Tablolarla bütün ingiliz grameri

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (Geniş zaman) I you we they he she it

-

POSITIVE write write write write writes writes writes

NEGATIVE I you we they he she it

do do do do does does does

not not not not not not not

QUESTION write write write write write write write

do do do do does does does

I you we they he she it

write write write write write write write

İşin mantığı: Dünya yuvarlaktır (genel) , Ateş yakar (genel) , İnsanlar acıkır ..... Gibi genel olayları ve durumları vurgulamak için Simple Present tense kullanılır. Simple Present tense genelde olan olay ve durumla 1.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen rı vurgulamak için kullanılır ,bunlar; geçmişte vardı , 2.Most animals kill only for food şu an var , gelecekte de olacak . örn : Dünyanın 3.The world is round dönmesi . 1.I study for two hours every night 2.My classes begin at nine 3.He always eats a sandwich for lunch

Simple present tense günlük aktiviteleri ve alışkanlıkları vurgulamak için de kullanılır.

Appreciate

Belirli fiilerin continuous tense ( şimdiki zaman ) halleri olmadığından bu tens'te kullanılmaları zorunludur. Aşaıdaki fiiler normalde continuous tenslerle kullanılmazlar Depend Hate Need See Understand

Believe

Dislike

Hear

Owe

Seem

Want

Belong

Doubt

İmagine

Own

Seem

İnclude

Care

Envy

Know

Possess

Smell

Consist

Exist

Like

Prefer

Sound

Cost

Fear

Love

Realise

Suppose

1.I don't recognize that man 2.He needs a pen right now

Contain Feel Mean Remember Taste Sonu s , sh , ch , x ile biten sözcüklerin çoğulu ve fiilerin geniş zaman halleri -es takısı alırlar. Finish Finishes Watch Watches Bus Buses Box Boxes Sonu y ile biten sözcükler - ies takısı alırlar , fakat y nin önünde sesli harf varsa sonuna sadece - s gelir Study studies Try tries Baby babies Boy boys Sonu f veya fe ile biten sözcükler - ves takısıyla çoğul olurlar

knife knives shellf shellves Geniş zamnada Have fiili he , she , it için has olarak değişir. • •

I have a shover everyday John has a shover everyday

Sıklık belirten fiiller Sımple present tens'te özneden hemen sonra gelirler always / Never / often / Sometimes / Usually + Present simple (Geniş zaman) • •

Sue always arrives at work early I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk

•

Julia never eats breakfast

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) { ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN } NEGATIVE POSITIVE I you we they he she it

am are are are is is is

writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

I you we they he she it

am are are are is is is

not not not not not not not

writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

QUESTION am are are are is is is

I you we they he she it

writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

Bu tens konuşma anında devam eden (süren) aktiviteleri vurgulamak için kullanılır ( ŞU AN ) • John is sleeping right now • I need an umbrella because it is raining • John and marry are talking on phone

Bu tens ayrıca genelde süreklilik halinde olan aktiviteleri vurgulamak için de kullanılır. • I am taking five course this semester • John is trying to improve his work habits • She is writing another book this year Sonu - e ile biten fiillerde -e düşer - ing gelir make making write

writing

come

coming

dance

dancing

lie die tie

lying dying tying

stop

stopping

run

running

get

getting

swim

swimming

big

bigger

hot

hotter

thin

thinner

draw

drawing

play

playing

Sonu - ie ile biten fiiller - ying takısı alırlar

Eğer tek heceli bir fiilin sonu ( sesli + sessiz ) harf ile bitiyorsa son sessiz ikilenerek - ing takısı alır. Bu kuralın istisnası şudur : eğer bir fiilin sonu ( -y ) veya ( - w ) sesizlerinden biri ile bitiyorsa, fiil tek heceli bile olsa son sessiz ikilenmez.

İki veya daha fazla heceli fiilerde son sessizin ikilenmesine gerek yoktur happen visit remember

happening visiting remembering

help work

helping working

Sonu iki sessizle biten tek heceli fiiler direkt olarak - ing takısı alırlar

SIMPLE PAST ( GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN ) I you we they he she it

-

POSITIVE wrote wrote wrote wrote wrote wrote wrote

NEGATIVE I you we they he she it

did did did did did did did

not not not not not not not

QUESTION write write write write write write write

did did did did did did did

I you we they he she it

write write write write write write write

Simple past , geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlamış ve bitmiş bir durum veya aktiviteyi işaret eder. FORMÜLÜ : Özne + Verb 2 ( Fiilin 2. hali )---- yani Simple past hali • • •

I walked to school yesterday He lived in paris for ten years , but now he is living in rome I bought a new car three days ago

Eğer Simple past tense ile kurulmuş bir cümle (When) kalıbını içeriyorsa : when ile başlayan cümle diğerinden önce olmuştur aşağıdaki ilk örnekte önce yağmur başladı sonra ağacın altında durdum ifadesi anlaşılmalıdır. • • •

I stood under a tree when it began to rain when she heard a atrange noise she got up to investigate when I dropped my cup , the coffee spilled on my lap

Eğer geçmiş zaman (past tense) da kullanılmak istenen bir cümlenin fiili "be" ise geçmiş zamanı belirtmek için : yine bu fiilin gecmis zaman hallerinin was , were kullanılması zorunludur. (Düzeltme icin Serkan a Tesekürler) •

• • • • •

Positive Negative I was I was not You were You were not we were we were not they were they were not he was he was not she was she was not it was it was not Last year Rachel was 22 , so she is 23 now When I was a child , I was afraid of dogs we were hungry after the journey but we weren't tired the hotel was comfortable but it wasn't expensive was the weather good when you were on holiday those shoes are nice . were they expensive

•

why were you late this morning

Question was I were You were we were they was he was she was it

PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) ( GEÇMİŞTE SÜREKLİLİK ) NEGATIVE POSITIVE I

was

writing

I

was

not

writing

QUESTION

was

I

writing

he she it we you they

was was was were were were

writing

he

was

not

writing

writing

she

was

not

writing

writing

it

was

not

writing

writing

we

were

not

writing

writing

you

were

not

writing

writing

they

were

not

writing

was was was were were were

he she it we you they

writing writing writing writing writing writing

İşin Mantığı : geçmişte süregelen bir eylem kesintiye uğruyor. Örn: dün tam okula yürürken yağmur başladı ( yürüme eylemi sürerken , bu ylemin belirli bir yerinde yağmur eyleminin devreye girmesi) 1. I was walking down the street when it began to 1. de Önce caddeden aşağıya yürüyordum,sonra yağmur rain 2. While I was walking down the street,it began başladı.Örneklerde iki eylemde aynı zamanda meydana geliyor fakat biri, diğeri to rain başladığında ,daha önce başlayıp süreklilik 3. I was standing under a tree when it began to halin dedir. rain 4. örnekte : Benim çalışmam 8'den önce 4. At eight o'clock last night , I was studying başladı ve 8'de ben çalışıyordum, 5. Last year at this time I was attending school muhtemelen çalışmam sonrasın dada devam etti 6. While I was studying in one room of our Eğer iki eylem benzer şekilde süreklilik apartment my roommate was having a party in halindeyse Past continuous cümlenin iki the other room bölümündede kullanı labilir (baazen) Baazı durumlarda simple past ve past 7. It rained this morning continuous aynı anlamı verebilir (7 ve 8 deki 8. It was raining gibi)

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ( Türkçede karşılığı yok ) NEGATIVE POSITIVE I

have

written

I

have

not

QUESTION written have

I

written

you we they he she it

have have have has has has

written written written written written written

you we they he she it

have have have has has has

1. They have moved into a new aparttment. 2. Have you ever visited Mexico. 3. I have already seen that movie. 4. I have never seen snow

not not not not not not

written written written written written written

have have have has has has

you we they he she it

written written written written written written

Present Perfect şu fikri vurgular: Şu andan önce meyda na gelmiş veya gelmemiş birşeyi anlatırken kesin zaman ın önemli olmadığı durumlar. (Eğer belirli bir zaman var sa Simple past kullanılır.)

5. We have had four tests so far this semester 6. I have written my wife a letter every other day Present perfect birde şu andan önceki bir for the last two weeks. aktivitenin tekrarını vurgular,her tekrarın kesin 7. I have met many people since I came here in zamanı önemli değildir june 8. I have flown on an airplane many times Present perfect tense ayrıca for ve since ile 9. I have been here since seven o'clock kullanı labilir. O zaman şunu vurgular: Bir 10.We have been here for two weeks durum geçmişte başlmış şu anda da devam 11.I have had this same pair of shoes for three ediyor years 12.I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was Since + belirli bir zaman ( since : denberi ) a child For + zamanın sürekliliği ( For : dır )

Present Perfect Simple nin kullanımları 1.kullanımı: Geçmişte başlamış ve bugüne kadar devam eden bir zaman periyodundan bahsediyorsak bu tensi kullanmak zorundayız. Bu zaman periyodu bütün hayatımızdaki deneyimleri kapsayabilir. Hayatımız da herhangi bir deneyimi yaşayıp yaşamadığımız bu tens ile sorulur. • • • • •

Have you ever been to China ( Hiç çinde bulundunmu? ) Have you ever eaten caviar ( Hiç havyar yedinmi ? ) I haven't been to India ( Hindistanda hiç bulunmadım ) We have never had a car ( Hiçbir zaman arabamız olmadı ) It's the most boring film I've ever seen . (Hayatımda gördüğüm en sıkıcı film.)

• I haven't eaten anything since breakfast ( Kahvaltıdan beri hiçbirşey yemedim ) 2.kullanım: Present perfect kullanıldığında genellikle bugün ile bir bağlantı vardır. Eğer geçmişte olmuş bir eylemin sonucu bugünü etkiliyorsa yine bu tens kullanılır. • •

Where's your key ? I don't know. I 've lost it ( Şu an anahtarım yok ) He told me his name but I 've forgotten it ( Adını söylemişti fakat unuttum )

• I can't find my bag. Have you seen it ? ( Çantamı bulamıyorum, onu gördünmü?) 3.kullanım: Geçmişle bugünü bağlayan bir köprü olarak kullanılır. I started learninig english in september I am still lerning english I have lerned English since september (Eylülden beri ingilizce öğreniyorum)-üstteki iki cümleyi birleştirdi. Ayşe is my best friend I met Ayşe seven years ago I have known her for 7 years ( onu yedi yıldır tanıyorum ) I am a teacher I started teaching 20 years ago I have been a teacher for 20 years. ( 20 yıldır öğretmenim )

•

Gone (to) ve been (to) arasındaki farklılık Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (Jim ispanyaya gitti ve hala orada)

•

Jane has been to Italy . (Jane italyaya gitti ve geri geldi )

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE ) NEGATIVE POSITIVE I you we they he she it

have have have have has has has

been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing

I you we they he she it

have have have have has has has

not not not not not not not

been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing

QUESTION have have have have has has has

I you we they he she it

been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing

Present Perfect continuous , yakın zamanda veya henüz sona ermiş bir aktivitenin ifadesinde kullanılabilir bu aktivitenin şu an ile bağlantısı vardır. Örn : Eve gittiniz çocuğunuzun gözleri kıpkırmızı ve ne olduğunu öğreneceksiniz . What have you been doing demeniz lazım ( What are you doing olmaz.) Örn : A şahsı avrupa turuna çıkmış ve B şahsıyla ispanyada karşılaşıyor A' nın gideceği yerler sıralı : 1. France 2. England 3.Spain 4. Germany 5. Italy A: What have you been doing ? ( Ne yapıyorsun ) B: I have been traveling around Europe (eğer A şahsı : What are you doing deseydi , B şahsı o anda ne yapıyorsa onu söylerdi , alışveriş yapıyo rum vs. derdi.) A: Which countries have you visited B: I have visited France and England and now I'm in Spain , I haven't been Germany and Italy yet. Bu tens bir aktivitenin sürekliliğini vurgulamak Right now I am sitting at my desk. için kullanılır.Sözü edilen aktivite geçmişte 1. I have been sitting here since seven o'clock. başladı ve şu an devam etmektedir. Tense bu 2. I have been sitting here for two hours anlamı zamanı simgeleyen kelimelerle veririz. 3. You have been studying for five straight Bunlar : hourse For , Since , all morning , all day , all week. 5. I have been thinking about changing my major. 6. All of the students have been studying hard .Final exams start next week. 7. My back hurts , so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. the bed is too soft.

Presen perfect continuous tens zamanın herhangi bir spesifik anlamı dışında kullanıldığında, genel bir aktivitenin son zamanlardaki sürekliliğini vurgular.

8. I have lived here since 1985 I have been living here since 1985 9. he has worked at the same store for ten years He has been working at the same store for ten years

Live , work , teach gibi continuous tensleri olan fiillerle since veya for kullanıldığında , present perfect continuous ile present perfect simple arasın da pek bir fark olmaz. Yandaki örneklerde pek bir anlam farkı yoktu

Present Perfect Continuous Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4

Bu tens ile ilgili soruları download ede bilirsiniz. (Not: Sisiteminizde Excel kurulu olmalıdır.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE ( MİŞLİ GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN ) NEGATIVE POSITIVE I

had

written

I

had

not

you we they he she it

had had had had had had

written written written written written written

you we they he she it

had had had had had had

not not not not not not

1. My parents had already eaten by the time I got home 2. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it . 3. The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock thedoor.

QUESTION written had written had written had written had written had written had written had

I

written

you we they he she it

written written written written written written

Past perfect tense : gemişte bir aktivitenin başka bir aktiviteden önce tamamlandığını vurgular. yani:Geç mişte oluşmuş iki eylem var fakat 1. eylem , 2.cisin den önce olmuş işte 1.eylem past perfec tir.

• • • •

4. de : önce sam ayrıldı sonra biz oraya vardık. (yani: biz vardığımızda sam ayrılmıştı). Eğer bir cümlede before veya after kullanılıyorsa genellikle past per fect tense gerekli değildir. Simple past 6. ve 8. ci örneklerde belki kullanılabilir. Not: 5-6 ve 7-8 aynı an lamdadır. When Sarah arrived at the party , Paul had already gone home When we got home last night , we found that somebody had broken into the flat Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film. I didn't know who she was . I had never seen her before

•

The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks

4. Sam had already left when we got there 5. Sam had left before we got there 6. Sam left before we got there 7. after the guests had left. I went to bed

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE ) NEGATIVE POSITIVE I you we they he she it

had had had had had had had

been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing

I you we they he she it

had had had had had had had

not not not not not not not

been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing

QUESTION had had had had had had had

I you we they he she it

been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing been writing

Geçmişte olmuş iki eylem var ve bunlardan önce olanın sürekliliği past perfect continuous tense ile vurgu lanır. 1. Our game of tennis was interrupted. we'd been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very havily. 2. Ken give up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years. 1. The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him 2. The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost an hour before a doctor finally treated her 3. He finally came at six o'clock I had been waiting for him since four - thirty.

Past perfect continuous: geçmişte bir eylemden önce başka bir eylemin süreklilik içerisinde oldu ğunu vurgular.

4. When judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming 5.Her eyes were red because she had been crying

Bu tens ayrıca geçmişteki bir eyleme yakın zamanlı fakat ondan daha önce olan bağlantısız bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için de kulanılır.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (Gelecek zaman) NEGATIVE POSITIVE I you we they he she it

I you we they he she it

will will will will will will will

POSITIVE am going to are going to are going to are going to is going to is going to is going to

write write write write write write write

write write write write write write write

I you we they he she it

will will will will will will will

I you we they he she it

NEGATIVE not going to not going to not going to not going to not going to not going to not going to

am are are are is is is

not not not not not not not

QUESTION write write write write write write write

write write write write write write write

will will will will will will will

am are are are is is is

I you we they he she it

write write write write write write write

QUESTION I going to you going to we going to they going to he going to she going to it going to

write write write write write write write

Konuşma anında geleceğe dönük bir eylemi ifade etmek için will kullanılır. Going to ise önceden yapılan planlar ve niyetler için kullanılır. Örn: biri paltosunu giydi dışarıya çıkıyor. onu gören kişi will ile soru sorar, çıkan kişinin diyelim ki o saatte biriyle buluşması gerekiyor ( önceden planlamış ) going to ile cevap verir. 1. He will finished his work tomorrow. 2. He is going to finish his work tomorrow

Will veya be going to , gelecek zamanı vurgulamak için kullanılır.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (Gelecek te süreklilik) NEGATIVE POSITIVE I you we they he she it

will will will will will will will

be be be be be be be

writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

I you we they he she it

will will will will will will will

not not not not not not not

be be be be be be be

QUESTION writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

will will will will will will will

I you we they he she it

be be be be be be be

writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

I will be doing something = birşeyler yapıyor olacağım ( bir eylemin ortasında olacağım ) Örn : The football match begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:15 so during this time ,for example 8:30 , Kevin will be watching the match. - This time tomorrow I'll be travelling through france - In the 21 st century, people will be living to the age of 130 1. I will begin to study at seven. You will come The future continuous tense gelecek zamanda bir aktivitenin süreklilik halinde olacağını at eight . I will be studying when you come. 2. Right now I am sitting in class . At the same vurgular.

time tomorrow I will be sitting in class. 3. Don't call me at nine , because I won't be home .I am ging to be studying at the library.

be going to nun continuous formu: be going to + be + - ing

4. Don't get impatient . She will be coming soon 5. Don't get impatient . She will come soon

Baazen future continuous ile simple future arasında çok çok az bir farklılık vardır veya hiçbir farklılık yoktur. Özellikle gelecekteki olay belirsiz bir zaman da meydana gelmişse.

Not : teklif sorularında mutlaka shall kullan . will kullanma • shall we phone to see what time the film start •

shall I carry that heavy case for you

FUTURE PERFECT I you we they he she it

will will will will will will will

( Gelecekte geçmiş )

POSITIVE have writen have writen have writen have writen have writen have writen have writen

NEGATIVE I you we they he she it

will will will will will will will

not not not not not not not

have have have have have have have

QUESTION writen writen writen writen writen writen writen

will will will will will will will

I you we they he she it

have have have have have have have

writen writen writen writen writen writen writen

Future Perfect tense : Gelecekte , kesin bir zamandan önce birşeyin tamamlanmış olacağını vurgular Örn: 1.He will have finished his exams by december. 2.Kevin's football match ends at 9:15 so after this time ,for example at 9:30 the matcah will have finished. 3.Sally always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning , so she will not be at home at 9 o'clock.She will have gone to work. ( sally sabahları daima 8:30 da işe gider bundan dolayı saat 9 da evde olmayacak,işe gitmiş olacak) 4.We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema ( Geç kaldık, biz sinema ya varana kadar film başlamış olacak.) 5.When their first child was born ,they had been married for three years. - past perfect Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years - present perfect Next year they will have been married for 25 years - future perfect •

•

I will graduate in june . I will see you in july. By the next time I see you , I will have graduat ed I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.

The future perfect tense : Gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce tamamlanmış bir aktiviteyi vurgular.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( I you we they he she it

will will will will will will will

POSITIVE have been writing have been writing have been writing have been writing have been writing have been writing have been writing

Gelecekte süreklilik ) NEGATIVE

I you we they he she it

will will will will will will will

not not not not not not not

have been have been have been have been have been have been have been

QUESTION writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

will will will will will will will

I you we they he she it

have been have been have been have been have been have been have been

writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

Future Perfect continuous : gelecekteki bir zaman diliminde bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgular . örn: She will have been teaching here for thirty years by the time she retires next year. örn: Margeret was born in 1950. by the year 2000, she will have been living on this earth for 50 years 1. I will go to bed at ten p.m. he will get home at midnight, at midnight I will be sleeping . I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home.

The future perfect continuous ,gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce bir eylemin süreklilik içinde ola cağını vurgular.

2. When Professor jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years. 3. When professor jones retires next month , he will have been teaching for 45 years

Bazen Future perfect ve Future perfect continuous aynı anlamı verir . örn: 2 ve 3 teki gibi. Ayrıca sözko nusu aktivitenin geçmiş zamanda başlamış olabile ceği de dikkate alınmalıdır.

1. Ann and Andy got married on june 1.st. Today is june 14 th. Ann and Andy have been married for two weeks.By june 28 th , they will have been married for four weeks. 2. This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class , I have been sitting here for a half an hour . By 11:00 I will have been sitting here for two hours. 3. I am getting tired of sitting in the car . Do you realize that by the time we arrive in phoenix, we will have been driving for twenty straight hours. 4. I don't understand how those marathon runners do it . The race began over an hour ago . By the time they reach the finish line , they will have been running steadily for more than two hours. I don't think I can run more than two minutes. 5.We have been married for a long time . By our next anniversary , we will have been married for 43 years.

THE PASSIVE Simple Present : Active : Mary helps john Passive : john is helped by Mary Present Continuous: Active : Mary is helping john Passive : john is being helped by Mary

Active :Etken (İşin özne tarafından yapıldığı belliyse) Passive:Edilgen (İşin özne tarafından yapıldığı belli değilse) Verbs that can be used in the passive : 1.Most transitive verbs can be used in the passive. A transitive verb is a verb which has an object.

The police caught the thief S V O The thief was caught by police 2. Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive . An intransitive verb is a verb which Simple Past: does not have an object. Active : Mary helped john Rodney fell and hurt his leg. Passive : john was helped by Mary Passive constructions with the infinitive: Doğru olup olmadığını bilmediğimiz bir bilgi Past continuous: aktar mak istediğimizde veya bu bilginin Active : Mary was helping john kaynağını vermek istemediğimizde passive Passive : john was being helped by Mary yapıyı şu fiillerle kullanırız : think ,believe , report , consider , know , say , Past Perfect: expect , + infinitive. Active : Mary had helped john 1. Bilgi şu anki bir durumla ilgiliyse : Passive : john had been helped by Mary passive + infini tive. örn: The queen is believed to be one of the Simple Future: richest people in the world. Active : Mary will help john örn: Mr Smit is thought to be staying with Passive : john will be helped by Mary friends 2. Bilgi geçmişteki bir durumla ilgiliyse: Be going to: passive + the past infinitive ( to have + past Active : Mary is going to help john particip le ) Passive : john is going to be helped by Mary örn: Cher is said to have had a face lift. NOT: The passive of doing = being done , Future Perfect: seeing = being seen. Active : Mary will have helped john Passive : john will have been helped Mary Örnekler: Active: I don't like people telling me what to do Note: The continuous forms of the present Passive: I don't like being told what to do perfect , past perfect , future and future perfect Active: Mr Miller hates people keeping him are very rarely used in the passive. waiting Passive:Mr miller hates being kept waiting Present Perfect: Active : Mary has helped john Passive : john has been helped by Mary

ACTIVE MODAL Bob will mail it Bob can mail it Bob should mail it Bob ought to mail it Bob must mail it Bob has to mail it Bob may mail it Bobo might mail it

PASSIVE MODAL it will be mailed by bob it can be mailed by bob it should be mailed by bob it ought to be mailed by bob it must be mailed by bob it has to be mailed by bob it may be mailed by bob it might be mailed by bob

ONDITIONALS: 1. if + simple present + simple present ( Genel doğrularda ) 2. if + simple present + simple future ( Gelecek için olası durumlarda ) 3. if + simple past + would + infinitive ( Şu an ve gelecek için hayali durumlarda ) 4. if + past pperfect + would have + past participle ( Geçmiş için hayali durumlarda )

1. if + simple present + simple present ( Genel doğrularda ): a. if you don't water plants, they die ( bitkileri sulamazsan ölürler ) b. if Mike reads on the Train , he feels sick. c. if you put paper on a fire , it burns quickly. d. if the phone rings , answer it . ( talimat verildiğinde özne yok.) 2. if + simple present + simple future ( Gelecek için olası durumlarda ) a. if it doesn't rain soon , a lot of crops will die. ( Eğer yakında yağmur yağmazsa birçok mahsul ölecek ) b. if we don't leave now , we'll miss the train. c. if you pass your exams , I will give you a job. d. if you don't turn that music down , you will go deaf. e. if we leave now , we may catch the train. f. if you come to london again , you must call and see us. ( some modal verbs can be used instead of will) 3. if + simple past + would + infinitive ( Şu an ve gelecek için hayali durumlarda ) a. if I were a carpenter , I would build my own house ( Eğer bir marangoz olsaydım kendi evimi yapmak isterdim ) b. you would feel healtier , if you did more exercises. c. if people didn't drive so fast , there wouldn't be so many fatal accidents. d. if you went to africa , you would have to have several injections. e. if I were you , I would't drive so fast. 4. if + past pperfect + would have + past participle ( Geçmiş için hayali durumlarda ) a. if bob had asked me to keep the news a secret , I wouldn't have told anybody. ( Eğer bob haberleri gizli tutmamı istemiş olsaydı kimseye söylemezdim.) USED TO: 1. Used to + infinitive

( Used to expresses a habit , activity , or situation that existed in the past but which no longer exists.) - used to ; geçmişte var olan fakat şu an olmayan alışkanlıklar,aktiviteler ve durumları vurgulamak için kullanılır. 1. My father used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day . ( babam günde 40 sigara içerdi ) 2. Jack used to live in chichago. 3. Before I had a car , I used to cycle to work. 4. I didn't used to have foreign holidays . Now I go abroad every year. 5. Where did you use to go for your holidays 2. be used to + - ing ( alışkın olmak )

1. I must go to bed early. I'm used to having ten hours sleep a night. ( yatağa erken gitmeliyim ,gecede 10 saat uyumaya alışkınım.) 2. Mary is used to cold weather. 3. I am used to sitting at this desk, I sit here every day. 3. get used to + - ing ( alışmak )

1. If you come to england you will have to get used to driving on the left hand side of the road ( ingiltereye gelirsen yolun solundan sürmeye alışmak zorunda kalacaksın.) 2. Bob moved to alaska. After a while he got used to living in a cold climate. 3. You get used to seeing the sun every day. 4. I will never get used to getting up early.

WISHES: Wish'i değiştirmek istediğimiz fakat kontrolümüz dışında olan veya geçmişte kalmış olması sebebiyle değiştiremediğimiz olayları ifade ederken kullanırız. Future: I wish + past simple: 1. She can't came tomorrow ( o yarın gelemiyor) 2. She will not tell me 3. He isn't going to be here

I wish she could come tomorrow ( onun yarın gelebilmesini isterdim.) I wish (that) she would tell me I wish he were going to be here

Present: I wish + Past simple: 1. I'm not a student ( Şu an öğrenci değilim ) 2. I don't know french 3. It is raining right now 4. I can't speak japanese

I wish I was a student ( keşke öğrenci olsaydım ) I wish I knew french I wish it weren't raining right now I wish I could speak japanese

Past : I wish + Past perfect: 1. I didn't work harder. ( çok çalışmadım ) 2. John didn't come. 3. Mary could't come.

I wish I had worked harder ( keşke geçmişte daha çok çalışsaydım ) I wish he had come I wish she could have come

Wish ...Would: Genellikle bir durumdan şikayet ederken kullanılır. 1. Şu anki bir durumdan şikayet ederken kullanırız: 1. A dog is barking I wish tahat dog would stop barking. 2. The road is icy I wish you wouldn't drive so fast. 2. Kontrolümüz dışındaki bir olay hakkında çok sabırsız olduğumuzda You're waiting for the bus

I wish the bus would come.

Not1: if only genellikle wish in yerine kullanılabilirve bir anlam değişikliğine yol açmaz. örn: if only Sue was here . She'd know what to do. (keşke sue burada olsaydı o ne yapması gerektiğini bilirdi). Not2: I wish I would OLMAZ CAUSATIVE VERBS : 1. I made my brother carry my suitcase ( YAPTIRIM, başka seçeneği yok.)

2. I had my brother carry suitcase ( RİCA, rica ettim diye yaptı.) 3. I got my brother to carry my suitcase ( İKNA etmeyi başarma.) Not 1: make ve have den sonra fiilerin simple formunun, get den sonra ise infinitive ( to ' lu ) hallerinin kullanılması gerekir. Not 2: Have ve get den sonra past participle kullanılırsa, bu; cümleye passive anlam verir ve bu gibi haller de have ve get arasında pek bir anlam farkı yoktur, Normalde have ,get den biraz daha formaldir. 1. I made my brother carry my suitcase ( YAPTIRIM, başka seçeneği yok.) 1. Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room. 2. The doctor made the patient stay in bed. 3. I made my son wash the windows before he could go outside. 2. I had my brother carry suitcase ( RİCA, rica ettim diye yaptı.) 1. I had the plumber repair the leak. 2. Jane had the waiter bring her some tea. 3. I hade my watch repaired. (passive) 3. I got my brother to carry my suitcase ( İKNA etmeyi başarma.) 1. The students got the teacher to dismiss class early. 2. Sam was reluctant , but we finally got him to play his guitar for us. 3. I got my watch repaired (passive) örn: I really must get my eyes tested . I'm sure I need glasses. örn: Get your hair cut. örn: Sad movies make me cry.

REPORTED SPEECH: TOM: I'm feeling ill Tom'un söylediğini 3. kişiye anlatmanın iki yolu var: 1. Tom said ` I'm feeling ill ` (Direkt olarak cümleyi almak) - Yazarken; mutlaka iki tırnak arasına al 2. Tom said that he was feeling ill ( Cümleyi bir derece past'lamak )

Cümleyi bir derece pastlamak: DIRECT SPEECH:

REPORTED SPEECH:

Present simple: I'm a nurse , she said Present continuous: I'm not going , he said Past simple: Tony did it , she said Present perfect: I haven't read it , she said Past continuous: I was lying , he said Will: I will get it , she said Can: I can speak french , he said May: I may be late , she said Must: I must go , he said

Past simple: She said she was a nurse Past continuous: He said he wasn't going Past Perfect: She said Tony had done it Past perfect: She said she hadn't read it Past perfect continuous: He said he had been lying Would: She said she would get it Could: He said he could speak french Might: She said she might be late had to: he said he had to go

NOT: Past perfect , Might , Ought to , Could , Should , Would - Bunlar Reported speech te değişmezler. Reported Speech: he,she that day the next day , the following day the day before , the previous yesterday day two days before , two days two days ago earlier now then here there come go this the or it that the or it these the those the NOT: Reporting advice , commands , requests and warnings these kind of speech using the verbs : advice, tell ,ask and warn + Personal object pronoun + infinitive. 1.You really should stop (advice) She adviced me to stop 2.Don't interrupt me (Command) He told me not to interrupt him 3.Could you close the door please (Request) She asked me to close the door 4.if you tell anyone , I will.... (warning) She warned me not to tell anyone Direct Speech: I today tomorrow

RELATIVE CLAUSES: Bir relative clause bize cümle içinde açıklayıcı bir bilgi verir. Cansızlar ve Hayvanlar için Which That örn: A building was destroyed in the fire .It has now been rebuilt The building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt. örn: Some people were arrested. They have now been released The people who/that were arrested have now been released. Who , that , which' i baazen hiç kullanmasak ta olur Who,that,which ' ten sonra ÖZNESİ olan bir cümle başlıyorsa ; who,that,which ' i hiç yazmasak ta olur. Fakat who,that,which bir öznenin yerine kullanılıyorsa mutlaka yazmak zorundayız, bir nesnenin yerine kullanılıyorlarsa yazmasak ta olur. İnsanlar için Who That

1.The woman who I wanted to see was away. 1.The woman I wanted to see was away. 2.Have you found the keys that you lost 2.Have you found the keys you lost 3.The dress that Ann bought doesn't fit her 3.The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very very well well Örn: The woman lives next door. She is a doctor The woman who lives next door is a doctor ( She düştü yani: özne düştü burada who veya that mutlaka yazılmalıdır.) Örn: Have you found the keys? you lost them. Have you found the keys which you lost ( them düştü yani : nesne düştü ) Have you found the keys you lost. We use WHOSE in relative clause instead of his / her / their 1. We saw some people whose car had broken down their 2. A widow is a woman whose husband is dead her 3. I met a man whose sister knows you her You can use WHERE in relative clause to talk about a place 1. The hotel - we stayed there - wasn't very clean The hotel where we stayed wasn't very clean WHAT = the thing (s) that 1. Did you hear what they said ( the things that they said ) 2. Tell me what you want and I ' ll try to get it for you. 3. I don't agree with what you 've just said. 4. I don't trust him. I don't believe anything that he says (what kullanılmaz) I don't believe anything he says. What kullanılmış olsaydı : anything the thing that he says. OLMAZ 5. They give their children everything that they want. (what kullanılmaz) They give their children everything they want. what kullanılmış olsa : everything the thing that they want. OLMAZ WHOM Whom sadece yazı ingilizcesinde kullanılır ve who , that , which ' in hiç yazılmasa da ( who bir nesnenin yerine kullanılmışsa ) olduğu durumlarda who nun yerine whom kullanılır.

örn: The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday The woman whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday. Whom preposition larla da kullanılır ( to whom , from whom , with whom....) The woman with whom he fell in love , left him after a few weeks ( he fell in love with her. ) İki tür relative clause vardır: type 1 : The woman who lives next door is a doctor. ( Burada who kadın hakkında bize bilgi veriyor.) type 2 : My brother jim , who lives in london, is a doctor. ( Buradaki who my brother'i açıklamıyor çünkü zaaten onun jim olduğu verilmiş ---- işte bu tip relative clauseler , extra information veren tiptekilerdir.ve bunlar: iki virgül arasına alınırlar , extra information , Extra information veren relative clauselerin özellikleri: 1. Bunlarda that kullanılmaz. yani: Kişiler için sadece who , Nesneler için sadece which kullanılır. 2. who ve which' i mutlaka kulllanmak zorundasın , ihmal edemezsin. 3. Where , whose ,whom kullanışları yine aynıdır. örn: john , who speaks french , works as a tourist guide örn: Colin told me about his new job , which he is enjoying very much , örn: We stayed at the Grand hotel , which Ann recommended to us , örn: This morning I met Diane , whom / who I hadn't seen for ages , In extra information clauses . You can use a preposition before whom and which ( to whom / with whom / about which / for which.....) örn: Fortunately we had a map , without which we would have got lost örn: This is mr carter ; who I was telling you about. NOT: Konuşma ingilizcesinde ise prepositionlar genellikle relative clausenin verb (fiil) in den sonra gelir. all of , most of , non of , neither of , any of , either of , some of , many of + whom (people) + which (things) , much of (a) few of , both of , half of , each of , one of , two of örn : Marry has three brothers , All of them are married Mary has three brothers , All of whom are married. örn: Two men , neither of whom I had ever seen before , come into my office. örn: They ' ve got three cars , two of which they never use.