Tabla de Potenciales Redox PDF
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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Petrr Vany Pet V any´sek
There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E potentials, E ° values, at 298.15 K (25 °C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E have E ° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrod e. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the ord er of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those r eduction potentials which have E have E ° negative with respect to the standard hyd rogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of d ecreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same f or all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations:: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2′-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. Abbreviations
REFERENCES 1. G. Mil Milazzo, azzo, S. S. Carol Caroli, i, and V. K. Sharma, Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. A. JJ.. Bard, R. Pa Parsons, rsons, and J. J. Jordan, Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. S. G. Brats Bratsch ch,, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Data, 18, 1—21, 1989.
TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing Reaction
Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Ag+ + e 1 Ag Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl – AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO 42– AgF + e 1 Ag + F– Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN) 6]4– AgI + e 1 Ag + I– AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3– Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO2– Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H 2O 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN – Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42– Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO 42– Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH–
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E° /V
–2.20 0.7996 1.980 0.643 0.07133 0.546 0.4647 0.22233 –0.017 0.47 0.4470 0.779 0.1478 –0.15224 0.354 0.4573 0.564 0.342 0.739 1.9 1.8 1.802 0.607 0.41 –0.691 –0.0366 0.08951 0.3629 0.654 0.4660 –1.662 –2.31
Reaction
Al(OH)4– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– Am4+ + e 1 Am3+ Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2– + 4 OH– At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– Au+ + e 1 Au Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au Au2+ + e –1 Au+ AuOH2+ + H + + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br – AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br – AuCl4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl– Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH– H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H + + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH –
E° /V
–2.328 –2.33 –2.069 2.60 –1.9 –2.048 –2.3 –0.608 0.234 0.248 –0.68 0.560 –0.71 0.3 1.692 1.401 1.498 1.8 1.32 0.959 0.854 1.002 1.45 –1.24 –1.79 –0.8698 –0.481 –2.912 –1.570 –2.99 –1.847 –2.63
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction
p p–benzoquinone –benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone Bi+ + e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH– Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O Bk 4+ + e 1 Bk 3+ Bk 2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Bk 3+ + e 1 Bk 2+ Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2 Br – Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2 Br– HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
0.6992 0.5 0.308 0.2 –0.8 0.16 –0.46 1.593 0.320 0.1583 1.67 –1.6 –2.8 1.0873 1.066 1.331 1.574 1.596 0.761 1.482
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH – ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3– + 2 OH – Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH –
+ 3 6H H O + 6 e Br + BrO3– + – 3 H2O – BrO 3 2 + 6 e 1 Br + 6 OH (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS– CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Ca+ + e 1 Ca Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH – CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH–
1.423 0.61 0.373 0.330 0.77 –0.199 –3.80 –2.868 –3.02 0.2800 0.2801 0.3337 0.2412 0.2360 –0.4030 –0.3521 –0.809 –0.246 –0.658
3 2 Co(OH) e Cr2+ + 2 e + 1 Cr Co(OH) + OH Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH – Cs+ + e 1 Cs Cu+ + e 1 Cu Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]–
0.17 –0 .913 –0.407 –0.744 1.232 –1.2 1.350 1.48 1.34 –0.13 –1.48 –3.026 0.521 0.153 0.3419 0.345 2.4 2.0 1.103
CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Cf 4+ + e 1 Cf 3+ Cf 3+ + e 1 Cf 2+ Cf 3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Cf 2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2 Cl– HClO + H + + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH– ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O
–0.783 –2.336 –1.4373 1.72 1.715 3.3 –1.6 –1.94 –2.12 1.35827 1.611 1.482 0.81 1.277 1.645 1.628
CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH – Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH – 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2 Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu
0.00 –0.360 –0.222 –0.080 –0.013 –2.2 –2.295 –2.6 –2.0 –2.331 –3.0 –1.3 –1.91 –2.23 –2.812 –1.991
–
+
1
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
–
1
1.570 0.66 0.76 0.954 1.152 1.214 1.47 1.451 0.33 0.62 1.189 1.39 1.389 0.36 3.0 –2.04 –0.28 1.92 0.108 –0.73
–
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction
Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ F2 + 2 H + + 2 e 1 2 HF F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2+ [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2+ Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Fm3++ e 1 Fm2+
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
–0.36 3.053 2.866 2.153 –0.447 –0.037 0.771 2.09 2.08 2.07 0.16 0.358 2.20 0.78 1.03 –0.56 1.147 1.06 0.400 –1.1
Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO–3 + 3 OH– H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– 2 IO3– + 12 H + + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO– + 6 OH– In+ + e 1 In In2+ + e 1 In+ In3+ + e 1 In2+ In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ In3+ + 3 e 1 In In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH–
Fm Fm2+ + + 3 2 ee 1 F Fm m + Fr + e 1 Fr Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga Ga+ + e 1 Ga GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Hf 4+ + 4 e 1 Hf
– –1 2..8 39 0 –2.9 –0.549 –0.2 –0.498 –1.219 –2.279 0.24 0.124 0.00 –0.118 –0.182 0.00000 –2.23 1.495 –0.8277 1.776 –1.55
2 3 + 3 H 2O + 6 e In 2 In + 6 OH Ir3+O + 3 e 1 Ir 2– 3– [IrCl6] + e 1 [IrCl6] [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl – Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH – K+ + e 1 K La3+ + 3 e 1 La La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– Li+ + e 1 Li Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Mg+ + e 1 Mg Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Mn3+ + 3e 1 Mn2+
–1.034 1.156 0.8665 0.77 0.098 –2.931 –2.379 –2.90 –3.0401 –1.96 –2.28 –0.1 –1.65 –2.40 –2.70 –2.372 –2.690 –1.185 1.5415
HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+ Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br – Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I – Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho
–1.724 –1.505 –2.50 0.851 0.920 0.7973 0.51163 0.13923 0.26808 0.6359 –0.0405 0.123 0.0977 1.034 0.6125 –2.1
MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + e 1 MnO42– MnO4– + 4 H + + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO4– + 8 H + + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O MnO4– + 2 H 2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– Mn2O3 + 6 H + + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+
1.224 0.558 1.679 1.507 0.595 0.60 –1.56 0.15 1.485 –0.200 –0.152 0.082 0.075 0.092 –3.09 1.275
3+
1
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
1
–2.33 –2.8 0.5355 0.536 0.7 1.601 1.439 0.987 0.485 1.195 1.085 0.15 0.26 –0.14 –0.40 –0.49 –0.443 –0.3382 –0.99 –1.007
–
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction
N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NHO2 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH– Na+ + e 1 Na
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
1.766 2.65 0.867 1.065 1.035 1.42 1.591 0.76 0.983 0.86 1.297 –0.46 –0.18 0.15 0.934 0.957 0.803 0.01 –0.85 –2.71
H2P2– + e 1 P + 2 OH– H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O
Nb 1 NbO + H O NbO2 + +32eH+ + 2N eb 2 + NbO2 + 4 H + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O Nb2O5 + 10 H + + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– No3+ + e 1 No2+ No3+ + 3 e 1 No No2+ + 2 e 1 No Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2
–0 1..6 04 96 9 – –0.690 –0.733 –0.644 –2.323 –2.1 –2.7 –0.257 –0.72 1.678 –0.490 1.4 –1.20 –2.50 –1.856 0.147 –0.962 0.695
2 + H2O + 2 e Pb + 3 OH– HPbO PbO2 + H 2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH 2– + PbO2 + SO4 + 4 H + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42– Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd [PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl – Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt
–0.537 0.247 1.6913 –0.3588 –0.3505 0.951 0.591 1.288 0.07 –2.2 –2.30 –2.6 0.9 0.76 3.2 –2.0 –2.353 –3.1 1.18
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O OH + e 1 OH– HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH–
1.229 –0.076 –0.146 0.401 2.076 1.24 2.421 2.02 0.878 0.838 1.02 0.81 0.80 –0.111 –0.063 –0.87
[PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Rb+ + e 1 Rb Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re
0.755 0.68 0.14 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.01 1.00 –2.031 1.006 1.099 1.325 1.062 –2.8 –2.98 0.300
3+
–
1
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
1
–1.82 –0.508 –0.499 –0.454 –1.65 –1.71 –0.276 –1.05 –1.34 –1.49 –1.9 –0.1262 –0.1205 –0.284 –0.2675 –0.3444 –0.465 –0.365 –0.580 1.455
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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction
ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O ReO4– + 2 H+ + e 1 ReO3 + H2O ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH – ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O Rh+ + e 1 Rh Rh+ + 2e1 Rh Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O RuO4– + e 1 RuO42– RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4 H2O [Ru(bipy) 3)3+ + e–1 [Ru(bipy) 3]2+ [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
0.510 0.2513 0.768 –0.584 0.368 0.600 0.600 0.758 0.431 0.83 0.455 0.2487 1.120 0.59 1.00 1.40 1.038 1.24 0.23 0.10
SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H + + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e –1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH – + H2O Sr+ + e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta
3 3 [Ru(en) [Ru(CN)]6]4– [Ru(CN)]6]3– + +ee–1 [Ru(en) S + 2 e 1 S2– S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq) S + H2O + 2 e 1 SH– + OH– 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O 2 SO42– + 4 H + + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH– Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O
0.210 0.86 –0.47627 0.142 –0.478 –0.42836 0.564 2.010 2.123 0.08 –0.056 0.449 –1.12 –0.571 0.172 –0.22 –0.93 –0.510 0.152
Tc + Tc – 2e + TcO 4 + 4 H + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O 3+ Tc + e 1 Tc2+ TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Te + 2 e 1 Te2– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O
0..7 48 02 0 0 0.3 0.472 3.1 –2.28 –1.143 –0.793 0.568 0.593 –0.57 0.472 1.02 –1.899 –1.789 –2.48 –1.630 –0.9 –0.502
Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H + + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H + + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H 2O Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O SbO2– + 2 H 2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Se + 2 e 1 Se2– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O
0.671 0.649 0.581 0.212 –0.66 –0.59 –2.077 –0.924 –0.399 0.74 –0.082 –0.366 1.151 0.05 –1.24 –0.8
Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O Tl+ + e 1 Tl Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl– TlI + e 1 Tl + I– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42– Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm
–1.37 –0.055 –0.336 –0.3338 1.252 0.741 –0.658 –0.5568 –0.752 0.02 –0.34 –0.05 –0.4360 –2.2 –2.319 –2.4
3+
–1
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
2+
2+
0.857 –1.697 –1.55 –2.304 –2.68 –0.1375 0.151 0.142 –0.094 –0.117 –0.194 –0.945 –0.909 –0.93 –4.10 –2.899 –1.793 –2.88 –0.750 –0.6
1
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction
U3+ + 3 e 1 U U4+ + e 1 U3+ UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + e 1 UO+2 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O V2+ + 2 e 1 V V3+ + e 1 V2+ VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O V2O5 + 10 H + + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O V(OH)4+ + 2 H + + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O V(OH)4+ + 4 H + + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen) 3]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O
E° /V
–1.798 –0.607 0.612 0.062 0.327 –1.444 –1.175 –0.255 0.337 0.991 0.957 –0.242 1.00 –0.254 0.14 0.1 –0.031 –0.119 –0.090 0.036
Reaction
2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O XeF + e 1 Xe + F– Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– ZnSO4 ⋅ 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH – Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr
E° /V
–0.029 2.42 2.10 3.4 –2.372 –1.05 –2.19 –2.76 –0.7618 –0.7628 –1.215 –0.7993 –0.497 –1.199 –1.249 –1.260 –1.553 –2.36 –1.45
TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction
2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I– Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O UO22+ + e = UO2+ Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O 2–
Reaction
0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.036 0.062 0.07 0.07133 0.075
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN) 6]4– IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH – Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl–
0.08 0.082 0.8951 0.092 0.0977 0.098 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.108 0.123 0.124 0.13923 0.14 0.14 0.142
Fe2O3 + 4 H + 2 e 2 FeOH + H2O Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH– SO42– + 4 H + + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ [Ru(en) 3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en) 3]2+ SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl– [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ Calomel electrode, saturated KCl PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH– HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
+
2–
S4O6 + 23– e 1 2 S2O3 H3Mo7O24 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN– N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH– 2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22– [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br – Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen) 3]2+ S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E° /V
1
E° /V
0.142 0.147 0.1478 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.151 0.152 0.153 0.1583 0.16
+
0.16 0.17 0.172 0.2 0.210 0.212 0.22233 0.23 0.234 0.2360 0.24 0.24 0.2412 0.247 0.248 0.2487
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction
ReO + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H O 2 2 IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 I– + OH– – Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi BiO+ + 2 H + + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3–
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
0.2513 0.26 0.26808 0.2800 0.2801 0.3 0.300 0.3 0.308 0.320 0.327 0.33 0.330 0.3337 0.337 0.3419 0.342 0.345 0.354
[PdCl ]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– 4 TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O MnO4– + 2 H 2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– Rh2+ + 2 e 1 Rh Rh+ + e 1 Rh MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH– UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H + + 4 e 1 Sb2O5 + 2 H2O [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2
[Fe(CN)6] + e 1 [Fe(CN)6] ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO–3 + 2 OH– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO32– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN – [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO 42– H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO 42– Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O
0.358 0.36 0.3629 0.368 0.373 0.400 0.400 0.401 0.41 0.431 0.4470 0.449 0.455 0.4573 0.4647 0.4660 0.47 0.472 0.472
p p–benzoquinone –benzoquinone + 2 H + 2 e 1 hydroquinone H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 OH– Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– ReO4– + 2 H+ +e1 ReO3 + H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl – Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ AgF + e 1 Ag + F– [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy) 2]2+ TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Ag+ + e 1 Ag
0.6992 0.7 0.739 0.741 0.755 0.758 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.761 0.768 0.77 0.77 0.771 0.779 0.78 0.782 0.7973 0.7996
IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– Bi+ + e 1 Bi ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Cu+ + e 1 Cu I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– MnO4– + e 1 MnO2– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + NO2– Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O RuO4– + e 1 RuO42–
0.485 0.490 0.5 0.510 0.51163 0.521 0.5355 0.536 0.546 0.558 0.560 0.564 0.564 0.568 0.581 0.59
[Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ RhOH2+ + H + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br – SiO2(quartz) + 4 H + + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + H2O [Ru(CN) 6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4– [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3– N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ 2 Hg+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+
0.80 0.803 0.81 0.83 0.838 0.841 0.851 0.854 0.857 0.86 0.86 0.8665 0.867 0.878 0.9 0.920
3–
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4–
+
0.591 0.593 0.595 0.600 0.600 0.60 0.607 0.61 0.612 0.6125 0.62 0.6359 0.643 0.649 0.654 0.66 0.671 0.68 0.695
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
NO – + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO + H O 2 2 3 Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br – HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– V(OH)4+ + 2 H + + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuCl4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl – Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)3]2+ Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O
0.934 0.951 0.954 0.957 0.957 0.959 0.983 0.987 0.991 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.002 1.006 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.034
Cl (g) + 2 e 1 2Cl – 2 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O No3+ + e 1 No2+ RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au– + 3 H2O 3IO3– + 6 H + + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au
1.35827 1.389 1.39 1.4 1.40 1.401 1.42 1.423 1.439 1.45 1.451 1.455 1.47 1.48 1.482 1.482 1.485 1.495 1.498
N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HNO2 Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2Br– IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2Br– Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– + H2O 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O Cr2O72– + 14 H + + 6 e 1 2 Cr 3+ + 7 H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– [Ru(bipy) 3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(bipy) 3]2+ Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+ ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl – 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O
1.035 1.038 1.06 1.062 1.065 1.066 1.085 1.0873 1.099 1.103 1.120 1.147 1.151 1.152 1.156 1.18 1.189 1.195 1.2 1.214 1.224 1.229 1.232 1.24 1.24 1.252 1.275 1.277 1.288 1.297 1.32 1.325 1.331 1.34 1.350
PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2– HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O Bk 4+ + e 1 Bk 3+ NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O Au+ + e 1 Au PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Au2+ + e–1 Au+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H 2O Co3+ + e 1 Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– OH + e 1 OH– HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O
1.5 1.507 1.5415 1.570 1.574 1.591 1.593 1.596 1.601 1.611 1.628 1.645 1.67 1.678 1.679 1.6913 1.692 1.7 1.715 1.72 1.766 1.776 1.8 1.8 1.802 1.83 1.9 1.92 1.980 2.0 2.010 2.02 2.07 2.076 2.08
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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction
E° /V
2 HFeO – + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe O + 5 H O 2 3 2 4 XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O Am4+ + e 1 Am3+
2.09 2.10 2.123 2.153 2.20 2.4 2.42 2.421 2.60
Reaction
E° /V
H N O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N + 2 H O 2 2 2 2 2 F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Cf 4+ + e 1 Cf 3+ XeF + e 1 Xe + F–
2.65 2.866 3.0 3.053 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction
2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
0.00000 –0.013
Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH– V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O
AgCN + e Ag + CN 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I – Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O
–0.017 –0.029 –0.031 –0.0366 –0.037 –0.0405 –0.05 –0.055 –0.056 –0.063 –0.076 –0.080 –0.082 –0.090 –0.094 –0.1 –0.111 –0.117 –0.118
CdSO4 ++ 2 e + Cd + SO4 V(OH)4 + 4 H + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O V3+ + e 1 V2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl+ + e 1 Tl In3+ + 3 e 1 In TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42– Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH – Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I–
–0.246 –0.254 –0.255 –0.257 –0.2675 –0.276 –0.28 –0.284 –0.3338 –0.336 –0.3382 –0.34 –0.3444 –0.3505 –0.3521 –0.3588 –0.360 –0.36 –0.365
WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Sn2– + 2 e 1 Sn In+ + e 1 In O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O AgI + e 1 Ag + I– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo Ga+ + e 1 Ga 2 SO22– + 4 H + + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O
–0.119 –0.1205 –0.1262 –0.13 –0.1375 –0.14 –0.146 –0.152 –0.15224 –0.18 –0.182 –0.194 –0.199 –0.200 –0.2 –0.22
SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) In2+ + e 1 In+ Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42– In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH – NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– S + 2 e 1 S2– S + H2O + 2 e 1 HS– + OH– B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O
–0.366 –0.399 –0.40 –0.4030 –0.407 –0.42836 –0.4360 –0.443 –0.447 –0.454 –0.46 –0.46 –0.465 –0.47627 –0.478 –0.481
1
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–
1
–0.222 –0.242
2–
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
In3+ + e 1 In2+ ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl – Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– ReO2– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH – SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta U4+ + e 1 U3+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3
–0.49 –0.497 –0.498 –0.499 –0.502 –0.508 –0.510 –0.537 –0.549 –0.5568 –0.56 –0.57 –0.571 –0.580 –0.584 –0.59 –0.6 –0.607 –0.608
SnO + 2 H O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– 2 2 In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H 2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH – PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb Fm3+ + e 1 Fm2+ 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– Te + 2 e 1 Te2– V2+ + 2 e 1 V Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH – CrO2 + 2 H 2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– No3+ + 3 e 1 No ZnO2– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH – H2GaO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH–
–0.945 –0.99 –0.962 –1.007 –1.034 –1.05 –1.05 –1.099 –1.1 –1.12 –1.143 –1.175 –1.185 –1.199 –1.2 –1.20 –1.215 –1.219 –1.24
Nb2O5 + 10 H + + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH– TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2– + 4 OH– Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Ta2O5 + 10 H + + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O TlI + e 1 Tl + I– Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te ZnSO4.7H2O + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH – 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– 2 NO–3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr Se + 2 e 1 Se2– SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH – + H2O
–0.644 –0.646 –0.658 –0.658 –0.66 –0.68 –0.690 –0.691 –0.71 –0.72 –0.73 –0.733 –0.74 –0.744 –0.750 –0.752 –0.7618 –0.7628 –0.783 –0.793 –0.7993
SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH – Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O Hf 4+ + 4 e 1 Hf Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Bk 2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Cf 3+ + e 1 Cf 2+ Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al SiO32– + H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) U3+ + 3 e 1 U H2PO–2 + e 1 P + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th
–1.24 –1.249 –1.260 –1.3 –1.34 –1.37 –1.4373 –1.444 –1.45 –1.48 –1.49 –1.505 –1.55 –1.55 –1.553 –1.56 –1.570 –1.6 –1.6 –1.630 –1.65 –1.65 –1.662 –1.697 –1.71 –1.724 –1.789 –1.79 –1.793 –1.798 –1.82 –1.847 –1.856 –1.89 –1.899
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–0.8 –0.8 –0.809 –0.8277 –0.85 –0.8698 –0.87 –0.9 –0.909 –0.913 –0.924 –0.93 –0.93
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction
E° /V
Reaction
E° /V
Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Cf 3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Cf 2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy
–1.9 –1.9 –1.91 –1.94 –1.96 –1.991 –2.0 –2.0 –2.031 –2.04 –2.048 –2.069 –2.077 –2.1 –2.1 –2.12 –2.19 –2.20 –2.2
ZrO(OH) + H O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– 2 2 Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y La3+ + 3 e 1 La Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– HfO(OH)2 + H 2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– No2+ + 2 e 1 No Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH – Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Mg+ + e 1 Mg Na+ + e 1 Na Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Bk 3+ + e 1 Bk 2+
–2.36 –2.372 –2.372 –2.379 –2.4 –2.40 –2.48 –2.50 –2.50 –2.6 –2.6 –2.63 –2.68 –2.690 –2.7 –2.70 –2.71 –2.76 –2.8
Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH– Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Al(OH)– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr
–2.2 –2.2 –2.23 –2.23 –2.279 –2.28 –2.28 –2.295 –2.3 –2.30 –2.30 –2.304 –2.31 –2.319 –2.323 –2.328 –2.33 –2.33 –2.331 –2.336 –2.353
Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Fr+ + e 1 Fr La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba K+ + e 1 K Rb+ + e 1 Rb Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– Cs+ + e 1 Cs Li+ + e 1 Li 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Ca+ + e 1 Ca Sr+ + e 1 Sr
–2.8 –2.8 –2.812 –2.868 –2.88 –2.89 –2.9 –2.90 –2.912 –2.931 –2.98 –2.99 –3.0 –3.02 –3.026 –3.0401 –3.09 –3.1 –3.80 –4.10
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REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS ´ Petr Vanysek There are two tables for ion radicals. The first table lists reduction potentials for organic compounds which produce anion radicals during reduction, a process described as A + e – 1 A–. The second table lists oxidation potentials for organic compounds which produce cation radicals during oxidation, a process described as A 1 A+ + e–. To obtain reduction potential for a reverse reaction, the sign for the potential is changed. Unlike the table of the Electrochemical Series, which lists standard potentials, potentials, values for radicals are experimental values with experimental conditions given in the second column. Since the measurements leading to potentials for ion radicals are very dependent on conditions, an attempt to report standard potentials for radicals would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason, the potentials are also reported as experimental values, usually a half-wave potential ( E 1/2 in polarography) or a peak potential ( E p in cyclic voltammetry). Unless otherwise stated, the values are reported vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). To obtain a value vs. normal hydrogen electrode, 0.241 V has to be added to the SCE values. All the ion radicals chosen for inclusion in the tables result from electrochemically reversible reactions. More detailed data on ion radicals can be found in the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of Elements, (A. J. Bard, Ed.), Vol. XI and XII in particular, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. Abbreviations are: CV — cyclic voltammetry; DMF — N,N -Dimethylformamide; Abbreviations -Dimethylformamide; E swp swp — potential sweep; E — standard potential; E p — peak potential; E p/2 — half-peak potential; E 1/2 — half wave potential; M — — mol/L; MeCN — acetonitrile; pol — polarography; rot Pt dsk — rotated Pt disk; SCE — saturated calomel electrode; TBABF 4 — tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate; TBAI — tetrabutylammonium iodide; TBAP — tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammon ium perchlorate; TEABr — tetraethylammoniu tetraethylammonium m bromide; TEAP — tetraethylammonium perchlorate; THF — tetrahydrofuran; TPACF3SO3 — tetrapropylammon tetrapropylammonium ium trifluoromethanesulfite; trifluoromethanesulfite; TPAP — tetrapropylammonium perchlorate; and wr — wire.
Reduction Potentials Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals)
Substance Acetone 1-Naphthyphenylacetylene 1-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 3-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 9-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 1-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde Anthracene
9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1-Phenylanthracene 2-Phenylanthracene 8-Phenylanthracene 9-Phenylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 1,9-Diphenylanthracene 1,10-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 1,8,9-Triphenylanthracene 1,8,10-Triphenylanthracene 9,10-Dibiphenylanthracene Benz(a)anthracene Azulene Annulene Benzaldehyde Benzil
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Potential V (vs. SCE)
Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.03 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF2 /Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV DMF, DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot TBAP/rot Pt/E swp DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot TBAP/rot Pt/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP TBAP 0C/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol DMSO, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol
E 1/2 = –2.84 E 1/2 = –1.91 E 1/2 = –0.91 E 1/2 = –0.96 E 1/2 = –1.00 E 1/2 = –0.94 E 1/2 = –0.83 E 1/2 = –0.75 E 1/2 = –0.76 E 1/2 = –1.00 E p = –2.00 E 1/2 = –1.93 E 1/2 = –2.07 E 1/2 = –1.92 E p = –2.08 E p = –2.10 E 1/2 = –1.91 E 1/2 = –1.878 E 1/2 = –1.875 E 1/2 = –1.91
0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV
1/2 = –1.93 E 1/2 E 1/2 = –1.863 E 1/2 = –1.88 E 1/2 = –1.846 E 1/2 = –1.786 E 1/2 = –1.90 E 1/2 = –1.83 E 1/2 = –1.835 E 1/2 = –1.85 E 1/2 = –1.81 E 1/2 = –1.94 E 1/2 = –2.11 E 1/2 = –2.40a E 1/2 = –1.10c E 1/2 = –1.23 E 1/2 = –1.67 E 1/2 = –1.04
REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) Radicals) (continued)
Substance Benzophenone Chrysene Fluoranthrene Cyclohexanone 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,2,3-Indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) Naphthacene Naphthalene
1-Phenylnaphthalene 1,2-Diphenylnaphthalene Cyclopentanone Phenanthrene Pentacene Perylene 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3 p ro ropanedione Pyrene Diphenylsulfone Triphenylene 9,10-Anthraquinone 1,4-Benzoquinone 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone, dipotassium salt Rubrene Benzocyclooctatetraene sym-Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Ubiquinone-6 (9-Phenyl-fluorenyl)+ (Triphenylcyclopropenyl)+ (Triphenylmethyl)+ (Tribiphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-t -butyl-5-phenylmethyl) -butyl-5-phenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-isopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-methylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tropylium)+
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Potential V (vs. SCE)
Conditions/electrode/technique -/Hg/pol DMF/Pt dsk/CV
E 1/2 = –1.80 E = –1.72
MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M /Hg/pol DMF, 0.2 M NaNO NaNO3 /Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV DMF, MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF TBABF4 /Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol TEABr/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt TBAP/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol TEAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/rot TBAP/rot Pt dsk/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV TEAP/Hg/CV DMSO, 0.2 M TBAP/Hg/CV TBAP/Hg/CV DMSO, T BA BAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, TEABr MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, TBAP, 20 /Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV TEAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, TBAP, 20 /Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV TEAP/Pt/CV 10.2 M H H2SO4 /Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol H2SO4, 10.2 M /Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol TBAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol TBAI/Hg/pol
E 1/2 = –2.73a E p = –1.76 E 1/2 = –2.79 E 1/2 = –1.71 E 1/2 = –0.039 E 1/2 = –1.53 E p = –2.55 E 1/2 = –2.56 E 1/2 = –2.63 E 1/2 = –2.50 E 1/2 = –2.36 E 1/2 = –2.25 E 1/2 = –2.82 E 1/2 = –2.47 E 1/2 = –2.88a E 1/2 = –1.40 E 1/2 = –1.73 E 1/2 = –1.42 E 1/2 = –1.80 E p = –2.14 a E 1/2 = –2.49 E 1/2 = –2.16 E 1/2 = –2.87a E 1/2 = –1.01 E p = –0.54 E 1/2 = –1.55 E p = –1.48 E 1/2 = –1.410 E 1/2 = –2.13 E 1/2 = –2.29 E p = –1.05e E p = –0.01b E p = –1.87 E 1/2 = 0.27 E p = –0.58b E 1/2 = 0.19 E 1/2 = 0.13 E 1/2 = 0.07 E = 0.05 E 1/2 1/2 = 0.01 E 1/2 = –0.17 E 1/2 = –1.55 E 1/2 = –1.55 E 1/2 = –1.57 E 1/2 = –1.60 E 1/2 = –1.87 E 1/2 = –1.96 E 1/2 = –2.05
REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Oxidation Potentials (Products are Cation Radicals)
Substance Anthracene
CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF TBABF4, –70C/Pt dsk/CV
9 9,,1 10 0--D Diim preotphyyllaanntthhrraacceennee 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Perylene Pyrene Rubrene Tetracene 1,4-Dithiabenzene 1,4-Dithianaphthalene Thianthrene
M TEAP/Pt/CV LiClO4 /Pt wr/CV MeeC CN N,, 0 0..1 0. 1 M TEAP/Pt/CV M LiClO CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF TPrACF3SO3 /rot Pt wr/E swp CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF TPrACF3SO3 /rot Pt wr/E swp MeCN/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt TBAP/Pt dsk/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF TBABF4, –70C/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt TEAP/Pt dsk/rot MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt TEAP/Pt dsk/rot 0.1 M TPAP/Pt/CV TPAP/Pt/CV
a
vs 0.01 M Ag/AgClO Ag/AgClO4 vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 17 M H H2SO4 c vs Hg pool d vs Ag/saturated Ag/saturated AgNO3 e vs Ag/0.01 M Ag Ag+ b
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Potential V (vs. SCE)
Conditions/electrode/technique
E p = +0.73d
p E = +1.0 +1.08 E p = E 1/2 = +1.34 E 1/2 = +1.30 E p = +1.22 E p = +1.34 E p = +1.25 E p = +1.10 E p = +0.35d E 1/2 = +0.69 E 1/2 = +0.80 E 1/2 = +1.28
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