entec Consulting & Engineering entec Head Office: St. Gallen - Switzerland Tel: +41 71 228 10 20, Fax: +41 71 228 10 30 E-mail:
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The entec Cross Flow Turbine T15
The optimal turbine solution for small plants with medium flow and head
© entec Consulting & Engineering. Version 063e
entec Consulting & Engineering
Cross Flow Turbines… since 1925 In 1925, Donat Banki received a patent in Budapest for his BANKI turbine. This turbine applied the cross flow principle, where a free jet traverses a cylindrical runner in vertical direction to the turbine shaft. The runner can easily be adapted to the flow, by changing the width. This is a big advantage, because it is easy to build "tailormade" turbines for specified sites. The simple design allows good standardisation and manufacturing without sophisticated manufacturing facilities. The costs are low compared with other turbine designs. For this reason, the Cross Flow Turbine (CFT) successfully conquered the market in industrialised as well as in less developed countries. Manufacturers started already in the Seventies to develop and build this turbine and entec personnel supported these activities with know-how inputs. Most successful so far were initiatives in Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand and Peru, where the well known T3, T8 and T12 turbines were developed, tested and built, based on a series of earlier models. Nowadays numerous turbines are manufactured in these countries.
T15: A new Cross Flow design developed by Entec The present improved turbine generation, the T15 Turbine, is based on a consequent optimising process conducted over many years. Numerous computer based modifications of the hydraulic profile were empirically tested in the laboratory of the Institute for Hydraulic Machines of Stuttgart University. The test turbine of 29 kW had a runner diameter of 300 mm, and the sophisticated measuring facilities guarantee for reliable results. The achieved improvements were the basis for the redesign of the turbine. Three models, with the standard diameter of 300 mm and runner diameters of 400 and 500 mm, for larger flows at low head, were developed. It is now possible, even with the limitation of simple production methods, to build very reliable and long lasting turbines with competitive high efficiency. Big efforts were made to reach a good part load efficiency. With only 20% of the rated flow, the efficiency is still over 50%. This allows to reduce costs, because a single cell CFT will be sufficient in the majority of the applications. Double cell CFT’s have two independent guide vanes, and require two regulation devices as well, which increases cost. T15 turbine manufactured under license in Indonesia
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Properties of the T15 Cross Flow Turbine The machine has a welded housing made from quality steel, rigid enough to withstand high operational stress and to enable a smooth operation. The design and the hydraulic layout result in minimised vibrations and noise level. Special care was taken in the layout of the main bearings for the runner and the guide vane. The casing is designed in such a way that different options for the bearing system are available to cope with the specific site requirements, like flywheel or belt drive. A sealing system (contact free or conventional type) is integrated in the side flanges. The guide vane unit can easily be taken out through a side flange for inspection, cleaning or replacement. To obtain the guaranteed efficiency, the cylindrical runner is fabricated with high precision. The side discs are laser cut so that the entire runner cross section and blade positions are well defined. The runner blades, representing the secret of the exceptional output performance, consist of an optimised bright drawn steel profile, manufactured to our rigorous specifications. If the turbine must be positioned considerably above the tail race water level (e.g. due to flood risk), a draft tube may be added to prevent loss of head. As the cross flow turbine is a free jet turbine, an automatic snifter valve is integrated in the draft tube to control the tail water level.
Testing in the laboratory established improved efficiency
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Efficiency of T15 Turbines Efficiency 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Flow (Q/Qmax)
Efficiency diagram of model turbine in the Stuttgart laboratory (bearing losses included)
The efficiencies shown are in model tests on the 29 kW model turbine. The reference efficiency curve was recorded for 15 kW nominal power. Under other hydraulic operating conditions (higher output and wider runner) the efficiency may reach 80% or even more, using standard upgrading rules.
Efficiency upgrade as a function of specific speed: ns = nt * sqrt (Pt) / Ht ^ 1.25
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Runner adjustment in Indonesia
100 kW turbine manufactured under license in Indonesia
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Application Range of the T15-300
Application Limits T14-300
60.0
b0=200mm
b0=300mm
T14-300
50.0
Coupling Coupling on on turbine shaft Turbine Shaft
40.0 ) m (
Reinforced designfor Not possible needed
150kW P= 100kW
b0=50mm
b0=400mm
125kW b0=500mm
H d 30.0 a e h t e n
75kW
30kW
50kW 40 k
20.0 b0=100mm
20kW
10kW 10.0
Flatdrive Belt Belt
on
Turbine
b0=1000m
b0=500mm
0.0 50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
Discharge Q (l/s)
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Application Range of the T15-500 60.0
55.0 b0=200mm
b0=300m b0=500mm
50.0
b0=600mm
b0=400mm 45.0
b0=100mm
) m ( 35.0 H d a e h 30.0 t e n
Reinforced design needed
Coupling on Coupling turbine shafton turbine shaft
Belt drive
40.0
30kW 250 kW
b0=750mm
125kW 75kW
25.0
200 kW
50k W
20.0
300 kW
b0=1000m
150kW
b0=1100m
P= 100kW
b0=1250m
25k
15.0
b0=1500m 10.0
5.0 0
250
500
750
1000
1250
Discharge Q (l/s)
1500
1750
2000
2250
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entec Consulting & Engineering
Application Range of the T15-500 60.0
55.0 b0=200mm
b0=300m b0=500mm
50.0
b0=600mm
b0=400mm 45.0
b0=100mm
) m ( 35.0 H d a e h 30.0 t e n
Reinforced design needed
Coupling on Coupling turbine shafton turbine shaft
Belt drive
40.0
30kW 250 kW
b0=750mm
125kW 75kW
25.0
200 kW
50k W
20.0
300 kW
b0=1000m
150kW
b0=1100m
P= 100kW
b0=1250m
25k
15.0
b0=1500m 10.0
5.0 0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
Discharge Q (l/s)
2250
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entec Consulting & Engineering
Contacts Switzerland (head office): entec Consulting & Engineering St. Leonhardstr. 59, 9000 St. Gallen – Switzerland phone +41 71 228 10 20 – fax +41 71 228 10 30 e-mail
[email protected] – web www.entec.ch Thailand: ENVIMA (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 1023 TPS Bldg., 4th Floor, Pattanakarn Road, Suan Luang, Bangkok 10250 – Thailand phone +66 (0) 2 717 8114 – fax +66 (0) 2 717 8115 e-mail
[email protected] Laos: Sunlabob Rural Energy Systems Co., Ltd P.O.Box 9077, Vientiane / Lao PDR phone +856 (21) 313874 – fax +856 (21) 314045 e-mail
[email protected] Vietnam: entec Vietnam Room 101, 18 Tran Hung Dao Str., Hanoi – Vietnam phone +84 (4) 934 0888 ext 3014 or 3060 – fax +84 (4) 934 0899
entec Consulting & Engineering
Contacts Switzerland (head office): entec Consulting & Engineering St. Leonhardstr. 59, 9000 St. Gallen – Switzerland phone +41 71 228 10 20 – fax +41 71 228 10 30 e-mail
[email protected] – web www.entec.ch Thailand: ENVIMA (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 1023 TPS Bldg., 4th Floor, Pattanakarn Road, Suan Luang, Bangkok 10250 – Thailand phone +66 (0) 2 717 8114 – fax +66 (0) 2 717 8115 e-mail
[email protected] Laos: Sunlabob Rural Energy Systems Co., Ltd P.O.Box 9077, Vientiane / Lao PDR phone +856 (21) 313874 – fax +856 (21) 314045 e-mail
[email protected] Vietnam: entec Vietnam Room 101, 18 Tran Hung Dao Str., Hanoi – Vietnam phone +84 (4) 934 0888 ext 3014 or 3060 – fax +84 (4) 934 0899 e-mail
[email protected] Indonesia: pt. entec Indonesia Jl. Cisatu 193, Ciumbuleuit, Bandung 40142 – Indonesia phone +62 (22) 203 2128 – fax +62 (22) 203 2128 e-mail
[email protected] Nepal: entec Kathmandu P.O. Box 1457, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal phone +977 (1) 500 9067 / ...68 / ...69 – fax +977 (1) 552 1425 e-mail
[email protected] Malaysia: entecHydro Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Soon Hup Tower, Unit 2, Level 3, Jalan Maju, 98000 Miri, Sarawak – Malaysia phone +60 (85) 421 798 – fax +60 (85) 423 797 e-mail
[email protected] Tajikistan: Entec Tajikistan Center for Development of Oil and Gas Industry, 3 rd Floor, 77 Mushfiki Street, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 734018 phone +992 37 233 78 24 – fax +992 37 233 78 24 e-mail
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