dedicated
statue in
it
by Ramessu
a great monohthic
II.,
which weighed nearly sixty tons.
granite,
he
shrine of red
The
remains of the Ramesside temple were doubtless largely used
up
new temple, as they were Aahmes constructed in the temenos. The other statues
for this
pylon which
for the
to
the
which adorned the early temple were removed and placed in the later temple, though not all ot them.
At the same time the tombs here rose splendour
;
in place of small
brick, with rudely fine limestone
in
chambers of crude
formed pottery
coffins,
we
find
chambers, and sarcophagi of the best
class sculptured in basalt,
and even encased in
outer cases of hmestone.
The
was
again Tanis
and Romans,
village,
it
It
was re-estabhshed under the
Saites, while Tanis
flourished
at the north-east corner of
Here he erected a new temple
to
Tanis
Am
and
refill,
much encumbered with rubbish, he new site at right angles to the old one,
entrance
side of the roadway. III.
in the
site
perhaps too
same
material,
the rebuilding of the temple,
and the
place, however,
seems to have suffered severely invasion
;
and
is
it
most
at
the Persian
likely that the
great
destruction of the statues and shrine happened at that
time, since
desecrated in
we
the
find
that
Ptolemaic
the
temjjle
times, and
workshops and houses established
was
small
in the temenos,
even just in front of the temple of Aahmes.
The
TELL XEBESIIEII.
before the
Eoman
Roman
cemetery, and this lasted until late (see small plan
on
Having thus defined the temcnos and pylon,
how much
I observed
north end of the
the
at
was away.
statues while I
Another town had,
conquest.
up
however, spining
Mr. Griffith found these
other nearly perfect.
town, however, continued to be inhabited in the Ptolemaic period, though apparently deserted
times
was pi.
pi. xvii.).
had
Avbich I xiv.)
and the
;
to one side the temple site
found (temple of Aahmes,
first
temenos looked very much as
had stood
CHAPTER
Ncbesheh three years
Tell
saw there a great mass of
ago, I
from
first visiting
its
which
gi-anite,
rounded top appeared to be the bottom This proved,
of a sarcophagus turned up on end.
however, on digging to be the back of a shrine, a semicu-cular top (sec
with
pi.
It
iv.).
was
over the neighbourhood as the Puts
known
all
Faruii
(Phai-aoh's
might be seen
head)
for a mile or two, standing
above the ground. I began to
Farun,
Taget
or
It
work on
was one
and
This building we cleared
the Hmits of
its
about
scattered
and traced
all over,
foundations (see pi. xiv.), finding
several inscribed
monuments lying broken up and among the blocks of paving
Shortly after arriving, and before I noticed,
beginning
while making a plan, a line on
the ground, on one side of which the tufts of coarse grass grew scattered side the
about, while on the other
ground was nearly barren.
at once that this
was a
as the surface would
enclosed
and
after
began
I
had a large temcnos
pylon were
it
This
shrine,
to try for the pylon of the tcmenos.
quickly,
as well
to deal with
working a few days at the
was found very the
it
and found that
ground around the shrine.
the
showed that
Suspecting
wall, I traced
allow,
;
I
This
and the foundations of
uncovered
:
here
were
more
monuments, a pair of sphinxes of the twelfth dynasty (one broken to colossi of
Ramessu
II.,
one
feet
it.
brought up nothing, until
it
below the surface a vertical
with sand against
This was un-
it.
mistakably the retaining wall of a foundation,
up with sand, on which
filled
and sinking a row of deep at
round the
last all
found
site
we tracked
this
of the building,
and
(First temple
In this way we recovered two
of Uati, pi. xiv.).
temple
to lay a building
pits,
the corners of the area.
all
which were quite unknown before.
sites
Before entering on the description of these
7.
remains,
chips),
and a pair of
much
defaced, but the
will
it
be well to notice what has been
observed here, and in other examples, to be the
Egyptian mode of founding a building First a space, each
Delta.
more
in
than the
larger
marked around
which remained.
work here,
blown dust,
up high
found that there were remains of a building near it.
mud
face of
of the first places
Nebesheh, and I soon
at
some building
with more or less of chips of stone around
II.
one showed at 12
On
if
there, being a flat space of
Several pits dug in
0.
middle of the
the
in
site
it
in
;
the
in
foot or
was
building,
of crude
bricks
built
some cases the space was excavated
hard rammed
was quite
intended
and a wall
Out,
way about a
fiat
mud
and
:
the bottom of the space
This enclosure thus
level.
formed a shallow sunken chamber, which was partly
filled
with clean desert sand, and on that
sand the building was placed, standing clear of the retaining walls of the foundation, with a few inches, or two or
between
its
The depth it
may
feet of
sand
in
filled
and the
courses
wall.
of the sand enclosure varies greatly
be only a few inches, a mere ceremonial Naulu-atis;
film,
as
feet
but at the
;
three
foundation
at
side of the
little
mounds
it
is
Ptolemaic
usually 2 or site
3
on the south
of Tanis, a pit has been ex-
cavated tlu-ough the mass of dirty rubbish-ground to
more than 12
dirty sand
feet
and chips
deep, and
for
4
feet,
filled
up with
and with 8
feet
CHAP. II.— TEMPLES.
The foundation
of clean saud over that.
are always placed in the sand, about
deposits
two
feet
inward from each face of the corner-stone, and a This same order of
below the stone.
foot or so
building a retaining wall around the foundation is
followed even
when
The
sand plain.
the building stands on a
retaining wall
sometimes of
is
Such
possibly in the earlier periods.
stone,
is
the regular system of foundation, which has been
my
traced during
work
Egypt by the com-
in
parison of half a dozen different buildings.
8.
Turning now
there represented.
wall
far
may
is
we
to pi. xiv.
details
from regular
in its
the cultivated ground approaches
thick
the
at
thinnest
and 63
feet elsewhere,
on the N.W. as
It
Buto, but
and Tanis 27
feet, after all their
9.
At 170
feet in front of the
The north
plan
but this
is
;
On
for.
the
how closely
on the S.W.
it
—so
we know
far as
surface
—unique.
now broken
of red granite,
askew
to
the
But while
axis.
is
also
planning the
being
not
decomposed on the surface
The top was
sculptures.
thickness, at the northern ends of
position of these variations, and plot
them found that,
when
I
came
to
quite unexpectedly, they were
opposite one to another
;
that a line
so
parallel to the axis of the temple, as
exactly connected the two points. fore, very
fixed the
It
drawn
on the plan, seems, there-
probable that originally the temenos
wall on the west side was parallel to the temple
;
but after being ruined, say in the post-Ramesside
was
and
re-
taining a portion of each of the old corners.
A
times,
still
it
rebuilt rather further out,
later addition to
east corner,
where
the north side. if it
were
it
it
it
was noticed
at the north-
has plainly been thickened on
Some further details might appear
completely uncovered
not spare time or
men
for
;
but I could
more than a row of
small pits and trenches around
it,
just to
show the
to
quite
too
much
show much
of the
it is
flat,
without any
moulding around
it
;
but
surface stood a group, of the king
flat
kneeling, overshadowed by a
The
behind him. the diameter of a statue
the
by the king
offering
Unhappily
on the
I carefully
its
Around it were
its sides.
and
of adoration
scenes
before different gods.
edges of the wall, I was puzzled by two strange its
;
interrupt
to
sufficient
sort of capital or even
changes in
column
divided by the large curves of a sub-
is
temenos, and in fact while excavating to find the
the east and west sides.
It is a
in three parts
clustered form, the projection of each rib of the
well have caused
willbe seen,
side, it
propylou of the
temenos stood a monument of Mereuptah, which
the builders to contract the enclosed space at that corner.
denudation), then
would contain 100,000 cubic yards of brickwork.
temenos
greater before the
may
or
;
sculpturing of groups on
plain rose by deposits, and
feet), Sais,
if 30 feet high, which is we can expect (Buto is over 30 feet,
the least
surface
still
45
was a vast piece of work, being just
still
The
must have been
feet
to
gigantic, therefore,
Tanis (80
the ground falling away there into a small canal. dip
30
is
feet at the exceptional part
of
half a mile in circuit
it
wall
increasing
point,
was not so
the great walls
three or
ftxces in
The
side.
great
be seen
(pi. xvii.) it will
on each
four spots
will notice the
The
be to a great extent accounted
general plan
position of the inner and outer
is
total
hawk which stands feet, and
height was 12
No
31 inches.
on the
toj?
found in Egypt, until
other example-
of a column has been
Roman
times, I believe;
nor any case of free-standing columns placed far out in front of a building, to flank the avenue of
approach. far out as
Statues of
230
but no columns. of a pair, as
it
II.
were placed as
pylon of Tanis,
This column was doubtless one
would never have stood alone on one
side of the road
dug around
Ramessu
feet in front of the
;
but though
many
trenches were
this region,
no trace of the second
column could be found.
Architecturally, such a
column seems Asiatic rather than Egyi^tian, remembering the two great free-standing columns, with special names, placed in front of Solomon's
temple
;
and again the great column remaining at c
TELL NEBESHEH.
some way
Persepolis,
in front of the bulls
which
Passing this column, and a square base of lime-
we
stone lying on the other side of the roadway,
Though none
of the stonework, except part of the
substructure
of the pavement, remains,
hardly doubt from the form of the
we can shallow chamber The
with sand, that a propylon stood here.
central hollow (shaded with dots)
having 34 inches of sand in
ment
slabs
;
it
is
the deepest,
beneath the pave-
while the side hollows had only C or
No
8 inches of sand.
foundation deposits were
found in these spaces, which were discovered and cleared by Mr.
The width 70 of
feet, it
search, the fellow-statue
of this propylon
must have been about
judging by the foundation space.
two drains were found
stone,
Nebesheh.
I left
after
Griffith
:
In front
they were cut in lime-
with two equal upper and lower pieces
The
fitted together.
more
or rather
outside
in diameter
is cylindrical,
2
feet
and the inside
;
is
hexagonal, each face about 6 inches wide, three sides of the hollow being cut in the upper,
and
Another, similar,
three sides in the lower stone.
and has not
II.,
On
drain was found at the S.E. of the great temple
site.
further
was found, a good deal
injured, to the north of this.
The whole
to the propylon site, in fi-ont of the gateway.
come
filled
an original work of Ramessu
been appropriated by any other king.
lead up to the gi-eat square building there.
been
built
Kamessu
of the substructure of this pylon has
from the ruins
II.,
temple of
the
of
by Aahmes, when he
evidently
many
re-
On
estabUshed the place with the new temple.
of the blocks are portions of hieroglyphic
and one of them bore
inscriptions of a large scale,
a fine portrait of
Kamessu
II.,
happily quite un-
injured as to the face, though the back of the head
This we were allowed to remove, by M.
is lost.
Maspero's permission, and to the
Museum
Fine Art
pavement has been
I hope, be
it will,
The
at Boston.
less injured
added
central
than other parts
of the substructure of the pj'lou
for the reason
;
having to bear any weight, the stones
that, not
were smaller and
The
removal.
inferior,
and hence
less
sides of the pylon are,
trary, nearly all cleared
worth
on the con-
away, leaving only a few
The edge
large blocks of the lowest course.
of
the pavement substructure which remains, shows that the passage was about
10^
feet wide,
and
the mass of the pylon on each side about 14 feet wide, and 30 or 40 feet through from back to
10. is
Beyond
sand foundation of the propylon
front.
At the inner
a deep and massive pavement of four courses in
thickness
;
the top course, which runs on over the
sand hollow, it
this
is
13 inches thick, and those below
The
27, 21, and 20 inches respectively.
last
of these reaches to 9 inches below the water-level of the beginning of April.
Thus the
Avhole four
courses of this pavement are 81 inches thick, and
side of the pylon stood
of black syenite.
One
two sphinxes
of these remains complete,
with the exception of the head, and a flake off the left
flank
;
it is
The
G7 inches long.
other,
on the
north side, was broken up into chips, and thrown
down
by the extraction of
into a deep hollow left
the foundations.
These sphinxes have a most
reach up to 72 inches over the present low-water
remarkable history of appropriation, which seems-
level.
to
Just beyond the propylon, guarding the entrance to the pylon, were two seated colossi of Piamessu
One
II.
of these remains lying on the
in a fair state of preservation, the face braised, and part of the beard off,
but othei-wise
black
syenite,
it
and
is is
pavement is
rather
and ura;us knocked
perfect.
It is carved in
82 inches high over
and therefore considerably over
life
size.
all,
It is
show that they were valued.
First carved,
and
well carved, under the twelfth dynasty apparently,
they bore the founder's
name on
between the paws and on the chest.
were appropriated by a high
the usual space
Secondly, they
official,
probably of
the thirteentli to seventeenth dynasties, the same
apparently
who
appropriated an altar which we
shall notice farther on. all
He
cut a long inscription
round the base, which has unfortunately been
CHAP. II.—TEMPLES. nearly
all
Thirdly, there
erased in later times.
an erased space on the right
contained cartouches. space similarly on
Fifthly, there is
an erased
shoulder.
Sixthly,
the
left
on which a statue of an
Along the front
beyond
of
Ramessu
there
III. cut across the ribbed lines of the
Aahmes
forebore
this defaced animal.
Indeed,
wig on either side of the any further claims on
chest.
knocked
much smoothed by
very
is
The broken
off before his time.
was another sand hollow
for another
All around the rest of the building
only the retaining wall, with clean sand
is
it
of dirty earth
and stone
course of
wall
demolition finally, there would not be hkely to
and
have been enough passing to have gradually worn
surface of the ground.
away the
when the
surface.
It
place was in
seems rather as
been injured before Aahmes placed
it
while all around the area
;
if it
had
observed by sinking
and
wall,
present
The depth
When by
masonry.
possible,
valuable as showing the style
of the destroyed temple of
Ramessu
II.
The
I left the
after finding
10 or 12
work in Mr.
most of the
below the
feet
Griffith's hands,^
foundation
circuit of the
urgently desired
pits, I
him
to finish clearing
the form of the foimdation, and to extract,
foundation
the
happily, he
ribs
are semicyhndrical, without any ridge or
it
show a clean
to
surface of. blown earth accumulated in
ment was found between the pylon and the temple, and just at the S.W. of the pylon is a piece of banded lotus column placed at the base of some
of
as
the temenos.
in the area of the temenos, are
various pieces of substructure remaining; pave-
is
present
through the
cutting
pits
is
the
to
These particulars were
sand, and earth, so
section.
frequented.
a bank of earth
is
up
reaches
here,
had been worn by loungers and passers, while the
This
which
chips,
new temple was
Within the pylon,
formed
heaped up outside, over the top of the retaining
is
only broken
is
The sand has
chips.
been partly dug out in removing the stones, and
had been
if it
;
where the
it,
stones had been extracted, the ground
repeated rubbing, in
spite of the htirdness of the stone
sand was about 30
this
;
inches wide, and immediately within
surface
mass
this is a
and then,
against the face of
seems very probable that the head had been
it
that,
lying.
;
foundation.
Eighthly, there are cartouches
shoulder.
left
beyond
;
of brickwork (shaded in the plan)
Seventhly, there are cartouches of Set-nekht on
the
was found
official
a broad bed of sand in a
is
hollow, for a foundation
on the chest.
there are cartouches of Seti II.
and a
it,
piece of substructure remains at the S.E. corner,
which also
flank,
was
retaining wall of the foundation
traced by pits around the circuit of
Fourthly, there
doubtless contained cartouches. is
The
gone.
is
an erased space on the right shoulder, which
strenuous
was unable
efi"orts,
to
do with the most
owing to the depth below the
At the N.E. corner he went
25 inches
break in the curvature, like the clustered columns
water.
of the temple of Gurneh ; and from the appearance
below water, at the S.E. to 35 inches,
at
N.W.
to
foundation of the
of the
most in
front
feet
of the
it
seems
temple, like the
colonnade
of
This drum was measured as about 6
diameter
;
or the colonnets as
which would give a
across,
temple,
such columns formed a colonnade
likely that
Gurneh.
first
22 inches each
circuit of
175 inches
for the whole, there being eight colonnets
around
S.W.
to
11.
Of the
first
in situ, so
temple far as
scarcely
anything
our excavations have
the
the
40 yet
;
no case was any deposit reached, or the bottom In the S.W.
corner a fine limestone wall was found below the brick wall, flush with the face of
the
lower
inches
remains
at
of the retaining wall discovered.
limestone
it.
25 inches, and
to
inches below the low-water level of April in
if
un-
This,
deposits.
part
of
the
wall was of three
thick,
and 12
it,
retaining
and forming This
wall.
courses, each
inches deep
back
;
20 the
courses beginning at 6 inches above water-levei,
and being found by probing
c 2
to
a depth of
5-1
TELL XEBESIIEH.
The sumptuous work limestone lining to a mere
The
undergi-ouncl retaining wall suggests that a fine
that
inches below the water. a
of placing
fine
size
208x92 is
temple, therefore, was
the
of
feet outside,
155x70
and
about
feet inside:
to say, about the size of the temple of
foundation enables the water to flow in so readily,
Amenhotep III., or either of the temples of Eamessu III. at Kaniak. The only statue found here was lying on the
without some
northern part of the substructure, at the south-
deposit probably awaits the explorer here;
the great sand bed of the
the permeability of
that
impossible to reach
is
it
but
it
extraordinary means, such as freezing the
soil,
a
pumping the whole area around As has been observed pumps.
diving caisson, or
dry with large in
Chapter
the
I.,
the country
water-level of
has risen 10 or 11
feet
founded, perhaps even 15
since this temple
Hence the
foundation of the twelfth dynasty.
may
deposits
easily be
was
the original
feet, if it is
C or S feet
below the
At the S.E. corner there remains one course of substructure, of which the joints are
and
level,
base
its
There are
IG inches thick.
is
it
shown on
12 inches over the water-
is
traces of the blocks above having been set back
along the front;
8 inches of the
it
recede.
On
was a mason's mark.
evident that this wall did not run round
it is
the building, as
the front of
has a smooth
it
facing in line on the north side
mass
the blocks
as
Aahmes temple foundation
the block with a spot on
Now
just
and from the
;
of brickwork (shaded) ending so flatly on the
down to below a more massive
west, and the disturbed soil going
water-level there,
seems that
it
on the west of
tind important wall existed
brick mass.
It
seems
represents the space within a colonnade in front
of the temple
;
that the real front of the temple
stood on the west of
by
it
;
and a colonnade, flanked
antfE, stood in front of the temple.
drum found by the
pylon,
From
the
and the intercolum-
uiation of the colonnade of similar columns at
Gurnoh, we
may
conclude that there were two
columns on either classical phrase anils.
A
it
side
of
the
entrance.
would thus be
dotted line
is
In
tetrastyle in
placed around the area
of the building, showing the probable size of the interior,
up
to the inner face
of the stone walls.
a figure represented as seated
is
knees in the usual position. official,
Merenptah, son
tomb
Between the hands
(No. 35). of
It represents
Eamessu
11.,
an
Pa-mer-kau, whose
of
ushabti were found in a
cemetery
in the
the cartouche
is
showing the age, and on the front
were two divinities standing the other
is
;
one
Uati, lady of
is
The
defaced.
inscriptions
mention also the mother of Merenptah, Ta-uscrt,
and two other sons of Pa-mer-kau
evidently this
;
family were the great people of the district in
The whole
those days.
statue weighs about a
Probably other sculptures
ton.
beneath the
lie
sand in the area of this temple, but as take
weeks' Avork
several
pounds to clear
much still
it
out,
it
would
and cost a hundred
and there did not seem
prospect of obtaining fresh information,
There
remains to be examined.
it
some
is
chance of finding Hyksos remains here, or inscriptions of officials of their period,
perhaps make further work
this
likely, then, that this brick
It
on the ground, with the arms resting on the
Am, and
present water-level.
the plan;
east corner.
12. built ill
which would
desiral)lo.
We nowturn to the second and smaller temple by Aahmes
.situ,
II.
The only remains
of this
above the foundation enclosure, are portions
of a thick double
pavement near the
back of the great granite shrine
still
front,
and the
standing erect
upon a block of quartzite sandstone, which
rests
The
front
on some other blocks of the pavement. is
peculiar in form, having a projection, unlike
the usual
flat
front of
Egyptian temples.
As
a
porch or portico seems to be unknown elsewhere in
temples,
it
seems probable that
this
was a
small platform in front of the entrance, perhajis
approached by one or two steps,
for the basis of
the statues of quartzite sandstone which stood on
CHAP. II.-TE.MPLES. either bide of the
The throues
door.
of these
two statues were found lying in the hollow
left
They
the abstraction of the double pavement.
were
seated
Usertesen
of
figures
hy
with
III.,
standing figures of his daughters at either side
The
throne were
iv.).
seems very probable, therefore, that this
It
was the statue of the temple, originally placed the great temple by
Ramessu
in
and then removed
II.,
and enshrined afresh by Aahmes on founding the
new temple.
sculptured with the group of the two Niles hold-
Beside this a group of three persons seated was found, holding a table of offerings in front of
around the sam.
them, on the front of which a long inscription
knees.
of his
ing the
One
lotus
the
twisted
i^lants
of these thrones
on the
of
sides
good
in
is
The
side being in perfect condition.
of the
height
was about 6
statues
about 76
X
47
not more
would seem
itself
outside,
ft.
G6
than
X
total
No
feet.
records the festivals in honour of Uati, the lady
Am, and
of
other divinities of the place (see sect.
30).
was found.
trace of the upper parts
The temple
group
state, the
37
to
have been
and therefore probably
The
13. Finally, at the north end stood the great
granite
monoHth
which
shrine,
examine the
jjlace (see pi. iv.).
would, therefore, be doubtless supported by two
15
high, 8
rows of
and 10
parts.
pillars,
ft.
inside.
the
dividing
roof
breadth in
three
Perhaps some indication of the internal
divisions of
may
it
be seen by the foundation
deposit, found near the middle of the area. this
was only a
central deposit,
sole
If
would
it
probably have been put in the middle, and not
SO
in.
this
one
to
side.
seems most
It
the cella.
If ^
about 30
in.
the stone, like the
of
likely that
was placed beneath one jamb of the door of inward from the face
other deposits,
imply that the doorway was about 100
and
it
it
just
In the area of the temple were several blocks
offering,
and
cartouches
which
entirely erased.
have
Beside
unthese
the loAver part of a beautiful statue of Uati, in
highly polished black syenite, was found, bearing a dedication by
Eamessu
II.
on the back.
From
the size of this fragment, broken off just above the
hand holding the papyrus
ankles,
it
seems probable that
high when perfect. apparently just
was about 90
fit
in.
sceptre, it
and
in.
at the
was about 75
in.
This, with the crown, would
the great granite shrine, which
high inside above the bencJi in
which the base of the statue would be placed
(pi.
This
7 in. wide
ft.
weight being about 58 tons.
is
base,
the total
;
This does not quite
Thmuis, as that
rival the great shrine of
to all
at the
from back to front
is
18
ft.
high, and wrought to a fine pyramidal top, instead
of being rather roughly rounded fine piece of
;
but
work, the sides being
polished, and the edges
still it is
flat
a
and well
neatly bevelled
avoid their being accidentally chipped.
off
to
At the
back, however, the stuff ran rather short, and both
front
;
of red granite remaining, sculptured with scenes of
4
wide
in.
in.
fortunately been
in. ft.
the back edges are sloped
seems not improbable that the door might
100
4
would
have been of the same width as the shrine, which is
ft.
me
over
drew
first
away
irregularly.
The
was decorated along the top by a frieze of crowned uraei surmounting the globe and wings,
Up
the sides of the
doorway were two columns of
inscriptions, un-
familiar in late work.
so
happily
defaced.
All
can
that
marked on the drawing
be traced
begins with S-men, and this limits II.
,
is
it
Nekht-har-heb, or Nekht-neb-f.
no trace of the two
latter kings here,
known from the foundation
built this temple, there
is
The banner
in pi. iv.
to
Aahmes
As
there
is
and Aahmes
deposits to have
seems no doubt but that
he had this shrine made oh re-establishing the worship of Uati at
show how the found, would
Am.
statue, of fit
The dotted
outline wall
which the lower part was
in the shrine.
The plan and
elevation
here
given are,
of
course, a restoration, as will be seen from the
sketch of the present state of the shrine on the
TELL XEBESIIEH.
same
The materials
plate.
fragments found lying around the shrine
Tvere the
when
positions of these finds in relation to the corners
for this restoration
In
excavated.
The
The depth
examined and measm-ed.
carefully
of the
twenty blocks were
all,
shown
I tried.
in the
and could be
identified
by the
are 17-9
foundation.
x
x
8-9
5-2
found I was below
I
Scraping out the sand,
water-level.
The
fractures.
wall of the
removing that carefully
after
and a block which went between them
elevation,
retaining
The S.W. was the first deposit for which Here we came down on the pottery, and
inches.
from back to front was determined by the present back, the piece of sculptm-ed front
brick
bricks of this wall
groped down
I
below the water, scarcely expecting to find any-
only uncertain points in this restoration are the
thing
height of the doorwf^y, and the verticaHty of the
water I brought up a porcelain plaque, which on
doorway and
inscription, or its parallehsm with
but after going nearly a foot below the
;
hastily rubbing the sand off
Many more
the shghtly slopmg side, and also the thickness
Aahmes.
of the reveals or jambs of the doorway.
further groping,
these did not
That
extend up to the bench in the
corner of
and
it
showed the name of
plaques
this
were found by
proved to be the richest
ha^ang a double supply of plaques,
all,
inside is certain, as there is a piece of the side
and some pottery stands not fouud elsewhere.
near the bottom which
After this,
The
positions of the
were
all
a
little
measured on the
way
only 20
is
inside has a recess in
it,
gi-anite, in
still
alabaster
fixed
on
its
bare
all
the deposits
all
the time I was at work
regularly,
and draw and
measure their exact positions, as shown on
we
pi. vi.
At the N.E. no deposit could be found, although
we searched
statue of
base block of
others
Museum.
the Bulak
the other corners
In this way I was able to lay
below water-level.
the arrange-
of the statue and its base block was,
Queen Ameniritis,
kept going actively
lies
The bench
What
I next excavated
with more space, and arranged to have baling
evidently intended to
can best realize from the
grey
thick.
jamb, which
fallen
in front of the shrme.
hold the base of the statue.
ment
in.
hieroglyphs on the sides
far lower
and wider than
and as a double
;
set
for
of plaques
the
was
found at the S.W., I can only suppose that the
N.E. corner was accidentally not prepared pro-
monuments, two pieces of
perly,
statuettes
were foimd in the chips of the temple.
After
The
piece found within this temple, on the
14. Beside the large
first
much
close to its upper fracture (see pi. x. 12).
and a half weeks
later,
Am
its
of the
dynasty;
thirtieth
of
Am,
X. 11).
1)1.
offerings,
this again its
bore the
lower fracture (see
Beside these the group with a table of
and the statue of
mention the it
back, apparently of the style
but close to
city of
Moronptah,
Am, making
both
four notices of
in this temple.
We
will
lastly
it
Two
green basalt statuette was fouud, with a dehcately
The
foundation deposits.
In
pi. vi. will
the
be seen the
was two
pottery
this,
though
I
cleared
On
feet
over water-level, and
below the water.
I searched to !
with
to a far greater depth than the other deposits.
looking at the types of the deposits
plaques
the stone
arc
with
delicate
straight.
No. 9
is
rather hard.
(pi. v.),
ground but not highly
polished, and the gold and silver arc
punching
punches,
marked by
curved
and
of green limestone apparently,
The green glazed plaques
are varied
the two cartouches appear one on each side, but the
notice the small objects,
was put in the S.W.
of the door of the cella, as already noticed.
No plaques were placed
a torso of a very fine
cut inscription on
name
jamb
injured, but yet
bearing the precious mention of the city of
sui*plus
the corners, a set of pottery was found
near the middle of the area, probably below one
second day of digging, was a fragment of the legs of a statuette in limestone,
and that the
title is either nulcr
lead plaque
copper
is
is
too
nofcr or
sukn
sclhet.
distinctly not inscribed
much
;
The
and the
corroded to show whether
it
CHAP. II.— TEMPLES
was
The types of the pottery show them to be ceremonial
iuseribed or not.
vessels
phxinly
and
imitations of various vessels of larger size
sometimes of be
therefore,
They
may,
cheap substitutes for
more
material.
different
the
valuable vessels which were deposited in earlier
under
times
temples,
either
as
the
vessels
consecrated by having been used in the ceremony of the foundation, and therefore not to be used
again for other purposes, or else as models of
what were to be used seems the
re-use
The view
in the temple.
buried to prevent
of consecrated articles
more
likely;
and
it
their
would
explain the models of tools found at Nauki-atis
and Gemeyemi as not the models of what would
he
used in the building, but as representing the tools
which would otherwise have been
the
forfeit to
gods as having been already used in the foundation
ceremony
;
—much
as
if
the silver trowel used at
a modern masonic ceremony should be
left in
the
mortar beneath the stone, or a cheaper substitute for
The
it.
vessels Nos. 12
and 13 are evidently
copied from the bronze situla with a swinging
handle
;
Nos. 18 and 19, again, look as
from metal prototypes
;
well be imitations of stone vessels; 15,
if
modelled
Nos. 24, 25, and 33
may
and Nos. 11,
29 and 35 are clear copies of the larger
pottery vessels of the twenty-sixth dynasty, such as I found at Defenneh
(see pi. xxxiii. 4, xxxiv.
19, 21).
The these
full
catalogue of
deposits
numbers on
as
is
pi. v.
:
all
that
follows,
was found
referring
to
in
the
TELL XEBE.SHEII. fine
and
lines,
The upper
dynasty.
much
of
This action of
which has scaled
— so
surface,
shows that they existed
after the twelfth dj-nasty,
reigning kings.
still
These were
component
far as
by the
mass was held
would hold
it
—by
where the
salt crystallizes
damp
the salt
near
the
out of the
soil,
porous material lying
earth,
So
we
far
are on certain facts.
entirely
crystals
stone, so that the
above the permanently
is
always
16.
To turn now
suggested by these
an
to
briefly
We
facts.
hjpothesis
Hyksos
find in the
invasion the rule of a hated and conquering race yet
a rule which did not at
which
civiHzation
Further, after a time, civilization over
which
crush out the
Egypt.
in
gradually imbibed the
it
it
all
found
already
it
And
dominated.
yet
it
thus attacked, pottery being flaked to pieces, or
was a rule without much
Even mud bricks are frequently reduced to powder, and show as much salt as mud on cutting them through. The inscriptions added to this altar in later
any, since
it
length they
made one
conquering and i^illaging the country (Jos. Cont. Ap. i. 14). ITe/sas Se implies " finally," " at the
times than the twelfth dynasty are, however, the
end " of
large chips blistered out of
most important part of it
it.
They were
(see pi. ix. 1).
engraved by a certain " chief of the chancellors
and royal seal bearer," whose name and further titles
series
are effaced. of oflScials
This person was one of a
whose
parallel to the English
Lord
Privy Seal.
position,
or
were singularly
titles
Lord High Chancellor and
Such in
imply a unique
titles
one which would
by a viceroy
duplicate
a
The
dj-nasty.
after
The
nearest
historical
by the light of which we must judge this
parallel,
case, is the
Arab invasion of Egypt, and sub-
jugation of the Copts
here the conquered Avere
:
under the debasement of Byzantine
rule, as the
Egyptians of the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasty were living under the decayed forms of the
power of is
seen
of the royal families of
capable of organizing themselves
;
yet
we
see that
they adopted the arts and the government which
they found in the country to a great extent, and like the
thing
Hyksos
— became Egyptianized.
they took
much
But oue
they found
as
it,
the twelfth and fourteenth dynasties, with then-
bureaucracy who
many such are known, as for inhes, Se-neb, stance, Ha-sa-r, Ptah-ran, Ka-cm and Herfu. Senb-su-ma, Senb-a, Hor-em
the needful administration of the country.
names and
titles
;
.
.
Beside
this
civili-
more civihzed probably than the Hyksos, and more
their having a series of scarabs, like those
members
king"
the invasion, struggle, and capture
inhabitants.
the
" at
province,
diflerent
further evidences of the
of the kings and
all
of themselves
if
says,
was only as Manetho
zation of the twelfth; but the conquerors were
the successive holders of this double office
from
of
organization,
civil
only be held in
such as the Princes of Cush under the eighteenth
.
This altar gives, therefore, this obscure class of officials;
they usurped prerogatives otherwise reserved to
their
Any
alone.
on
more shown
on syenite was
crystalHzing force of the salt in the interstitial
together
it
fresh light
close to the
salt
joints of the
by long inscriptions.
much
though of course before the eighteenth, and that
surface just N. of the altar. into
sphinxes before mentioned, and this momiment,
comers are flaked away Ukewise.
by some sculptured fragments found frayed
twell'th
uufortunately
and has also so swollen the
it,
syenite that the
salt,
the
of
surface has
from the
suffered severely off
poHsh
high
.
.
.
.,
no other instance
is
known, so
officials
probably
managed
continued to little
all
the
—the
details
of
The
be Copts, and there was
break in the
the internal organization.
inherited offices of
Now
this is exactly
far as I
remember, of a personage not actually
an explanation of what we can see under the
reigning
who has
Hyksos.
usui-ped royal
monuments
public temple, and even in a capital of a this
chief chancellor has
in a
nomc, as
appropriated the
two
They
conquered
militai-y horde, without
the
country
even a king
tribute (1st Sail. Pap. line 2)
;
;
as
a
they levied
but they probably
CHAP. III.—THE CEMETERY.
had the sense them, and its
the natives collect
to let
for
it
the native organization to follow
left
A
own ways.
very curious evidence of this
being in after times believed to have been the
even when the
case,
Hyksos were
Egyptianized as possible, brated fragment
which at
In that we
knowing
kingdom and the
But yet one
undoubtedly refers
we
there
discreet
as
his
scribes
This view explains
rise of the
empire
;
it
exactly
.
and wise, and
— not,
Thou
.
to
the Hyksos
" And Pharaoh said unto Joseph
my house, and according my people be ruled only
shalt be over
unto thy word shall
all
;
Pharaoh said unto Joseph, See,
There
is
from Asia.
apply the facts we have noticed above a series of viziers,
men who
the laud of Egypt.
set thee over
And Pharaoh
took off his
to ride in the second chariot
cried before him,
the land of Egypt."
These men lived
after the twelfth,
And,
they would seem to have acted for rulers
them
to
seal-bearer,
who
second
did
usurp them at their pleasure.
Here we have the exact description of a native vizier of a Hyksos king. We have but fi-agments
on
this hypothesis,
any other.
how
the fourteenth dynasty, with
its
short reigns
averaging only two years and a half, represents viceroys of the
Hyksos; but may these not be
identical with the
men who
were reckoned as
countiymen
in
different title,
viziers,
?
while
upper
the
counted as kings
in the
Hyksos country by
their
own
country they were
They may have even had
and acted as
viziers
a
in one part
of the countiy, and as semi-independent kings in
another part.
Or the
viziers
may have been
the
and he made him
and he
;
Here we read
This we
chariot.
up of a regular
set
him over aU
of the investiture
him
royal
now
see
was not an
office of
the head of the native
administration.
CHAPTER
III.
THE CEMETERY.
and would be hard to adjust
Leibleiu has already pointed out
Abrech
;
which he had; and they
extraordinary act of an autocrat, but the filhng
exactly falls into a consistent place
to
upon Joseph's
and giving him the honour of the
and suggestions to lead us, but every item that
we can glean
it
of a vizier under the Hyksos, creating
further,
not care about the public monuments, and would allow
and put
put a gold chain about his neck
acted for
the king over the treasury and taxes, and over
and before the eighteenth dynasty.
I
hand, and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen, and
:
the royal decrees and public documents, bearing
the king's seal.
And
have
signet-ring from his hand,
Now to
than thou.
in the throne will I be greater
all
historic parallel of the later invasion
and
man
him over the land of
set
agrees with the one or two fragments of informaaccords with the
period,
Pharaoh give orders to his
let
tion that remain to us, and
it
this question
" Let Pharaoh look out a
read,
officers.
o^^Ti .
document may be quoted,
account of Joseph in the book of Genesis
the
Egypt,"
according
further
and receiving light on
as giving
hands of
evident between the middle
so
had to adopt when the Hyksos made themselves a king. This is a point on which we must wait for more light.
said not to dictate his
said."
affairs
continuity
the
is
to be completely in the
a notice,
in
even for a royal
" King Apapi sent to the Euler of
his scribes, for
South
Papyrus,
Sallier
find, that
Hyksos Apapi
own words, but the
first
shows us what was the tradition of
least
their rule. letter the
the
of
which the chief of the native ad-
title
ministration
much
as
given us in the cele-
is
lower
The cemetery
17.
of Tell
large space of ground (see
seem
to
Nebesheh covers a
pi. xv.),
but does not
have been arranged on any regular plan,
or to have conformed to any Hues of road across it,
The tombs
almost
are placed, as will be seen, at
all angles,
though roughly
to the cardinal
The earher tombs, however, be inclined more to the east of north
points in general.
seem
to
than the later
;
Nos.
4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 27,
Eamesside period are east, only
No. 21
all
is less so.
31 of the
considerably
to
the
The Cypriote tombs
are rather less incUned on the whole, Xos. 1, 17,
D
TELL NEBESHEH.
The
18, 26, 29, 33.
tombs of the twenty-
later
sixth dynasty, such as Nos. 28, 12, 42, 38, 39,
are nearly due north and south
which
while No. 23,
;
certainly of the Persian period, is even a
is
the west of north
little to
tomb No.
which
77,
so
;
also the great
is
probably late in the
is
Note also the two tombs
twenty-sixth dynasty.
marked "earher" and "later." A far greater number of tombs were excavated than those here shown on the
more than these
—many times
map
But nearly
in fact.
which
all
were of interest from their form or contents have
A
been planned and mapped.
few were
from the record, as their numbers (which
lost
I always
when more complex,
cavations before
was finishing the ex-
Griffith
my
Otherwise, the record of
the plan. noticeable
is
make
return to Nebesheh to all
that
was
not three (see
if
and
pi. xv.
there are the great hoshes (as they
from the Ai-ab name
Fkst,
xvi.).
may be
called,
chambered tomb
for a large
nevertheless
is
still
were lined with stone
also
dynasty (No. 4G), and
twenty-sixth
in the
all
such tombs have a wide well of access, with one or two ledges narrowing
it
part of the
way down,
on the side opposite to the doorway.
tombs developed
distinct class, the third
which
77,
feet
up
filling it
these are large square
Uned with brick
square,
chambers
having stone
and
space,
60
is
;
Psamtikmcukh tomb. No.
hollows, such as the
walls and
These
what must be reckoned a
into
built
in the
mass
to the lining with a
of constructions.
The
positions of the bodies are not constant,
though they generally planned in
lie
and west.
east
the following results
between the classes
Head 2
Eamcssidc.
:
6 E., 1 S.
Cypriote.
Here a very
17 W., 3 N.
Those
and some others noted, give
pi. xvi.,
2 W., 1 N., 1 S.
complete.
There are here two entirely separate classes of tombs,
They
subterranean.
cut deeply in the brick walls with a knife) crumbled
away while Mr.
as in No. 31, developed into
hoshes, as in No. 28, which
may
E.,
Sake.
distinction
clear
The Ilames-
be seen.
sides were nearly indifferent, but the Cypriotes
As the
were exactly the reverse of the Saites.
building), which were certainly built on the surface
Cypriote tombs are, at least in part, contemporary
of the ground, and rose to probably 10 or 15 feet
with the Saite, this complete contrast shows a
No. 7G).
in height (see
The chambers
them
in
real
and important distinction between the two
The
position of the
sometimes communicated with one another, but
classes.
no instance of an outer doorway
does not seem so fixed
seen,
is
and
it
the
Saites
east,
must have been from the
placing the bodies
terranean rebuilt,
same
tombs.
Many
of
these
have been
lines,
;
Their state
is
consequently very
but in no case have I found anything
come mto use
to have
second class
is
at that time.
provided with
The
of the cemetery.
as the people
fell
and carried
in
my
foot-holes in the sides (sec Nos.
in
hand
to the
tomb from the
there were two or
Very usually
more chambers opening
passage (see Nos.
1, 38).
off
a
These tombs
It
built of
had been much disturbed and
broken up in early times; and
it,
The entrance
tomb opened, was one
earliest
the tombs, and
well is always carefully bricked up.
common
The
18.
red baked bricks. No. 35, almost at the extreme east
entirely subterranean, with wells
of access built by the side of
42, 20).
in
east or west indifferently.
and many reinterments have taken
earher than the twenty-sixth dynasty, and they
seem
well of entrance
sometimes two or three times, on the
place in them.
confused
as in the sub-
tomb
though usually on the
—who were most regular —yet placed the well on the
rather appears that the access to the chambers top,
;
on
it
I
could not plan
iu the night after
off all the bricks.
This was early
residence here, and before I had ;
but
it
gave occasion for
it,
we found
me
them well to
promise
so absolute a decree of dismissal against the whole village, if
any further disturbance of
place, that I never
afterwards.
my work
took
had a brick or a stone removed
This tomb was of Pa-mcr-kau, ac-
CHAP. III.—THE CEMETERY. cording to the two limestone nsliabti found in
forming an
it
4^
ellipse
x
4 inches, and the sand
and from a statue found in the temple, representing
stuck to the pottery within the line.
Merenptah, son of Pa-mer-kau, and bearing the
head of this
coffin
were the two ushabti marked
21 on
made
of rough red pottery; these
cartouche of
Ramessu
II., it
may
be dated to the
The style of the two ushabti (see pi. i., top hue, numbered 35) also exactly accords with that period and some fragments of nineteenth dynasty.
wrought granite found
in this
tomb, again
With
The employment is
name User it is made
agi'ee
of red brick in this tomb,
and
on the
seen any red brick in Egypt of earlier times than the Constantine period
;
and
Now we
test of that age.
mud
see from these cases,
titles,
brick of the twenty-sixth dynasty, at
Mr. it is
Ramesside times in the Delta. There
point of size; those in long,
and
at
tomb 21
Defenneh, 12-6
;
whereas the
These early bricks seem
made much Hke material
;
and
bricks in
are 13-5 inches
are usually 8 or 9 in., and only at to 11*7.
however, a
is,
Roman
between these and the
in size as they do
mud
than with the crude
The next tomb XV., xvi.).
This
is
articles of
baked
bricks,
The
The N.
wall ran across
and
all
the walls
The upper part had much denuded, could be obtained. The
well, to several feet high.
lid type,
It
was
E. recess was either of the slipper or
not of two large pots
of very hard,
mouth
to
mouth.
good pottery, painted with
yellow bands outside on the red surface. outside, beneath the head,
which
was a black Hue
On
is
the
scarab cxhii. of
of the
same period;
pohshed dark green jasper. at
the
Nekht-Amen, No. 31.
is
Bulak.
tomb
This was disturbed by
me
six glazed-ware ushabti of the pi.
i.
Further working here
alabaster vase (marked 31 also) and the two plugs of alabaster,
vessels
probably from the
ears.
These
S.W. corner of the chamber probably the tomb
rifled in early times,
smashed up
in
and the alabaster
this antechamber.
The
southern chamber of the tomb was almost entirely lost
by denudation, though more remained of the
others owing to a great sand hillock rising on the
N.E.
The chambers were floored with
side.
two deep, and were
washed
been disturbed in later times and so that no further details
Ramesside
These scarabs and heart amulet are now
had been
rose around the group of recesses, in a square
coffin in the
of highly
No. 21
shaded part in the plan was of brick on edge; the
;
made
objects were in the
placed together dry, and irregularly bonded.
the foot of the coffin recesses
Loftie's collection,
is like the-
containing the two coffins;
entirely of red
was the lower
clearly
be of Ramessu XIII. (Kgsb.);
baked clay
(pi.
coffin
it is
i. ;
brought out pieces of the beautifully engraved
from
bricks.
in point of age is
rest of the bricks flat.
may
type marked 31 on
other Ramesside bricks, they rather seem to be classable with the large
was a large
the Arabs before I began to work that region, and
the thick pottery coffins as to
differing
coffin
and from the occurrence of Si-Neit in the
they brought
rise
have been
to
was
by the
Probably also of the twentieth dynasty of
Roman
Dendera
W.
In the
character of the cutting
Defenueh, that baked brick was introduced in the
distinction
surface.
in style,
and from the discoveiy of red brick beneath the black
:
Ramessu V.
represents
it
coffin, i.
of schist, white, and has been glazed.
scarab marked 21 on pi.
appeared to be a
it
pi.
heart amulet of red glass, decomposed to green
Hitherto I had never
of great importance.
hheper ma,
E.
this
marked 21 on
In the N. part of the middle
also Eamesside,
is
head of
these, over the
the upper scarab
Eamesside period.
in the next to be described, which
i.,
are of a style never found again at Nebesheh.
;
to a
pi.
Over the
all
mud
bricks
plastered and white-
inside.
Slight remains of other tombs, probably of the
same
age, were found on the S. side, and on the
top of the
work
same
hillock;
also
remains of fine
in granite, &c., from destroyed
No. 25.
tombs E. of
Further to the N.E. were more tomb
the
chambers. No. 41, and in the N.W. one of the
traced.
group were the two alabaster vessels, marked 41,
D 2
TELL NEBESHEII. pi.
standing in the
i.,
S.W. comer; and
in the
been smashed up in
vessel,
the alabaster vessels and the ushabti
apparently a
certain that this
tomb
is
it is
almost
of the twentieth dynasty.
Another early tomb of the nineteenth or twentieth
dynasty was found at No. 4
with two limestone ushabti, see
(pi. xv., xvi.)
on
4,
pi.
earl}'
times, but I carefully
The broken
what remained.
same chamber three terra-cotta ushabti of Patekh, From the style of of the type marked 41, pi. i.
cleared out
marked
to
cap the pin on which
this
had
i.,
with a
it), it
turned,
and another Imob to serve as a handle.
Beside
were pieces of a bowl, a small dish, and a
sjTnbolic eye, all in alabaster
i.
alabaster
pi.
(shown above
lid of slate
knob of alabaster
of
side
right
27,
pieces of two cups,
;
one with a spout, made of blue-green glazed ware,
The
19.
best group of
tombs of the twentieth
dynasty was that of Ha-ra
Nos.
3,
5,
tombs are
and
7,
all
on
myself, and so
pi.
Beneath the
8.
The
ii.
Tomb
objects
from these
8 I cleared entirely
certain that the very varj-ing
it is
styles of the ushabti
and Ra-mes-neldit,
were
all really
coffin of pottery,
ribbed
and
;
five
ushabti of blue-green, very rudely
painted with black. pi.
i.
All these are
marked 27,
There were also pieces of an ivory
and of a blue glazed colour of
Roman
dish, rather
flat
flask,
Hke the
glazed ware.
found together.
which lay on a raised
20.
We
now come
to a wholly difiierent class of
bench of brickwork covered with cement, were the
tombs, which, from the pottery found in them, I
ushabti, of sandstone, of limestone, and three of
have called here Cypriote.
pottery beneath the head, and of limestone
was not found in every tomb so named,
two of pottery beneath the in all directions.
:
they lay pointing
Across the head was the food
That such very diverse types of ushabti
vessel.
should
feet
and
all
be not only of one period, but belonging
to one interment, is result.
From
a strange and unexpected
the style of the stone ones, and
from the green glazed ones of Ra-mes-nekht
tomb is
3, it is fairly certain that this set of
of the twentieth dynasty.
in
tombs
Two heads from
the
pottery coffms, painted with black, red and yellow,
were sufficiently well preserved to bring away; and parts of the coffins were brightly coloured with stripes of the
pottery,
same
paint.
found in tomb
broken up
it
;
3,
The square box is
much
unhappily
appears to have had a
of
lid fitting in
the groove around the top, and the pottery jackal of Anubis most likely was couchant on the
We
now know from
varieties of ushabti,
this
tomb the age of
lid.
several
and of these painted pottciy
Tomb 27
(pi. xv., xvi.) appears,
from the style
before the Saitic renascence. ally call
this pottery,
The Cypriote
class, then,
it
It
had
Saitic
in this class.
be defined as having
Moreover, as already
noticed, the bodies always
lie
with the heads to
the E. or rarely to the S., and never to the
W.
or the N. as in the Saitic tombs.
Yet we must not conclude that these belong a wholly diS'erent period to the Saitic tombs the contrary,
No.
be seen on
it -will
pi. xv.
2, a great brick-lined well of Saitic
that
;
to
on
tomb
work, has
cut into the corner of the group of Cypriote tombs,
Hence 17 and 18 must have been when tomb 2 was made. Yet, on the other hand, after tomb 2 was ruined, and the
Nos. 17, 18. disregarded
stone sarcophagi in intei-ment
in
it
smashed and
a pottery still
looted, a later
was
coffin
made over
an intei-ment near the
present surface, with a bronze spear-head of the
Cyi)riote
of the twenty-second djTiasty.
may
never having any ushabti.
Cypriote
been nearly denuded away, and the contents had
them
I include
Cypriote pottery, or bronze spears or forks, and
We may provision-
still
as the
and are never found in purely
tombs with ushabti,
long
of the ushabti, to be rather later, but
pottery
j'et
bronze spear-heads and forks often accompany
them, and yet later
coffins.
Though such
class.
Thus
it
is
tombs began early
dynasty, and probably lasted
Persian period
;
clear
that
these
in the twenty-sixth till
the middle of the
perhaps even extending beyond
CHAP.
From the pottery,
these limits.
absence of ushabti,
entire
Ill
—THE CEMETERY.
the spears, and the
seems certain that
it
these belong to a colony of Cypriote mercenaries,
brought over by Psamtik
when he
I.
settled the
Carians and lonians at Defenneh, one day's journey to the E. of this site for
some two
As the contents on
illustrated
tombs
to
and that
;
pi.
tombs are nearly
of these iii.,
all
with the numbers of the
which each object belongs, and the tombs
are planned on pi. xvi., and is
this colony lasted
centuries or more.
mapped on
xv.,
jjl.
it
only needful to notice such as were peculiar.
The only tomb containing
was 17, which
iron
contained both bronze and iron spear-heads in the positions
shown
In the same tomb
in the plan.
was one of the best preserved pottery lid
of
which has
represented on hole,
made
Tomb 26
pi.
It
i.
brought
of interest
is
coffins, the
away, and
is
has also a curious round
intentionally, in the
earrings (see pi.
scarab
been
viii., fig.
as
head of the
coffin.
having three gold
better
grip of the all unlikely.
On the whole,
therefore,
it
seems probable that the
butt ends of the spears had a fork on
them
could be fastened to the hand
;
and that a later
form had a bar across the fork to prevent the thong slipping off in action. The fork from tomb
24 was intended to
The presence monly
on
fit
to a naturally forking
wood.
staff of
of this Cj-jiriote pottery so
dynasty, suggests that
it
was
really
from
and of green glazed pottery so often found with and inscriptions impressed down the
lotus necks,
Such forms
edge.
unknown
Egypt
in
are,
so far as I remember,
until the Cypriote types
21.
The
Saitic
tombs are characterized by the
had the curious vase in the
Mr.
mid-bottom of
and pieces of pumice, sand-
subject in Chapter V., there is not
33, beside five vases
and alabaster, together with apparently a
bronze knife, with hilt-plate and
finial for
The
iii.).
the end
positions of the
spear-heads and forks, whenever noted, are marked
on the plans.
The use is still
stone sarcophagi, and the abundance of ushabti.
undecided.
They are generally found along
with the spear-heads
said here of these remains. to place one or
two
several rougher
to be
with
and a few hundred small
uninscribed ones, in a wooden box in the tomb.
;
yet they cannot be weapons,
be traced on clearing the gi-ound.
11 (Plan,
pi. xvi.)
only one inscribed
;
have a cross-bar.
with feet broken
This bar also prevents our
thinking them to be fishing spears. explanation that occurs to
me
is
The only
that they were
the shoeing of the butt ends of spears.
It will
were inscribed.
end in a fork
which suggests that
flooring
Again, for
with stucco
such a type was familiar.
utility,
it
to have a point which could be driven
into the ground, to stand the spear upright
;
and
of fastening a leather thong on to
tomb
parallel,
one on the other,
In the next chamber was a all
plain
;
then a wooden box,
which had been 26 inches square and 15 inches high, had contained 45 ushabti, of which only 5
be remembered how the Egyptian sceptres always at the base,
in
again 16 ushabti, and only
off.
box with 5 ushabti,
Thus
were 11 ushabti together, and
one inscribed, lying
means
much
The usual course was
finely inscribed ushabti,
ones,
as they are never sharpened, and they frequently
yet a
As
Griffith will describe the ushabti as a separate
Generally the outline of the square box-full could
of the curious bronze forks here found,
was needful
were
introduced.
of pilgrim bottle type,
of the handle (see pi.
this type
of pottery that the Egyptians formed the "pilgrim bottle " type of red pottery made on a sand bag,
Tomb
pi. iii.,
com-
here, in the beginning of the twenty-sixth
glazed figure of Mut.
stone,
to stick
ground, and to put a thong over, which
in the
18) and a rude glazed
19), together with an indistinct blue
(fig.
the butt end, so as to get
spear in charging, would not be at
large
This tomb had part of a wooden and panelling which had been covered ;
possibly, however, this
flat coffin
was part of a
placed close against the wall.
In
tomb No. 39, again, were two boxes of ushabti; one had been about 17 inches square, and contained
TELL NEBESHEH. 154 ushabti
;
x
and another, 19
had 171, of which only 3 were
broken up to force an entrance, this
12^ inches,
in a very
is
bad condition.
In
inscribed.
I
tomb 46, which
is
Tomb No. 42
stone lined, with a brick well
of
Pet-amen has another
fine
I
x
19^
of access on the west side, was a bos
22
sarcophagus in
it,
but entirely of limestone
j
204 uninscribed ushabti
inches, with
and another
;
heap of 62 more, pell-mell in the comer.
tomb No. 39 (map,
pi. xv.,
In
not planned) was a
hd sloping which
is
two mummies.
The
all in
situ,
tomb No. 77 is probably the
the cemetery.
It still
finest of
has the sarcophagi
and the hmestone pavement
of the stone structm-e which has stood in the great lining of brickwork has been removed.
The two
This again mentions the city iVm.
bricks of this
tomb
X
are 14-1
C-9
x
5
inches.
Out of the hundreds of tombs which we
in
but the whole
;
on
general (mer-mashau), son of Psamtik-mer-ptah
and Ta-asar.
gi-eat
to a flat space along the middle,
a column of inscription of Pet-amen, a
box of plain ushabti, lying on the legs of the
The
the
;
cleared,
very few proved to have been unrifled before, and
only one contained the bodies with a
amulets undisturbed.
of
This
full suj^ply
was tomb 23
western sarcophagi are of hmestone, rough-adzed
(map,
on the outside, and with a band of hieroglyphs
one undisturbed (marked with a spot), and in this
mnning
were four bodies lying as in the plan
all
round on each of them.
The
scriptions record a chief secretary of the city
Psamtik, son of Uat-em-hat ab, son of Aset-khebt,
The
great sarcophagus
who
;
in-
Am,
and Psamtik-menkhheld the same
office.
of polished basalt, with
is
pi. XV.),
left,
sticking to the walls against which they
been placed,
although the
disappeared.
It
wooden
on the
wooden door
found on the best examples of the
twenty-sixth dynasty; the body of the sarcophagus is also
of basalt, and has a line of titles around the
upper part.
The whole is encased
in
an enormous
outer case of hard limestone, the body part
cemented
in,
and the
lid
was covered with a
responding block of limestone.
It
is
cor-
belonged to
(pi. xvi.).
There were traces of the paint of wooden boxes
the usual head, collar, and columns of inscription lid,
where in seven chambers we found
canoplc
wood had
seemed that jars,
there
wooden
had been
boxes,
just inside the bricking
had
entirely
and
a'
up of the
doorway. 22.
were
The amulets found on all carefully collected,
were accidentally disturbed in
the four
mummies
and (excepting what
A
by the workman's
pick, before the bodies were seen) the positions
of nearly all of
them were noted.
I
have mounted
Psamtik, son of Paserf and his wife Naisharu.
each set on a card in their original order, and
For the
noted the positions.
inscriptions see Chapter V.
In the tomb GO, on the is
a similar coffin
;
N.W.
of the cemetery,
but as the huge upper block
has been only broken away, and the basalt
lid
pottery
were
:
amulets of
A and B contained C and D, green glazed
Bodies
stone amulets, and bodies fine
work.
The
positions
CHAP. III.— THE CEMETERY.
TELL NEBESHEII. by several examples. and
gilt,
B
The body
was pitcbed
eyes inlaid with wbite glass and tbin
Beside tbese, some otber sets of amulets were found, but not in position on tbe bodies,
types not included above are, in
and
But of
therefore not needing notice in detail.
tomb 39, tbe sun
on the horizon; cartouche plaque, plain; breasts?;
tomb
in
feathers
49, Tat with feathers
;
with
disc
and head -rest.
;
Thebes
this is fixed
;
by the amulets
of
known from
to the twenty-
In a tomb S.W. of the plain,
sixth dynasty.
towards the tovra, some Arabs found a set of gold
shown
objects,
foil
in pi.
10 to 17, which
viii.
look most like Ptolemaic work.
In another tomb
near that, two large scarabs of jasper and basalt
two camelian eyes
;
three crescents, tongue-piece,
and figures of Hapi and Tuaut-maut-f, 23. In the S.E. corner of the great hosh No. 7G
W.
In tomb 25 we found a few amulets and
part of an armlet of horn, such as are
glass edging.
and
demotic inscriptions was found in the hosh
No. 76.
foil
gold
all in
with a quantity of small blue glazed beads.
;
we
found, high up, a tetradrachm of Alexander
In a late tomb in the plain, No. 70, was found
III.
;
bed
a number of beads of glass, pottery, bone, and
below this
level a great miscellaneous
of loose bones, ransacked out of tombs near, and
thrown in together ; below that two sarcophagi
all
of stones and mortar, one of large blocks
built
well laid, the other thinner; and below these again, at the bottom, the remains of a rich interment.
There were
silver cases for the fingers,
and portions
vertebra; of fish,
which are shown in
pi. viii. 1
:
with these was an oval plano-convex piece of dark green glass, polished, for setting
:
as several small
brass coins of Constantine II. were found with
may
these, they
be dated to the middle of the
In some other interments in
fourth century a.d.
mound on
of foot-cases of silver with the toes modelled on
the
them
cymbals, a turned bone pot (gnawed by rats), and
15
;
winged
silver
Isis,
gilt figures
and an
of Neit seated, 3 of
Cow's head
eye, similar.
in
from
red glass
;
green jasper scarab, large
the heart
;
square and altar of Bast in lapis lazuh.
size,
Also great quantities of beads, over a dozen pounds
weight gilt
;
made
;
these are mostly of blue
many hundreds in
paste,
some
of lapis lazuli, but mostly
two pieces cemented together
to save the
labour of drilling the hole, which could thus be
made by a
saw-cut
;
many dozens
of small round
carnehan, of blue glass sloping to a ridge around the middle, and of silver of sheet silver.
its
coiling a piece
This interment, which from the
style could not be djTiasty,
made by
dated before the twenty-sixth
had been made before the huah was
built in
present form, as a great deal was taken out from
under the
Among
walls.
noted the large bronze pail and
may
be
lid (pi. xx. 5),
The pail has found deep in the sand in tomb IG. been wrought in one piece, with handles riveted on and the Hd seems to have had a leather (?) ;
handle riveted on
a clear glass flask with
neck
it.
A
pottery jar
^\ith
two
wavy brown
rings on the
the neck of a glass flask, with a bronze
;
handle looped in the
mould
pottery
seemed
to be
perhaps
only
;
also
a piece
of a
pottery,
and some pieces of very
;
The interments here some poor ones
wrapper.
black
cymbals and
ears
making patterned
for
scribbled on in Cufic
coarse
of various ages,
a
flask
century
or
two
but
old,
the
were probably of the Byzantine
or early Cufic period.
Among
miscellaneous objects from tombs, of
which a great quantity of amulets,
&c.,
were
obtained from the Arabs, a few require notice.
A double
Tat, joined by the sides, in schist, glazed
plaques
of bright
(viii.
other articles from the tombs
the extreme E. were five brass
2)
;
an
blue glaze, with four deities
aegis of
Bast in blue, with yellow
facing to the disc and bands eyes,
(viii, 3).
two pkcjucs, 2 inches long.
Quadruple
Amulet of
groyish gi-een glaze, about thirtieth dynasty, in
form of a kalantika wig fine
work.
inches wide.
(pi. viii. 7).
Bes
seated,
Large plaque with head of Bes, 2 Lotus flower of blue paste
(viii.
G).
CHAP. IV.— THE TOWN. Blue glaze
cups,
flat
poor
Osiris,
Limestone
Isis,
and 2^
1|-
on
work,
Bronze
in. across.
wooden
original
base.
of Ramesside period (?},on oi'iginal
bronze base, 2| high.
amount of sepulchral
It is evident that a large
objects
may
still
from
this
much
of interest or of scientific value
cemetery
but
;
it
be obtained
doubtful whether
is
would repay
required to excavate
though several long
be noticed that
It will
it.
lines of street
may be
yet the houses are mostly separate several of
them we can
followed,
In
insula'.
see the one larger space,
sometimes indeed with an outer doorway into which was the open court
Such
branched.
now
is
it,
which the rooms
off
the almost universal form
of even poor Egyptian huts, the court serving in
the time required.
such a chmate most of the purposes of a room.
But the greater number
CHAPTER
IV.
and so the internal
THE TOWN.
A
plained.
24.
We
remains
may
cemetery,
noticing
the
which, though
not a tomb, but rather the
is
the
site
of a
the site of a " Destroyed Limestone
(pi. xv.)
Nothing
building."
slight
in
Just north of tomb No. 42 will be
small chapel. seen
by
begin
building,
a
of
remains
of the walls are evidently
only the foundations, below the level of doorways,
of
but
this
the
some
arrangements are not ex-
few chambers were excavated, and
articles
found
chamber 99 a
in
;
terra-cotta
impression of a mould with a good head of Horus, of Ptolemaic
work
a piece of a dark blue glazed
;
cup, and a piece of an iron pruning-hook.
Others
of these pruning-hooks, probably for use in vineyards, were found in the town (see pi.
14, 15).
vii.
retaining wall of the foundation, and a quantity of
chips of limestone
digger
came
—
but in
;
my
to
tracing
surprise
— on
N.E. corner, of which he preserved
deposit in the
The S.E. corner
only the mortar and a plaque. I
carefully cleared
shown
objects
myself, obtaining the set of
the
at
foot
of
pi.
shown on the plan
positions are pi.
out the
it
a foundation
at the top of
This more resembles the Ptolemaic de-
vi.
posits of Naukratis than the deposits of
Nebesheh
and Defenneh of the twenty-sixth dynasty seems probably as least.
Their
xix.
No name
late
is
;
and
it
as the Persian period at
marked on the plaques.
No
trace of a deposit could be found in either of the
The enclosure measures 697 in. 408 E., 405 W. so the building
other corners. N.,
712
S.,
;
must have been about 57
feet
x
33
26.
The most
was one
house we cleared
town which had
of the
encroached into the temenos of the temple. the
corner
S.E.
siderable
mound
the
of
temenos
of house remains,
and one house.
of twenty-five Ptolemaic tetradrachms which
found in is
it,
be seen on
now
pi. xvii.
to the
town proper, there
a plan of such parts of
will
it
as
have been cleared by the natives in digging for earth.
As
I
have not before seen a
site
on which
they have so consistently carried away the
and
left
filling
the walls, this oifered a good opportunity
to get a plan without spending the time or
money
we
the latest of which (in good condition)
of the year 4 of Ptolemy III., or 244-3 b.c.
So the burning of
house and
this
can scarcely be put later than 230 curious
objects
well as
many
contents Several
were found in this house, as
On
ordinary things.
be seen some of them. jackal standard
its
b.c.
(fig.
is
the
3), the bronze bowl (fig. 6),
little bell (fig.
in bronze, large but
pi. vii. will
In bronze there
4)
beside these there were
;
three large bronze nails, 5^ in. long 25. Turning
In con-
a
is
No. 100, can happily be well dated by a find
and the
feet.
important
in that part
worn
;
Nefertum
Osiris in bronze
;
and
a piece of iron inlaid with strips of bronze.
In
;
stone are the small alabaster pot
hawk of
in limestone
;
Greek work, 1|
piece,
(fig.
2)
a rude
;
a marble foot from a statue in.
wide;
such as those found with
a marble tongue-
mummies
;
and a
necklace of carnehan, onyx, and coral beads of
TELL NEBESHEH. the globular, bugle, ribbed, and truncated paral-
In
lelepiped forms. (fig. 1),
glazed
ware are the pot
and the very curious draped
which seems
to
figure (fig. 8)
have been a small flask
scarab with legs, and an ibis amulet. cotta is
remarkable
the
central open tube all
lamp
(fig.
5)
vdth a
the tube lamps of Xaukratis
belonged to the sixth century, instead of the
third century e.g.,
Greek pottery of a tube
lamp
female figure
:
and are in a hard, close-grained
this is the only instance I
of such late date.
(fig. 7)
In ivory
know is
the
and a scrap of ornamental
The tetradrachms found
rod. in
;
also a
;
In terra-
(with the
numbers
E. S. Poole's B. M. Catalogue of the Ptolemies)
are of Ptolemy
I.
CHAP. IV.— THE TOWN. than Egyptian in
appearance
its
hands
on
the
(fig.
23).
Two
and
19).
A
and a vase
hips,
A
20).
(fig.
standing with the
plaque with a female figure
her
beside
rude heads of animals
(figs.
four-handled model vase
(fig.
17
16),
and a curious form of two-handled bowl in hard,
head,
gilt
4
handle, incised
figured, several small long-necked flasks of dark
Bowl, 6
brown
with loop handles, such as
pottery,
Egypt
often found in Cyprus and in
age
be
shall
must
Also a piece of pottery painted
remain unsettled.
with a cross-line pattern in brown on a white
ground
as this
;
not like late Roman,
is
when
dynasty,
the
Ramesside
it is
more
twenty-sixth
probably of the beginning of the
painting
still
Of stone
objects there
a recumbent female "
is
in limestone, like those figured in " Naukratis (xix. 9),
show that such
A
Greek.
figures
X
3j
piece
inch.
A Bennu
mould
A
in limestone.
of a trachyte corn-rubber (pL'
vii.
with in late
unknown
sites,
and hitherto their object was
at Naukratis
;
and Nebesheh,
this year,
pieces with a wheel on the side were found, and this
implied that
with them plainly
;
at
some motion was connected
Defenneh
showed them
of a flat slab, with a
from end slit,
to
found
I
pieces which
Made
to be corn-rubbers. slit
down
the middle nearly
end, the sides sloped
down
to the
out of which the corn passed to be rubbed
on the slab below; the small plan and section with
fig.
21
show the form.
Three
of
dice
The
Osiris, 5 of Har-pe-khruti,
Khem, 3
size,
high
and a piece
;
of
finish,
f
The
The general
pi. viii.
Nebesheh scarabs
the
is
and often bright appleSchist
scarabs are not so characteristic here in their work,
and do not so
Of
clearly belong to the place.
scarabs most distinctly belonging to Nebesheh,
may
notice
The Tanis
20
to 28, 33, 37,
44
always of schist, and are often figs.
to 48,
63
69, 71, and
scarab, but a
80
little
on either
5 of Nefertum, 3
of
60 seems
to 67.
to S3.
still
The
fig.
smaller, as
36
not a
is
plaque of schist with Sekhet in
side.
The
to be of
scarabs (47, 48)
hetcs
Psamtik
II.,
by a double
Dr. Grant Bey's collection.
to read Ra-en-ka, but
supposed that a king of
the
it is
No.
hardly to be
obscure
eighth
dynasty would be noticed in the later times 2
we
scarabs, on the other hand, are nearly
of
II is
bone
extraordinary thickness
green colour of the glaze on the pottery.
figures
Khonsu.
and one gold.
Nebkau and cynocephali on the
;
die of blackened
now known name on one of
of Isis and Horus, and 1 of
Am. Two
Bulak.
at
scarabsei only remain to be noticed.
are
Flat bronze head of Isis chased both sides.
Silver ring
which may be con-
silver earrings,
style characteristic of the
small
relief
15
in.
iron
of
Silver ring with gold foil inlaid
whole of them are drawn on
crystal seal of Pehlevi period.
kneeling,
(pi. viii. 4),
Three
of the
skull,
limestone, large crystal of calcite, and a rock-
Of bronzes, a king
slab
on the back Horus holding a hare and
;
A
sides.
Eight-
21).
angled pieces of black trachyte are often met
A
An Athenian drachma.
another animal
of
pattern.
6
iron
thick.
piece of a throne of a large statuette of glazed
lotus
very
an
,
(pi. viii. 5).
pottery
with
asehead
in.
f found with the broken pieces of tomb 77. A base Athenian
plain silver rings.
rude
vases,
l}r
second like this was kept
Two
alabaster
(16).
Plummet,
nected vdth the hieroglyph of the city of
and not of dark
basket.
arrows
(8),
If high.
and f
with Har-pe-khruti
are Egyptian,
inches long,
X
tetradrachm.
A
whetstone, 5J
swing
high, with
and
situla
sticks
note
also
wide,
2;^
seems to
:
in.
5f
the sarcophagus in
green fine-grained stone, and well shaped. small
2
this
but of rather better work
Model
across.
We may long,
A
lingered in a very rude form.
Situla
kohl
(2),
and feathers of
;
long.
until their
;
origin
their
established,
are
high.
in.
in.
Horus.
Situla with
pendants.
figures.
Bodkins
colour.
7 in. long
Osiris feather,
;
and
Ra,
a ureeus inlaid with red glass and
;
Osiris with ursei
Also, not
smooth pottery of dark bro-mi
Khem, Amen
Triad,
Three beards
:
it,
TELL XEBESHEH. aud 02 of Xaukratis,
as well as scarabs Gl
probably a blunder for Ea-men-ka,
is
who was much
The most singular scarab a queen Aahmes, who must be
noticed in later times.
one of
to find is
of the beginning of the eighteenth dynasty
the work in clear
carnelian
Whether
this be of
period.
Amenhotep is
the
which
first
I
I.,
;
and
exactly of that
is
Aahmes, one
-mie of
or of Nofertari or Meritamen,
it
fragment of the eighteenth djuasty
No. G3
have seen in the Delta.
is
one
of the Delta to Polusium by a guess not far from
the truth.
In 1884 Mr. Pctrie found at Tanis a chapel of the
gods of Amt, in which were limestone sphinxes and tablets
One
(now in the British Museum).
tablets represented
of the
Ptolemy IV. Philopator
and
?
Arsinoe giving land to these gods; another smaller
one was a plain representation of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Ai-sinoe.
II.
This chapel was on the
N. side of the road leading E. from the
river to
of the well-wishing scarabs, " All good business ;"
the temple
and Nos. 65 and 66 the very usual "praise to
a similar scene of Ptolemy II. and Arsinoe offering
Khonsu " or " devoted to Khonsu." The Tanite scarabs were brought over by my workmen who came fi'om there. No. 71 is of
discovered with a sphinx "just on the watershed
Sheshank
I.
No. 75 proves that the
or Takelut II.
bright Indian red glaze, of which I had suspected
the genuineness,
is
undoubtedly ancient, and of
Tanis, Pt.
(cf.
I., p.
Besides
31).
land to the same gods was found on a large tablet
at the S.
end of the valley that runs
pylon."
From
that
Amt was
A
of Tanis.
these discoveries
from the
S.
was concluded
it
probably none other than the city possibility of this
remains
still,
the twenty-fourih dynasty; this also shows that
the site of Nebesheh
the series of scarabs of possible vassals of Pianklii
to be that of the capital of the nineteenth
(Ea-men-kheper) do belong to the Delta,
The name
being of Ea-men-i.
The
others
this
one
do not show
anything of importance, beyond the general connection of the very rude schist scarabs with the
San
No. 81, of " praise Tahuti,"
district.
is
one
side
of
Bt
very
are fairly numerous, and add considerably to our
comer
and
religion
in
tliis
of the Delta.
nome
of
Lower Eg^qit,
capital
Am
foi-merly identified with
of the nineteenth
This name was
pfli.
that of Buto, owing to
the worship of Uat (Buto) as the chief divinity of
the in
city.
great temple
at San.
shows that
wine of
the ;
salt,
desert
scarcely
Amt was
while in Ptolemaic it
from Syria.
grow
vines, being
except southward along the edge of the
about Salhiyeh and Faqus, where palm
trees gi'ow abundantly
and to a great
Some
size.
small sickle-shaped implements of iron, that were
found in houses of Ptolemaic date at Nebesheh,
The inscriptions on the sarcophagi and temple monuments show that here were the city, temple, and cemetery of Amt,
nome.
Eamcs-
dedicated to Uat of Amt, a very different matter
from the chapels
The land now would
F. Ll. Griffith.
local history
its
its
and monuments was
times wine was also imported into
hieroglyphic inscriptions of Nebesheh
knowledge of
fine statues
celebrated in the earliest times
CHAPTER V. THE INSCRIPTIONS. The
occurs continually on
but
enough
quite important
and Saite monuments, and
adorned with
Diimichen
28.
Amt
is
Eeturning to the hieroglyphic name of Nebesheh,
known.
of the smallest inscribed scarabs
this,
Diiniichcn in his History of Egypt had
1879 shown that Amt was not the same as
(Buto), and Brugsch removed
it
I'anat
from Hk; N.W.
were perhaps used in vine-dressing, when under a better system of irrigation " the fields of Aanru," as the
nome was named (like name in the lower world),
territory of this
those bearing the same
produced rich corn vignettes of the
cro2)s,
Book
such as appear
in
ilic
of the Dead, instead of Ihe
meagre and stunted growth of the small part that At the present day tliere is is still cultivable. only. a very
narrow
strip of
good
liuul
on
tlie
edge
CHAP, v.— THE INSCRIPTIONS. of the desert,
and every mile that one proceeds
northward the land becomes rapidly more barren, until at
Nebesheh, six miles N., we reach the limit
and north of that
of cultivation, tilled
ground
miles no
for
as San, existing for other reasons, has contrived to
The
29.
monuments
ments of
The
this date.
earliest is a large part
Amenemhat
of an altar dedicated by
king
Nebesheh are
of the twelfth dynasty in
Here were found three monu-
the small temple.
The
II.
described as beloved of Osiris lord of Tattu
is
and of Anubis on his sacred mount
(pi. ix. 1).
These are the usual epithets of kings of dynasty, and have no local reference.
tunate that the dedication
imperfect, as
is
this
It is unforit
might
have contained the name of the chief god of the Inscriptions have been added
city at that period.
on the sides of the
in later times
appears on the top of each side vertical line titles
"the
and
(d
e)
chancellor,
Those
nub mertu."
(i
A
altar.
commencing with the titles
zontal line
and
b
cut below
hori-
-'erpei c)
hd"
the chief of the sealers
on the
right
have
side
left
they were allowed to remain, being probably out
This side
of sight.
The
is
now
unfortunately
much
horizontal and vertical lines pro-
The
bably belong to the same person.
hiero-
glyphs are so rudely cut in both that they are difficult to
The
recognize.
other two
monuments
are thrones of statues
of one is lost, but they
appear to be a pair, and the
name
was found on a fragment which showing
it
Usertesen
to
III.
stood at his knee
The
have
is
of the second
fitted
belonged
The name
inscriptions
smooth
to
the other to
is
broken into small fragments.
have corresponded exactly.
rough
inscription cut in the
An
style of those that
were added to the altar ran round the base of each, but had been almost erased, having
itself
appa-
rently replaced an earlier erased inscription.
That on the right side ofthe base of the southern sphinx
is
given in
The
6«.
pi. x.
The remains
erased.
sphinx are in
pi.
x.
left
The
6c.
side is entirely
on the northern
of that
legible part
the end of a proper name, perhaps " Bai I
was
This
is
.
.'"
.
and
"says,
'I
shows
—
says,
was chosen.'"
the formula of a high functionary, not of
a king.
The head of the sphinx had been recut before it off. Between the paws and upon the
was broken breast
On
were erased cartouches.
the
right
shoulder also was an erased cartouche over which
Setnekht placed his ovals
They
(pi. x. 6b).
are
found on both the sphinxes, while Barneses III. chiselled
his
name
lightly
upon the
of the wig of the southern sphinx.
front flaps
These early
usurped sphinxes are a feature of SAn, Nebesheh, Khata'ueh,
Muqdam, and
Maskhuta).
A
Ismailiyeh (from Tel
fragment of another with part
of the cartouche of
Eameses
amongst Eoman remains
at
III.
lies
Nebesheh,
exposed
W.
of the
huts of El Ebshari.
the throne,
a
statue
30.
of
The only remains ofthe eighteenth dynasty
who
hitherto found in the Delta were in the south cen-
twelfth dynasty are,
was under the ban, and a long blank follows the
of the princess
tral part at
not legible. of the
;
They seem
el
The name
fpl. ix. 2).
of equal age.
sphinxes of black granite which were found in
with a
giving the
it,
been almost entirely erased, while on the
broken.
show a monument
Perhaps from the same remote period date two
One is headless, and has been so for ages, the broken edges being worn
earliest inscriptions of
those upon the
as yet
the gateway of the temenos.
a small patch.
till
It is strange
that in the rest of the Delta, HeHopolis alone can
seen, except where a village such
is
corner of the Delta which was
sites in this far-off
honoured by these early monarchs.
therefore, without local signification.
them we learn that Nebesheh has with San and Kliata'neh as one
But from
HeHopolis and Benha.
twelfth dynasty
to be counted
usm'pers.
of a group of
II.
Even
monuments and Seti I. has left
Nebesheh,
their
too,
imknown
no record. Eameses
perhaps built the great temple whose founda-
TELL NEBESHEH. tions
He
remain there.
still
temple and pylon.
a goddess or of Ptah
lies in
the temple of Amasis
with the cartouches of Rameses
"beloved of
II.,
Sekhet, Uat, and Turn ?" on the back support the last figure
the lower crown (pi. x. 7).
He
of this king.
was a block with the
of
Mereuptah was an important one
for at least three generations, as
the recurrence of the
name
Of
of Uat.
we
Pa-mer-qau we probably have the ushabti.
Merenptah occurs
of
another
of
The
on a fragment
also
monument from
granite
by
small
the
Uat
supreme again upon the monument of
is
black granite found in the small temple, which
adorned the entrance with two
represented three figures seated before two altars
on these are of no particular
The
in-
In the great temple was
a crouching figure of a functionary,
life
size,
(pi.
X.
The
5).
inscriptions
and
other from
altar
but the inscription in each
left to right,
column reads from was
one
on the
are cut
The columns succeed each
front of the altars.
interest.
Several other monimients should probably be attributed to this period.
right to
left.
Before the
first
offerings
are
Funeral
figure.
wearing a large and carefully worked wig, upon
demanded
whose knees between the hands was the cartouche
by his son, the royal scribe Khemmes.
Meramen
of Piamessu
see
his father
titles
large black gi-anite statues of himself. scriptions
Amt
temple.
In the pavement at the gateway, but not built into the substructures,
at
name
and wears
distinctly bearded,
is
The family
at least rebuilt the
Part of a black granite statue of
god (pi. xi. 1Gb). the " Pa raslu (astro-
the
The statue represents nomer?) Merenptah, son governor of the desert
hill
judge
the
of
and
country, Pa-mcr-ejau,
Amt,
of Uati, lady of
the next altar are two persons. are
demanded
scribe
for
judge Ai
for the
Before
Similar offerings
Rennefer by her son, the royal
Khemmes, and
a longer inscrip-
finally in
tion funereal offerings are prayed for from " Uati,
and of the singer of Uati Ta-usert," while a deceased son of his was " first prophet of Uati,
lady of Amt, on the occasion of the feast of Uati
named Se
the feast of the
Uati.
.
Uati, whose
." (pi. xi.
entitled qat'en or
mother was the Urt
lOg.;
cf.
16c).
" royal courier."
He was also He professes
himself to be " the high priest of Uat " Aral
16/), " one near the noble portico
^(enrat,
? (of
mouth ... on the 15th day, new year, the feast of Uag, of Sokar, of the going forth of Khem, in
lady of Amt, in the
Thoth, of
the feast of the beginning of the season, each one
(pi. xi.
that takes place in this temijle of the two justices,
the temple)
to this gi-eat goddess, mistress of the two lands,
of the mistress of the two lands (Uat)," and calls
for the
upon the
to his
prophets of Menthu lord of Uas, the chief super-
priests to offer food
The
and incense
qa of the eiyd hd supeiinteudcnt of the
was dedicated by
intendent of the buildings in the temples of the
another son, the priest i\juen nu ? as we are infoimcd
gods of the north and south, the superintendent
by a kind of
of the cattle of
Amen
(this god's
altered probably
owing
to another mistake of the
statue (pi.
xi. 16(/).
graffito
statue
roughly
cliiselled
on the right
arm.
On
the front of the garment below the knees
is
a curious scene of Uat, mistress of Amt, regent of the two lands, confronted by a half-erased figure.
name and speech and Uat's speech him have been carefully erased. The figure
engraver)
the
scribe
Khemmes." His
office
in connection with
This person's
Upper and Lower Egypt
to
explain
can scarcely have been a king, and at any rate not Piameses
II., to
doubtedly belongs. himself,
whose period the statue unProbably
and the priests or the
scene a piece of presumption.
it
was Moreuptali
laity considered the
king loving him,
the
of
name has been
the
discovery
Thebau functionary
name
is
a
to the
of
the temples of
a sufficient reason to a
monument
in the temple of
common one
the date of the
is
feast
at this period.
of
Uat
is
of this
Amt.
from
His
At Edfu tlu;
l'2th
17th day of Payni.
Another monument probably of
this time
is
a
CHAP, v.—THE INSCRIPTIONS
Amen-
small crouching figure in black granite of
hotep
An
(pi. X.
He
15).
invokes Mentliu, lord of
or Hermonthis, and calls himself scribe of the
district of
Ani and
priest of
Menthu.
a puzzle
It is
relief
was found
One
gateway, and two more in
at the
The
the great temple.
probably of the nineteenth
passage of the inscription, which
contains the
Amenhotep
a
is
name belonging
Perhaps
dynasty.
is
nearly perfect.
to the eighteenth
some reason his family had
for
from Upper Egypt, and carried with them
to flee
I.
temple was engraved underneath with the curious
know -why this statue should have been found here in Lower Egypt. There is no local reference to Amt, or even to Lower Egypt, in any remaining to
that of Set!
style is
of the blocks at the S.E. corner of the great
mason's mark
xi.
title
which
17),
fragment of
uncertain
taui,
(pi.
is
therefore
dynasty.
Another
period
this
of a priest of
(pi.
Amen
and probably came from a tomb.
finely cut.
4)
xii.
ra neb nes It is
very
Other traces of rich tombs of
this
period exist at Nebesheh in small fragments of
sandstone sarcophagi with elaborate sculpture.
the statue of their ancestor.
After
This figure was not found in the temple, but
was brought to our hut a few days
after
our
Rameses
III.
there
is
a complete blank
until the twenty-sixth dynasty.
settlement at Netesheh, and sold to us for a few
The name II.,
a
would prevent
Its weight
shillings.
brought from
ushabti found in the cemetery.
of Merenptah, successor of
was found on a biock of hmestone
tomb
He
in the cemetery.
monument in front
Rameses
built into
also left an unusual
hawk
name
standard
nating with (pi. X.
upon
king bears
of the
figure
Merenptah
of
9h) and
9a), alter-
x.
ra neb nes taui
Merenptah exchanging
mat (Truth) with
the
sides
its
(pi.
Amen
of
figures
small kneeling
a
overshado-SN-ing
figures of
who
upon the
chiselled his cartouche
sphinxes in the temple
Eameses
(pi.
x.
His son
Qh).
and his cartouche
III. did like-^-ise,
found on the fragment of another sphinx unusual form
above), and in a rather
block
of
pavement
the gateway
in
Another hmestone block
(pi. x.
also
nome
titles
god of the of
Lower Egypt
;
x.
a 8).
this period
of liorbehud of Edfu, capital
(see
upon
(pi.
is
10) built into the
pavement of the gateway of about contains the
city of the
who was
fourteenth
but perhaps this
is
only
from the representation of the god (the winged disk)
usually placed
over
the
entrance
to
a
temple. A.
will
make
a few remarks on those figures that can
be placed earlier
The
(cf. pis.
i.
and
ii.).
principal distinction between the early and
late kinds of ushabti is that the Saite type is that
of a bearded,
mummified
figure,
placed upon a square base
not so
beardless,
;
resembling Osiris,
the earUer type being
completely mummified,
without either back-support or stand. at
Nebesheh stood up
and
The former
in their boxes, the latter
were lying down, as far as could be ascertained,
the god for victory.
At the beginning of the next dynasty comes Setnekht,
Before proceeding
to the inscriptions of the twenty- sixth dynasty, I
of the gateway of the enclosure.
Here a red granite column surmounted by a colossal
31. I have hitherto neglected to speak of the
being
its
far.
fragment of limestone with hieroglyphs in
beneath the earthenware coflSns
;
but nearly
the early tombs had been disturbed.
all
In the early
ushabti the elbows almost invariably project, and
the
arms are frequently traceable and crossed
upwards instead of horizontally. statuettes
show much more
These early
variety than the Saite,
which seem never to depart from the closely
mummified
type, while the former often ajjproach
the figure of the living person.
The collection from Nebesheh contains specimens of various materials limestone, sandstone, The style varies red pottery, and glazed ware. :
according to material, but
all
these materials are
found together in one tomb, the group of chambers 8, 5, 7, 8.
The
red pottery specimens are the most elon-
TELL XEBESIIKH. gated, and the porcelain the most stumpy.
The
single specimen of sandstone is rather stumjiy, the
Tomb
limestone specimens are less so.
Those
marked
clearly
and red pottery have the features
in stone
lump
and moulding. Those
in the cutting
moulded
in red pottery have been
of clay in the
shaped with a knife are often apparent
end of the figure
;
in front, the
mould being then roughly the
marks
on the
of this shaving
and back.
side
bent forward at the
is
The
feet, \Yithout
any stand being formed. In the porcelain specimens the features are very
beneath the glaze was depended on for marking
and
legs
feet of the figures of this period
are veiy shapeless. earliest
.
.
tomb now almost
Son),
The
35.
may be
inscription
entirely lost through
of the salt contained in the lime-
efflorescence
seems to have been
hieratic script.
?
.
and
lips
specimens,
now
Tliis
inscription,
implements coloured
inscription
One
black.
with reddish stucco, lappets straight,
Tomb
two specimens limestone with
4,
.
.
mer qau in half
.
may be compared
with the
latter in the great temple,
as on the group of three figures.
They were found amongst the rubbish of a destroyed tomb in which red tiles had been used. (Two specimens, from back to
Umestone, rounded
work,
front, crossed
hangs
basket
fair
between
hands hold two hoes,
shoulders,
wig painted
black, straight lappets, inscription in thick black hieratic in vertical
and
Imes
(?)
5| inches (elongate)
nineteenth dynasty).
G.\,
Tomb
;
incised
(nineteenth or twentieth djTiasty).
Tomb
chambers
of
7 and 8
3, 5, 8, 7.
5 seems to be a later addition.
the innermost, a
7.
Two
man
8.
One very
brown
glaze, inscription lines,
brown,
sht'
and features dark
Asar aiknnu n pa amen
JVt'xi
amen,
7
is
entering 3 from the added (cf. pi. ii.).
specimens red pottery.
and stumpy, red
heavj' features
Three slender, red pottery, one being
pottery.
coloured yellow. lines (pi.
ii.
These are marked with incised
8) in front
below waist.
Also two specimens hmestone, 6 and 7 inches,
;
lappets, small
Wig
curves
and pointed, come
out in front from beneath the wig.
Also sandstone one specimen, 7^ inches, coloured red; inscription incised, hair &c. and inscriptions
coloured black.
hoe in left
;
Tunic projects in front; holds
right, broad-bladed
hoe with cross-bar
wig short, lappets very short. lines
vertical
Harud, 3.
31. Six specimens porcelain, pale yellow-
are
two parallel chambers, crossed at the end at right
away over back
title
painted
inches
dynasty?).
rather flattened, holding two hoes.
a
6i-
found with two large alabaster vessels (nineteenth
on the statue of the it is
red, hair
entirely
name, Pa mer qau, of the father of ilerenptah unless
sht'
red clay, well
illegible,
5 passing through 8 into 7
specimens to which a date
assigned, are those of (pi. xiii.
stone,
and
te^^
angles by 3.
details.
The
made,
Three
41.
Asar Pa
inscriptions illegible, 7 inches, one rather flattened
shghtly indicated in the moulding, and colour laid
The
early ushabti from Xebesheh, 5 inches (nineteenth
dynasty).
down
&c., part of
Two
tunic
and
in
Inscription in
legs,
shot'
Asar
Chapter VI. of the Ritual.
of red pottery,
one with very heavy
features, the other coloured j'ellow.
Also
ten
specimens
marldngs &c. black,
bluish
wig
porcelain,
collar, straight lappets.
Two
" lieutenant-governor of Diospolis Nekhtamen."
specimens have the tunic projecting in
Diospolis in the Delta was probably the same as
these the wig is short, the implements are more
Pachnamounis,
like
the coast.
in the direction of Damietta, near
Inscription in horizontal lines in front,
finishing with a vertical line
down
the back, figure
holds two hoes, and basket between the shoulders, straight lappets, legs rounded.
The
best of the
cuiTed clubs, and the basket
deceased •J.
tion
is
Two is
is
In
front.
absent.
The
named Rfunscsnekht.
slender specimens.
A
hieratic inscrip-
written on the back of one in two lines.
From
21, a tonil) in wliich
ilie
sarcopliagi were
CHAP, v.—THE INSCRIPTIONS
up of red
built
were taken two
tiles,
examples
scarabs
indicating the twentieth dynasty, and two ushabti
They
of curious form. cLay
The
are of red pottery.
lump has not been shaved
off at the
To one have been added two arms
of a broad flat shape, elbows
heads,
the wig chocolate, back almost
But there
in the collection.
are all
made
at
many
Amen named Ankhsnast, 2| of
a
greyish
holding two painted
One specimen green
of porcelain.
hoes.
inscription
cut
is
They
cut flat, bearded, pale
from head to foot
A
27, Nebesheh, with alabaster, potterj-,
and porcelain
vessels,
specimens,
six
modelled
roughly
markings and colour
'2h
pale
and
an
inches
and
alabaster
very
long,
ridged
illegible inscriptions black,
ground
blue
(twentieth
to
twenty
-
fifth
follo-ssing,
but
more
It
also
are the
their exact provenance is not
No
wig as usual.
There
is
if
appear to have been pressed into u mould on a
impressed,
t'et
piece of linen to facilitate their removal from the
the prophet Phra
mould.
They
cut
leaving projections at the hips and the
The back has been project.
A
the figure
III.
The
.
.
.
."
unfortunately
now
ntr
prd
inscription
....
3^ inches
to the larger
is
"says
The lower portion lost.
is
of
(?).
monuments,
and Amasis
11.
The name
of the latter
is
found
j
finer work,
Another, well modelled,
is
elbows prominent,
on the plaques of the foundation deposits in the
has been similarly
shaved at the back and painted.
porcelain,
The
no cartouche occurs of any king between Rameses
in
black 2i inches.
much
is
an Asar hn
32. Pieturuing fillet
round the head, tools and basket are daubed Another, of
but
slung over the shoulder.
well bandaged.
smooth, as
The arms
is
a very doubtful trace of a beard.
They
bottom of the wig.
visible,
elbows do not project, and the whole figure
Three specimens of a pale gi-eenish-blue.
smaller temple,^ and on two fragments of hmestone. I
of pale-greenish figure
that
of a
Probable height 2^ inches. Amongst the small specimens, most of which
female, feet lost.
to
arms or hands are
the implements are indicated, and the basket in
known.
are very rough.
The
face projects very little, the ears are distinct, the
the form of the sign Neb
From Nebesheh
seem
has been shaved at the side
where the two halves of the mould joined.
dynasty)
flat,
specimen from Nebesheh
interesting
a double mould.
eye,
back,
probably degradations of the
of red earthenware (black inside) impressed in
is
slender,
the
at
last are
Saite type.
in the
early period.)
Tomb
the arms, back
green porcelain, lines of wig
2 inches.
impressed.
These two
uncommon
2^ inches.
One rough, very stumpy below
(twentieth to twenty-fifth dynasty ?).
Ushabti of priestesses are not
an
featm-eless, cylindrical like
base and back support.
with
flat,
(not Saite) porcelain, wig
irregular column, but has indication of a square
markings black,
The back it
One specimen,
qemdt n
inches long.
colour, the
upon
Amen
tools scarcely
11 inches long.
support.
small
fifty
flat,
2-2t6 inches.
black, rough work, heard, square pedestal and hack
peculiarities.
Zuwelen furnished about
ushabti of a female musician of
are
indicated, bearded.
number
are besides a
have
of small ones which
like that of
Hathor, cream colour with a tinge of chocolate,
raising the
These are the larger specimens of early ushabti
(A tomb
and shoulders very
prominent, the vdg curved somewhat
tunic in front.
They
combined.
200 specimens were brought together
About
Lappets straight.
nor has the foot been turned.
which characteristics of the early and
in
late types are
belong to a transition period, are
many
'
In this connection it is interesting to note that a small is preserved atBuIaq of Amasis II., " beloved of
clay seal
Uat lady of Amt." Salle du Centre, Vitrine P. No. 3937 The monuments of Sais show that at this (see pi. li.). period Uat of Amt had a chapel dedicated to her worship in the
Egyptian
capital.
F
TELL NEBESHEH.
One
of these
carefully cut,
is
a-way;
other
the
a
is
name
is
piece
with
rough
cartouches of the king cut upon of the
former
name name
Uat and
of is
Khem
broken the
and portions
it,
The
remaining.
beneath the preuomen, the latter
In the hieroglyi^hic Usts and the papyri, Uat' always mentioned as the goddess of Amt, but on
from San there
the Ptolemaic tablets
Horus sam
and Uat, the
taui,
a triad
is
(called Ilor her ah set had),
Kliem
consisting of
latter pair being
now
two members of this triad
see that
date back at least as far as the reign of Amasis.
There
is
no appearance of a third name having temple of Amasis was being ex-
the
cavated, several red
blocks were found
granite
between the vestibule and the shrine, with scraps of hieroglyphs
and sculpture on one
blocks had been
The
the stone.
much
is
the
first in
No.
been erased.
and the shrine
These
face.
scaled by decomposition of
inscriptions
had been very
lightly
Squeezes
engraved, and parts had been cut out.
of the king, smcn maat, can be traced
on the side of the great shrine
erasures are sufficient to
was not
until the
By good luck
any idea could be formed about them.
;
and
cutting
and the material, poHsh, and
show that the
stele
the
was
defaced at the same time as the other
monument. dispose at once of the
hieroglyph that has been
shrine, the only
untouched when few
left
signs can be even traced elsewhere,
To suppose
following the cartouche.
mcnmtf, &c., seems insufficient: of the
an eye
is it
to be the
of the formula of dedication, iir-nef in
first letter
name
The
of Osiris.
been to Uat, but Amasis
Amt, or even as
It
they were
clear that
Nearly the whole of the
were passed and covered up by the advancing
and rabbish.
stele
the period of the
to
is
it
placed here by Amasis.
name
supposed the
I at first
to belong
beloved of Osiris, her ah
squeezes were compared together in England that
letter
upon which has likewise
were taken of them as each was found, before they
lines of trench
The same
3.
middle kingdom, but
made and
entirely
the standard on the side of the great
shrine, the inscription
standard
almost
an important remnant of the
is
standard which begins with S.
To
been inscribed on the block.
When
have been
titles
the fine shallow
closely connected together.
We
royal
erased, but there
For many reasons
beneath the personal name.
is
The
and the sign mer,
beloved, remains, but the god's
it
should be part
dedication must have
may have set luia,
styled himself
or
mcr'iti
her ah
in early dedications Iseh Tattn.
There are two instances
in the British
Museum
Gallery that I have noticed of erasures of the
name
Amasis
of
:
No. 134, statue of Henaat,
these blocks, the only granite blocks that occurred
whose great or good name was Rakhnemiib men
in the small temple besides those that obviously
the basalt has resisted the evident attempt
belonged to the shrine and lay around
up the greater part of a large
it,
make
In the upper part in two compartments the vultures of the north and south their wings a royal
name and
shadowed with
titles
which are un-
fortunately no longer legible, having been erased.
Below
this
two more compartments, edged on
either side with a line stability, contain
of symbols of
figures of
before the standard of the
Khem
same
life
of Horus,
/i':r
trp ^^as-xet."
titles.
He
and No. 94, which
;
much
These
battered.
is
not so clear an
of the inscription
monuments
are
has been
undoubtedly
from Sais. If at
Sais itself the cartouche of Amasis
is
found to be defaced on a statue placed in the
tomb-chapel of a functionary also
is
in the British
surprised
if
(for his
sarcophagus
Museum), we need not be
the people of
Amt,
terrified l)y the
Behind the
approach of the victorious army of Cambyscs from
Below
Pelusium, hastened to own themselves vanquished,
god are traces of the usual altar or stand. these again are the king's
and
back to back
king.
erasure
instance, as
stele (pi. ix. 4).
:
at
is
"beloved
and
to
queror
show
their zeal in the cause of the con-
by chiselling out the name of the king
CHAP, v.—THE INSCRIPTIONS.
who had ments,
him from
offended
-with
the temple
monu-
the whole of the dedication of the
shrine.
cut
stele, it
can scarcely have been
up of separate blocks, but must have been
up
order
in
be
to
Perhaps the
reused.
latest periods,
Heq
some
alterations above ground, in
which the foundations of Amasis were not
The
turbed.
abandoned
it
was not
hr
tep
x.,
and
13,
This latter
No. 55), and on the original
cartouche
on the pyramidion.
Khem head.
is
Beneath
the
god as
this
full
Khem
But on the
well.
Horus
see that
name upon
Khem
mertu presided as well as
Khem
(sar-
at Berlin), while the inun-
and herbage
The
Khem
Brugsch, Diet. Geog., 482).
(cf.
triad then
seems
combine the
to
desert
god
with the goddess Uat of the marshes, and
her nursHng, the young Horus, destined to unite
sam
taui is
The
with the double crown.
probably has no
sign
This Horus
crowned on the Ptolemaic monuments prince in the
nome
mythological reference,
indicate the relative position of the two halves
monument we assumed the
Osiris
and the crown which he wears varies only to
Probably the hawk wearing the lower crown
god's
name
Xas haa,
over a town of which
hawk-headed
by the double straight feathers on his The king is " beloved of Horus neb xcsxet."
symbol of
called Set or
connected with the representation of
this is a scene of a king offering to a
god who
desert, or half desert,
nome was
the lands of upper and lower Egypt.
remarkable for the two hawks,
crowned with the lower crown, which support the king's
would seem that the
" desert of exultation,"
II.
p. 7).
is
It
tation," celebrated for the abundance of its canals
part of an altered obehsk of the middle empire ii.,
not exclusively,
^^^^^ i^
found on two monuments at San, on the pyra-
pi.
if
cophagus of Nekhtnebf
midion of an early obelisk re-cut by Rameses I.,
be the equivalent of Hyksos.
dated portion was the Sex^t haa, "field of exul^^^^
'^^
x
remain, together
willi
built.
sides of
a
small
detached piece of brickwork buried in the sand
name amongst
the hiero-
between the E. end of the central chamber and
&c.
the later E. side of the enclosure, near the middle.
(ten) se
rfi,
might very well occur
in
The hawk upon the panel was no doubt the hawk of Lower Egj^pt overPtolemaic cartouches.
shadowing a king's
favour of this.
all in
the
of xmi suggests Philadelphus or lions
Appearances are
of the objects are unfinished, and parts only
separately
These include Su
The occurrence
with
no certain
from the signs enclosed, and there
glyphs found.
order to hide
is
are unfortunately in eveiy case
indication of the king's
Some
about the time of the
the glass pieces are numerous fragoutlines
building in
placed there after the complete destruction of the building.
re-
gilt stucco,
of Practical Geology.
ments of the
his son,
to the
the
It is evident, therefore, that
Probably
have been cloisonne in the wood.
to
on
The work does not seem
over
title.
An
early Ptolemaic
This
is
may
curved, and
gateway looking E.
be the last trace of a
The
wall perhaps enclosed
a temple of the same date, which has vanished.
I trenched
now entirely
the whole enclosure tho-
roughly without finding any other bricks as large
This massive wall
date will agi'ee very well with the rest of the
as those of the enclosure wall.
remains found in the sand, which included a piece
no doubt served
Greek pottery, a small black and buff bowl of bad glaze, but probably made at the end of the
canal or river branched to Tunis niul Xeliesheh.
fourth centuiy.
flourishing Saitc epoch the enclosure
of
xxi.),
the walls of
guard the point
Nothing more can be told df
it
at
which the
unlil duiiiig the
was rei)aired;
Icmcnos (see
the E. end, which was tlien probably in ruins, was
the central clianiber are
carried out further, and the entrance stojqjcd, while
PictuiTiing to the buildings in the pi.
to
CHAP. VI.— GEMAIYEMI.
a new gateway was cut tbrongli on the the growing settlement on the rebuilding,
N.W.
the account of the w^orkmen
if
N.E. corner was
trusted, the
W.
built over the
Upper and Lower Egypt, Sankhqara, to grant The names of the two persons
towards
of
In this
faneral oiTerings.
is to
be
remains
The
style is that of the eleventh or twelfth
(see pi. xlii.).
dynasty, celebrated
The
style of the bronze, -which
unusually massive,
is
makes
temple or chapel was at the same time the enclosure
soon destroj^ed, perhaps in the
built,
But
with chambers.
filled
first
and
this -was
Persian in-
The enclosure was taken up by
vasion.
A
possible.
this
artistic
for
an expedition to Punt
undertaken in his reign by an is
named Hennu,
officer
next to Khufu in a doubtful connection on the
San papyri, and Pepi
been found in the Delta.
was
name has
It
would appear that he
unknown
especially connected -with this
Perhaps he had a temple here.
now almost
remark that the cartouche on the curious
entirely
to
when
their trade
Here
washed away.
they
have flourished into the Ptolemaic period,
was suddenly put a stop
to
by a
The artisans buried their unfinished work and some of their less portable stock in trade before panic.
taking
but never returned to claim them.
flight,
doorway in the great temple and
San
at
city.
worthy of
It is
false
(Tanis, p. 10,
28) seems to read Schotep ah rd on
pi. iv.
the squeeze.
If so, in all probability
a chapel or cenotaph of
to
some
similarly doubtful on
blocks at Tanis, the earliest king whose
workers, who covered the ruins with fresh buildings,
seem
feet.
dynasty
Sankhqara, a king of the eleventh
of a shrine, perhaps part of the buried treasures
of an early bronze-working community, or even of
the old temple.
and
are unfortunately lost, with the heads
it
belonged
Amenemhat
I,
It
probable that this king was regarded as the
is
The village, however, still flourished, and a new camp or enclosure was built on the S. But later
founder (or second founder) of Tanis, and that he
the place declined, and before the Arab conquest
temple, in which his statue was placed, his real
Gemaiyemi, as well as Nebesheh, was abandoned.
tomb being more probably at Thebes
was worshipped here
Egypt. 41. Notes on villages, &c., in the neighbourhood of Nebesheh.^ 1.
of
Faqus
the
(F, Eng.), low
railway,
mounds on both
of the time of
King Sankhqara
He may
in the place of a
Rameses
any of these.
Geziret
II.
I
some even
have not been able
Probably those at Qantir
Dedamun,
from the village of its
west
his
memory was
(Fr.
Dahdamoun)
western edge.
the
Khatanah) hes on the
extensive though low mound.'
tion between
them with an invocation
at that period.
Sema'ne, F. Eng.
-
Eng., the
War
M. Naville has described
liere in "
Goshen," pp. 21-23.
of this
5.
Office
Map
of
tlie
a stretch
immediately N.W.
lies
Qantir, F. Eng.
Piameses
is
and remains of
A large heap of limestone debris mixed
buildings.
II. is visible in
The base
column of
of a
the cemetery.
A quantity
to the king
of limestone remains
and a basalt architrave of the
same king have
been found.
the houses
is
also
The hollow
is
Outside one of
an inscribed box or trough of rough
limestone, 2G inches ;
West
I
F. denotes the Atlas Geographique of the Description I'Egypte
must
shows, living kings were counted almost as gods
with granite
limestone of two persons standing with an inscrip-
tie
We
kept sacred there.
of sand with pottery on the surface
purchased here a small fragmentary group in dark
^
afterwards
however, that, as the story of Saneha
recollect,
a sand-island, so called
Ed Dedamun
Hata'ne (Eng. El of
at Hata'ne.
adorned by the kings of the twelfth dynasty, and
4.
3.
god
have founded the temple
are intended.
on
or in Middle
This throws light on the occurrence of
sides
now almost levelled by the Lower Egypt it is
stated that there are inscriptions here,
2.
tomb, or chapel in the
In Baedeker's
sebakhin.
to find
at a
X
18, with the base rounded.
rectangular, 9 inches deep.
The
in-
Delta.
the results of his excavations
scription runs,
' '
The hereditary
prince, the divine
father lovins: the 2;od, the roval scribe, the chief
TELL XEBESHEH.
From
another tomb
commander of the troops Set her khepshef," and name of Rameses II. is inscribed in the centre. The mound here is very shght, but almost con-
These are
tinuous -with that of Hata'ne.
These are probably of the twenty-sixth dynasty.
the
6.
Samakin
(=
Amarin, Eng.)
7.
Geziret
a
name
Some palm
recurs on the road to Salhiye. in the desert
is
that trees
beyond Pelusium belong to this clan. Abu Qeh (Abou Qahar, F. Abu ;
named due E. of The site of Tell Badaui, Eng.).
Tel Far'un (marked but not
Abou Qahar, F. Amt, but the name ;
heard
Mr. Petrie has
rarely used.
is
The gi-eat spoken of as Tel Nebese. is well known in the neighbourhood,
it
pre-Saite.
The other mound also
of
Zuwelen
mile N.,
1
is
covered with opened tombs, but with some
town remains
at
This
N. end.
its
only 2^
is
mounds together For previous cemetery.
miles S. of San, and the two
must have formed
Kabih, Eng.). 8.
all
came some long beads, and from a third bronze and lead eyes and eyebrows with long beads.
11.
its
Zuwelen (Sueihn), see Tanis
finds at
San
el
p, 29.
I.
(the village), and Tel
Hagar
SAn
(Fr. Eng.).
12. Tel Dibqu (mines d'Ebqou, F.
Tell
;
Dengu
granite shrine
(but too far north), Eug.), according to Mr. Petrie,
and is called at Faqus Taqiyet el Far'un, or " Pharaoh's cap," which is not inappropriate,
latitude
local
name, however,
mound
i.e.
is likely
Taq'at
is
known
to be
en Nebesheh,
has
recently
founded a struggling 'Ezbe. 9. (Tel) Gemaiyemi (Eng.
nam,
away towards the E., and forming
almost
amphitheatre round a central hollow.
The
and
there
settled
Mehallet
cl
Ga-
10. Tel
are regularly
Zuwelen (Zawalin, F.
The name
;
Tell
of two sandhills
;
one, about 3 miles N. of Gemaiyemi,
Abu
Uelin,
the southern is
the site of
an
bricks
Large
dug out and carried away.
quantities of wood and woollen material are found in the ruins.
13.
Hamadiu.
11,
El Menagi
(el
and
Kebire
At M.
Several in F. Eug.
F.).
Eng.).
^Vi-ab brick.
sides sloping
Et
named Muhammad
;
covered with
In future the
as Tel Nebesheh, for
a well-known Bedawin sheikh,
mound
and steep on the N., the
It is lofty
Far'un, or
el
Pharaoh's niche.
a large
;
Its
though evidently arising from a mistake.
taq'a simply,
5 miles N.E. of San, and on the 31st degree of
el
es
sagire).
Kebire, on the bare
sandhill E. of the village and S. of the cemetery, lies
X
a block of sandstone, 16
There
pi. xlii.).
20 inches (see
shallow sculpture on one side
is
an extensive ancient cemetery now ravaged by From one tomb I obtained about
representing the two Niles kneeling, and holding
the Bedawin.
the
50 ushabti of a priestess of Amen Ankhsnast. Amongst them was a piece of limestone cut into
Nekhtuebef.
The
standing and
his
the shape of a tent peg with a head similar to
visible
Other objects apparently
those of the ushabti.
Sam
;
over the
Sam tunic
arm
sign are the ovals of
and
side.
above the head of the lower Nile
handles projecting above the rim and pierced
traces of a partial repetition of
with small holes for suspension, a lion's head of porcelain, porcelain rings, with sistrum and hawk's
god.
disc
on bezel
;
Isis
and Horns of good
work, wig colom-ed black, on back of throne Ast nebtaui; Neb qau, porcelain scorpion with human ;
head, porcelain; two blundered scarabs of steatite
and
porcelain,
and
innumerable short
beads.
king
adoration are
behind the figure of the lower Nile.
probably stood at the other
from the same tomb are a portion of a gi-een porcelam vessel with long spout and small false
head and
of the
feet
raised in
An is
Uati
inscription
restored with
the help of a duplicate on the other half, and
The inscription runs
lady of •^(cpcr
Amt, thy
it
remain behind the
as follows
:
—"
Uati
son, lord of the two lands
qa lord of diadems
Ki-)(t iieh f,
Bu
cometh, ho
conducteth to thee the lower Nile with (?)
all
good things of the North country, tliat he (the " (of which the l;ordcr Nile) may give all pure life of rt"x ""* ^^ emblematic).
CHAP. VII.— POSITION
Nekhtnebf must
There are no mounds here. have a
set this
that
men have gone down
admitted under the
line
from the dawn of
being
Uat of Amt, whose temple lay
On
miles distant.
six
the other side of the village,
amongst the palm
trees, there is a large block of
granite almost buried, that probably belonged to
monument
a similar
is
name
the usual
The canal
of another king.
perhaps corresponded to the Bahr
which
el
Baqar (Eng.)
of the once large canal
that flowed past Defeneh, and which
usually
is
and
portion of a small canal running E.
W., and lying on the road from Nebesheh
Hamadin
the
before
Pelusiac branch
is
great
canal
to
Menzaleh
sides
by water
canal on the N., and a fresh-water lake, through
which the canal runs, on the
the line of the Syrian road.
It
This
site it
is
faces
was, therefore,
Kamesside times
find that at least as early as
Till this year, so far as I
Museum.
Srilahiyeh, Eng.).
it
was occupied. know, no attempt has site,
But
my
The
history of the place. arrived there, I
beyond a stay of
Bulak
reis of the
work there during two months
in this spring has brought to
Es
;
W.
only open on the south, and on that side
been made to work in this
(F. Eng.).
Salhiye (F.
(see pi. xliii.)
on the E., the Pelusiac branch or
lies
name
16. Qassasin.
17.
this
occurs a sandy plain, about a mile across, and
bounded on three
two or three days by a native
Samakin
Egypt along
Immediately after
passing the southern end of Lake Menzaleh there
or so-called
reached, bears the curious
of Habres.
15.
into
history.
admirably adapted for a frontier guard, and we
supposed to represent the Pelusiac branch.
A
the caravan road, and there can be no doubt but
up as a record of cutting or clearing
canal, the water
auspices of
AND HISTORY.
light
much
of the
evening that I
first
saw that the brick ruins in the
midst of the plain were of a large building of the
CHAPTER TELL
twenty-sixth dynasty; and I heard, to
VII.
DEFEXNEH— POSITIOISr
AND
(for I
HISTOKY.
mind), that 42.
In the sandy desert bordering on Lake
my surprise in my
had only come with the Karian camp was known
it
as the "
Kasr
el
Bint
el
Yehudi," or "the Palace of the Jew's daughter."
Menzaleh, some hours distant on the one hand
This at once called up the connection of Tah-
from the cultivated Delta, and on the other hand
panhes, or TaphuG as the Septuagint version
from the Suez Canal, stand the ruins of the old
with Daphnse
frontier fortress of
or Defenneh.
been selected but
it
Tahpanhes, Taphne, Daphnai,
That such a point should have
may seem
strange at
was the advanced post
highway iuto Syria details of its
;
and when we look
position, the
map on
evident (see small
sight,
first
to guard the great at the
advantages of pi. xliii.).
before
one,
;
it
is,
and with the situation of the place is
impossible
to
disconnect the
modern name, Defenneh, from the ancient. Indeed the identity of these names seems to have been taken for granted by most writers on the topography of the Delta.
are
it
All traffic
43.
The
earliest
remains found here
are
a
taking the northern route by Kantara, which was
part of the foundation of a building of red bricks
and convenient than that by the Wady
remaining beneath the pavement or platform in
more
fertile
Tumilat, must have skirted the southern shore of
Lake Menzaleh, or region which ancient times.
may
of the
swampy and
have
occupied that
The edge
of the desert
canalized site
in
was the
only suitable route within reach of the Pelusiac
branch of the Nile
for watering.
This line
is
now
front of the entrance.
similar red bricks in the at
Nebesheh, and from
From
the occurrence of
tombs of Eamesside age this
being shown to be
older than the twenty-sixth dynasty,
some buildings existed here twentieth dynasty.
it is
clear that
in the nineteenth or
Curiously, a tale related by
TELL DEFEXNEIT. Herodotos bears upon
this;
he says
107) that
(ii.
on his return from an Asiatic campaign, invited to a banquet by his brother at the Pelusian Daphnai, Sesostris
(Eamessu
II.) was,
be scon that
It will
i-^ep0e Bov/BdcrTLoh,
are the
maa
stp
n
Rdu
user maa, Sfc,
neb mesen seha nef
hor qa next
Rd
ah neh dr x^ )V.
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r P.
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