T4-Visual Dalam Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran-Dr. Sena

 

S`pdg 39 Xdsuob uftug ]kfnoiorof cof ]kjekboiorof Xdsuob dobol obot g`jufdgosd yofn copot jkfykcdogof sksuotu ruiugof g`fgrdt ekreofcdfn gkpoco pkrfyotoof skaoro bdsof otou ekrtubds. Dfd ekrjogfo hufnsd utojo vdsuob ocobol uftug g`jufdgosd ckfnof ekrgksof coboj sksuotu sksd pkfnoiorof eond jkfaopod `eikgtdh  yofn tkbol cdrofaofn. Iustkru dtu, pkrofof vdsuob jkjekrdgof gksof djpog yofn jkfcoboj eond pr`sks pkjekboiorof sk`rofn pkboior. Fojuf, skeolondof eksor cordpoco gkioyoof pr`sks pkjekboiorof yofn ekrsofcor gkpoco eolof vdsuob, ocobol ekrcosorgof gkpoco po poco co pk pkrof rofof of vdsuob vdsuob tkrske tkrskeut. ut. Losdb Losdb dfd lo lofyo fyo e`bkl e`bkl cdaopo cdaopodd jkbobu jkbobudd pk pkrsk rskcd cdoof oof cof pkrofaofnof yofn ropd ekrsksuodof ckfnof tkgfdg pkfnoiorof yofn dfndf cdnufogof.

3.? 3.?

]k ]kro rofo fof f Xd Xdsu suob ob c cob oboj oj ] ]kf kfno noio ioro rof f co cof f ]k ]kje jekb kboi oior orof of

Jkcdo vdsuob ekrpkrofof utojo coboj jkfdfngotgof g`jufdgosd sksuotu pkfnoiorof cof pkjekboiorof. Fojuf, skeolondof eksor cordpoco gkioyooffyo ocobol ekrsofcor gkpoco guobdtd yofn oco poco vdsuob tkrskeut. Xdsuob jkjeoftu jkfykcdo jkfykcdogof gof pofcuof pkfnobdrof pkjolojof pkjolojo f dcko pkboior yofn bkedl bkedl g`fgrdt tkftofn sksuotu dcko dcko yofn cdoior. Xdsuob dg`fd dg`fdg g ujpojofyo ujpojofy o jkjeoftu jkjeoftu dfnotof dfnotof pkboior pkboior uftug uftug jkfnlueu jkfnlueufngo fngof f dcko. dcko. Xdsuob Xdsuob iuno iuno e`bkl e`bkl jkj` jk j`td tdvo vosd sdgo gof f

pkbo pkboio iorr

ckfn ckfnof of aoro aoro jkfo jkford rdg g

pkrl pkrlot otdo dof, f, jkfn jkfnkg kgob ob pkrl pkrlot otdo dof f

cof cof

jkfnlosdbgof jkfnlosd bgof jogbuj eobos kj`sd pkboior ckfnof nuru cof gkocoof sdtuosd pkjekboiorof, jkfn`bolgoffyo jkfn`bol goffyo jkfiocd bkedl g`fcusdh. Jkcdo pkfnoiorof vdsuob iuno copot jkfnlurodgof jkfnlurodgof jogbujot yofn sugor cdholojd jkfiocdgoffyo bkedl ikbos ckfnof a`ft`l, p`bo cof iobdfof pkrtgodto pkrtg odtof f dsd pkredfao pkredfaofnof fnof.. Xdsu Xdsuob ob iuno copot copot jkf jkfnnoj nnojeorg eorgof of pkrgodto pkrgodtof f oftoro oftoro ufsurufsurufsu ufsurr

ekrb ekrbod odfo fof f



 

  



   

cobo coboj j

sk sksu suot otu u

pkrg pkrgor oro, o, jdso jdsobf bfyo yo cobo coboj j

pkto pkto

b`go b`gosd sd ekrn ekrnrd rdc. c.

Xdsuob idgo cdnufogof ekrsojo tkgf`b`nd pkfnoiorof copot jkfdfngotgof pkfaopodof Jkfiocdgof dcko (pkrgotoof) bkedl g`fgrdt Jkj`tdvosdgof pkboior gkrofo copot jkfordg cof jkfnkgobgof pkrlotdof pkboior  Jkjucolgof dcko otou jogbujot yofn sugor cdholojd Jkfdfngotgof gkholojof idgo cdnufogof ekrsojo gopur cof tutur  Cdnufogof uftug jkjeoftu skeorofn g`jufdgsd ekftug eugof vdsuobskpkrtd tutur otou pkrgotoof Ukekftug vdsuob yofn eodg copot jkfdfngot g`jufdgosd g`jufdgosd oftoro pufao (Nuru) cof pkfkrdjo (pkboior) Jkjpostdgof gke`bkleoaoof (copot bdlot pkrgotoof cof djki ckfnof ikbos) Jucol uftug dftkrprktosd jkski Copot bdeotgof cof tordg pkrlotdof pkboior  Copot tordg pkrlotdof gkpoco pkrgoro yofn tkrpkftdfn

 

Jkcdo vdsuob jkjpufyod hufnsd yofn ojot pkftdfn coboj pkfcdcdgof dodtu jkfnlueufngof otou

g`jufdgosd. Fojuf, hufnsd dfd lofyo ogof ekrpkrofof idgo vdsuob dtu jkjpufyod adrd-adrd ekrdgut9 (o) Jucol, ikbos cdeoao cof cdholojd7 (e) Jkski copot cdtohsdr tofpo tkrbobu ekrsusol poyol. Idgo tkrbobu skfofn, pkboior  jufngdf jufn gdf tdcog tdcog jkfk jkfkbdtd bdtd vdsuob vdsuob ckfnof ckfnof tkrpkrdf tkrpkrdfad. ad. Jkrkgo Jkrkgo iuno iuno jucol jucol jkroso jkroso  ikju. Idgo tkrbobu tkrbobu sugor, pkboior pkboior ogof roso gkakwo gkakwo cof e`sof7 e`sof7 (a) Jkfc`r`fn dftkrogsd yofn ogtdh oftoro pkboior, nuru cof jogsuc yofn tkrcopot coboj vdsuob7 cof (c) Jkjeoftu jkjh`gusgof pkrlotdof gkpoco jogsuc yofn tkrcopot coboj vdsuob. 3.?.? 3.? .?

Gkpkft Gkpkftdfno dfnof f jkcdo jkcdo vdsu vdsuob ob cobo coboj j pkfcd pkfcdcdg cdgof of

Qktkbol gdto jkjolojd jkfnopo vdsuob ocobol pkftdfn, gdto lorus tkruio uftug jkfnojedb bofngol-bofngol yofn pkrbu uftug jkfnnufogof jkcdo dfd opoedbo gdto oior. Skrcopot cuo skeoe utojo jkfnopo vdsuob ocobol pkftdfn uftug jkfufiuggof pkboior gdto opo yofn gdto oior. Qk`rofn nuru lorus jkfnnufogof vdsuob coboj pkfnoioroffyo idgo7

3.?. 3.?.5 5

d.

Xd Xdsu suob ob cop copot ot jkf jkfik ikbo bosg sgof of eol eolof of yof yofn n cdoi cdoior orfy fyo7 o7

dd dd..

Xd Xdsu suob ob jkf jkfio iocd cdgo gof f pkje pkjekb kboi oior orof of bke bkedl dl gkg gkgob ob..

Sdp`n Sdp`nro rohd hd cobo coboj j Xds Xdsuo uobb

Sdp`nrohd ocobol `bolof vdsuob tkgs luruh otou h`f ckfnof tuiuof uftug jkfikbosgof jkfikbosgof sksuotu jogbujot. Do e`bkl ekrupo ekftug skpkrtd7 iocuob, aorto, pkto, nojeor roiol otou dbustrosd. Sdp`nrohd Sdp` nrohd jkbdeotgof jkbdeotgof pkjdbdlof pkjdbdlof ikfds ikfds luruh/h`f luruh/h`f,, rkgo bktog cof pkfkjpotof pkfkjpotof tkgs cd otos sksuotu pkrjugoof skpkrtd gkrtos joupuf sgrdf. [gurof tdp`nrohd ocobol sodz pkreofcdfnof pkreofcdfnof cd oftoro sodz sgrdf cof gktdfnndof h`f coboj jkfubds sksuotu tkgs. Do e`bkl cdnufogof co coboj boj pk pkfub fubdso dsof f pktofc pktofco o otou otou “sdnfo “sdnfob— b— skpkrt skpkrtdd toiug, toiug, progo progoto, to, rujus rujusof, of, skldf skldfnno nnobol bol jkfnlosdbof edbbe`orc yofn eksor cd otos sksuotu eofnufof. [ftug jkfykcdogof vdsuob yofn eodg skeonod jkcdo pkfnoiorof, sk`rofn nuru lorus pkrtdjeofngof tdno kbkjkf rkgo ekftug vdsuob, dodtu7 d. dd. ddd ddd..

Kb Kbkjk kjkf f Xdsuo Xdsuob, b, dod dodtu tu ckfno ckfnof f jkjd jkjdbdl bdl ikfds ikfds vdsu vdsuob ob yof yofn n sksuo sksuod, d, Kb Kbkjk kjkf f Xkreo Xkreob, b, dod dodtu tu c ckf kfnof nof jkjdb jkjdbdl dl ikf ikfds ds luru luruhh yo yofn fn sks sksuod uod,, Kb Kbkjk kjkf f yofn yofn jkford jkfordg g pkrlotd pkrlotdof of ckfno ckfnof f jkjek jkjekrd rd djpog djpog gkiut gkiutof, of, pkrek pkrekzof zof tkgtur cof gkpkbeonodof dftkrogsd cord pkboior.

Sdp`n Sdp `nroh rohdd skrdfn skrdfn cdpkr cdpkrgot gotogo ogof f ske skeono onodd db dbju ju pk pkfyo fyojpo jpodof dof.. Do ekrtdf ekrtdfco cog g sk skeon eonod od db dbju ju pkfubdsof cof pkfyojpod sksuotu jkski vdsuob. Sdp`nrohd jkrupogof suotu dbju coboj

jkjdbdl cof jkfyusuf h`f (luruh) poco ruofn-ruofn yofn tkrskcdo.   Qktdop vdsuob edosofyo tdcog lofyo cdpkfuld ckfnof nojeor cof bugdsof. Eond jkjoftopgof jogsuc, kbkjkf vkreob skpkrtd pkrgotoof cof oyot cdsotugof. ]ogor coboj edcofn

 

h`f dfd ekrpkfcopot eolowo pkfnnufoof toiug, s`obof cof bodf-bodf pkrgotoof ogof copot jkfdfngotgof gkekrgksofof sksuotu sksuotu jkski poporof vdsuob. Coboj pkfnnufoof h`f otou luruh, tkrcopot ekekropo pkrgoro yofn pkrbu cdekrd pkrtdjeofnof dodtu9 Qtodb luruh - Skrcopot ekrotus-rotus stodb luruh (h`ft) poco joso dfd, fojuf gkskjuo

stodb luruh e`bkl cdgkbosgof gkpoco bdjo gkbuorno dodtu9 o) Luruh U`jof e) Luruh N`tda a) Luruh Qojeufn otou Aursdvk c)  Luruh Skgs  k)  Luruh F`vkbtd

Cobo Co boj j

pk pkrs rskc kcdo doof of

pk pkfn fnoi oior orof of

eo eond nd

pk pkfc fcdc dcdg dgof of

rk rkfc fcol ol

co cof f

jk jkju juco colg lgof of

gktkreoaoof sk`rofn pkboior pkfnnufoof luruh-luruh Qofs Qkrdh (tdcog ekrsoyop) ogof jkjekrdgof jkjekrdgof pkjeoa pkjeoaoof oof yofn pobdf pobdfn n tdfnn tdfnnd. d. A`ft` A`ft`lfyo, lfyo, luruh Akftury N`tda,  Ordob, Aobderd, Buadfco Qofs, Aofcoro cof Jdar`s`htQofsQkrdh.  Qkeobdgfyo, luruh-luruh  Qkrdh (ekrsoyop) skpkrtd Sdjks Fkw U`jof, jkjpufyod gktkreoaoof bkedl bojeot cof tdcog sksuod uftug gofog-gofog cof pkrskcdoof jkfnoiorof skg`bol rkfcol. Luruh  Sdjks Fkw U`jof,   edosofyo cdnufogof coboj pkfubdsof bop`rof rosjd cof tksds pkfykbdcdgof. jkjostdgof vdsuob vdsuob yofn cdlosdb cdlosdbgof gof gkbdlotof gkbdlotof jkfordg, jkfordg, kbog Edbofn Edb ofnof of stod stodbb lur luruh uh - Eond jkjostdgof cordpoco cord poco jkfnnufogo jkfnnufogof f tkrb tkrbobu obu eofyog eofyog stodb luruh. Iofnof jkbkedld tdno stodb.   ]ostdgof

 iuno, stodb luruh ekrsksuodof ckfnof jkski.  Luruh eksor cof luruh gkadb ocobol skgoto cof skdjeofn. ]ostdgof pkfnnufoof luruh eksor cof gkadb yofn woior coboj rkgo rkg o ek ekftu ftug g ofc ofco. o.  Edo Edosof sofyo yo lu luruh ruh eks eksor or cdn cdnufo ufogo gof f po poco co toi toiug. ug. Qu Que-t e-toiu oiug g cof aoptd`f cdtubds coboj luruh gkadb. ^orfo ^or fo lur luruh  uh   - ^o ^orf rfo o lu luru ruhh tu turu rutt jk jkfy fyuj ujeo eofn fn gk gkpo poco co jk jksk skii yo yofn fn lk lkfc fcog og cdsojpodgof.  ]kjdbdlof worfo luruh pkrbu cdekrd pkrlotdof skrdus.   Jufngdf sk`rofn pkboior dfndf jkfnnufogof luruh ekrworfo ldiou uftug toiug, ‒ Ogu Skrpkfioro‚. Dfd tdcog sksuod gkrofo worfo ldiou yofn jkfiocd sdje`b gksknorof cof gksueurof tkftufyo tdcog sksuod ckfnof j``c yofn skcdl cof jkrofo.

 

Qodz Qo dz lu luru ruhh - ]krs`obof tkftofn ekropo eksor sodz luruh yofn lkfcog cdnufogof e`bkl cdiowoe ekrcosorgof sotu prdfsdp yofn jucol dodtu, luruh jkstd e`bkl cdeoao coboj sotu iorog tkrtkftu skpkrtd roiol cdeowol9 Iorog oftoro luruh   - Luruh pkrbu cdioroggof coboj gkocoof yofn skdjeofn, tdcog tkrbobu ioul cof tdcog tkrbobu ropot. Luruh tdcog cdioroggof ckfnof jkfnnufogof ugurof edoso skpkrtd jkfnnufogof ufdt dfad, tktopd ekrnoftufn skjoto-joto gkpoco gktoiojof pkfnbdlotof.  ]rdfsdp jkfioroggof luruh oftoro eords cof oftoro luruh  ocobol sojo. Eords yofn tkrbobu ropot jkboldrgof roso eonod cdldjpdt, jofogobo tkrbobu iorog jkfnldbofngof roso gkpufyoof.   Qkeonod oturof edoso, eond skgkpdfn trofsporkfsd otou poporof p`wkrp`dft, edbofnof eords lkfcogbol cdlocgof gkpoco kfoj eords soloio. 3.5

Ikfds-ikfds Xdsuob

Jkcdo Jkc do vdsuo vdsuobb e`bkl e`bkl cdcop cdcopotd otd co cobo boj j tdn tdno o ekftug ekftug,, dod dodtu tu h`t`nr h`t`nrohd ohdg, g, kbkgt kbkgtr`f r`fdg dg co cof f nrohd nrohdg. g. H`t`nrohdg cof vdck` (skeonod sotu a`ft`l eolof kbkgtr`fdg), jkfykcdogof dbustrosd jkbobud nojeor, noje or, skikfds skikfds vdsuob vdsuob yofn jkwogdbd jkwogdbd rkobdtd rkobdtd coboj coboj gkocoof gkocoof yofn pobdfn lofpdr lofpdr gkpoco gkpoco gkocoof yofn rkobdstdg, dodtu jkfykrupod sksuotu sueikg otou sdtuosd yofn skekfor. Eolof nrohdg pubo jkfykcdogof dbustrosd skaoro ortdstdg otou sdje`bdg cof do tkrcdrd cordpoco cuo gotkn`rd vdsuob skpkrtd coboj Uoiol 3.?. Gktdno-tdno gotkn`rd vdsuob yofn cdskeutgof dfd e`bkl ekrcdrd skfcdrdof otou skaoro g`jedfosd. Jkcdo Xdsuob

 Ofob`ndg  

@rnofdsosd  Uoiol 3.?9 Gotkn`rd Xdsuob

G`jedfosd 

 

d.

Xdsuob - Jkfkrofngof sksuotu g`fskp ckfnof jkfufiuggof sksuotu sdje`b yofn cdofnnop cdofnnop copot copot jkwogdb jkwogdbdd g`fskp g`fskp tkrskeut. tkrskeut. Qkeonod Qkeonod a`ft`l, a`ft`l, skeuol skeuol gortuf cdbugds eond jkwogdbd pkrdstdwo skb corol putdl jkfykrofn eogtkrdo. Cd sdfd, sktdop gorkgt`r gortuf cdbugds jkfyojod g`fskp osob.

dd.

Xdsuob @rnofdsosd   - Jkrofngujd aorto obdrof nroh, pkto, aorto gotkn`rd cof skeonodfyo.

ddd.

Xd Xds suob uob

G`jed jedfos fosd

-

jkfk jkfkro ropg pgof of

g`je g`jedf dfos osdd

gkbk gkbked edlo lof f

ofob ofob`n `ndg dg

cof cof

`rnofdsosd. 3.5.? 3.5 .?

Ikfds-i Ikfds-ikfds kfds vdsuob vdsuob cob coboj oj pkfcdc pkfcdcdgof dgof

Xdsuob Xdsu ob dob dobol ol eolof eolof jkcdo jkcdo pkfnoior pkfnoiorof of yofn jkfnnufogo jkfnnufogof f djki yofn copot copot cdbdlot cdbdlot,, otou ek ekrco rcosor sorgof gof pk pkfnb fnbdlo dlotof tof.. Gke Gkedo dosoo sooffy ffyo, o, pkfnnu pkfnnufo foof of vdsuob vdsuob coboj coboj pk pkfno fnoior iorof of cof pkjekboiorof cdnufogof ckfnof jkcdo pkfnoiorof yofn bodf cof sofnot khkgtdh gkpoco pk pkbo boio iorr

f` f`rj rjob ob.X .Xds dsuo uobb

e`bk e`bkl l

jkfi jkfioc ocdd

jkcd jkcdo o

ekre ekrekf kftu tug g

popo poporo rof f

dftk dftkro rogt gtdh dh..

Xd Xdsu suob ob

jkje`bkl jkje `bklgof gof pr`sks pr`sks pkfnoio pkfnoiorof rof cof pkje pkjekbo kboioro iorof f cdiobofg cdiobofgof of ckfnof ckfnof bkedl bkedl ekrgksof ekrgksof.. Julojoc Losof O. Uoljof (5===), ekrcosorgof pdrojdc gocor pkjkr`bklof pkjkr`bklof pkfnktoluof jkfufiug jkfu fiuggof gof pkfnbdlo pkfnbdlotof tof jkfaototg jkfaototgof of pkrotuso pkrotusof f tkreksor tkreksor dodtu dodtu 1) tkbol tkbol aueo jkjeugt jkjeugtdgof dgof sojoco pkboior pkboior tocdgo tocdgo jojpu jkfnodtgof 4 nojeor lodwof ckfnof loedtotfyo (nojeor). ]kboior cdeolondgof gkpoco gkpo co 5 gujpubo gujpubof. f. Gujpubof Gujpubof pkrtojo tkbol cdekrd cdekrd pkfckco pkfckcolof lof gkpoco gkpoco eugu ruiugof ruiugof ekrnojeor jkfnkfod lodwof cof loedtotfyo, jofogobo gujpubof gkcuo tdcog cdekrd eugu rui ruiugo ugof. f. Gujpu Gujpubof bof gkcuo gkcuo tkrpo tkrpogso gso jkfao jkfaord rd db dbju ju skaoro skaoro “tr “trdo dob-o b-ofc fc-kr -krr`r r`r—. —. Losdb Losdb goidof goidof jkfufiug jkfu fiuggof gof eolowo eolowo gujpubof gujpubof sotu bkedl bkedl ekrioyo ekrioyo cordpoc cordpoco o gujpubof gujpubof gkcuo cord sknd jkfnodtgof 4 lodwof ckfnof loedtotfyo. Ikfgdfs, Fkobk cof Ckf` (?48>) jkbop`rgo jkbop`rgof f eolowo pkboior bkedl ekrioyo jkfnkfob stdjubd yofn cdtoyofngof cdtoyofngof coboj coboj ekftug ekftug nojeor nojeor cordpoc cordpoco o pkrgotoo pkrgotoof. f. Ikfgdfs, Ikfgdfs, Qtoag cof Ckf` Ckf` (?484) (?48 4) tkbol jkfnoior jkfnoior ??8 pkboior pkboior skg`bol skg`bol rkfcol rkfcol uftug uftug jkfnkfob jkfnkfob dtkj (nojeor (nojeor otou pk pkrgo rgotoo toof) f) yofn yofn tkbol tkbol cdtoy cdtoyof ofngo ngof f cd sgrdf. sgrdf. GkcuoGkcuo-cuo cuo no nojeo jeorr co cof f pkrgo pkrgotoo toof f tkbol tkbol cd cdlo losd sdbg bgof of co cobo boj j h`rj h`rjot ot sb sbod odc. c. Lo Losd sdbb goid goidof of jkfu jkfufi fiug uggo gof f eolo eolowo wo gujp gujpub ubof of yofn yofn cdckcol cdc kcolgof gof gkpoco gkpoco nojeor nojeor ocobol ocobol bked bkedl l ekrioyo ekrioyo cordpoco cordpoco gujpubof gujpubof yofn cdckcolg cdckcolgof of gkpoco pkrgotoof. Xdsuob tkreolond gkpoco cuo ikfds dodtu vdsuob toyofnof cof vdsuob eugof toyofnof.Xdsuob toyofnof ocobol skpkrtd trofspkrkfsd cof @L], pr`ikgt`r sbodc, gojkro vdck` skrto vdck`

 

cof tkbkvdsykf. Jofogobo vdsuob eugof toyofnof ocobol skpkrtd aorto, p`stkr, popof tubds cof j`ckb. Xdsuob toyofnof skpkrtd trofspkrkfsd cof pr`ikgt`r `vkrlkoc ocobol obot eoftu jkfnoior  eond jkjeoftu nuru jkfaopod pkfnoiorof yofn khkgtdh. ]kboior ogof bkedl akpot jkfkrdjo pk pkboi boioro orof f ck ckfno fnof f jkbdl jkbdlot, ot, jkfckf jkfckfno norr cof jkbog jkbogugo ugoff ffyo. yo. Dfd lo lofyo fyo copot copot cdb cdbogu ogugof gof ckfnof jkfnnufogof @L] cof trofspkrkfsd yofn ropd cof sdstkjotdg `bkl pdlog nuru. Jkfu Jk furu rutt Gkjp Gkjp (?4< (?41), tkbkvdsykf eofyog pkfcdcdgof tkbol eofyog jkfnotosd josobol joso bol pkfnoboj pkfnobojof of pkjekboi pkjekboiorof orof jurdc. jurdc. Ekraogop Ekraogop jkfnkfod jkfnkfod vdck`, vdck`, do ekrjogsu ekrjogsuc c jkfnnufogof pdto vdck` cof pkrogoj vdck` gktdgo pr`sks pkfnoiorof cof pkjekboiorof. ]krogoj vdck` pubo jkrupogof obot jkfiofogof pdto vdck`. Gkbkedlof jkfnnufogof  pkrogoj vdck` uftug pkfnoiorof dobol nojeor cof eufyd otou suoro e`bkl cdsdorgof skrkftog. Jkcdo vdsuob eugof toyofnof skpkrtd aorto tkbol cdnufogof uftug jkfufiuggof sksuotu dcko otou g`fskp ckfnof aoro vdsuob. Aorto cdcopotd ojot pkftdfn, tkrutojo coboj jkfkrofngof sksuotu g`fskp otou dcko. ]kfkrofnof sksuotu dcko otou g`fskp skaoro bdsof soloio tkftu tdcog jkjuosgof cof gurofn coyo tordgof. Aorto yofn cdofnnop khkgtdh ocobol aorto yofn ekrioyo jkfnnoeufngof pkbeonod ikfds vdsuob skpkrtd nojeor, bugdsof, gortuf, nroh, nojeor  roiol cof ekftug-ekftug nordsof. Oco pkbeonod ikfds aorto, cdoftorofyo dobol aorto obdrof, aorto p`l`f, aorto iocuob, aorto joso cof bodf-bodf. Coboj jkjeuot pkjdbdlof ikfds-ikfds aorto, nuru lorusbol jkjdbdl yofn sksuod uftug tuiuof pkfnoiorof. Aorto-aorto yofn edoso

 

cd cdnuf nufogo ogof f coboj coboj pkfnoi pkfnoioro orof f dobo dobol l ao aorto rto p` p`l`f l`f,, aorto aorto obd obdrof rof,, aorto aorto iocu iocuob ob cof aorto aorto pkfnobojof. ]`stkr  cd cdnu nufo fogo gof f

uftu uftug g

jk jkfy fyoj ojpo podg dgof of

jogb jogbuj ujot ot,,

pkfk pkfkro rofn fnof of

cof cof

pkfn pkfnkt ktol oluo uof. f.

]kfkrofn ]kfk rofnof of jkfnnuf jkfnnufogof ogof p`stkr ocobol ocobol juco jucol l cof akpot. ]`stkr ]`stkr yofn tkrtojpob tkrtojpob cd eofnufof cof tkpd iobof royo fojpog aoftdg cof jkfordg gkrofo do cdeuot jkfndgut kbkjkfkbkjkf nrohdg yofn eodg eodg cof sdstkjotdg. ]`stkr iuno cdnufogo cdnufogof f `bkl syordgot pkfnkbuorof pkfnkbuorof eorofnof uftug tuiuof jkjpr`j`sd pr`cug cof cdnufogof `bkl gkjkftkrdof pkfcdcdgof uftug tuiuof jkfyojpodgof pkfkrofnof, tufiug oior cof fosdlot gkpoco pkboior ‑ pkboior. ]opof tubds otou popof ldtoj  yofn cdnufogof ckfnof aoro yofn ektub cof sdstkjotdg ogof copot copot jkfnlosd jkfnlosdbgof bgof pkfnoior pkfnoiorof of cof pkjekbo pkjekboioro iorof f yofn ekrguob ekrguobdtd. dtd. Do cdnufogo cdnufogof f jkbuos cof nuru lorusbol jkfnojedb gdro pkrofof yofn copot cdjodfgof `bkl popof tubds skekbuj jkjubogof skeorofn pkfnoiorof. Eond Er`wf (?484), nuru yofn ekrgke`bklof cof akgop akgop skbobufy skbobufyo o jkfnojed jkfnojedbb ekrot ekrot pkfnnufo pkfnnufoof of popof popof tubds tubds supoyo supoyo do ekfor-ek ekfor-ekfor  for  khkgtdh. J`ckb dob dobol ol eo eolof lof tdn tdno o cd cdjkf jkfsd sd yofn yofn jkwogd jkwogdbd bd strugt strugtur ur,, rupoek rupoekftu ftug g cof jkfikb jkfikbosg osgof of eonodjofo sksuotu (jdsobfyo jksdf) ekriobof. Skrcopot tdno ikfds j`ckb, oftorofyo dobol j`ckbb ekrsgobo j`ck ekrsgobo,, j`ckb j`ckb p`t`fno p`t`fnof f cof j`ckb j`ckb `b`g-`b`g `b`g-`b`g.. Gkeodgof Gkeodgof jkfnnuf jkfnnufogof ogof j`ckb j`ckb ocobol gkrofo do jkjpufyod ekftug tdno cdjkfsd yofn e`bkl cdbdlot, do e`bkl cdeksorgof otou oto u cd cdgka gkadbg dbgof of jkfnd jkfndgut gut gksksu gksksuod odof of pk pkfnb fnbdlo dlotof tof,, do e` e`bk bkl l jkfuf jkfufiu iuggo ggof f `e `eikg ikg yofn yofn tkrskjeufyd otou tkrtutup jobol do e`bkl jkfufiuggof adrd-adrd yofn pkftdfn. Cdsojpdfn dtu  iuno, j`ckb e`bkl jkjuotgof `eikg skekfor yofn g`jpbkgs cof e`bkl cdeugo cof cdposofn skjubo. J`ckb ogof jkjeoftu pkfnoiorof cof pkjekboiorof cdcoboj gkbos bkedl eodg, jkfordg cof hbkgsdekb. Djki pknuf cof djki ekrnkrog ocobol skeolondof cordpoco vdsuob. A`ft`l-a`ft`l dbustrosd ocobol oco bol skpkrtd skpkrtd nojeor, nojeor, aorto, aorto, nroh cof nojeoroi nojeoroiol. ol. ]kfnnufo ]kfnnufoof of djki pknuf cof djki ekrnkrog ocobol bkedl jucol cdholojd skbodf copot jkjekrdgof orolof yofn jkje`bklgof sksk`rofn ekrhdgdr ckfnof bkedl ekrgksof. Djkii pknuf Djk pknuf (stot (stotda da vdsuob vdsuob)) oco ocobol bol skpkrtd skpkrtd nojeor nojeor otou dbustrosd dbustrosd yofn jkfyojpodgo jkfyojpodgof f sksuotu sksu otu jogbujot jogbujot otou dfh`rjosd. dfh`rjosd. Djki pknuf cdnufogo cdnufogof f opoedbo opoedbo jogbujot jogbujot yofn dfndf dfndf cdsojpod cdso jpodgof gof sugor sugor uftug uftug cdikbosg cdikbosgof of ckfnof ckfnof lofyo lofyo jkfnnufo jkfnnufogof gof pkrgotoo pkrgotoof. f. A`ft`lfy A`ft`lfyo o skpkrtd aorto, pkto jdfco cof nroh. Nroh, aorto cof vdsuob bodf e`bkl jkfkrofngof eofyog pkrgoro coboj joso yofn sdfngot. Ckfnof ekrpofcugof nroh, pkboior copot jkjolojd sksuotu ckfnof lofyo jkbdlot tofpo jkjkrbugof pkfikbosof pkfikbosof yofn tkrpkrdfad t krpkrdfad cordpoco cordpoco nuru. Dfd ocobol gkrofo, nroh jkfnofcufnd jkfnofcufnd lofyo jogbujot pkftdfn yofn pkrbu cdgktolud `bkl pkboior. Nroh ojot sksuod cdnufogof

 

uftug joto pkboiorof ekrgodtof stotdstdg cof jotkjotdg. Dfd gkrofo, nroh tdcog jkjkrbugof lurodof ckfnof oyot yofn eofyog. Lofyo dsd-ds pkftdfn soloio yofn cdtubds cd coboj nroh.

 

A`ft`l pkfnnufoof nroh

Qkbodf cordpoco nroh, pkfnnufoof pkto jdfco iuno copot jkfnlosdbgof pkjekboiorof yofn ekrgksof. Coboj jkfnopbdgosdgof pkfnnufoof pkto jdfco, ekekropo syorot pkrbu cd ojedb ekrot. Bktoggof toiug yofn pkftdfn (jodf p`dft) cd tkfnol-tkfnol cof lurodgof dsd-dsd ckfnof bkedl tkrpkrdfad ckfnof jkjeuot ekekropo aoeofn yofn jkfnlueufngof dsd-dsd ckfnof toiug. A`ft`lfyo skpkrtd nojeoroiol cd eowol.

 

A`ft`l pkfnnufoof pkto jdfco

Jkbobud pkto jdfco, pkboior copot jkfnktolud cof joldr ckfnof dsd-dsd pkftdfn ekrgodtof ckfnof toiug. Dfd copot jkjeoftu pkboior coboj jkfndfnot. Jogbujot yofn tkrbobu eofyog jufngd juf ngdf f ogof ogof jkfnk jkfnkbdr bdrug ugof of pk pkboi boior. or. Ckfn Ckfnof of jkf jkfnn nnufo ufogof gof pk pkto to jdfco jdfco,, dsd dsd-ds -dsdd co copot pot cdlurodgof ckfnof bkedl tkrsusuf cof pkjdgdrof pkboior tdcog lofyo tkrg`fng`fn ckfnof oyot-oyot tkrtkftu. ]kboior cdekrd gkekeosof uftug jkfnlurodgof sksuotu dsd tofpo bord cord t`pdg yofn skekfor.

 

 ]kfnnufoof aorto coboj pkfnoiorof cof pkjekboiorof iuno jkrupogof sobol sotu gokcol yofn ekrgksof. Aorto jkfnofcufnd nojeor ekrskrto boekb. Aorto sksuod cdnufogof uftug pkboior cd pkrdfngot rkfcol gkrofo pkboior jkfcopot vdsuob otou nojeorof tkftofn sksuotu pkrgoro ekrskrto lurodof coboj joso yofn sojo. ]kfnnufoof aorto copot jkfdfngotgof gkholojof pkboior. pkboior. Qkbodf dtu, pkfnnufoof pkfnnufoof aorto ojot sksuod uftug jo joto to pkboiorof yofn jkfnofcufnd g`fskp yofn g`fgrdt skrto jkjkrbugof lurodof tkrpkrdfad a`ft`lfyo ed`b`nd cof goidof tkjpotof.

 

A`ft`l pkfnnufoof aorto

Coboj Cob oj pkfnnufo pkfnnufoof of djki pknuf otou stotdg, stotdg, pkfnnufoof worfo, sodz `eikg cof ekftug pk pkrbu rbu cd cdtdt tdtdge dgekro krotgo tgof. f. Dfd ocobo ocobol l gkrof gkrofo, o, pkfnnu pkfnnufo foof of worfo worfo yofn yofn ekrsks ekrsksuod uodof of co copot pot jkjpkfno jkjp kfnoruld ruld skrto jkfordg jkfordg jdfot jdfot pkboior pkboior.. A`ft`l-a A`ft`l-a`ft` `ft`l l djki pknuf dfd pkrbu pkrbu jkfordg   pkrlotdof pkfckfno pkfckfnorr cof jkjeoftu coboj dfnotof sksuotu dfnotof sksuotu pkrgoro. 

Djki ekrnkrog (cyfojda vdsuob) ocobol df`vosd cordpoco djki pknuf. Djki ekrnkrog, skbodf jkjpufyod adrd yofn sojo ckfnof djki pknuf, pkrbu jkjoporgof pkrnkrogof eond sksuotu djki.. ]krgoro djki ]krgoro dfd jkjekrdgof jkjekrdgof sotu dbusd yofn cdfojog cdfojogof of

“ofdjos “ofdjosd—. d—. Djki ekrnkrog ekrnkrog sugor  sugor 

uftug uftu g cdlosdbg cdlosdbgof of gkrofo gkrofo do jkjkrbug jkjkrbugof of pkf pkfnktol nktoluof uof tojeolof tojeolof cof grkotdvdt grkotdvdtdd pkfadpto pkfadpto..

 

^oboueon ^obo ueonodjo odjofopu fopuf, f, djki ekrnkrog ekrnkrog jojpu jojpu jkfordg jkfordg bkedl bkedl pkrlotdo pkrlotdof f ekreofcd ekreofcdfn fn djki pknuf. ]kfnnufoof djki ekrnkrog coboj pr`sks pkfnoiorof cof pkjekboiorof jkjkrbugof syorotsyorot tkrtkftu. Dfd ocobol gkrofo, pkfnnufoof djki ekrnkrog yofn tdcog sksuod ckfnof sdtuo sdtuosd sd ogof ogof jkfnno jkfnnofn fnnu nu pr`sks pr`sks pkfnoi pkfnoioro orof f co cof f pkjekb pkjekboi oioro orof. f. A`ft` A`ft`lfy lfyo o coboj coboj pkrskjeolof p`wkr p`dft, rkgoekftug sbodc lkfcogbol cdojedb gdro. Ofdjosd tdcog sksuod cdnufogof uftug sbodc yofn jkfnofcufnd lurodof yofn eofyog gkrofo pkboior ogof bkedl tkrtordg uftug jkbdlot gkpoco ofdjosd ekreofcdfn lurodof yofn cdtubds. Iocd dfd skaoro tdcog bofnsufn ogof jkfnnofnnu pr`sks pkfnoiorof cof pkjekboiorof. Djki ekrnkrog ekrnkrog ocobol ocobol sksu sksuod od cdnufog cdnufogof of uftu uftug g pkboioro pkboiorof f yofn jkjkrbu jkjkrbugof gof pkrnkrog pkrnkrogof of supoyo t`pdg yofn lkfcog lkfcog cdoior jucol cdholojd cdholojd a`ft`lfyo jkfnk jkfnkfod fod gkboiuof gkboiuof.. Ckfnof aoro dfd pkboior copot jkbdlot pr`sks nkrogof yofn ekrbogu. Jogbujot ogof bkedl jucol uf uftug tug cd cdsoj sojpo podgo dgof f gkp gkpoc oco o pk pkboi boior. or. Qk Qkbod bodf f dtu dtu,, djki djki ekrnk ekrnkrog rog sksuo sksuodd cd cdnuf nufogo ogof f uftug uftug jkfkrofn jkfk rofngof gof sksuotu sksuotu pr`sks pr`sks ekrbogu ekrbogu a`ft`lfyo a`ft`lfyo pr`sks pr`sks pkfopds pkfopdsof of odr. Djki ekrnkrog ekrnkrog ocobol bkedl sksuod cdnufogof gkrofo pr`sks yofn ekrbogu ocobol sugor uftug cdtkrofngof ckfnof lofyo jkfnnufogof pkrgotoof. Qkeobdgfyo, ocobol bkedl sksuod idgo jkfnnufogof jkfnnufogof ofdjosd gkrofo pkboior bkedl jucol jkjolojod pkriobofof sksuotu pr`sks. Qksk`rofn nuru jkstd jkjpufyod pkfnktoluof osos “nrohdg— uftug jkjeuot pkrskcdoof Eolof Eoftu Jkfnoior (EEJ) osos. ]kjolojof osos “nrohdg— jkje`bklgof sksk`rofn jkfnlosdbgof EEJ yofn sdstkjotdg cof khkgtdh. Jkfurut Gkjp (?41) jkfkrofngof eolowo nrohdg ocobol tkrcdrd cordpoco eolof vdsuob yofn jkrdfngosgof pkfkrofnof cof pkfdbodof tkrtkftu jkfkrusd noeufnof pkfnnufoof bugdsof, pkrgotoof, bojeofn cof nojeor‑nojeor. Gofog‑gofog edosofyo tkrtordg gkpoco eo eolof lof nrohdg nrohdg yofn yofn cdt cdtufi ufiugg uggof. of. Jkrkg Jkrkgo o skftdo skftdoso so dfndf dfndf tolu tolu jkfnkf jkfnkfod od gkoco gkocoof of cu cufdo fdo skgkbd skg kbdbdf bdfn. n. Ckfno Ckfnof f oc oco o eoftuo eoftuof f nrohdg nrohdg j`ckf, j`ckf, pk pkfcd fcdcd cdgof gof yofn yofn jkrkg jkrkgo o tk tkrdj rdjo o co copot pot jkjeoftu jkjkfuld foburd dfndf tolu. Ckfnof Ckf nof goto bodf, nrohdg nrohdg ocobol ocobol eolo eolof f ‑ eolof eolof pkfnoior pkfnoiorof. of. Dcko cof pkfkrofn pkfkrofnoffy offyo o cdpkrjucolg cdpkrju colgof of jkfkrusd jkfkrusd pkfnnufo pkfnnufoof of ekek ekekropo ropo bugdsof, bugdsof, pkrgotoo pkrgotoof, f, bojeofn bojeofn cof h`t`. h`t`.

 

]krg ]k rgot otoo oof f co cof f ofng ofngo o iuno iuno cdnu cdnufo fogo gof f poco poco gkeo gkeofy fyog ogof of nroh nrohdg dg eond eond jkfi jkfikb kbos osgo gof f pkfyojpodof pkfkrofnof skpkrtd yofn tkrcopot poco nroh, iocuob, roiol cof aorto. Nrohdg eofyog skgobd jkbdeotgof ekftug ‑ ekftug vdsuob yofn jkfnofcufnd pkfkrofnof sdfngot cof pocot. Coboj pr`sks pkfnoiorof cof pkjekboiorof, pkjekboiorof, pkrskjeolof vdsuob ocobol sksuod cdnufogof uftug sdtuosd-sdtuod tkrtkftu. ]krskjeolof vdsuob edosofyo cdnufogof uftug t`pdg ekrgkfoof `eikg g`fgrdt `eikg g`fgrdt cof `eikgtdhf `eikgtdhfyo yo uftu uftug g jkfnkfo jkfnkfobpos bpostd, td, jkjekzog jkjekzogof, of, jkfngbo jkfngbosdhd sdhdgosdg gosdgof of g`fskp g`f skp otou otou jkbogu jkbogugof gof sksuo sksuotu tu gk gkrio rio.. Ck Ckfno fnof f pk pkfnn fnnufo ufoof of vdsuob vdsuob,, t`pdgt`pdg-t`p t`pdg dg copot copot cdsojpodgof gkpoco jurdc ckfnof bkedl jucol. Qkbod odf f

dtu tu,,

pkrs rsk kjeo jeolof

vd vdsu suo ob

iun iuno

sksu suod od

cdnuf nufogo gof f

uftu uftug g

gkoc kocoof

j`c j`c

pkjekboiorof  pkb pkboior oior bkedl bkedl gkpoco gkpoco pkfn pkfnbdlo bdlotof tof (