Tablas Harris
March 14, 2024 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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APPENDIX F
Solubility Products*
Formula
pK sp
Azides: L 5 N23 CuL AgL Hg2L2 TlL PdL2(a)
8.31 8.56 9.15 3.66 8.57
Bromates: L 5 BrO23 BaL ? H2O (f) AgL TlL PbL2
5.11 4.26 3.78 5.10
K sp
Formula
pK sp
K sp
4.9 3 1029 2.8 3 1029 7.1 3 10210 2.2 3 1024 2.7 3 1029
Chromates: L 5 CrO22 4 BaL CuL Ag2L Hg2L Tl2L
9.67 5.44 11.92 8.70 12.01
2.1 3 10210 3.6 3 1026 1.2 3 10212 2.0 3 1029 9.8 3 10213
Cobalticyanides: L 5 Co(CN)32 6 Ag3L (Hg2)3L2
25.41 36.72
3.9 3 10226 1.9 3 10237
Cyanides: L 5 CN2 AgL Hg2L2 ZnL2 (h)
15.66 39.3 15.5
2.2 3 10216 5 3 10240 3 3 10216
Ferrocyanides: L 5 Fe(CN)42 6 Ag4L Zn2L Cd2L Pb2L
44.07 15.68 17.38 18.02
8.5 3 10245 2.1 3 10216 4.2 3 10218 9.5 3 10219
Fluorides: L 5 F2 LiL MgL2 CaL2 SrL2 BaL2 LaL3 ThL4 PbL2
2.77 8.13 10.50 8.58 5.82 18.7 28.3 7.44
1.7 3 1023 7.4 3 1029 3.2 3 10211 2.6 3 1029 1.5 3 1026 2 3 10219 5 3 10229 3.6 3 1028
Hydroxides: L 5 OH2 MgL2 (amorphous) MgL2 (brucite crystal) CaL2 BaL2 ? 8H2O YL3 LaL3 CeL3 UO2 ( Δ U41 1 4OH 2 ) UO2L2 ( Δ UO221 1 2OH 2 ) MnL2 FeL2 CoL2 NiL2
9.2 11.15 5.19 3.6 23.2 20.7 21.2 56.2 22.4 12.8 15.1 14.9 15.2
6 3 10210 7.1 3 10212 6.5 3 1026 3 3 1024 6 3 10224 2 3 10221 6 3 10222 6 3 10257 4 3 10223 1.6 3 10213 7.9 3 10216 1.3 3 10215 6 3 10216
26
7.8 3 10 5.5 3 1025 1.7 3 1024 7.9 3 1026
2
Bromides: L 5 Br CuL AgL Hg2L2 TlL HgL2 (f) PbL2
8.3 12.30 22.25 5.44 18.9 5.68
5 3 1029 5.0 3 10213 5.6 3 10223 3.6 3 1026 1.3 3 10219 2.1 3 1026
Carbonates: L 5 CO22 3 MgL CaL (calcite) CaL (aragonite) SrL BaL Y2L3 La2L3 MnL FeL CoL NiL CuL Ag2L Hg2L ZnL CdL PbL
7.46 8.35 8.22 9.03 8.30 30.6 33.4 9.30 10.68 9.98 6.87 9.63 11.09 16.05 10.00 13.74 13.13
3.5 3 1028 4.5 3 1029 6.0 3 1029 9.3 3 10210 5.0 3 1029 2.5 3 10231 4.0 3 10234 5.0 3 10210 2.1 3 10211 1.0 3 10210 1.3 3 1027 2.3 3 10210 8.1 3 10212 8.9 3 10217 1.0 3 10210 1.8 3 10214 7.4 3 10214
Chlorides: L 5 Cl2 CuL AgL Hg2L2 TlL PbL2
6.73 9.74 17.91 3.74 4.78
1.9 3 1027 1.8 3 10210 1.2 3 10218 1.8 3 1024 1.7 3 1025
*The designations a, b, or g after some formulas refer to particular crystalline forms (which are customarily identified by Greek letters). Data for salts except oxalates are taken mainly from A. E. Martell and R. M. Smith, Critical Stability Constants, Vol. 4 (New York: Plenum Press, 1976). Data for oxalates are from L. G. Sillén and A. E. Martell, Stability Constants of Metal-Ion Complexes, Supplement No. 1 (London: The Chemical Society, Special Publication No. 25, 1971). Another source: R. M. H. Verbeeck et al., Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 1922. Conditions are 258C and zero ionic strength unless otherwise indicated: (a) 198C; (b) 208C; (c) 388C; (d) 0.1 M; (e) 0.2 M; (f) 0.5 M; (g) 1 M; (h) 3 M; (i) 4 M; (j) 5 M.
(Continued)
APPENDIX F Solubility Products
AP23
Formula
pK sp
K sp
Hydroxides: L 5 OH2—(Continued) CuL2 VL3 CrL3 (d) FeL3 CoL3 (a) VOL2 ( Δ VO21 1 2OH 2 ) PdL2 ZnL2 (amorphous) CdL2 (b) HgO (red) ( Δ Hg21 1 2OH 2 ) Cu2O ( Δ 2Cu 1 1 2OH 2 ) Ag2O ( Δ 2Ag 1 1 2OH 2 ) AuL3 AlL3 (a) GaL3 (amorphous) InL3 SnO ( Δ Sn21 1 2OH 2 ) PbO (yellow) ( Δ Pb21 1 2OH 2 ) PbO (red) ( Δ Pb21 1 2OH 2 )
19.32 34.4 29.8 38.8 44.5 23.5 28.5 15.52 14.35 25.44 29.4 15.42 5.5 33.5 37 36.9 26.2 15.1 15.3
4.8 3 10220 4.0 3 10235 1.6 3 10230 1.6 3 10239 3 3 10245 3 3 10224 3 3 10229 3.0 3 10216 4.5 3 10215 3.6 3 10226 4 3 10230 3.8 3 10216 3 3 1026 3 3 10234 10237 1.3 3 10237 6 3 10227 8 3 10216 5 3 10216
Iodates: L 5 IO23 CaL2 SrL2 BaL2 YL3 LaL3 CeL3 ThL4 (f) UO2L2 ( Δ UO221 1 2IO32 )(e) CrL3 (f) AgL Hg2L2 TlL ZnL2 CdL2 PbL2
6.15 6.48 8.81 10.15 10.99 10.86 14.62 7.01 5.3 7.51 17.89 5.51 5.41 7.64 12.61
7.1 3 1027 3.3 3 1027 1.5 3 1029 7.1 3 10211 1.0 3 10211 1.4 3 10211 2.4 3 10215 9.8 3 1028 5 3 1026 3.1 3 1028 1.3 3 10218 3.1 3 1026 3.9 3 1026 2.3 3 1028 2.5 3 10213
Iodides: L 5 I2 CuL AgL CH3HgL ( Δ CH3Hg 1 1 I 2 ) (b, g) CH3CH2HgL ( Δ CH3CH2Hg 1 1 I 2 ) TlL Hg2L2 SnL2 (i) PbL2
12.0 16.08 11.46 4.11 7.23 28.34 5.08 8.10
1 3 10212 8.3 3 10217 3.5 3 10212 7.8 3 1025 5.9 3 1028 4.6 3 10229 8.3 3 1026 7.9 3 1029
7.9 6.4 6.0 25.0 21.38 8.66
1.3 3 1028 4 3 1027 1 3 1026 1 3 10225 4.2 3 10222 2.2 3 1029
C2O422
Oxalates: L 5 CaL (b, d) SrL (b, d) BaL (b, d) La2L3 (b, d) ThL2 (g) UO2L ( Δ UO221 1 C2O422 ) (b, d)
AP24
Formula
pKsp
K sp
Phosphates: L 5 PO342 MgHL ? 3H2O ( Δ Mg21 1 HL22 ) CaHL ? 2H2O ( Δ Ca21 1 HL22 ) SrHL ( Δ Sr21 1 HL22 ) (b) BaHL ( Δ Ba21 1 HL22 ) (b) LaL (f) Fe3L2 ? 8H2O FeL ? 2H2O (VO) 3L2 ( Δ 3VO21 1 2L32 ) Ag3L Hg2HL ( Δ Hg221 1 HL22 ) Zn3L2 ? 4H2O Pb3L2 (c) GaL (g) InL (g)
5.78 6.58 6.92 7.40 22.43 36.0 26.4 25.1 17.55 12.40 35.3 43.53 21.0 21.63
1.7 3 1026 2.6 3 1027 1.2 3 1027 4.0 3 1028 3.7 3 10223 1 3 10236 4 3 10227 8 3 10226 2.8 3 10218 4.0 3 10213 5 3 10236 3.0 3 10244 1 3 10221 2.3 3 10222
Sulfates: L 5 SO422 CaL SrL BaL RaL (b) Ag2L Hg2L PbL
4.62 6.50 9.96 10.37 4.83 6.13 6.20
2.4 3 1025 3.2 3 1027 1.1 3 10210 4.3 3 10211 1.5 3 1025 7.4 3 1027 6.3 3 1027
Sulfides: L 5 S22 MnL (pink) MnL (green) FeL CoL (a) CoL (b) NiL (a) NiL (b) NiL (g) CuL Cu2L Ag2L Tl2L ZnL (a) ZnL (b) CdL HgL (black) HgL (red) SnL PbL In2L3
10.5 13.5 18.1 21.3 25.6 19.4 24.9 26.6 36.1 48.5 50.1 21.2 24.7 22.5 27.0 52.7 53.3 25.9 27.5 69.4
3 3 10211 3 3 10214 8 3 10219 5 3 10222 3 3 10226 4 3 10220 1.3 3 10225 3 3 10227 8 3 10237 3 3 10249 8 3 10251 6 3 10222 2 3 10225 3 3 10223 1 3 10227 2 3 10253 5 3 10254 1.3 3 10226 3 3 10228 4 3 10270
Thiocyanates: L 5 SCN2 CuL (j) AgL Hg2L2 TlL HgL2
13.40 11.97 19.52 3.79 19.56
4.0 3 10214 1.1 3 10212 3.0 3 10220 1.6 3 1024 2.8 3 10220
APPENDIX F Solubility Products
APPENDIX G
Acid Dissociation Constants m 5 0.1 M§
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Name
Structure*
Acetic acid (ethanoic acid)
CH3CO2H
†
pKa
‡
Ka
pKa†
4.756
1.75 3 1025
4.56
2.344 (CO2H) 9.868 (NH3)
4.53 3 1023 1.36 3 10210
2.33 9.71
4.601
2.51 3 1025
4.64
3.232
5.86 3 1024
3.01
2.08 (CO2H) 4.96 (NH3)
8.3 3 1023 1.10 3 1025
2.01 4.78
NH⫹3
Alanine
CHCH3 CO2H NH⫹3
Aminobenzene (aniline) 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid)
NH⫹3
⫺O S 3
NH⫹3
2-Aminobenzoic acid (anthranilic acid)
CO2H 1
2-Aminoethanethiol (2-mercaptoethylamine)
HSCH2CH2NH3
2-Aminoethanol (ethanolamine)
HOCH2CH2NH3
—— ——
1
9.498
3.18 3 10210
9.52
4.70 (NH3) (20°) 9.97 (OH) (20°)
2.0 3 1025 1.05 3 10210
4.74 9.87
9.245
5.69 3 10210
9.26
1.823 (CO2H) 8.991 (NH3) —— (NH2)
1.50 3 1022 1.02 3 1029 ——
2.03 9.00 (12.1)
2.24 6.96 (11.50)
5.8 3 1023 1.10 3 1027 3.2 3 10212
2.15 6.65 (11.18)
9.29
5.1 3 10210
9.14
OH
2-Aminophenol NH⫹3
Ammonia
1
NH4
NH⫹3
Arginine
NH⫹2
CHCH2CH2CH2NHC NH2
CO2H O
Arsenic acid (hydrogen arsenate)
HO
Arsenious acid (hydrogen arsenite)
As(OH)3
OH
OH
NH⫹3
Asparagine
As
8.21 (SH) 10.73 (NH3)
O
CHCH2CNH2 CO2H
—— ——
—— ——
2.16 (CO2H) 8.73 (NH3)
*Each acid is written in its protonated form. The acidic protons are indicated in bold type. † pKa values refer to 258C unless otherwise indicated. Values in parentheses are considered to be less reliable. Data are from A. E. Martell, R. M. Smith, and R. J. Motekaitis, NIST Database 46 (Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001). ‡
The accurate way to calculate Kb for the conjugate base is pKb 5 13.995 2 pKa and Kb 5 102pKb. See marginal note on page 191 for distinction between pKa at 5 0 and at 5 0.1 M.
§
(Continued)
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
AP25
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Name
Structure NH⫹3
Aspartic acid
pKa
CHCH2CO2H ␣ CO2H
Aziridine (dimethyleneimine)
Benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (hemimellitic acid)
NH⫹2 CO2H CO2H
Ka
pKa
1.02 3 1022 1.26 3 1024 9.95 3 10211
1.95 3.71 9.96
8.04
9.1 3 1029
——
2.86 4.30 6.28
1.38 3 1023 5.0 3 1025 5.2 3 1027
2.67 3.91 5.50
6.28 3 1025
4.01
1.990 (a-CO2H) 3.900 (b-CO2H) 10.002 (NH3)

m 5 0.1 M
CO2H
Benzoic acid
CO2H
4.202
Benzylamine
CH2NH⫹3
9.35
4.5 3 10210
9.40
—— 4.34
—— 4.6 3 1025
(1.3) 4.41
5.79 3 10210 1.82 3 10213 1.58 3 10214
8.98 —— ——
1.25 3 1023
2.71
2,29-Bipyridine
N⫹ ⫹N H H
9.237 (12.74) (20°) (13.80) (20°)
Boric acid (hydrogen borate)
B(OH)3
Bromoacetic acid
BrCH2CO2H
Butane-2,3-dione dioxime (dimethylglyoxime) Butanoic acid
cis-Butenedioic acid (maleic acid)
trans-Butenedioic acid (fumaric acid) Butylamine
HON
2.902
NOH
CH3
10.66 (12.0)
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CO2H CO2H CO2H CO2H HO2C 1
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH3 O
2.2 3 10211 1 3 10212
10.45 (11.9)
4.818
1.52 3 1025
4.62
1.92 6.27
1.20 3 1022 5.37 3 1027
1.75 5.84
3.02 4.48
9.5 3 1024 3.3 3 1025
2.84 4.09
10.640
2.29 3 10211
10.66
6.351 10.329
4.46 3 1027 4.69 3 10211
6.13 9.91
Carbonic acid* (hydrogen carbonate)
HO
Chloroacetic acid
ClCH2CO2H
2.865
1.36 3 1023
2.69
3-Chloropropanoic acid
ClCH2CH2CO2H
4.11
7.8 3 1025
3.92
Chlorous acid (hydrogen chlorite)
HOCl£O
1.96
1.10 3 1022
C
OH
——
*The concentration of “carbonic acid” is considered to be the sum [H2CO3] 1 [CO2(aq)]. See Box 6-4.
AP26
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Name
Structure
pKa
m 5 0.1 M
Ka
pKa
O
Chromic acid (hydrogen chromate)
Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid)
HO
Cr
OH
(20.2) (20°) 6.51
O CO2H HO2CCH2CCH2CO2H
1.6 3.1 3 1027
(20.6) (208C) 6.05
3.128 4.761 6.396
7.44 3 1024 1.73 3 1025 4.02 3 1027
2.90 4.35 5.70
OH
Cyanoacetic acid
NCCH2CO2H
2.472
3.37 3 1023
——
Cyclohexylamine
NH⫹3
10.567
2.71 3 10211
10.62
(1.7) (CO2H) 8.36 (SH) 10.74 (NH3)
2 3 1022 4.4 3 1029 1.82 3 10211
(1.90) 8.18 10.30
Cysteine
NH⫹3 CHCH2SH CO2H
Dichloroacetic acid
Cl2CHCO2H
Diethylamine
(CH3CH2)2NH2
1
(1.1)
8 3 1022
(0.9)
11.00
1.0 3 10211
11.04
9.45 ——
3.5 3 10210 ——
9.26 (13.3)
—— ——
—— ——
9.30 11.06
OH
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene (catechol)
OH OH
1,3-Dihydroxybenzene (resorcinol) OH OH
d-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid (d-tartaric acid)
HO2CCHCHCO2H
3.036 4.366
OH
2,3-Dimercaptopropanol
HOCH2CHCH2SH SH
Dimethylamine
(CH3)2NH21
O2N
Ethane-1,2-dithiol
—— ——
8.63 10.65
10.774
1.68 3 10211
10.81
4.114
7.69 3 1025
3.92
——
——
8.85 (308C)
——
——
10.43 (308C)
10.673
2.12 3 10211
10.69
6.848 9.928
1.42 3 1027 1.18 3 10210
7.11 9.92
OH
HSCH2CH2SH
Ethylamine
CH3CH2NH31
Ethylenediamine (1,2-diaminoethane)
H3NCH2CH2NH3
⫹
2.82 3.97
—— ——
NO2
2,4-Dinitrophenol
9.20 3 1024 4.31 3 1025
⫹
(Continued) APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
AP27
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Structure
Name
⫹
Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA)
(HO2CCH2)2NHCH2CH2NH(CH2CO2H)2
Formic acid (methanoic acid)
HCO2H NH⫹3
Glutamic acid
␥
CHCH2CH2CO2H ␣ CO2H
NH⫹3
Glutamine
Ka
pKa
⫹
m 5 0.1 M
—— (CO2H) —— (CO2H) —— (CO2H) —— (CO2H) 6.273 (NH) 10.948 (NH)
pKa
—— —— —— —— 5.3 3 1027 1.13 3 10211
(0.0) (CO2H) (m 5 1 M) (1.5) (CO2H) 2.00 (CO2H) 2.69 (CO2H) 6.13 (NH) 10.37 (NH)
3.744
1.80 3 1024
3.57
2.160 (a-CO2H) 4.30 (g-CO2H) 9.96 (NH3)
6.92 3 1023 5.0 3 1025 1.10 3 10210
2.16 4.15 9.58
O
CHCH2CH2CNH2
—— ——
2.19 (CO2H) 9.00 (NH3)
—— ——
CO2H NH⫹3
Glycine (aminoacetic acid)
CH2
2.350 (CO2H) 9.778 (NH3)
CO2H
4.47 3 1023 1.67 3 10210
2.33 9.57
⫹NH 2
Guanidine 1,6-Hexanedioic acid (adipic acid)
H2N
C
HO2CCH2CH2CH2CH2CO2H O
Hexane-2,4-dione
NH2
4.424 5.420
O
CH3CCH2CCH2CH3 NH⫹3
Histidine
——
NH
CHCH2
⫹
N H
CO2H 1
9.38
( 1.6) (CO2H) 5.97 (NH) 9.28 (NH3)
1
Hydrazine
H3N 2 NH3
Hydrazoic acid (hydrogen azide)
HN
Hydrogen cyanate
HOCΩN
⫹
N
⫺
N
——
(13.5) (m 5 1 M)
3.77 3 1025 3.80 3 1026 4.2 3 10210
3 3 1022 1.07 3 1026 5.2 3 10210
4.26 5.04
9.11 (208C)
(1.7) 6.05 9.10
20.99 7.98
1.0 3 101 1.05 3 1028
4.65
2.2 3 1025
4.45
3.48
3.3 3 1024
——
210
(20.21) (m 5 0.5 M) 8.07
Hydrogen cyanide
HCΩN
9.21
6.2 3 10
9.04
Hydrogen fluoride
HF
3.17
6.8 3 1024
2.94
Hydrogen peroxide
HOOH
Hydrogen sulfide
H2S
Hydrogen thiocyanate
HSCΩN
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid)
HOCH2CO2H
11.65 7.02 14.0* (21.1) (20°C) 3.832
212
——
28
9.5 3 10 1.0 3 10214*
6.82 ——
1.3 3 101
——
1.48 3 1024
3.62
2.2 3 10
*D. J. Phillips and S. L. Phillips. “High Temperature Dissociation Constants of HS2 and the Standard Thermodynamic Values for S22,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 2000, 45, 981.
AP28
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Name
Structure
Hydroxybenzene (phenol)
Hydroxylamine
8-Hydroxyquinoline (oxine)
9.997
OH CO2H
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid)
l-Hydroxybutanedioic acid (malic acid)
pKa
2.972 (CO2H) (13.7) (OH)
OH OH
N⫹ H
HO
pKa 210
9.78
1.07 3 1023 2 3 10214
2.80 (13.4)
1.01 3 10
3.24 4.68
5.96 (NH) (13.74) (OH)
1.10 3 1026 1.8 3 10214
5.96 ——
4.94 (NH) 9.82 (OH)
1.15 3 1025 1.51 3 10210
4.97 9.65
1
HONH3
Ka
3.48 3 1024 8.00 3 1026
3.459 5.097
HO2CCH2CHCO2H
m 5 0.1 M
Hypobromous acid (hydrogen hypobromite)
HOBr
8.63
2.3 3 1029
——
Hypochlorous acid (hydrogen hypochlorite)
HOCl
7.53
3.0 3 1028
——
Hypoiodous acid (hydrogen hypoiodite)
HOI
10.64
2.3 3 10211
——
(1.3)
5 3 1022
Hypophosphorous acid (hydrogen hypophosphite) Imidazole (1,3-diazole)
Iminodiacetic acid
O
(1.1)
H2POH NH⫹
6.993 (14.5)
N H
(1.85) (CO2H) 2.84 (CO2H) 9.79 (NH2 )
⫹
H2N(CH2CO2H)2 O
Iodic acid (hydrogen iodate)
HOI
Iodoacetic acid
ICH2CO2H
0.77
1.02 3 1027 3 3 10215
7.00 ——
1.41 3 1022 1.45 3 1023 1.62 3 10210
(1.77) 2.62 9.34
0.17
——
O
3.175
6.68 3 1024
2.98
2.318 (CO2H) 9.758 (NH3)
4.81 3 1023 1.75 3 10210
2.26 9.60
2.328 (CO2H) 9.744 (NH3)
4.70 3 1023 1.80 3 10210
2.32 9.58
(1.77) (CO2H) 9.07 (a-NH3) 10.82 (e-NH3)
1.7 3 1022 8.5 3 10210 1.51 3 10211
2.15 9.15 10.66
NH⫹3
Isoleucine
CHCH(CH3)CH2CH3 CO2H NH⫹3
Leucine
CHCH2CH(CH3)2 CO2H ␣ NH⫹ 3
Lysine
⑀
CHCH2CH2CH2CH2NH⫹3 CO2H
(Continued) APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
AP29
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Name
Structure
pKa
Malonic acid (propanedioic acid)
HO2CCH2CO2H
Mercaptoacetic acid (thioglycolic acid)
HSCH2CO2H
2-Mercaptoethanol
HSCH2CH2OH
2.847 5.696 3.64 (CO2H) 10.61 (SH) 9.72
m 5 0.1 M
Ka
pKa 23
1.42 3 10 2.01 3 1026
2.65 5.27
2.3 3 1024 2.5 3 10211
3.48 10.11
1.9 3 10210
9.40
NH⫹3
Methionine
CHCH2CH2SCH3 CO2H OCH3
2-Methoxyaniline (o-anisidine)
⫹
—— ——
2.18 (CO2H) 9.08 (NH3)
4.526
2.98 3 1025
5.357
4.40 3 1026
5.33
10.632
2.33 3 10211
10.65
4.447
3.57 3 1025
——
5.080
8.32 3 1026
5.09
10.31
4.9 3 10211
10.09
10.269
5.38 3 10211
10.04
8.492
3.22 3 1029
——
3.67
2.1 3 1024
——
4.16
6.9 3 1025
——
9.416
3.84 3 10210
9.14
9.573
2.67 3 10210
9.31
—— 0.010 1.15 3 1023 4.63 3 10211
(1.0) 1.81 2.52 9.46
——
NH3 ⫹
4-Methoxyaniline ( p-anisidine)
CH3O
Methylamine
CH3NH3
NH3
⫹
CH3
2-Methylaniline (o-toluidine)
4-Methylaniline ( p-toluidine)
—— ——
⫹
NH3 ⫹
CH3
NH3 CH3
2-Methylphenol (o-cresol)
OH
4-Methylphenol ( p-cresol)
CH3
Morpholine (perhydro-1,4-oxazine)
O
OH NH⫹2 CO2H
1-Naphthoic acid
CO2H
2-Naphthoic acid
OH
1-Naphthol
OH
2-Naphthol
Nitrilotriacetic acid
AP30
⫹
HN(CH2CO2H)3
—— (CO2H) 2.0 (CO2H) (25°) 2.940 (CO2H) (20°) 10.334 (NH) (20°)
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Name
Structure
m 5 0.1M
pKa
Ka
2.185
6.53 3 1023
——
3.449
3.56 3 1024
3.28
3.442
3.61 3 1024
3.28
8.57
2.7 3 1029
——
7.230
5.89 3 1028
7.04
8.37
4.3 3 1029
8.16
7.149
7.10 3 1028
6.96
pKa
NO2
2-Nitrobenzoic acid CO2H NO2
3-Nitrobenzoic acid CO2H
4-Nitrobenzoic acid
O2N
Nitroethane
CH3CH2NO2
CO2H
NO2
2-Nitrophenol OH NO2
3-Nitrophenol OH
4-Nitrophenol
O2N
OH NO
N-Nitrosophenylhydroxylamine (cupferron)
——
N
——
4.16
OH
Nitrous acid
HON£O
3.15
7.1 3 1024
——
Oxalic acid (ethanedioic acid)
HO2CCO2H
1.250 4.266
5.62 3 1022 5.42 3 1025
(1.2) 3.80
3.46
3.5 3 1024
3.05
2.56 4.37
2.8 3 1023 4.3 3 1025
2.26 3.90
Oxoacetic acid (glyoxylic acid) Oxobutanedioic acid (oxaloacetic acid)
2-Oxopentanedioic (a-ketoglutaric acid) 2-Oxopropanoic acid (pyruvic acid)
O HCCO2H O HO2CCH2CCO2H O HO2CCH2CH2CCO2H O
—— ——
—— ——
(1.9) (m 5 0.5 M) 4.44 (m 5 0.5 M)
2.48
3.3 3 1023
2.26
CH3CCO2H
1,5-Pentanedioic acid (glutaric acid)
HO2CCH2CH2CH2CO2H
4.345 5.422
4.52 3 1025 3.78 3 1026
4.19 5.06
Pentanoic acid (valeric acid)
CH3CH2CH2CH2CO2H
4.843
1.44 3 1025
4.63 (188C)
—— 4.91
1,10-Phenanthroline NH HN ⫹
Phenylacetic acid
—— 1.23 3 1025
(1.8) 4.92
4.90 3 1025
4.11
⫹
CH2CO2H
4.310
(Continued) APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
AP31
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Name
Structure
m 5 0.1 M
Ka
pKa
pKa
NH⫹3
Phenylalanine
CHCH2 CO2H O
Phosphoric acid* (hydrogen phosphate)
HO
6.3 3 1023 4.9 3 10210
2.18 9.09
2.148 7.198 12.375
7.11 3 1023 6.34 3 1028 4.22 3 10213
1.92 6.71 11.52
(1.5) 6.78
3 3 1022 1.66 3 1027
—— ——
2.950 5.408
1.12 3 1023 3.90 3 1026
2.76 4.92
5.333 9.731
4.65 3 1026 1.86 3 10210
5.64 9.74
11.125
7.50 3 10212
11.08
1.952 (CO2H) 10.640 (NH2 )
1.12 3 1022 2.29 3 10211
1.89 10.46
2.20 (CO2H) 9.31 (NH3)
P
OH
OH O
Phosphorous acid (hydrogen phosphite)
HP
OH
OH CO2H
Phthalic acid (benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid) Piperazine (perhydro-1,4-diazine)
CO2H ⫹
⫹
H2N
NH2 ⫹
NH2
Piperidine
Proline
CO2H
N ⫹ H2
Propanoic acid
CH3CH2CO2H
4.874
1.34 3 1025
4.69
Propenoic acid (acrylic acid)
H2C£CHCO2H
4.258
5.52 3 1025
——
Propylamine
CH3CH2CH2NH31
10.566
2.72 3 10211
10.64
5.20
6.3 3 1026
5.24
(1.01) (CO2H) 5.39 (NH)
9.8 3 1022 4.1 3 1026
(0.95) 5.21
2.03 (CO2H) 4.82 (NH)
9.3 3 1023 1.51 3 1025
2.08 4.69
—— —— —— ——
—— —— —— ——
Pyridine (azine)
NH⫹ NH⫹
Pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (picolinic acid)
Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (nicotinic acid)
CO2H HO2C NH⫹ O
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate
HO
O POCH2
HO
Pyrophosphoric acid (hydrogen diphosphate)
O O (HO)2POP(OH)2
CH OH N H
⫹
CH3
(0.9) 2.28 6.70 9.40
0.13 5.2 3 1023 2.0 3 1027 4.0 3 10210
(1.4) (POH) 3.51 (OH) 6.04 (POH) 8.25 (NH)
(0.8) (1.9) 5.94 8.25
*pK3 from A. G. Miller and J. W. Macklin, Anal. Chem. 1983, 55, 684.
AP32
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
Ionic strength (m) 5 0 Name
Structure
Ka
pKa NH⫹2
Pyrrolidine
m 5 0.1M
11.305
pKa
4.95 3 10212
11.3
NH⫹3
Serine
CHCH2OH CO2H
Succinic acid (butanedioic acid)
HO2CCH2CH2CO2H
2.187 (CO2H) 9.209 (NH3)
6.50 3 1023 6.18 3 10210
2.16 9.05
4.207 5.636
6.21 3 1025 2.31 3 1026
3.99 5.24
1.987 (pK2 )
1.03 3 1022
1.54
1.857 7.172
1.39 3 1022 6.73 3 1028
1.66 6.85
O
Sulfuric acid (hydrogen sulfate)
Sulfurous acid (hydrogen sulfite) Thiosulfuric acid (hydrogen thiosulfate)
HO
S
OH
O O HOSOH O
(0.6) (1.6)
HOSSH
0.3 0.03
—— (1.3)
O NH⫹3
Threonine
2.088 (CO2H) 9.100 (NH3)
CHCHOHCH3 CO2H
Trichloroacetic acid
Cl3CCO2H
Triethanolamine
(HOCH2CH2)3NH1
Triethylamine
(CH3CH2)3NH1
8.17 3 1023 7.94 3 10210
(20.5)
3
7.762
1.73 3 1028
10.72
2.20 8.94
——
1.9 3 10211
7.85 10.76
OH
1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene (pyrogallol)
—— —— ——
OH OH
Trimethylamine
(CH3)3NH1
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris or tham)
(HOCH2)3CNH31
9.799 8.072
8.96 11.00 (14.0) (208C)
—— —— —— 1.59 3 10210 29
8.47 3 10
9.82 8.10
NH⫹3
Tryptophan
CHCH2 CO2H
N H
NH⫹3
Tyrosine
CHCH2 CO2H
OH
—— ——
—— ——
2.37 (CO2H) 9.33 (NH3)
—— —— ——
—— —— ——
2.41 (CO2H) 8.67 (NH3) 11.01 (OH)
NH⫹3
Valine
CHCH(CH3)2
2.286 (CO2H) 9.719 (NH3)
CO2H
Water*
H2O
13.997
5.18 3 1023 1.91 3 10210
2.27 9.52
1.01 3 10214
——
*The constant given for water is Kw.
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
AP33
APPENDIX H
Standard Reduction Potentials*
Reaction
E8 (volts)
Aluminum Al31 1 3e2 T Al(s) AlCl21 1 3e2 T Al(s) 1 Cl2 AlF632 1 3e2 T Al(s) 1 6F2 2 2 Al(OH)2 4 1 3e T Al(s) 1 4OH
21.677 21.802 22.069 22.328
21.13
Antimony SbO1 1 2H1 1 3e2 T Sb(s) 1 H2O Sb2O3(s) 1 6H1 1 6e2 T 2Sb(s) 1 3H2O Sb(s) 1 3H1 1 3e2 T SbH3(g)
0.208 0.147 20.510
20.369 20.030
Arsenic H3AsO4 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H3AsO3 1 H2O H3AsO3 1 3H1 1 3e2 T As(s) 1 3H2O As(s) 1 3H1 1 3e2 T AsH3(g)
0.575 0.247 5 20.238
20.257 20.505 20.029
Barium Ba21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Ba(in Hg) Ba21 1 2e2 T Ba(s)
21.717 22.906
20.401
Beryllium Be21 1 2e2 T Be(s)
21.968
0.60
0.308 0.16 0.160
0.18
Bismuth Bi31 1 3e2 T Bi(s) 2 2 BiCl2 4 1 3e T Bi(s) 1 4Cl BiOCl(s) 1 2H1 1 3e2 T Bi(s) 1 H2O 1 Cl2 Boron 2B(s) 1 6H1 1 6e2 T B2H6(g) B4O722 1 14H1 1 12e2 T 4B(s) 1 7H2O B(OH)3 1 3H1 1 3e2 T B(s) 1 3H2O
dE8/dT (mV/K) 0.533
20.150 20.792 20.889
20.296 20.492
Bromine 1 2 2 BrO2 4 1 2H 1 2e T BrO3 1 H2O 1 2T1 HOBr 1 H 1 e 2 Br2(l) 1 H2O 1 1 2 BrO2 3 1 6H 1 5e T 2 Br2(l) 1 3H2O 2T 2 2Br Br2(aq) 1 2e Br2(l) 1 2e2 T 2Br2 2 2 Br2 3 1 2e T 3Br BrO2 1 H2O 1 2e2 T Br2 1 2OH2 2 2 2 BrO2 3 1 3H2O 1 6e T Br 1 6OH
1.745 1.584 1.513 1.098 1.078 1.062 0.766 0.613
20.511 20.75 20.419 20.499 20.611 20.512 20.94 21.287
Cadmium Cd21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Cd(in Hg) Cd21 1 2e2 T Cd(s) Cd(C2O4)(s) 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 1 C2O422 Cd(C2O4)222 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 1 2C2O422 Cd(NH3)421 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 1 4NH3 CdS(s) 1 2e2 T Cd(s) 1 S22
20.380 20.402 20.522 20.572 20.613 21.175
Calcium Ca(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T CaH2(s) Ca21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Ca(in Hg) Ca21 1 2e2 T Ca(s)
0.776 22.003 22.868
20.029
20.186
*All species are aqueous unless otherwise indicated. The reference state for amalgams is an infinitely dilute solution of the element in Hg. The temperature coefficient, dE8/dT, allows us to calculate the standard potential, E8(T), at temperature T: E8(T) 5 E8 1 (dE8/dT)DT, where DT is T 2 298.15 K. Note the units mV/K for dE8/dT. Once you know E8 for a net cell reaction at temperature T, you can find the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction from the formula K 5 10nFE°/RT ln 10, where n is the number of electrons in each half-reaction, F is the Faraday constant, and R is the gas constant. The most authoritative source is S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1989, 18, 1. Additional data come from L. G. Sillén and A. E. Martell, Stability Constants of Metal-Ion Complexes (London: The Chemical Society, Special Publications Nos. 17 and 25. 1964 and 1971); G. Milazzo and S. Caroli, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials (New York: Wiley, 1978); T. Mussini, P. Longhi, and S. Rondinini, Pure Appl. Chem. 1985, 57, 169. Another good source is A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1985). Reduction potentials for 1 200 free radical reactions are given by P. Wardman, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1989, 18, 1637.
SOURCES:
AP34
APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials
E8 (volts)
Reaction 1
2
2
Ca(acetate) 1 2e T Ca(s) 1 acetate CaSO4(s) 1 2e2 T Ca(s) 1 SO422 Ca(malonate)(s) 1 2e2 T Ca(s) 1 malonate22
22.891 22.936 23.608
Carbon C2H2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T C2H4(g)
O
O 2H 2e T HO 1
dE8/dT (mV/K)
OH
2
CH3OH 1 2H 1 2e T CH4(g) 1 H2O Dehydroascorbic acid 1 2H1 1 2e2 T ascorbic acid 1 H2O (CN)2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T 2HCN(aq) H2CO 1 2H1 1 2e2 T CH3OH C(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T CH4(g) HCO2H 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2CO 1 H2O CO2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T CO(g) 1 H2O CO2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T HCO2H 2CO2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2C2O4
0.731 0.700 0.583 0.390 0.373 0.237 0.131 5 20.029 20.103 8 20.114 20.432
20.039
20.51 20.209 2 20.63 20.397 7 20.94 21.76
Cerium
Ce31 1 3e2 T Ce(s) Cesium Cs1 1 e2 1 Hg T Cs(in Hg) Cs1 1 e2 T Cs(s) Chlorine HClO2 1 2H1 1 2e2 T HOCl 1 H2O HClO 1 H1 1 e2 T 12Cl2(g) 1 H2O 1 1 2 ClO2 3 1 6H 1 5e T 2 Cl2(g) 1 3H2O 2T 2 Cl2(aq) 1 2e 2Cl Cl2(g) 1 2e2 T 2Cl2 1 2 2 ClO2 4 1 2H 1 2e T ClO3 1 H2O 2 1 2T ClO3 1 3H 1 2e HClO2 1 H2O 1 2 ClO2 3 1 2H 1 e T ClO2 1 H2O ClO2 1 e2 T ClO2 2 Chromium Cr2O722 1 14H1 1 6e2 T 2Cr31 1 7H2O CrO422 1 4H2O 1 3e2 T Cr(OH)3 (s, hydrated) 1 5OH2 Cr31 1 e2 T Cr21 Cr31 1 3e2 T Cr(s) Cr21 1 2e2 T Cr(s)
14243
Ce41 1 e2 T Ce31
1.72 1.70 1.44 1.61 1.47 22.336
1.54 1 F HClO4 1 F H2SO4 1 F HNO3 1 F HCl
21.950 23.026 1.674 1.630 1.458 1.396 1.360 4 1.226 1.157 1.130 1.068 1.36 20.12 20.42 20.74 20.89
0.280
21.172 0.55 20.27 20.347 20.72 21.248 20.416 20.180 0.074 21.335 21.32 21.62 1.4 0.44 20.04
Cobalt
Co(NH3)5(H2O)31 1 e2 T Co(NH3)5(H2O)21 2 21 Co(NH3)31 6 1 e T Co(NH3)6 CoOH1 1 H1 1 2e2 T Co(s) 1 H2O Co21 1 2e2 T Co(s) Co(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Co(s) 1 2OH2 Copper Cu1 1 e2 T Cu(s) Cu21 1 2e2 T Cu(s) Cu21 1 e2 T Cu1 CuCl(s) 1 e2 T Cu(s) 1 Cl2 Cu(IO3)2(s) 1 2e2 T Cu(s) 1 2IO2 3 Cu(ethylenediamine)21 1 e2 T Cu(s) 1 2 ethylenediamine CuI(s) 1 e2 T Cu(s) 1 I2 Cu(EDTA)22 1 2e2 T Cu(s) 1 EDTA42 Cu(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Cu(s) 1 2OH2 2 2 Cu(CN)2 2 1 e T Cu(s) 1 2CN CuCN(s) 1 e2 T Cu(s) 1 CN2
1.92 1.817 8 F H2SO4 1.850 4 F HNO3 0.37 1 F NH4NO3 0.1 0.003 20.282 20.746
123
Co31 1 e2 T Co21
0.518 0.339 0.161 0.137 20.079 20.119 20.185 20.216 20.222 20.429 20.639
1.23
20.04 0.065 21.02 20.754 0.011 0.776
(Continued) APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials
AP35
Reaction Dysprosium Dy31 1 3e2 T Dy(s) Erbium Er31 1 3e2 T Er(s) Europium Eu31 1 e2 T Eu21 Eu31 1 3e2 T Eu(s) Eu21 1 2e2 T Eu(s) Fluorine F2(g) 1 2e2 T 2F2 F2O(g) 1 2H1 1 4e2 T 2F2 1 H2O Gadolinium Gd31 1 3e2 T Gd(s) Gallium Ga31 1 3e2 T Ga(s) GaOOH(s) 1 H2O 1 3e2 T Ga(s) 1 3OH2 Germanium Ge21 1 2e2 T Ge(s) H4GeO4 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Ge(s) 1 4H2O Gold Au1 1 e2 T Au(s) Au31 1 2e2 T Au1 2 2 AuCl2 2 1 e T Au(s) 1 2Cl 2 2T 2 AuCl4 1 2e AuCl2 1 2Cl2 Hafnium Hf 41 1 4e2 T Hf(s) HfO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Hf(s) 1 2H2O Holmium Ho31 1 3e2 T Ho(s) Hydrogen 2H1 1 2e2 T H2(g) H2O 1 e2 T 12H2(g) 1 OH2 Indium In31 1 3e2 1 Hg T In(in Hg) In31 1 3e2 T In(s) In31 1 2e2 T In1 In(OH)3(s) 1 3e2 T In(s) 1 3OH2 Iodine 1 2 2 IO2 4 1 2H 1 2e T IO3 1 H2O 1 2T HIO3 1 3H2O H5IO6 1 2H 1 2e HOI 1 H1 1 e2 T 12I2(s) 1 H2O ICl3(s) 1 3e2 T 12I2(s) 1 3Cl2 ICl(s) 1 e2 T 12I2(s) 1 Cl2 1 1 2 IO2 3 1 6H 1 5e T 2 I2(s) 1 3H2O 1 2T 1 5H 1 4e HOI 1 2H2O IO2 3 I2(aq) 1 2e2 T 2I2 I2(s) 1 2e2 T 2I2 2 2 I2 3 1 2e T 3I 1 3H O 1 6e2 T I2 1 6OH2 IO2 3 2 Iridium IrCl622 1 e2 T IrCl632 IrBr622 1 e2 T IrBr632 IrCl622 1 4e2 T Ir(s) 1 6Cl2 IrO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Ir(s) 1 2H2O IrI622 1 e2 T IrI632 Iron 2 21 Fe(phenanthroline)31 3 1 e T Fe(phenanthroline)3 31 2T 21 Fe(bipyridyl)3 Fe(bipyridyl)3 1 e FeOH21 1 H1 1 e2 T Fe21 1 H2O FeO422 1 3H2O 1 3e2 T FeOOH(s) 1 5OH2
AP36
dE8/dT (mV/K)
22.295
0.373
22.331
0.388
20.35 21.991 22.812
1.53 0.338 20.26
2.890 2.168
21.870 21.208
22.279
0.315
20.549 21.320
0.61 21.08
0.1 20.039
20.429
1.69 1.41 1.154 0.926
21.1
21.55 21.591
0.68 20.355
22.33
0.371
0.000 0 20.828 0
0 20.836 0
20.313 20.338 20.444 20.99
0.42 20.95
1.589 1.567 1.430 1.28 1.22 1.210 1.154 0.620 0.535 0.535 0.269
20.85 20.12 20.339
20.367 20.374 20.234 20.125 20.186 21.163
1.026 1 F HCl 0.947 2 F NaBr 0.835 0.73 0.485 1 F KI 1.147 1.120 0.900 0.80 0.771 0.732 0.767 0.746 0.68
14243
Fe31 1 e2 T Fe21
E8 (volts)
20.36
0.096 21.59 1.175 1 F HCl 1 F HClO4 1 F HNO3 1 F H2SO4 APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials
E8 (volts)
Reaction 1
2
21
FeOOH(s) 1 3H 1 e T Fe 1 2H2O Ferricinium1 1 e2 T ferrocene Fe(CN)632 1 e2 T Fe(CN)642 Fe(glutamate)31 1 e2 T Fe(glutamate)21 FeOH1 1 H1 1 2e2 T Fe(s) 1 H2O Fe21 1 2e2 T Fe(s) FeCO3(s) 1 2e2 T Fe(s) 1 CO22 3 Lanthanum La31 1 3e2 T La(s) La(succinate)1 1 3e2 T La(s) 1 succinate22 Lead Pb41 1 2e2 T Pb21 PbO2(s) 1 4H1 1 SO422 1 2e2 T PbSO4(s) 1 2H2O PbO2(s) 1 4H1 1 2e2 T Pb21 1 2H2O 3PbO2(s) 1 2H2O 1 4e2 T Pb3O4(s) 1 4OH2 Pb3O4(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T 3PbO(s, red) 1 2OH2 Pb3O4(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T 3PbO(s, yellow) 1 2OH2 Pb21 1 2e2 T Pb(s) PbF2(s) 1 2e2 T Pb(s) 1 2F2 PbSO4(s) 1 2e2 T Pb(s) 1 SO422 Lithium Li1 1 e2 1 Hg T Li(in Hg) Li1 1 e2 T Li(s) Lutetium Lu31 1 3e2 T Lu(s) Magnesium Mg21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Mg(in Hg) Mg(OH)1 1 H1 1 2e2 T Mg(s) 1 H2O Mg21 1 2e2 T Mg(s) Mg(C2O4)(s) 1 2e2 T Mg(s) 1 C2O422 Mg(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Mg(s) 1 2OH2 Manganese 1 2 MnO2 4 1 4H 1 3e T MnO2(s) 1 2H2O Mn31 1 e2 T Mn21 1 2 21 1 4H2O MnO2 4 1 8H 1 5e T Mn Mn2O3(s) 1 6H1 1 2e2 T 2Mn21 1 3H2O MnO2(s) 1 4H1 1 2e2 T Mn21 1 2H2O Mn(EDTA)2 1 e2 T Mn(EDTA)22 2 22 MnO2 4 1 e T MnO4 3Mn2O3(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T 2Mn3O4(s) 1 2OH2 Mn3O4(s) 1 4H2O 1 2e2 T 3Mn(OH)2(s) 1 2OH2 Mn21 1 2e2 T Mn(s) Mn(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Mn(s) 1 2OH2 Mercury 2Hg21 1 2e2 T Hg21 2 Hg21 1 2e2 T Hg(l) 2 Hg21 2 1 2e T 2Hg(l) Hg2SO4(s) 1 2e2 T 2Hg(l) 1 SO422 2 2 Hg(OH)2 3 1 2e T Hg(l) 1 3OH Hg(OH)2 1 2e2 T Hg(l) 1 2OH2 Hg2Br2(s) 1 2e2 T 2Hg(l) 1 2Br2 HgO(s, yellow) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T Hg(l) 1 2OH2 HgO(s, red) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T Hg(l) 1 2OH2 Molybdenum MoO422 1 2H2O 1 2e2 T MoO2(s) 1 4OH2 MoO422 1 4H2O 1 6e2 T Mo(s) 1 8OH2 MoO2(s) 1 2H2O 1 4e2 T Mo(s) 1 4OH2 Neodymium Nd31 1 3e2 T Nd(s) Neptunium NpO31 1 2H1 1 e2 T NpO21 2 1 H2O 2 1 NpO21 2 1 e T NpO2
22.379 22.601 1.69 1 F HNO3 1.685 1.458 0.269 0.224 0.207 20.126 20.350 20.355 22.195 23.040 22.28
21.05
0.07 0.07 21.293 0.242
20.253 21.136 21.211 21.177 20.395
20.514 0.412
21.980 22.022 22.360 22.493 22.690
20.946
1.692 1.56 1.507 1.485 1.230 0.825 0.56 0.002 20.352 21.182 21.565
20.671 1.8 20.646 20.926 20.609 21.10 22.05 21.256 21.61 21.129 21.10
0.908 0.852 0.796 0.614 0.268 0.241 (saturated calomel electrode) 0.231 0.206 0.140 0.098 3 0.097 7
0.25 0.199
0.095 20.116 20.327
123
Hg2Cl2(s) 1 2e2 T 2Hg(l) 1 2Cl2
0.74 0.400 0.356 0.240 20.16 20.44 20.756
dE8/dT (mV/K)
21.24 21.125 21.120 6
20.818 20.926 20.980
21.69 21.36 21.196
22.323
0.282
2.04 1.236
0.058 (Continued)
APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials
AP37
E8 (volts)
Reaction NpO21 41
1
2
1 4H 1 e T Np Np 1 e2 T Np31 Np31 1 3e2 T Np(s)
41
1 2H2O
dE8/dT (mV/K)
0.567 0.157 21.768
23.30 1.53 0.18
Nickel NiOOH(s) 1 3H1 1 e2 T Ni21 1 2H2O Ni21 1 2e2 T Ni(s) 2 Ni(CN)422 1 e2 T Ni(CN)22 3 1 CN 2T 2 Ni(OH)2(s) 1 2e Ni(s) 1 2OH
2.05 20.236 20.401 20.714
21.17 0.146
Niobium 1 1 2T NbO2(s) 1 12H2O 2 Nb2O5(s) 1 H 1 e 1 1 2T Nb(s) 1 52H2O 2 Nb2O5(s) 1 5H 1 5e 1 2T NbO(s) 1 H2O NbO2(s) 1 2H 1 2e NbO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Nb(s) 1 2H2O
20.248 20.601 20.646 20.690
20.460 20.381 20.347 20.361
Nitrogen HN3 1 3H1 1 2e2 T N2(g) 1 NH1 4 N2O(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T N2(g) 1 H2O 2NO(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T N2O(g) 1 H2O NO1 1 e2 T NO(g) 2NH3OH1 1 H1 1 2e2 T N2H51 1 2H2O NH3OH1 1 2H1 1 2e2 T NH1 4 1 H2O N2H51 1 3H1 1 2e2 T 2NH1 4 HNO2 1 H1 1 e2 T NO(g) 1 H2O 1 2 NO2 3 1 4H 1 3e T NO(g) 1 2H2O 1 2T 1 3H 1 2e HNO2 1 H2O NO2 3 2 1 2T1 NO3 1 2H 1 e 2 N2O4(g) 1 H2O N2(g) 1 8H1 1 6e2 T 2NH1 4 N2(g) 1 5H1 1 4e2 T N2H51 1 2T 2NH3OH1 N2(g) 1 2H2O 1 4H 1 2e 3 1 2T HN3 2 N2(g) 1 H 1 e
2.079 1.769 1.587 1.46 1.40 1.33 1.250 0.984 0.955 0.940 0.798 0.274 20.214 21.83 23.334
0.147 20.461 21.359
Osmium OsO4(s) 1 8H1 1 8e2 T Os(s) 1 4H2O OsCl622 1 e2 T OsCl632 Oxygen OH 1 H1 1 e2 T H2O O(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2O O3(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T O2(g) 1 H2O H2O2 1 2H1 1 2e2 T 2H2O HO2 1 H1 1 e2 T H2O2 1 1 2T H2O 2 O2(g) 1 2H 1 2e O2(g) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2O2 O2(g) 1 H1 1 e2 T HO2 Palladium Pd21 1 2e2 T Pd(s) PdO(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T Pd(s) 1 H2O PdCl642 1 2e2 T Pd(s) 1 6Cl2 PdO2(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T PdO(s) 1 2OH2 Phosphorus 1 1 2T PH3(g) 4 P4(s, white) 1 3H 1 3e 1 1 2T PH3(g) 4 P4(s, red) 1 3H 1 3e H3PO4 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H3PO3 1 H2O H3PO4 1 5H1 1 5e2 T 14P4(s, white) 1 4H2O H3PO3 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H3PO2 1 H2O H3PO2 1 H1 1 e2 T 14P4(s) 1 2H2O Platinum Pt21 1 2e2 T Pt(s) PtO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Pt(s) 1 2H2O PtCl422 1 2e2 T Pt(s) 1 4Cl2 PtCl622 1 2e2 T PtCl422 1 2Cl2 Plutonium PuO21 1 e2 T PuO2(s) 1 2 41 1 2H2O PuO21 2 1 4H 1 2e T Pu 41 2T 31 Pu Pu 1 e 2 1 PuO21 2 1 e T PuO2 1 PuO2(s) 1 4H 1 4e2 T Pu(s) 1 2H2O Pu31 1 3e2 T Pu(s)
AP38
0.834 0.85 2.56 2.430 1 2.075 1.763 1.44 1.229 1 0.695 20.05 0.915 0.79 0.615 0.64 20.046 20.088 20.30 20.402 20.48 20.51 1.18 0.92 0.755 0.68 1.585 1.000 1.006 0.966 21.369 21.978
21.02
20.60 20.44 20.28 0.649 0.028 20.282 0.107 20.616 20.78 20.96 22.141 20.458 1 F HCl 21.0 21.148 4 20.489 20.698 20.7 20.845 6 20.993 21.3 0.12 20.33 21.2 20.093 20.030 20.36 20.340 20.37
20.05 20.36
0.39 21.615 1 1.441 0.03 20.38 0.23
APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials
Reaction Potassium K1 1 e2 1 Hg T K(in Hg) K1 1 e2 T K(s) Praseodymium Pr 41 1 e2 T Pr31 Pr31 1 3e2 T Pr(s) Promethium Pm31 1 3e2 T Pm(s) Radium Ra21 1 2e2 T Ra(s) Rhenium 1 2 ReO2 4 1 2H 1 e T ReO3(s) 1 H2O 1 2T 1 4H 1 3e ReO2(s) 1 2H2O ReO2 4 Rhodium Rh61 1 3e2 T Rh31 Rh41 1 e2 T Rh31 RhCl622 1 e2 T RhCl632 Rh31 1 3e2 T Rh(s) 2Rh31 1 2e2 T Rh41 2 RhCl632 1 3e2 T Rh(s) 1 6Cl2 Rubidium Rb1 1 e2 1 Hg T Rb(in Hg) Rb1 1 e2 T Rb(s) Ruthenium 1 2 21 RuO2 4 1 6H 1 3e T Ru(OH)2 1 2H2O 31 2T Ru(dipyridyl)21 Ru(dipyridyl)3 1 e 3 RuO4(s) 1 8H1 1 8e2 T Ru(s) 1 4H2O Ru21 1 2e2 T Ru(s) Ru31 1 3e2 T Ru(s) Ru31 1 e2 T Ru21 2 21 Ru(NH3)31 6 1 e T Ru(NH3)6 Samarium Sm31 1 3e2 T Sm(s) Sm21 1 2e2 T Sm(s) Scandium Sc31 1 3e2 T Sc(s) Selenium SeO422 1 4H1 1 2e2 T H2SeO3 1 H2O H2SeO3 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Se(s) 1 3H2O Se(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2Se(g) Se(s) 1 2e2 T Se22 Silicon Si(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T SiH4(g) SiO2(s, quartz) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Si(s) 1 2H2O SiF622 1 4e2 T Si(s) 1 6F2 Silver
Ag31 1 2e2 T Ag1 AgO(s) 1 H1 1 e2 T 12Ag2O(s) 1 12H2O Ag1 1 e2 T Ag(s) Ag2C2O4(s) 1 2e2 T 2Ag(s) 1 C2O422 AgN3(s) 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 N2 3 AgBr(s) 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 Br2 Ag(S2O3)232 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 2S2O22 3 AgI(s) 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 I2 Ag2S(s) 1 H1 1 2e2 T 2Ag(s) 1 SH2 Sodium Na1 1 e2 1 Hg T Na(in Hg) Na1 1 12H2(g) 1 e2 T NaH(s) Na1 1 e2 T Na(s)
21.975 22.936
21.074
3.2 22.353
1.4 0.291
22.30
0.29
22.80
20.44
0.72 0.510 1.48 1.44 1.2 0.76 0.7 0.44
21.17 20.70 1 F HClO4 3 F H2SO4
21.970 22.943 1.53 1.29 1.032 0.8 0.60 0.24 0.214
0.4
21.140
20.467
22.304 22.68
0.279 20.28
22.09
0.41
1.150 0.739 20.082 20.67
0.483 20.562 0.238 21.2
20.147 20.990 21.24
20.196 20.374
2.000 4 F HClO4 1.989 1.929 4 F HNO3 1.9 1.40 0.799 3 0.465 0.293 0.222 0.197 saturated KCl 0.071 0.017 20.152 20.272
0.99
20.989
123
AgCl(s) 1 e2 T Ag(s) 1 Cl2
dE8/dT (mV/K)
123
Ag21 1 e2 T Ag1
E8 (volts)
21.959 22.367 22.714 3
21.550 20.757 (Continued)
APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials
AP39
Reaction
E8 (volts)
dE8/dT (mV/K)
Strontium Sr21 1 2e2 T Sr(s)
22.889
20.237
Sulfur S2O822 1 2e2 T 2SO422 S2O622 1 4H1 1 2e2 T 2H2SO3 4SO2 1 4H1 1 6e2 T S4O622 1 2H2O SO2 1 4H1 1 4e2 T S(s) 1 2H2O 2H2SO3 1 2H1 1 4e2 T S2O22 3 1 3H2O S(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2S(g) S(s) 1 2H1 1 2e2 T H2S(aq) S4O622 1 2H1 1 2e2 T 2HS2O2 3 5S(s) 1 2e2 T S22 5 2 T 22 S S(s) 1 2e 2S(s) 1 2e2 T S222 2 22 2 2SO22 3 1 3H2O 1 4e T S2O3 1 6OH 22 2T 2 S(s) 1 6OH SO3 1 3H2O 1 4e SO422 1 4H2O 1 6e2 T S(s) 1 8OH2 2 SO422 1 H2O 1 2e2 T SO22 3 1 2OH 2T 22 2 1 2H O 1 2e S O 1 4OH 2SO22 3 2 2 4 22 2T 22 S2O6 1 4OH2 2SO4 1 2H2O 1 2e
2.01 0.57 0.539 0.450 0.40 0.174 0.144 0.10 20.340 20.476 20.50 20.566 20.659 20.751 20.936 21.130 21.71
20.925 21.16 21.06 21.23 21.288 21.41 20.85 21.00
Tantalum Ta2O5(s) 1 10H1 1 10e2 T 2Ta(s) 1 5H2O
20.752
20.377
Technetium 2 2 TcO2 4 1 2H2O 1 3e T TcO2(s) 1 4OH 2T 2 1 4H O 1 7e Tc(s) 1 8OH TcO2 4 2
20.366 20.474
21.82 21.46
Tellurium 2 2 TeO22 3 1 3H2O 1 4e T Te(s) 1 6OH 2T 22 Te2 2Te(s) 1 2e Te(s) 1 2e2 T Te22
20.47 20.84 20.90
21.39
Terbium Tb41 1 e2 T Tb31 Tb31 1 3e2 T Tb(s)
3.1 22.28
1.5 0.350
1.280 0.77 1 F HCl 1.22 1 F H2SO4 1.23 1 F HNO3 1.26 1 F HClO4 20.294 20.336 20.557
0.97
21.11 20.652 0.224 20.21 20.23
21.0
Thallium
Tl1 1 e2 1 Hg T Tl(in Hg) Tl1 1 e2 T Tl(s) TlCl(s) 1 e2 T Tl(s) 1 Cl2
14243
Tl31 1 2e2 T Tl1
21.312
Thorium Th41 1 4e2 T Th(s)
21.826
0.557
Thulium Tm31 1 3e2 T Tm(s)
22.319
0.394
Tin 1 2 21 1 3H2O Sn(OH)1 3 1 3H 1 2e T Sn Sn41 1 2e2 T Sn21 SnO2(s) 1 4H1 1 2e2 T Sn21 1 2H2O Sn21 1 2e2 T Sn(s) SnF 622 1 4e2 T Sn(s) 1 6F2 2 Sn(OH)622 1 2e2 T Sn(OH)2 3 1 3OH 2T SnH4(g) 1 4OH2 Sn(s) 1 4H2O 1 4e SnO2(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T SnO(s) 1 2OH2
0.142 0.139 1 F HCl 20.094 20.141 20.25 20.93 21.316 20.961
Titanium TiO21 1 2H1 1 e2 T Ti31 1 H2O Ti31 1 e2 T Ti21 TiO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Ti(s) 1 2H2O TiF 622 1 4e2 T Ti(s) 1 6F2 Ti21 1 2e2 T Ti(s)
0.1 20.9 21.076 21.191 21.60
20.16
Tungsten W(CN)832 1 e2 T W(CN)842 W61 1 e2 T W51 WO3(s) 1 6H1 1 6e2 T W(s) 1 3H2O
0.457 0.26 12 F HCl 20.091
20.389
AP40
20.31 20.32
21.057 21.129 20.6 1.5 0.365
APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials
E8 (volts)
dE8/dT (mV/K)
20.3 12 F HCl 20.982 21.060
21.197 21.36
Uranium UO21 1 4H1 1 e2 T U41 1 2H2O 1 2 41 1 2H2O UO21 2 1 4H 1 2e T U 21 2T 1 UO2 UO2 1 e U41 1 e2 T U31 U31 1 3e2 T U(s)
0.39 0.273 0.16 20.577 21.642
23.4 21.582 0.2 1.61 0.16
Vanadium VO21 1 2H1 1 e2 T VO21 1 H2O VO21 1 2H1 1 e2 T V31 1 H2O V31 1 e2 T V21 V21 1 2e2 T V(s)
1.001 0.337 20.255 21.125
20.901 21.6 1.5 20.11
2.38 2.2 2.1
0.0
Reaction 51
2
41
W 1e TW WO2(s) 1 2H2O 1 4e2 T W(s) 1 4OH2 WO422 1 4H2O 1 6e2 T W(s) 1 8OH2
Xenon H4XeO6 1 2H1 1 2e2 T XeO3 1 3H2O XeF2 1 2H1 1 2e2 T Xe(g) 1 2HF XeO3 1 6H1 1 6e2 T Xe(g) 1 3H2O
20.34
Ytterbium Yb31 1 3e2 T Yb(s) Yb21 1 2e2 T Yb(s)
22.19 22.76
0.363 20.16
Yttrium Y31 1 3e2 T Y(s)
22.38
0.034
Zinc ZnOH1 1 H1 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 1 H2O Zn21 1 2e2 T Zn(s) Zn21 1 2e2 1 Hg T Zn(in Hg) 2 Zn(NH3)21 4 1 2e T Zn(s) 1 4NH3 2T Zn(s) 1 CO22 ZnCO3(s) 1 2e 3 2 2 Zn(OH)2 3 1 2e T Zn(s) 1 3OH 22 2T Zn(s) 1 4OH2 Zn(OH)4 1 2e Zn(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 1 2OH2 ZnO(s) 1 H2O 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 1 2OH2 ZnS(s) 1 2e2 T Zn(s) 1 S22
20.497 20.762 20.801 21.04 21.06 21.183 21.199 21.249 21.260 21.405
0.03 0.119
Zirconium Zr41 1 4e2 T Zr(s) ZrO2(s) 1 4H1 1 4e2 T Zr(s) 1 2H2O
21.45 21.473
APPENDIX H Standard Reduction Potentials
20.999 21.160
0.67 20.344
AP41
APPENDIX I
Formation Constants*
Reacting ions
log b1
log b2
Acetate, CH3CO2 2 Ag1 Ca21 Cd21 Cu21 Fe21 Fe31 Mg21 Mn21 Na1 Ni21 Zn21
0.73 1.24 1.93 2.23 1.82 3.38 1.25 1.40 20.18 1.43 1.28
0.64
Ammonia, NH3 Ag1 Cd21 Co21 Cu21 Hg21 Ni21 Zn21 Cyanide, CN2 Ag1 Cd21 Cu1 Ni21 Tl31 Zn21
7.1
Ba21 Bi31 Be21 Ca21 Cd21 Ce31 Co21 Co31
log b5
log b6
9.7
2.09
3.31 2.51 1.99 3.99 8.8 2.67 2.18
7.23 4.47 3.50 7.33 17.5 4.79 4.43
5.77 4.43 10.06 18.50 6.40 6.74
5.18
20 9.60 24
21 13.92 28.6
26.50 11.07
35.17 16.05
13.21
log b4
3.15 3.63
Ethylenediamine (1,2-diaminoethane), H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ag1 4.70 7.70 5.69 10.36 Cd21 10.66 19.99 Cu21 14.3 23.3 Hg21 7.52 13.84 Ni21 5.77 10.83 Zn21 Hydroxide, OH2 Ag1 Al31
log b3
6.56 5.07 12.03 19.28 7.47 8.70
5.13
4.39
8.10
8.01
17.11 30.3 30 42.61 19.62
9.7 12.80 23.2 18.33 14.11
2.0 3.99 9.00 17.9 25.2 33.3 log b22 5 20.3 log b43 5 42.1 0.64 12.9 23.5 33.0 34.8 log b12 6 5 165.3 (m 5 1) 8.6 14.4 18.8 18.6 log b12 5 10.82 (m 5 0.1) log b33 5 32.54 (m 5 0.1) 1.30 3.9 7.7 10.3 12.0 (m 5 3) (m 5 3) log b12 5 4.6 log b44 5 23.2 4.9 log b22 5 12.4 log b53 5 35.1 4.3 9.2 10.5 9.7 log b12 5 3 log b44 5 25.5 13.52
log b65 5 66.24 (m 5 3)
Temperature (°C)
Ionic strength (m, M)
25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 20
0 0 0 0 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1
25 30 30 30 22 30 30
0 0 0 0 2 0 0
20 25 25 25 25 25
0 ? 0 0 4 0
20 25 20 25 20 20
0.1 0.5 0 0.1 0 0
25 25
0 0
25 25
0 0
25 log b86 5 85 (m 5 0) 25 25
0 0 0
25
3
25
0
25
3
*The overall (cumulative) formation constant, n, is the equilibrium constant for the reaction M 1 nL Δ MLn: n 5 [MLn]/([M][L] ). n is related to stepwise formation constants (Ki) by n = K1K2 . . . Kn (Box 6-2). nm is the cumulative formation constant for the reaction mM 1 nL Δ MmLn: nm 5 [MmLn]/([M]m[L]n). The subscript n refers to the ligand and m refers to the metal. Data from L. G. Sillén and A. E. Martell, Stability Constants of Metal-Ion Complexes (London: The Chemical Society. Special Publications No. 17 and 25, 1964 and 1971); and A. E. Martell, R. M. Smith, and R. J. Motekaitis, NIST Critical Stability Constants of Metal Complexes Database 46 (Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001). n
AP42
APPENDIX I Formation Constants
Reacting ions
log b1
Cr21 Cr31
8.5 10.34
Cu21 Fe21 Fe31 Ga31 Gd31 Hf 41 Hg21 2 Hg21 In31 La31 Li1 Mg21 Mn21 Na1 Ni21 Pb21 Pd21 Rh31 Sc31 Sn21 Sr21 Th41 Ti31 Tl1 Tl31 U41 VO21 Y31 Zn21 Zr41
log b2
log b3
log b4
log b5
log b6
17.3 (m 5 0.1) log b22 5 24.0 (m 5 1) log b43 5 37.0 (m 5 1) log b44 5 50.7 (m 5 2) 6.5 11.8 14.5 15.6 (m 5 1) (m 5 1) log b12 5 8.2 (m 5 3) log b22 5 17.4 log b43 5 35.2 4.6 7.5 13 10 11.81 23.4 34.4 log b22 5 25.14 log b43 5 49.7 11.4 22.1 31.7 39.4 4.9 log b22 5 14.14 13.7 52.8 8.7 log b12 5 11.5 (m 5 3) log b45 5 48.24 (m 5 3) 10.60 21.8 20.9 log b12 5 10.7 log b33 5 35.6 10.1 20.2 29.5 33.8 log b22 5 23.2 (m 5 3) log b44 5 47.8 (m 5 0.1) log b64 5 43.1 (m 5 0.1) 5.5 log b22 5 10.7 (m 5 3) log b95 5 38.4 0.36 2.6 20.3 (m 5 3) log b44 5 18.1 (m 5 3) 3.4 7.7 log b12 5 6.8 log b32 5 18.1 0.1 4.1 9 12 log b12 5 4.7 (m 5 1) log b44 5 28.3 6.4 10.9 13.9 log b12 5 7.6 log b43 5 32.1 log b44 5 36.0 log b86 5 68.4 13.0 25.8 10.67 9.7 18.3 25.9 30 log b22 5 22.0 log b53 5 53.8 10.6 20.9 25.4 log b22 5 23.2 log b43 5 49.1 0.82 10.8 21.1 41.1 (m 5 3) log b22 5 23.6 (m 5 3) log b32 5 33.8 (m 5 3) log b53 5 53.7 (m 5 3) 12.7 log b22 5 24.6 (m 5 1) 0.79 20.8 (m 5 3) 13.4 26.6 38.7 41.0 13.4 8.3 log b22 5 21.3 6.3 log b22 5 13.8 log b53 5 38.4 5.0 10.2 13.9 15.5 log b12 5 5.5 (m 5 3) log b44 5 27.9 (m 5 3) 14.3 54.0 log b43 5 55.4 log b84 5 106.0
Nitrilotriacetate, N(CH2CO2 2 )3 Ag1 5.16 9.5 Al31 4.83 Ba21 6.46 Ca21 10.0 Cd21
14.6
Temperature (°C)
Ionic strength (m, M)
25 25
1 0
25
0
25 25
0 0
25 25
0 3
25 25
0 0.5
25
0
25
0
25
0
25 25
0 0
25
0
25 25
0 0
25
0
25 25 25
0 2.5 0
25
0
25 25
0 0
25
0
25
0
25 25 25
0 0 0
25
0
25
0
25
0
20 20 20 20 20
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (Continued)
APPENDIX I Formation Constants
AP43
Reacting ions
log b1
log b2
log b3
Nitrilotriacetate, N(CH2CO2 2 )3—(continued) 10.0 13.9 Co21 11.5 14.8 Cu21 15.91 24.61 Fe31 Ga31 13.6 21.8 16.9 In31 5.46 Mg21 7.4 Mn21 11.54 Ni21 11.47 Pb21 4.75 Tl1 10.44 Zn21 Oxalate, 2O2CCO2 2 Al31 Ba21 Ca21 Cd21 Co21 Cu21 Fe31 Ni21 Zn21
15.60 2.31 1.66 3.71 4.69 6.23 7.54 5.16 4.85
2.69 7.15 10.27 14.59 6.5 7.6
20.00
log b4
log b5
log b6
Temperature (°C)
Ionic strength (m, M)
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
20 18 25 20 25 25 ? 25 25
0.1 0 1 0.1 0 0 0.5 0 0
25 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
1,10-Phenanthroline, N
Ag1 Ca21 Cd21 Co21 Cu21 Fe21 Fe31 Hg21 Mn21 Ni21 Zn21
AP44
N
5.02 0.7 5.17 7.02 8.82 5.86
4.50 8.0 6.30
12.07 10.00 13.72 15.39 11.11 19.65 8.65 16.0 11.95
14.25 20.10 20.41 21.14 14.10 23.4 12.70 23.9 17.05
APPENDIX I Formation Constants
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