Szogine-Tothne-Erettsegi-Angol-2.pdf

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¿ayalwizsga íeJadalg^űJteméiiy angol nyelvből II. kötet n Szerzők: SZÖGINÉ CSISZÁR ILONA, TÓTHNÉ SCHULTZ HEDVIG

«a Lektor: ENGI KATALIN

• Anyanyelvi lektor: DR. JEREMY PARROTT

Kiadói kód: MX-282 Kerettanterv: 28/2000. (IX. 21.) OM rend. Szerkesztő: Völgyesiné Nemcsók Adrienn Tömeg: 292 g Terjedelem: 188 oldal (16,80 ív)

Kiadja: Maxim Könyvkiadó Kft., 6726 Szeged, Fürj u. 92/B E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (62) 548-444, Fax: (62) 548-443 Felelős kiadó: Puskás Norbert Műszaki szerkesztő: Szuperák Attila Készült a Generál Nyomda Kft.-ben. Minden jog fenntartva, beleértve a sokszorosítást, a mű bővített, illetve rövidített változata kiadásának jogát is. A kiadó írásbeli engedélye nélkül sem a teljes mű, sem annak része semmilyen formában nem sokszorosítható. ISBN 978 963 261 082 5 © Copyright Maxim Kiadó, Szeged

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Kedves Nyelvtanárok! Kedves Nyelvtanulók! Egy közép- és emelt szintű érettségire, illetve alap- és középfokú nyelvvizsgára való felkészülést segítő gyakorlókönyvet tartanak a kezükben. A nyelvhelyesség és a hallott szöveg értésének fejlesztését tűztük ki célul. A könyv felépítése is a vizsgára való felkészülést segíti, akár tanórán, akár egyéni tanulás keretében. A két fejezet feladatai egyre nehezednek. A feladatok nehézsége a szintek jelzésével követhető, az A2, B1 szint a középszintű érettséginek, valamint az alapfokú nyelvvizsgának, a B2 szint pedig az emelt szintű érettséginek, illetve a középfokú nyelvvizsgának megfelelő nehézségi fok. A feladatok összeállításakor igyekeztünk minden lehetséges feladattípust bemutatni. A szövegek eredeti forrásokból származnak, és témáikban, ezzel együtt szókincsükben is kapcsolódnak a vizsgák témaköreihez. A feladatok fejlécei alapján nyomon követhető az egyes szövegek szintje, feladattípusa és az ahhoz kapcsolódó témakör, így a gyakorlás során a szövegek nemcsak a fenti két készség begyakorlásához, hanem a szóbelire való készüléshez is használhatóak. A könyv végén olvasható a hanganyagok szövegátirata, valamint a feladatok megoldása. A 2 CD-mellékleten megtalálhatóak a szövegek, melyekhez a Hallott szöveg értése fejezet feladatai kapcsolódnak. A feladatok instrukcióit a kiadó www.olvas.hu weboldaláról tölthetik le. Az egyes készségekhez tartozó feladatok előtt a vizsgára való felkészülést segítő javaslatokat, tanácsokat is megfogalmaztunk. A2

B1

B2

Nyelvhelyesség (Use of English)

8

16

20

Hallott szöveg értése (Listening)

8

36

20

Jó munkát, sikeres vizsgát kívánnak a Szerzők és a Kiadó

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NYELVHELYESSÉG Általános tanácsok A nyelvhelyesség vizsgarészben az alapvető nyelvtani szerkezetek, igeidők, helyesírás tudását mérik. # Mindig először az utasítást olvassa el nagyon figyelmesen! • Minden feladat megoldása után olvassa át újra a válaszait! * Ebben a vizsgarészben csak tökéletes válasz fogadható el, ezért nagyon figyeljen a helyesírásra is! • Kezdetben arra törekedjen, hogy begyakorolja a feladat megoldásához szükséges készségeket, de a vizsga közeledtével már arra is ügyeljen, hogy mennyi idő áll rendelkezésére majd a vizsgán! $ Próbáljon meg minden feladatot hiánytalanul megoldani; a jelenlegi értékelési rendszerben a hibás válasz nem jár pontlevonással. * Ügyeljen az írásképre, legyen jól olvasható, amit ír! Jumbled sentences (A2) Ebben a feladattípusban a megadott szavakból kell helyes mondatot alkotni. A mondat első szavát megadtuk. # Figyelmesen olvassa el a megadott szavakat, és próbáljon következtetni a mondat jelentésére! # Minden szót használjon fel! * Figyeljen a mondat végén szereplő írásjelre! # Mindig tartsa szem előtt, hogy az angol mondat szigorúan kötött szórendű! # Pontosan másolja le a szavakat, mert a nyelvhelyességi feladatokban helyesírási hibát sem követhet el! Sentence transformation (A2, B l ) Ebben a feladattípusban úgy kell átalakítani az eredeti mondatot, hogy annak jelentése ne változzon. * A megadott formában használja fel a mondat után szereplő nagybetűs szót! # Gondolja végig, hogy milyen nyelvtani szerkezetbe illik az adott szó! * Ügyeljen arra, hogy az átalakítás során gyakran újra egyeztetnie kell az egyes mondatrészeket (pl. alany - állítmány, egyes szám - többes szám stb.)! Word formation (A2, B l , B2) Ebben a feladattípusban a zárójelben megadott szóból a szöveg tartalmának megfelelő, új szófajú szót kell képezni. h Olvassa el figyelmesen az egész szöveget, különös tekintettel a hiányzó szó előtti és utáni szavakra! * Döntse el, milyen szófajú (ige, főnév, melléknév, határozószó stb.) a hiányzó szó, továbbá hogy pozitív vagy negatív tartalmú-e!

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* Hasznos lehet, ha a szavak tanulása során az új szóval együtt megtanulja annak különböző szófajú alakjait is. Akár táblázatba is foglalhatja: IGE

FŐNÉV

MELLÉKNÉV

to live

life

live/lively

Ne felejtse el, hogy - az utasításnak megfelelően - az is előfordulhat, hogy a megadott szón nem kell változtatnia! Cloze (A2, Bl, B2) Ebben a feladattípusban megadtuk a szövegből hiányzó szavakat, természetesen összekeverve, továbbá hozzátettünk egy fölösleges szót. # Itt is nagyon figyelmesen olvassa el az egész szöveget, és próbálja meg kitalálni, milyen szó fajú a hiányzó szó! + Nézze meg, milyen szófajúak, illetve milyen szófajúak lehetnek a megadott szavak! # Először mindig azokat írja be, amelyekben biztos! Jelölje meg (pl. húzza ki) a már felhasznált szavakat!

Open-cloze (Bl, B2) Ez a feladattípus a szókincsét és nyelvtani tudását is próbára teszi. A legtöbb hiányzó szó nyelvtannal: létigével, segédigével, névelővel, elöljárószóval stb. kapcsolatos. A szövegkörnyezet segít eldönteni, mi lehet az odaillő szó. h Figyelmesen olvassa el az egész szöveget! # Arra is figyeljen oda, hogy minden üres helyre csak egy szót írhat, de az összevont alakok, pl. I'm, egy szónak számítanak! Gondolja végig, hogy az angol mondat kötött szórendje meghatározza, hogy egy adott helyre milyen szófajú szó kerülhet, pl. főnév elé melléknév, ige elé segédige stb. # Vegye sorra, milyen nyelvtani szerkezet szerepelhet a mondatban, pl. hasonlításnál as ... as stb. # Kövesse az egyeztetés szabályait, pl. egyes szám - többes szám stb. Verb forms (Bl, B2) Ebben a feladattípusban a zárójelben megadott igéket kell a megfelelő igeidőbe vagy igealakba (pl. infínitive, gerund, segédigés szerkezet) tenni. Ehhez nagyon jól kell tudni az igék összes alakját. Sokat ismételje őket! h Olvassa végig figyelmesen a szöveget! # Döntse el, hogy a szöveg egyes részei milyen idősíkra vonatkoznak (jelen, múlt vagy jövő)! # Ezen idősíkoknak megfelelően használja az igeidőket, kiemelten figyelve arra, hogy pl. múlt időben követnie kell a függő beszéd szabályait!

u

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Itt se felejtsen el egyeztetni (szám, személy)! Tartsa szem előtt az egyes igeidők képzési szabályait! Ne felejtse el, hogy a mondat jelentéstartalma határozza meg nem csak az igeidőt, hanem a mondatba illő szerkezetet, módot is (pl. szenvedő szerkezet, feltételes mód, valószínűség stb.)! Multiple choice (A2, B l , B2) Ebben a feladattípusban az adott választási lehetőségek közül kell a logikailag és nyelvtanilag is helyes megoldást kiválasztani. # Mindig azzal kezdje, hogy elolvassa a teljes szöveget, a hiányokkal nem törődve, hogy képet kapjon a tartalmáról! A Ezután mondatról mondatra haladva válassza ki az ön által helyesnek vélt megoldást! # Ha nem tudja eldönteni, melyik válasz a helyes, próbálja meg kiszűrni, melyik válasz(ok) egyértelműen rossz(ak)! 4t Ha kiválasztotta az ön által helyesnek tartott szót, olvassa el újra az egész mondatot, így ellenőrizheti, értelmes-e a kiválasztott szóval! Error correction (B2) Ebben a feladattípusban azt kell eldöntenie, hogy a szöveg egyes soraiban (nem mondataiban!) van-e fölösleges, nyelvtanilag vagy logikailag nem odaillő szó. $ Figyelmesen olvassa el az egész szöveget, hogy képet kapjon annak tartalmáról! # Olvasson el egy-egy mondatot, függetlenül attól, hogy az hány sorban helyezkedik el, és alaposan gondolja végig, van-e az adott mondatban fölösleges szó! # Soronként jelölje, hogy a mondat adott sora helyes-e! Amennyiben igen, a sor melletti vonalon ezt pipával ( S ) jelölje! $ Amennyiben a mondat egy adott sorában fölösleges szót talál (egy sorban csak egy fölösleges szó lehet!), akkor ezt a szót írja ki a sor melletti vonalra!

HALLOTT SZÖVEG ÉRTÉSE Altalános tanácsok Ebben a vizsgarészben a hallott szöveget kétszer lesz alkalma meghallgatni. Először egyben az egészet, majd pedig szünetekkel, részenként. A vizsgán a hanganyagon minden, a szünetekkel együtt folyamatosan rajta van, vizsga közben a hanganyag lejátszását nem állítják le. A könyv mellékleteként megtalálható CD-n azonban helytakarékosság miatt csak egyszer szerepelnek a szövegek. # Az utasításban megadják a szöveg témáját is, továbbá időt hagynak arra, hogy átnézze a feladatot, így már bizonyos fokig képet alkothat, miről fog hallani. # Mindig szerepel egy példa is. # A helyesírást ebben a vizsgarészben külön nem pontozzák, tehát kisebb hibáért nem vonnak le pontot, mégis ajánljuk, hogy igyekezzen helyesen dolgozni. 10

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Completing the sentence (A2, B l , B2) Ebben a feladattípusban a CD-n elhangzó szöveg tartalmához kapcsolódó hiányos mondatok szerepelnek. Figyelmesen olvassa el az utasítást, illetve hallgassa meg a szöveget a CD-ről! * Nézze át alaposan a mondatokat! * Az első meghallgatás során még semmit ne írjon, próbálja meg „kihallani" a szükséges infonnációt! Előfordul, hogy ugyanazt a dolgot más-más szavakkal fejezik ki a CD-n, illetve a feladatban. * Másodszorra részekre bontva hallgassa meg a szöveget, kb. 30 másodperces szünetekkel! Ekkor egészítse ki a mondatokat az ön által odaillőnek vélt szóval! H Ellenőrizze, hogy mindig csak annyi szót írt-e be, amennyit az utasítás kért! Az öszszevont alakok egy szónak számítanak. Short answers (A2, B l ) Ebben a feladattípusban a hallott szöveg értését kérdésekkel ellenőrzik. * Figyelmesen olvassa el az utasítást, illetve hallgassa meg a szöveget a CD-ről! * Nézze át alaposan a kérdéseket, ugyanis sokat segíthetnek abban, hogy képet kapjon, miről szól a szöveg! * Ne lépje túl a megadott szószámot! * Semmiképpen sem csak annyit írjon be, hogy Yes vagy Nol Alkalmazza a rövid válasz szabályát: Yes, he does. / No, he doesn 't. * Ügyeljen arra, hogy a beírt válaszai nyelvtani és helyesírási szempontból is jók legyenek! 11 A végén ellenőrizze, hogy valóban a kérdésekre felelnek-e a válaszai! Multiple choice (A2, B l , B2) Ebben a feladattípusban három: a), b), c) vagy négy: a), b), c), d) lehetséges megoldás közül kell az egyetlen jót kiválasztania. * Most is nagyon fontos a feladat figyelmes tanulmányozása! * Egy későbbi válasz utalhat valamelyik előző kérdés helyes válaszára. * Az első meghallgatáskor próbálja a szöveget egészben megérteni! * Ha nehezen dönt, zárja ki azokat a válaszokat, amelyek biztosan nem odaillők! * Lehet, hogy két választ is jónak tart, ilyenkor különösen figyelje a szóhasználatot, mert hallhat hasonló kifejezést, ám a jelentésük teljesen különbözhet. * Végül csak a válaszait átolvasva ellenőrizze, valóban azokat az információkat választotta-e, amelyekről a szöveg szólt! True/False (A2) Ebben a feladattípusban azt kell eldöntenie, hogy a CD-n hallott szöveghez kapcsolódó (8-10) állítás azonos tartalmat hordoz-e a hallottakkal (igaz), vagy sem (hamis). H Figyelmesen tanulmányozza, illetve hallgassa meg az utasítást! Az állításokat általában az elhangzás sorrendjében adjuk meg.

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^ Az első meghallgatáskor arra figyeljen, melyik állításról nem hall semmit, illetve esetleg az épp ellenkező információt! Ezek nyilván hamisak. 1 A második meghallgatáskor a maradék állításokra figyelve döntse el, igazak-e vagy hamisak! # A mondat bármely része hordozhat minimális eltérést (pl. szám, dátum, állítás-tagadás stb.). True/False/Doesn't Say (A2, B l , B2) Ebben a feladattípusban azt kell eldöntenie, hogy a CD-n hallott szöveghez kapcsolódó (8-10) állítás azonos tartalmat hordoz-e a hallottakkal (igaz), vagy sem (hamis), valamint hogy bizonyos állítások egyáltalán szerepelnek-e a hallott szövegben. Tanácsaink is hasonlóak a fentiekben megfogalmazottakhoz, annyi kiegészítéssel, hogy itt még főntosabb, hogy a szöveg egészét próbálja meg megérteni. Matching exercie (Bl, B2) Ebben a feladattípusban a hallott szöveghez általában két oszlopban szerepelnek a feladat részei (számozva, illetve betűkkel jelölve). A feladat összepárosítani az elhangzottaknak megfelelően az egymáshoz tartozó részeket. $ Az utasítás figyelmes áttanulmányozása itt is alapvető. # Nézze meg, milyen adatok szerepelnek a táblázatokban! # Amennyiben számok szerepelnek, alapvető, hogy azokat jól tudja angolul, és figyeljen a kiejtésre (pl. jifty-fifteen)\ # Előfordulhat, hogy már a feladat tanulmányozásakor ötletei támadnak a párosításra. Ezzel azonban vigyázzon, mert ez az ön gondolatmenete, a CD-ről egészen mást is hallhat. # A második meghallgatáskor legjobban a betűkkel jelölt oszlopban szereplő adatokra figyeljen! Ebben a feladatban nincs fölösleges információ. A, B or AB (Bl, B2) Ez a feladattípus hasonló a feleletválasztóshoz, ám itt nem csak egy lehetséges jó megoldás van, hanem mindkét megadott változat is helyes lehet. # Figyelmesen olvassa el az állításokat/kérdéseket, és gondolkozzon el azon, hogyan lehetne a bennük szereplő információt más módon (pl. rokon értelmű szavakkal) kifejezni! # Mindig van legalább egy helyes válasz.

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[Task 1 A2 - "Jumbled sentences" The words in the sentences below are jumbled up. You have to form correct sentences. Do not change the form of the words. There is an example (0) at the beginning. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

the/on/was/wkat/weather/holiday/like/your What was the weather like on your holiday? Would/pleased/ew/studied/be/if/teacher/more/very/we/ Our . Is/on/expensive/geing/for/holiday/her/too Going . Have/a/countryside/they/house/the/decided/buy/new/to/in They . Him/homework/asked/to/with/Petef/his/help/me Peter . Like/tonight/i/going/feel/cinema/to/don't/the I . More/exam/had/the/than/was/expected/difficult/we The . Short/is/money/always/he/of He . Doing/can 't/the/she/washing-up/stand She . Some/the/you/proj ect/give/about/ee«W/information/me Could ? Outer/there/you/in/de/space/life/think/i s Do ?

iTask 2 A2 - "Sentence transformation" Transform each sentence using the new beginning and the word given in bold, so that the meaning stays the same. Use between two and five words. There is an example (0) at the beginning. The shop opened a year ago. The shop has been open since last year. Peter started to learn Chinese a couple of years ago. Peter has a couple of years. Normally I have a 10-minute journey to work. Normally to get to work. My son hasn't done his homework yet. My son his homework.

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4 This is Jane's first day in her new job. JUST Jane's her new job. 5 Chewing gum is not allowed in lessons. MUST Students in lessons. 6 When did your parents get married? HAVE How married? 7 How much did his new mobile phone cost? PAY How much his new mobile phone? 8 My brother isn't old enough to drive a car. TOO My brother to drive a car. 9 John is not interested in politics. DOES Politics John. 10 What radio programme do you like best? FAVOURITE What radio programme?

Task 3 'Environment* You are going to read a text about a service that can make your life easier. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the correct forms of the words in brackets. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There might be cases when you don't have to change the given word. There is an example (0) at the beginning. The Home As they say 'the home is where the heart is'. But do we all have the heart to get all (0) those (that) niggely little jobs done? Why should you have to take a day's precious holiday, just to sit around waiting for the gas man to arrive? Simple Life can provide you with the invaluable service of finding a (1) (rely) tradesman, let them into your house, oversee the work and lock up your house once the job has been done and they have left. All home and garden (2) (repair) as well as any kind of home (3) (improve) can be dealt with. Domestic cleaning, washing and (4) (iron), in fact any and all domestic chores can also be organised on your behalf. A key holding (5) (serve) can be proved for all members. The keys will be stored in a (6) (security) place, and all (7) (employ) will have to sign for any key, and will be required to bring them back the same day. This service allows our staff to deliver or collect anything on your behalf to any address without the occupant needing to be home. Perhaps you are moving home? We will source you properties, make sure it is decorated and clean before you move in. Organise your (8) (park) permit, utilities and any storage that you may need. You will also be given a little moving in (9) (pack) - all the essentials for your (10) (one) night in your new house. (http: //www. simple-life. co. uk) D

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0 those 1

6 7 8 9 10

2 3 4 5

iTask 4 A2 - "Environment" You are going to read a text about the importance of recycling. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (AL) for each gap (1-10) in the text. There is one extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. The Impact of Recycling Recycling is one of the best (0) JC for you to have a positive impact on the world in (1) we live. Recycling is important for (2) the natural environment and us. We must act fast as the amount of waste we create is increasing all the time. The amount of rubbish we create is constantly increasing because increasing wealth means that people are buying (3) products and ultimately creating more waste. Increasing population means that there are more people on the planet to create waste. New packaging and technological products are being (4) , and many of these products contain materials that are not biodegradable. New lifestyle changes, (5) as eating fast food, mean that we create additional waste that isn't biodegradable. Recycling is very important as waste has a huge negative impact on the natural environment. Harmful chemicals and greenhouse gases are (6) from rubbish in landfill sites. Recycling helps to reduce the pollution caused by waste. Habitat destruction and global warming are some of the affects caused (7) deforestation. Recycling reduces the need (8) raw materials so that the rainforests can be preserved. Huge amounts of energy are (9) when making products from raw materials. Recycling requires much (10) energy and therefore helps to preserve natural resources. (http://www.recycJing-guide.org.uk) A more F which K such

B for G both L less

C ways H what

D released I developed

E used J by 10

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'School'' 0 Read this article about a fat child's school memories. Some words are missing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options (A-D) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is an example (0) for you. School Memories When I was a kid, I had it rough. I was tall, but (0) B . I had lots of friends, but people were mean to me. Kids would say I was fat, and then ask me how much I weighed. I (1) , all I could do was get away from everyone and just cry. I remember a couple of stories that I can relate (2) . Most things happened in the 6th grade. I just moved and made many new friends. (3) a middle school is hard. The eight graders would pick on me and say mean things. Once, an 8th grader was walking by my locker and said, "how's your diet going fat girl!" and then in the gym, we (4) and doing tumbling. A 7th grader saw me running around and told other people about it. I soon (5) when a 6th grader not from my class said, "Hey tubby! 7th graders are saying your stomach shakes when you run! They saw you in gym. You are the fattest kid I (6) ." This all happened the (7) day. I never felt so humiliated and sad in my life. When I finally got into the 7th grade, I gained about 10 kilos. Everyone started asking (8) I weighed. I told them how much, and they spread it around the 7th grade. That is my story of my middle school years. I had a hard time in school, (9) the best part is, I liked who I was, and 1 didn't care (10) anyone thought of me. (http://www. catay. com/fatkid) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A A A A A A A A A A A 0 B

weight haven't answered to Start was running founded out have never seen same how and that 1

2

B B B B B B B B B B B

overweight answered with Starting ran found out haven't seen whole how many so which 3

4

C weighed C didn't answer Cin C Going C were running C found C have ever seen C every C how much C though C why 5

6

7

D D D D D D D D D D D

overweighed didn't give answer on Getting . were runing founded ever saw all how heavy but what 8

9

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iTask 6 A2 - "School" You are going to read a text about out of school activities. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-L) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is one extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Out of School Activities Many children enjoy organised out of school activities of one (0) E or another. In this section, Parents Online makes some suggestions for things your child could do, some familiar, some, perhaps, less so. Quite apart (1) the enjoyment children may get from the activities, there are other good reasons for encouraging (2) to take part: They may meet different children (3) from a different range of backgrounds. Not only is this fun, it may also help children who are shy, or who are having difficulty at school (4) their confidence. They will have a (5) to relate to adults in a slightly different way than they do either with teachers or members of their family. The range of activities offered will (6) your children the chance to develop different skills. This can be especially helpful for children who are having difficulty (7) formal schoolwork. As the government places (8) emphasis on literacy, numeracy and the requirements of the national curriculum, some schools are (9) it difficult to find time for art, drama and other (10) activities, and sport. Out of school activities can pick up the slack. And don't forget - they give Mum and Dad a break! (http.V/www.parents. org. uk) A them G with 0 E

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Task 7 A2 - "Science and technology" You are going to read a text about improving children's communication. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example at the beginning. How to Teach Your Child About Different Forms of Communication It is important (0) for children to learn the different ways we communicate. This will give them the opportunity to express (1) in a variety of forms such as 18

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through their hands, body, voice, letters and pictures. I have come up with some funny ways that you can teach your child about communication. One of the best ways to teach your child about different modes of communication (2) to read books. This will give you the chance (3) show pictures and talk about the ways people communicate. Create a feely box (4) contains many forms of communication. Some items you can have are pens, envelopes, stationery, cassettes, a cell phone and small radio. Then your child will close (5) eyes, feel one item and guess what it is. Once they guessed (6) item you can talk about how that form of communication is used. Play communication games. A popular communication game is called telephone. You can play this game with your (7) family. Everyone sits in a circle. You whisper a word to the person (8) to you and that person passes the message to the person next to them. This message passing continues (9) it gets back to you. Then you blurt out the final word and let everyone know if that was the original (10) that you whispered. (http://www. associatedcontent. com) 0 for 1 2 3 4 5

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Task 8 A2 - "Lifestyle" You are going to read a text about the importance of breakfast. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning. Do You Have Breakfast Regularly? In the rush to (0) get to school or work, many of us skip breakfast. Yet it makes sense to fill your "empty tank" after a long night (1) food. Recent research proves that breakfast really is the (2) important meal of the day - and has a long list of benefits. When we eat, our body experiences something called the thermic effect - we burn calories just (3) digesting and absorbing our food. If you get up at 7 am and (4) eat your first meal until noon, that's 5 hours during (5) your calorie burn has slowed down unnecessarily. Eating in the morning, and then (6) 3-4 hours, keeps your body burning fuel efficiently - and helps prevent weight gain. Studies show (7) breakfast eaters also get more essential vitamins and minerals ((8) skippers rarely compensate in other meals), get more bone-building 19

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calcium (mainly milk products) throughout the day, eat (9) fat and fewer calorie-dense foods all day, have lower cholesterol levels and reduced danger of heart disease, have more normal weight and half the risk (10) developing obesity and insulin resistance - major risk factors for diabetes and heart disease, are less likely to overeat or snack in the evening, and are more likely to (11) to be 100. (http.V/www.actnowbc. ca) 0 get 1 2 3 4 , 5

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¡Task 1 B1 - "Sentence transformation" Transform each sentence using the new beginning and the word given in bold, so that the meaning stays the same. Use between two and five words. There is an example at the beginning. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

" Who were you phoning? " I asked Tom. HE I asked Tom who he was phoning . The man denied stealing the money. SAID The man the money. The teacher asked me, "Who is taking you to school?" WAS The teacher asked me to school. I really regret being so rude to her. WISH I been so rude to her. It's such a pity I can't go on holiday now. ONLY If holiday now. Don't try to call him - the line's engaged. GOOD It's call him - the line is engaged. It wasn't necessary to buy any milk, we have enough. BOUGHT You any milk, we have enough. Janet was so shocked that she could not say anything. TOO Janet was say anything. The police are sure that somebody saw the robbery. MUST Somebody the robbery. "Do you know how old John is?" she asked. KNEW She asked me if was. My brother can't vote because he's too young. ENOUGH My brother to vote.

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INTERESTED

11 Hockey doesn't interest him. He

hockey.

You are going to read a text about genetically modified foods. Your task is to write the correct verb forms of the words in brackets. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Minister Urges British "Rethink" on Genetically Modified Foods British resistance to genetically modified crops may have to be rethought in the light of food shortages and rising prices around the world, a Government minister (0) suggested (to suggest). Environment minister Phil Woolas said that as a nation, the UK (1) (to need) to ask itself whether GM can play a part in addressing the current crisis, which (2) (to see) food riots in several developing countries. According to reports, Mr Woolas (3) (to hold) talks last Wednesday with the Agricultural Biotechnology Council, an umbrella group formed in 2000 (4) (to promote) the role of biotechnology in agriculture. And he (5) (to tell) a newspaper: "There is a growing question of whether GM crops can help the developing world out of the current food price crisis. It is a question that we as a nation need to ask ourselves." The debate is already under way. Many people concerned about poverty in the developing world and the environment (6) (to wrestle) with this issue. The Government (7) (to decide) that there is no scientific case for a blanket ban on GM crops, but following heated public debate about so-called "Frankenstein foods", it made clear in 2004 that commercial planting (8) (to go) ahead only on a case-by-case basis if it can (9) (to show) to be safe for humans and the environment. There (10) (to be) no commercial cultivation of GM plants in the UK at present, and only one trial is under way, involving potatoes in Cambridgeshire. (http: //www. express, co. uk Thursday June 19, 2008 ) 0 suggested 1 2 3 4 5

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Task 3 B1 - "Lifestyle You are going to read a text about anorexia nervosa, a serious eating disorder. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa People who intentionally starve themselves suffer (0) from an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa. The disorder, (1) usually begins in young people around the time of puberty, involves extreme weight loss. Deborah developed anorexia nervosa when she was 16. A rather shy, studious teenager, she tried hard to please everyone. She (2) an attractive appearance, but was slightly overweight. Like many teenager girls, she was interested in boys but concerned that she wasn't pretty (3) to get their attention. When her father jokingly remarked that she would never get a date (4) she didn't lose some weight, she (5) him seriously and began to diet relentlessly. Soon after the pounds started dropping off, Deborah's menstrual periods stopped. Every day she weighed all (6) food she would eat on a kitchen scale. She also exercised compulsively, even after she weakened and became faint. No one was (7) to convince Deborah that she was (8) danger. Finally, her doctor insisted that she be hospitalized. While in hospital, she secretly continued her exercise regimen in the bathroom, doing strenuous routines of sit-ups and knee-bends. It took several hospitalizations and a good deal of individual and family outpatient therapy for Deborah (9) face and solve her problems. Deborah's case is not unusual. People with anorexia typically starve themselves, even though they suffer terribly from hunger pains. One of the most frightening aspects of the disorder (10) that people with anorexia continue to think they are overweight even when they are bone-thin. For reasons not yet understood, they become terrified of gaining (11) weight. (http://www.selflielpmagazine.com) 0 from 1 2 3 4 5

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B1 - "Science and technology" Q You are going to read a text about the costs of employee-owned laptops. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the correct forms of the words in brackets. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There might be cases when you don't have to change the given word. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Employee-Owned Laptops Don't Save Money Companies that (0) encourage (courage) employees to use their own laptops for work are deluding themselves if they think it is an easy way to save IT costs, according to Gartner. However, the analyst firm believes that the initiatives do have advantages in allowing IT an (1) (addition) measure of control over rogue users. The report said that the total cost of ownership of employee-supplied notebooks is not that (2) (difference) from company-bought hardware if the notebooks are well managed. But Gartner warned that (3) (proper) managed employee-supplied notebooks can actually be more expensive. The firm carried out a series of studies on two types of workers: office-based (4) (employ) who take a notebook home to extend their hours; and (5) (true) mobile workers who are out of the office 80 per cent of the working week. For both user profiles, the (6) (total) cost of ownership of a locked and well-managed virtual machine on an employee-owned notebook was (7) (broad) similar to that of a well-managed notebook. "Although total annual costs are typically equal to or better than company-owned notebooks, the (8) (save) mainly occur in indirect costs," said Gartner fellow Brian Gammage. "In all cases, the direct costs related to hardware, software and personnel are higher. This is driven by the additional (9) (compensate) paid to the user." The report goes on to question the (10) (motivate) for employee-owned notebook programmes, if not for lower costs.

(http://www.pcw.co.uk) 0 encourage 1 2 3 4 5

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Task 5 B1 - "People and society" You are going to read a text about how your appearance might influence other people's opinion about you. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-L) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is one extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Judging by Appearance How you look can (0) F risk of bullying, social exclusion and personal distress amongst adolescents, but psychological intervention can help young people deal (1) its affects. Research conducted over the (2) three years by Dr. Emily Lovegrove was presented on Thursday 9 January 2003 in Harrogate. The results showed that of 1,000 adolescents questioned, 75% cited teasing or bullying about appearance as causing distress. 31% said that they refused to engage in classroom debate because of (3) appearance. 20% of 15-year-olds questioned said they (4) truanted because of their appearance. Ignoring bullies or telling an adult (5) referred to by the children as commonly advised, but impractical, coping strategies. Adolescents helped to develop an intervention of 6 one-hour sessions (6) was subsequently delivered to over 200 adolescents in the South West of England. The sessions included information on the (7) of appearance in human interactions as well as learning 8 new coping strategies which were practised on hypothetical cases of adolescent bullying. Six months later perceived levels of bullying had reduced (8) almost two thirds. Improvements to self-esteem and resilience to bullying were significant. Dr. Lovegrove said "Distress and bullying in school arising from appearance-related issues is a wide-spread concern. Bullying about appearance (9) not character forming, a joke, or deserved. This research demonstrates (10) this form of abuse undermines global self-esteem and affects academic confidence." (http.V/www. bps. org. uk) A were F increase K had 0 F

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B1 - "Travel" 0 Read this article about the London taxis and their drivers. Some words are missing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options (A-D) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is an example (0) for you. London Cabs and Cabbies Today, London counts approximately 20,000 black cabs with more (0) C 24,000 cabbies. Whatever the colour and whatever the model, they still are black cabs. However, the FX4, first (1) in the Sixties, seems to be everyone's favourite. But the shape and form of the cab isn't the only thing that (2) London taxis the best in the world - because that's what they are! - their international success has (3) to do with the drivers too! In most cases, cabbies are the first persons visitors to London (4) - the first thing they hear is something like "Where to, Guv'?". They are the ones who help tourists discover the capital and sometimes (5) they see before leaving. They are the true representatives of the city and they leave a lasting impression - a good one, more often than not! "For a start, they know where they are going", said one New-Yorker, "which is rare (6) I come from!" It's no surprise when you consider that cabbies in London have to go through the very stringent "Knowledge" before they get the green and gold badge of their profession. The Knowledge was introduced in 1851 and (7) a list of 400 runs through London that the would-be driver must learn. He/she must know the streets, squares, hotels, theatres, government and public buildings, railway and police stations, courts, places of worship and the list goes on. If you need (8) on where to go, never hesitate to ask. They know more about (9) place in London than anyone else. And if you need someone with the finger on the pulse of London, look no further than that golden taxi sign. (10) your arm and shout: "TAXI!" (http://www. thelondontaxi. co. uk/) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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like was built makes many come across the latest that consist of advice the Rise

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Task 7 B1 - "Science and technology" You are going to read an aritcle about a hacker's false earthquake warning. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Chinese Police Arrest Fake Quake Hacker Chinese police (0) have arrested a 19-year-old suspected of hacking into a seismology website and falsely warning of a major earthquake, according (1) state media. Identified only by the surname Chen, the teenager (2) thought to be from east China's Jiangsu province, the Beijing News reported. The report claimed that Chen (3) admitted to illegally entering the Guangxi province's seismology website (4) the end of May in a bid to show off his technical skills. After hacking into the site, it is alleged that the 19-year-old altered text on the home page (5) warn of a "huge earthquake of magnitude 9 (6) more". The hack came just weeks after devastating earthquakes (7) Sichuan province on 12 May which killed around 70,000 people. Police arrested Chen on 4 June in Taicang city, (8) he hacked into the same site and deleted data on 1 June and 2 June. According to the report, the teenager had been held (9) five days in March for other hacking offences. No details surrounding a trial date or possible sentence (10) given. (http://www.pcw.co. uk) 0 have 1 2 3 4 5

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iTask 8 B 1 - " S e n t e n c e transformation" Transform each sentence using the new beginning and the word given in bold, so that the meaning stays the same. Use between two and five words. There is an example (0) at the beginning. 0 They took the exam in a very noisy room. WHERE The room where they took the exam was very noisy. 1 She hates going to supermarkets if they are crowded. WHICH She doesn't are crowded. 26

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2 1 will go if you come with me. UNLESS I come with me. 3 Jane can't decide whether to go to the cinema or not. MIND Jane still hasn't whether to go to the cinema or not. 4 Do you realize that's your third coffee in an hour? THREE Do you realize that cups of coffee in an hour? 5 It's your own fault - I told you it was dangerous to go near the dog. N O T It's your own fault - I warned near the dog. 6 When does this train get to London? Do you know? GETS Do you know to London? 7 The man said he had stolen the necklace. ADMITTED The man the necklace. 8 It's such a pity we can't go on holiday this year. WISH I on holiday this year. 9 I am sure you didn't see him yesterday. He is not in town. CAN'T You yesterday. He is not in town. 10 When did he start playing handball? BEEN How handball?

£ask 9

B1 - "Family life" You are going to read a text about Australian Aboriginal children. Your task is to write the correct verb forms of the words in brackets. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. The Stolen Generations Between 1910 and 1970 up to 100,000 Aboriginal children (0) were taken (to take) from their families by police or welfare officers. Most were under 5 years old. There was rarely any judicial process. To be Aboriginal was enough. Today they (1) (to know) as the "Stolen Generations". Most of these children were raised in Church or state institutions. Some were fostered or adopted by white parents. Many (2) (to suffer) physical and sexual abuse. Food and living conditions were poor. They received little education, and were expected (3) (to go) into low grade domestic and farming work. They were taken because it was Federal and State Government policy that Aboriginal children should (4) (to remove) from their parents. The main motive (5) (to be) to "assimilate" Aboriginal children into European society over one or two generations by (6) (to deny) and destroying their Aboriginality. Speaking their languages and practising their ceremonies (7) (to forbid). The physical and emotional damage to those taken away was profound and lasting.

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Most (8) (to grow up) in a hostile environment without family ties or cultural identity. As adults, many suffered insecurity, lack of self esteem, feelings of worthlessness, depression, suicide, violence, delinquency, abuse of alcohol and drugs and inability to trust. A National Inquiry was setup in 1995. Its 1997 Report 'Bringing them Home' (9) (to contain) harrowing evidence. It found that forcible removal of indigenous children was a gross violation of human rights which continued well after Australia (10) (to undertake) international human rights commitments. (http://www.en iar. org) 0 were taken 1 2 3 4 5

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Task 10 B1 - "Science and technology" You are going to read a text about how you can easily invent things. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-L) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is one extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Easy Invention Ideas - How to Have Them Want easy invention ideas? Dreaming up new products and inventions is (0) G and it can be easy too. One of the easiest ways to create new ideas for inventions is to look at what already exists and find a way to make it (1) . You can start with things in your own home. Look at the toaster, for example. How could it be (2) , replaced, or the need for it eliminated? You could eliminate the need for it if you designed a stove with a toaster (3) into it. You could replace it with something like a waffle iron. You could improve it by making it faster, perhaps with a combination toasting element and microwave heater. Is there anything that irritates you? Annoyances and irritating things are not just problems, but excellent opportunities for easy invention ideas. Suppose you are tired (4) burning your tongue on hot coffee. What could save you from this irritation? Perhaps a cup with a built-in thermometer (5) shows green once the coffee has cooled (6) ? Maybe a cooling device to set a coffee cup in, like a small fan that blows across the coffee when the cup is set on the device? 28

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Annoyed (7) the necessity of brushing your teeth so often? Maybe there is a Teflon-like coating that could be (8) , so food wouldn't stick. If it was anti-bacterial as well, you might avoid plaque even after days without brushing. Looking at (9) is around you and imagining small or large improvements is easy. It also isn't (10) difficult to train yourself to look at problems as opportunities. There are dozens of other techniques that will give you easy invention ideas, but start with these two simple ones and you can have a hundred new ideas today. (http://www.21stcentury.co.uk/ ) A built G fun 0 G

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B1 - "Environment'' L ask 11 You are going to read a text about city life and country life. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the correct forms of the words in brackets. There might be cases when you don't have to change the given word. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. City Life or Country Life? Maria lives in a big city surrounded by the speed and (0) convenience (convenient) of urban life. She works in an office with 1000 other (1) (employ), and travels to and from there on a crowded underground. Her home is a flat overlooking a busy city-street, which is always (2) (live) with the sound of traffic and people passing by. After work she meets friends in a bar or restaurant before going on to a disco or nightclub. Weekends are spent in the shopping mall with its numerous shops, multi-screen cinemas, fast food and (3) (entertain) complexes. Alex, however, lives in a small village in the countryside. He cycles to work down country lanes every morning, the sound of tractors, birds and animals in his ears. In the evening, he relaxes at home in front of the fire with a good book to read. At weekends, he goes for (4) (length) walks in the fields with his dog. The 18th century marked the beginning of the (5) (industry) Revolution, the depopulation of the countryside and the move to towns. The towns became places of mass employment in factories and offices. Today, many town dwellers wish to reverse this trend and return to a slower pace. Yet, a modern country (6) (exist) is not without its problems; poor transport, lack of access to hospitals and education, and services found in towns such as large shops, banks and entertainment. 29

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The debate between town and country is meaningless these days, as so many people live in towns, and very few people are (7) (actual) able to choose where they live; this is dictated by their work or birth. The internet and other mass media have linked country areas to the world, (8) (provide) access to information even in remote areas. If people are to be persuaded to stay in the countryside, other benefits of the city need to be available (employment, healthcare and (9) (educate)). Conversely, the (10) (introduce) of city parks and forests, and traffic free zones, has helped to bring a little of the countryside to the city streets. (http://www. britishcouncil. org/) 0 convenience 1

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Task 12 B1 - "Family life You are going to read a text about what coke can be used for at home. Some prepositions are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one preposition in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. What Can a Can of Coke Be Used for? It's the Real Thing, it Adds Life, but that can or bottle of cola can also work wonders (0) in an emergency. The chemical soup that makes up most commercial soft drinks not only makes them taste good, but also makes them effective cleaning agents, bolt looseners, paint strippers, and possible skin softeners. More uses than MacGyver could think up. And since most guys usually have a can or six lying around the house, knowing what to use it (1) when trouble arises can save you big problems. Here's a list you should keep handy. Just in case. Got bad stains, a date coming over in an hour and no toilet cleaner? Pour a can of coke into the bowl. Let it sit (2) an hour, then brush to loosen the dirt and flush clean. Been working (3) the car all weekend and greased up more than just the engine? Pouring a can of cola into your washer, along (4) your regular detergent, is said to help loosen and wash away those grease stains. Collecting quarters and want them to sparkle? Place your coins (5) a small dish and soak in coke for a few hours. Rinse and wipe to a bright shine.

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Got your girl some flowers and you want them to survive through the week? Pour (6) a quarter cup of Sprite or 7-Up into a vase full (7) water. Sugar helps them last longer. According (8) The Doctor's Book of Home Remedies, the syrup in CocaCola can be used to cure upset stomachs. Just let leave the bottle open for about 30 minutes, until the soda goes flat. The carbonation could have an adverse effect (9) your stomach. Want to score points with that single mom struggling to get chewing gum (10) of her screaming kid's hair? Come to the rescue with your can of coke. Soak the kid's hair for a few minutes, then rinse. The gum should come right out. (http://www. asylum, co. uk) 0 in

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B1 - "School" You are going to read a text about tomorrow's scientists. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the correct noun forms of the words in brackets. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There might be cases when you don't have to change the given word. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Where Are Tomorrow's Scientists? This is an era in which science is needed, arguably more than ever. In the environment, energy and (0) innovation (innovate) generally, smart investors rely on smart (1) (think). The public needs trusty scientists, to pursue knowledge and to arbitrate in debates about the likes of climate change, nuclear energy or nanotechnology. The trouble is, we may be running short of scientists. Policy experts are now sounding the alarm in (2) (relate) to science as a whole, pointing to a shortage that will grow worse unless (3) (govern) take steps to raise enrolment levels in science and technology (4) (educate). It will be a tough challenge. The latest OECD PISA survey of scientific competence among 400,000 students in 57 countries, reports that while young people acknowledge the (5) (important) of science, they show little (6) (enthusiastic) for taking it up as a career. Little wonder there is also widespread pessimism among secondary school students about the future of the environment. A recent (7) (publish) from the OECD's Global Science Forum, Encouraging Student Interest in Science and Technology Studies, reports that the best 31

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students are not choosing science because it is not well understood. It says the (8) (imagine) of scientists in white coats doesn't help, either. But perhaps more importantly in a world of mind-boggling bonuses in financial trading, science is simply not seen as a field for making money in. After all, (9) (finance) requires smart people too. Pay might not be the only factor, but it will take a genius to reverse the scientist (10) (short) without addressing it. Assuming there are any geniuses left, that is. (http://www, oecdobserver. org) 0 innovation 1 2 3 4 5

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Task 14 B1 - "Family life" You are going to read a text about the village where Nicolas Sarkozy was born. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Hungarian Village Salutes Lost Son France may have been both celebrating (0) and protesting over the arrival of its new President, but in the Hungarian village of Alattyan there was little but praise for its most famous son. Surrounded (1) miles of farmland about 50 miles east of Budapest, the village remained virtually unheard of (2) Nicolas Sarkozy became President. Described by (3) of the villagers as "such a fit, strong-handed and very clever man", M. Sarkozy's family roots are to be found here. M. Sarkozy's grandfather, Gyorgy Sarkozy de Nagy Bocsa, owned (4) small estate and chateau in Alattyan during the 1920s and 30s. He also had a stake in the land of the (5) larger Toth-Maar estate (owned by his uncle, Lajos Toth Maar), (6) the family used to spend holidays and to which M. Sarkozy's father, Paul, (7) an heir. However, the Red Army arrived in Hungary (8) 1944 and the Toth-Maar mansion was looted and then torn down in 1949. Sandor Mosonyi, 67, a retired policeman, said: "It would be a huge honour for us if Nicolas was (9) to come to the village." It was a near-unanimous view. The only dissenter was Marian Kovacs, who said: " I ' m not interested. He (10) regard himself as Hungarian." (http://www. independent, co. uk/news/ By Jen Wainwright Thursday, 17 May 2007) 32

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B1 - "Lifestyle' Read this article about a new hope for cancer victims. Some words are missing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options (A-D) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is an example (0) for you. Clone Science Hope For Skin Cancer Cure

A skin cancer victim has left doctors stunned after he was cured (0) B a clone of his own immune system. Although the tumours (1) to his lungs and lymph nodes, the patient was given the all-clear just two months after receiving the treatment. The 52-year-old man, who has not been named, had been diagnosed with Stage 4 malignant melanoma, (2) is notoriously difficult to treat. It is the second most common form of cancer (3) 20 to 39-year-olds and cases are increasing in Britain faster than any other type of the disease. Doctors decided to try the revolutionary technique using the patient's own body (4) the disease after other treatments had failed. The American team extracted anti-cancer cells from the (5) immune system and reproduced them in a laboratory many times over before injecting them back into his body. The tumours disappeared in a matter of weeks. Cancer expert Professor Karol Sikora said: "Melanoma is a disease (6) there is a very powerful immune response and we have had amazing cases where immune therapy has worked but there's no doubt there is (7) here from which we have to learn. It's very (8) . It could be applied to other cancers." About 9,000 cases of malignant melanoma (9) in the UK each year and about 2,000 people die from the disease. While doctors stress that the results (10) only one patient, they believe the method could be used where other treatments have failed. (http://www. express, co. uk/posts/ By Martin Evans and Sally Guyoncourt) 0 1 2 3 4 5

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I fask 16 B1 - "School You are going to read a conversation about how to learn another language. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Lupe Gives Advice on Learning Another Language Lupe: So, I've noticed you tend to be a little afraid (0) to speak the language, especially around other people who speak both languages and maybe you're afraid that somebody is gonna correct you, (1) is actually a good thing, so you have to be able to let yourself speak it in front of other people who can (2) those corrections for you so the next time you say those things you'll say them correctly or maybe a little (3) . Kara: And that's exactly what it is. I am (4) more comfortable to speak Spanish to an only Spanish speaker than I am to somebody who speaks both languages, maybe because I am afraid of that person correcting me or teasing me (5) the mistakes that I make. Lupe: It's also great that you're going down there not (6) _ for vacation but you are also gonna be enrolled in school because it's always good to practise a language, but it's great to be able to also sit in a classroom studying and learn all the grammar and make sure that you are also reading and writing it and you understand (7) that way also. It's really important. Kara: And I'll be living with a family so I'll get lots of practice at the house also. Lupe: Yeah, that will definitely help you out and I am sure that, you know, after you come back, you'll feel a little more comfortable since you were in a different country. Kara: That's very true. But I've always noticed my favourite people to practise with are little kids. Their Spanish, or any language, is so (8) that it's fun to talk to them, just like with English. When you're learning English, a two-year old or a threeyear old, you can talk to (9) , and they don't notice your mistakes but they'll understand exactly what you're saying.

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Lupe: Well, you can (10) my little nephew and nieces. Kara: Thanks.

come over and practise with my little cousins or

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B2 - "Environment'' You are going to read a text about how a shop assistant should handle an angry customer. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Handling Angry Customers If you work (0) as a front desk person or in a support department, you have to know (1) to handle complaints and unfortunately angry customers. An angry customer is very sensitive and (2) the right words you can avoid further irritating the customer and resolve the problem s/he (3) . The rule of thumb of how one should handle an angry customer is to be patient. Speaking in a patient tone (4) calm down the angry customer. Being angry back at angry clients will not resolve the problem but (5) it worse. Showing that you are willing to solve the problem the angry customer has will also help in calming them (6) . If they ask for the manager, do as they say. Explain briefly to the manager the situation of the client, putting emphasis on the frustration of the client. Work out with the manager on solutions (7) resolve the problem of the angry customer. By doing so in front of the client you will calm them, since they will see that you care and are tyring your best to solve their issue. Even (8) they may have used the wrong attitude, angry customers are still vital for your business. So make sure that you make your customers feel important before you close (9) complaint. Tell them that s/he has been helpful to the business by pointing out a problem, something (10) others didn't do. Such compliments might turn an angry customer back to a loyal one. (http://blog.fruitfultime.com/) 0 as 1 2

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Read this article about sharing the housework. Some words are missing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options (A-D) for each gap (110) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is an example (0) for you. Share the Housework With Your Kids Keeping the house (0) B and neat is an ongoing challenge for busy families. To lighten the load, delegate some of the (1) to the kids. Everyone in the home should participate in day-to-day housework. Even very young children can handle some of the responsibilities and they will gain self-confidence along the way. Try to maintain a lighthearted attitude while cleaning, especially with young children. Kids (2) not feel that housework is a punishment. Play music, sing along and don't forget to praise their (3) along the way. Pre-school children can (4) their toys and straighten their own rooms. Primary school children can make their beds and keep their rooms tidy. Care of the family pets can be their responsibility. (5) and clearing the table are great jobs for this age. Pre-teens and younger teens are ready (6) even more responsibility. They can prepare their own lunches. In addition (7) cleaning their own rooms, kids of this age can load and unload the dishwasher, they can dust furniture and vacuum. Cleaning the kitchen or bathroom is no problem for older teens. Outdoor jobs such as mowing the grass, weeding the flower beds or cleaning the garage can also be assigned to kids this age. When you delegate some of the housework to your kids, (8) them know that they are learning important skills (9) contributing to the quality of your family life. Show your appreciation for a job well done and try (10) them if their results are not perfect. (http://articles.familylobby.com/) (By Mary Shows) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

A clear A work A ought A efforts A make up A Setting A to

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B2 - "Travel' 0 Read this article about traditional Irish customs. In most lines there is one word that should not be there. It is either grammatically incorrect or it does not fit with the meaning of the text. If there is an extra word, write it on the corresponding line. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick There are two examples (0) and (00) for you. Irish Wedding Toast There are many traditional customs associated with 0 Irish weddings. In one such a case, the groom gets invited 00 a to bride's home before the wedding. Goose is been cooked 1 in honour of the groom at the bride's her home. Another 2 traditional custom at Irish weddings is that Irish brides 3 are carry a real horseshoe with them. Since horseshoes represent 4 good luck, brides are having made to carry these with the hope that 5 their luck will never runs out. Today, this custom is slightly modified 6 with brides carrying on a horseshoe made of fabric on their wrist. 7 Generally, no other Irish wedding would be complete without 8 a music band. Many of typically Irish weddings would have 9 popular Irish songs such as Irish Wedding Song 10 or My Favorite Irish Rose. A traditional Irish cake would too 11 mean a yummy cake that is filled in with almonds, raisins and 12 even topped with cherries! Many more times, a piper is definitely 13 hired for Irish weddings. Irish people are also known for 14 their love of relaxing and drinking as well as. The fun element is also 15 added in many Irish weddings with the inclusion of the magic 16 hanky. This the bride has to carry the magic hanky, which can be 17 turned into a bonnet with a few stitches for the couple's first baby. 18 There they are certain other distinctive traditions that are seen at Irish 19 weddings such as like the use of kilts, the Claddagh ring, bagpipes 20 and special Irish wedding toasts. (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/)

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You are going to read a text about special occasions in families where there are sick people. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the correct forms of the words in brackets. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There might be cases when you don't have to change the given word. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Enjoying Special Occasions Holidays and special occasions can bring out the best and the worst in us. The prospect of (0) wonderful (wonder), happy times abound and fill us with somewhat (1) (real) hopes for our relationships. Add to the normal tensions of holidays, the image of someone you love being ill or incapacitated, and you have the makings of very difficult times. Caregivers may have (2) (usual) high expectations during holidays and special occasions. Knowing that this might be a last birthday, anniversary, etc., caregivers may feel enormous (3) (press) to make this time especially significant. Careful planning can make these times easier. First and foremost, we need to try and think about what we really want to happen. Are you looking to have a quiet day? Is it (4) (importance) to have anyone in particular with you? If you choose to have company at these times, make it as easy as possible. Don't assume all the (5) (responsible). Ask your loved one what he feels up to. Most people usually like to have those they love, and feel (6) (comfort) around, with them. Limit these occasions to family members and a few close friends. Keeping your level of (7) (expect) realistic will make the day go more smoothly for you, your loved one, extended family and friends. Remember that whatever you choose to do this year does not need to be the same as the past or the same in the future. The best (8) (advise) for caregivers is to be realistic. Let others know how they can make the holidays easier for you. Don't overdo it. Try to read, eat well and get some time alone. We cannot predict what tomorrow will bring for anyone, so enjoy this day without requiring it to be perfect. Let yourself dispense with the (9) " " (institution) nature of the holidays and look for ways to make the day (10) (mean) for yourself and for your loved ones. (http://www. caregiver, com) (By Jennifer Kay, L. C.S.W.) 6 0 wonderful 1 7 2 8 9 3 4 10 5

(J£

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0

B2 - "School'' You are going to read a text about what schools could do with parents who are not supporting them to maintain discipline. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-L) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is one extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Ed Balls Has Promised to Tackle Parents' Behaviour in Schools Children's Secretary Ed Balls has promised to tackle parents who refuse to accept that teachers have a right to discipline their children. Some headteachers put (0) E pupils in detention only for the parents to march into class and demand that their children be (1) to leave, according to Mr Balls. He has asked the Government's school behaviour adviser Sir Alan Steer to (2) how heads can work with parents who challenge their authority. Speaking to heads at the National College for School Leadership conference in Birmingham, Mr Balls will say: "Schools are doing a fantastic job of turning around poor behaviour, which is crucial to (3) results. However, we need parents to (4) to play their part. When I talk to heads they say behaviour is one of their main concerns. Some talk of (5) detentions to pupils only for the parent to come in and demand their child is let off." So whilst the (6) majority of parents work really well with schools, a small minority are not supporting heads to maintain (7) . "I have asked Sir Alan Steer, as part of his review of behaviour in schools, to look at some ideas to help heads work (8) these parents." Improving discipline is seen as key to the Government's drive to raise standards in 638 secondary schools where more than 70% of pupils fail to get five C grades in their GCSEs. Sir Alan, head of Seven Kings High School in Ilford, Essex, is reviewing school behaviour (9) for the Government. He will examine whether parents are more likely to cooperate if they receive regular online reports (10) their children's behaviour. (http://www.express.co.uk/posts/ ) (Thursday June 19, 2008 ) A investigate F policy K vast 0 E

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Task 6 B2 - "Science and technology" You are going to read a text about the danger of mobile phones. Your task is to write the correct verb forms of the words in brackets. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Addiction to Mobile Phones Two Spanish children (0) are being treated (to treat) for addiction to mobile phones, in what (1) (to think) to be first case of its kind in the country. The children, 12 and 13, (2) (to admit) to a mental health clinic by their parents because they could not carry out normal activities without their phones. The children were failing at school and, behind their parents' backs, (3) (to deceive) relatives to try to get money to pay for the phone cards. Both spent an average of six hours a day on the phone, talking, texting or playing video games. Dr Maite Utges, director of the Child and Youth Mental Health Centre in Lleida, northeast Spain, where the children are being treated, said: "It is the first time we (4) (to use) a specific treatment to cure a dependence on the mobile phone. "They both showed disturbed behaviour and this (5) (to exhibit) itself in failure at school. They both (6) (to have) serious difficulties leading normal lives." She added: "When it (7) (to reach) such a level of dependency it is not easy for children of this age to suddenly stop using the phone." Before they (8) (to start) treatment both had their own phones for 18 months and were not controlled by their parents. "One paid for their phone by getting money from the grandmother and other family members, without explaining what they (9) (to go) to do with it," said Utges. The children (10) (to learn) to live without their phones for the past three months, but Utges, a child psychiatrist, said they might need at least a year of treatment to get them off the "drug". (http: //www. guardian, co. uk/world/)

0 are being treated 1 2 3 4 5

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Task 7 B2 - "Travel" You are going to read a text about the Dead Sea. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write our answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. The Dead Sea The Dead Sea, or Sea of Salt as it is also (0) called , is a huge salt lake that can be found between the West Bank and Israel (1) the west and Jordan to the east. The shores of the Dead Sea are the lowest point or surface of the earth (2) is on dry land! It is the world's second saltiest body of water... just imagine, it is nine times (3) than the Mediterranean Sea and almost that much saltier than the ocean, can you believe that? The Dead Sea has been an attraction for visitors from around the Mediterranean basin 14) thousands of years, it is even the place where the Biblical King David found refuge; it was the world's first health resort and has been a supplier of different goods for a long (5) . There is only one major source of water that flows into the Dead Sea and that is the Jordan River. The climate around the Dead Sea is one that would appeal to many people, 16) are sunny skies all year long and the air is very dry and relatively pollution free; and the (7) region gets very little ultraviolet radiation. The Dead Sea is called dead because the salt content in the water is (8) high that creaturcs find it impossible to live in it, exccpt for some microbial fungi. Actually there was one time when the sea did temporarily come to life; it was an unusual winter 19) a lot of rainfall that caused the salinity levels of the Dead Sea to decrease. This resulted in the water changing to a red colour. Upon being studied, they found out that it was a type of algae that could live in the water. However, it did not last very long and (10) that year (1980) the phenomenon has not happened again. (h ttp://www. buzzle. com/) 0 called 1 2 3 4 5

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Task 8 B2 - "Science and technology" Read this article about genetics. Some words are missing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options (A-D) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is an example (0) for you. Genetics Today Genetics began by being ignored. Now it has the opposite problem. Today genes are (0) B and the public is fascinated by their promises and disturbed by their threats. Scientists have been quick to emphasize both. The last decade's advances (1) amazing. We have the complete sequence of the DNA letters of the 60, working genes, and will soon have that of all the so-called "junk" DNA sequence, (2) may reveal that it does more than its name implies). 10,000 different diseases have an inherited component, and - in principle at least - we know the genes involved. That raises (3) hopes and fears. Those who inherit a disposition towards certain forms of cancer, for example, can be helped by surgery (4) before the disease appears. The most successful kind of medicine has always been prevention (5) cure. Genetics is no different, and the hope of replacing damaged DNA by gene therapy is still around the corner, (6) it has been for the past ten years. Genetic surgery - the ability to snip out pieces of DNA and move them to new places - has done remarkable things, but so far has done little to cure disease. It might, though, help prevent the world's population from starving, at least according to enthusiasts (7) genetically modified (GM) foods. They may be right. It has proved remarkably easy to move plant genes around. Already (8) crops that have been altered to make them resistant to parasites, or to artificial weedkillers. Commercial optimism has, in Europe if not the United States, been matched by public concerns about health risks. Why people are worried by the remote risk that GM foods (9) be dangerous to eat when they are happy to eat cheeseburgers that definitely are, mystifies scientists, but science is less important than what consumers are willing to accept. (10) attitudes change, the hope of putting genes for, say, essential nutrients into Third World crops will probably not be fulfilled. (h ttp://www. 2 Is teen tury. co. uk/science/ ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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9 B2 - "People and society" V«« are going to read a text about friendship. Some words are missing from the n t Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-L) for each gap 1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is »e extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the irsinning. Friends and Friendship A lot of people go through life with only a few friends. It seems that some have in H than that. They have no one on whom they can call in good times or bad. There is no one to whom to talk about deep and troubling (1) . They have mo one to call in times of need or difficulty. They are at the mercy of life, standing alone. Cithers seem to have a multitude of friends. Wherever they go, people know them, and ;ke to be around them. (2) trouble strike, their biggest hesitation might be over which friend to call. They know exactly the person with whom to discuss the topics of inquiry and debate. Life is (3) entertaining and invigorating relationships because it is full of friends. There (4) to be a course in school on friendship. Of course, some people are perfectly happy to operate with fewer friends. They would rather have a few deep and loyal friends than many superficial ones. Others thrive (5) when friends are everywhere and numerous. Friendship is a blessing, and a friend is the channel through whom great emotional, spiritual, and sometimes even physical blessings flow. Friends can (6) us when we're sorrowful or depressed. Friends can challenge us when we allow ourselves to get beyond our reasonable boundaries. Friends can (7) us when we're ready to give in, and they can provide (8) us when life falls apart. They are there when all is well, and we want someone with whom to share life's pleasant and memorable (9) . We often just want them around to have a good time, to laugh, to act silly, to enjoy some mutually liked activity. In how many ways have friends enriched our lives and made us feel loved, accepted, respected and cared for? Probably, too many (10) list, and the list grows daily. (http://www.heartlight.org) A full of F ought K to

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Task 10 B2 - "Lifestyle You are going to read a text about attitudes and abilities. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the correct forms of the words in brackets. There might be cases when you don't have to change the given word. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Attitudes and Abilities "Attitudes are the real (0) disability (disable)", says Henry Holden, a well-known (1) (comedy) and advocate for the disabled. Education is clearly important in this respect, but (2) (irony), schools themselves have much to do in improving how they deal with disabled students. For the past few decades, schools have taken on increasing (3) (responsible) for educating youth with disabilities and mainstreaming them into regular classrooms. A lot of countries have, or are currently preparing, laws that ensure full access to education for all students, although with (4) (vary) degrees of focus. While many schools have introduced services like remedial (5) (instruct), special classrooms and on-site therapists, there are still gaps. Some countries classify special needs as those relating only to students with medical disabilities like (6) (blind) or autism, but not those with emotional or learning disorders, or (7) (gift) students. A recent report by the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) identifies legal and (8) (finance) frameworks that (9) (courage) inclusion and equity, discusses why more male students seem to get educational resources for disabilities, and takes a look at the (10) (participate) of students with disabilities in PISA, the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment. By comparing different approaches in a purely objective way, this report helps policymakers and school districts learn how to continue changing attitudes and improve the lives of disabled people too. (h ttp: //www. oecdobserver. org/) 0 disability 1 2 3 4 5 44

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Task 11 B2 - "Family life" You are going to read a text about the advantages of the nuclear family. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Advantages of the Traditional Nuclear Family The traditional nuclear family basically (0) is made up of a father, mother and a couple of children or so, and hence is compact and small. In recent decades, this traditional form of the family (1) undergone major changes, with increasing rates of divorce leading to (2) -parent families and remarriages. These trends and the resulting problems that they cause, especially for the children, have brought the advantages of traditional nuclear families back into focus. Children raised in a family with the same parents (3) their growing years have a higher likelihood of having stability in (4) relationships. With both the father and the mother, children get a better sense of (5) is acceptable and unacceptable, as far as behaviour is concerned, especially when both parents look after their nurturing. In a nuclear family, children usually get far (6) extensive training in life skills. For instance, mothers usually teach their children relationship skills, like emotional response skills and how to have smooth relations with others, while fathers, in general, teach their children handiwork skills and sports skills, (7) fixing things around the house or hitting a baseball, as well as how to deal with the world outside. With two parents sharing the responsibility of raising the children, it enables one parent to take time to pursue other interests or get a rest (8) the other parent plays or works with the children. Children that are raised in a traditional nuclear family also tend to take on some of the sharing of the responsibilities, (9) as older siblings taking care of younger siblings. In a nuclear family, such roles are usually performed by expectation and example, (10) than formal instruction. (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/) (By Rita Putatunda Published: 1/13/2008) 0 is 1 2 3

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|Task 12 B2 - "School" Read this article about how two American students used their knowledge to cheat. In most lines there is one word that should not be there. It is either grammatically incorrect or it does not fit with the meaning of the text. If there is an extra word, write it on the corresponding line. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (V). There are two examples (0) and (00) for you. Teens Charged With Loading Spyware, Changing Grades Two Californian teenagers have had been charged with breaking 0 had into high school offices and using stolen usernames and 00 S passwords to change lackluster grades to the A's. 1 Omar Khan and Tanvir Singh, who both 18, are facing multiple 2 felony charges was following a series of break-ins at Tesoro High 3 School in Rancho Santa Margarita, California. Khan was 4 arrested on Monday, and Singh was expected to turn up himself 5 into court on Tuesday for arraignment. 6 According to prosecutors, Khan had changed the D's and C's 7 he was receiving in Spanish, Calculus and English to 8 two A's and a B+. He's also charged with stealing any tests 9 before they had been given and was using a stolen username 10 and password to break into school computers and change 11 the grades of 12 other students. He is also alleged to have been installed spyware software on the 12 computer which hosting the school district's grades database so 13 that he could remotely access this system. 14 If convicted, Khan could be sentenced to 38 years in the prison. 15 Singh, who faces a fewer charges, faces three years in 16 prison. He's charged with breaking into the school with 17 Khan in order to steal an English test on May 19. According 18 to court filings he was sent a text message to Khan around 4 p.m. 19 planning the crime. "Hey wanna go to the school this tonight," he 20 wrote. "I need someone with balls there with me." (h ttp ://www.pcworld.com/busin esse en ter/article/) (Robert McMillan, IDG News Service Wednesday, June 18, 2008 5:30 PM PDT)

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B2 - "Lifestyle" [Task 13 You are going to read a text about shopping addiction. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-L) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is one extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Shopping Addiction People use what is (0) C retail therapy as a way of enjoying themselves. They normally buy items for which they have a need or have developed a (1) for. Compulsive ?r addictive shopping is not like that, it is a form of behaviour designed to avoid unpleasant (2) , and the sufferer loses control and buys many items for which they have no need. The adrenaline rush, the fantasy which surrounds the episode and everything which (3) the actual spending spree all add to the sense of unreality which ?rings a false sense of freedom (4) life's problems. It is difficult to ascertain the full extent of this problem as statistics have not been compiled, although it is known that more people are (5) this as a problem and seeking professional help. The consequences of shopping addiction are obvious: high levels of debt, fear of discovery and retribution leading (6) more denial and desperate acts to cover up the behaviour. For those closely connected to the sufferer life (7) frightening and unpredictable with a growing sense of uselessness and the (8) that the sufferer is deliberately causing chaos and a feeling of desperation sets in. Many sufferers are multi-addicted, often abusing (9) drugs or alcohol in addition to their compulsive spending. The despair can be ended through successful treatment and people can be restored to normal (10) . As with other addictions, success follows an honest admission of the problem and then seeking help from others. (http://www. addictions, co. uk/) A reality F having K identifying 0 C

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Task 14 B2 - "Lifestyle Read this article about what effect television watching may have on puberty. In most lines there is one word that should not be there. It is either grammatically incorrect or it does not fit with the meaning of the text. If there is an extra word, write it on the corresponding line. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (•/). There are two examples (0) and (00) for you. Television Watching May Hasten Puberty Children who watch a lot of television produce less 0 melatonin, which has been linked to the timing of the puberty. 00 the Scientists at the University of Florence in Italy has found 1 that when youngsters were deprived of their watching TV sets, 2 computers and video games, their melatonin production 3 increased by an average of 30 per cent. 4 "Girls are reaching puberty much more earlier than in the 1950s. 5 One reason is due to their average increase in weight; 6 but another may have be due to reduced levels of melatonin," 7 suggests Roberto Salti, who was led the study. 8 "Animal studies have been shown that low melatonin levels 9 have an very important role in promoting an early 10 onset of puberty." 11 During the subsequent seven-day experiment, while 12 the children were not allowed to watch TV and own their 13 families were also asked to reduce the use of 14 other sources of artificial light. At the end of the whole week, 15 the children's melatonin levels had being risen by an 16 average of 30 per cent, and so the effect was most 17 pronounced in the youngest children. 18 The mechanism behind melatonin production is not poorly - 19 understood. But even it is thought that prolonged exposure to 20 artificial light reduces the body's production of melatonin, 21 whereas to experiencing regular intervals of natural sunlight 22 and darkness increases it. (http://www.newscientist.com/)

4tT)

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L ask 15

B2 - "Lifestyle" You are going to read a funny text about how to save petrol costs. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the missing word. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. A Few Tips on Saving Petrol

Petrol prices have increased and so, as a consequence, have living costs, food costs, all costs. We can gripe and complain and rant (0) till/until our faces turn purple but it is not going to change anything. Why not find ways to cut our petrol costs instead? I have been thinking about it (1) a while and have devised these steps to cut petrol costs. Try it and you may just like it! 1. When going to work, ask any colleague who lives near you to pick you up because "my car has (2) down and is at the mechanics for the next two months". Remember to put on an Oscar performance and make sure you hide the car somewhere so 13) the colleague won't see it. 2. Use your parents' car whenever going anywhere other (4) work - the downside, you'll probably have to take them along too! And check the meter first, if the petrol is down, don't use it until they have (5) topped it up. 3. For single girls - now is the time to be on the lookout for eligible men with cars. Flutter your eyelashes, flash some legs, whatever, as long as you have the guy, you can easily get the car keys from him, drive till the petrol is out and then hand it back to him and tell him to fill it (6) . Easy. You don't even have to take him along. 4. For bachelors - now is the time to look for a single lonely and rich career woman who does not mind driving you around. Too bad, you probably will (7) to take her along wherever you want to go because women do not trust their property with men even if you show your hairy chest and bulging biceps. 5. Move in with your inlaws - and offer to take (8) anywhere in their car. If the petrol is low, pretend to be very busy (cleaning the house, watering the garden, building a fort, etc.) and let them fill it up again before (9) their car again. See? It wasn't so difficult to save petrol costs after all. If all else fail and you still could not save petrol costs, you (10) have no choice but to employ the ultimate, 100 percent guaranteed save petrol measure: sell off your car and walk/cycle. (http://foongsite.com/index.php/) 0 till/until 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

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|Task 16 B2 - "Free time and culture" You are going to read a text about drugs in sports. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-L) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is one extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Drugs in Sports Drugs in sports have always (0) H a controversial topic. Because the athletic arena is centered on performance and achievement, a large emphasis is placed on hard work, concentration, and sacrifice. For many athletes and sports fans, it is simply (1) that some athletes take performance-enhancing drugs to reach their goals. Recent athletic history has been stormy when it comes to the issue. The problem of drugs in sports simply does not go away, and even promises to intensify as science discovers more and more substances that can (2) athletic performance. Such substances are often hard to (3) through current drug tests. One of the most controversial of athletes when it (4) to performanceenhancing drugs is Barry Bonds. In 2004 the San Francisco Chronicle ran a story alleging that Bonds had been (5) human growth hormone, insulin and a drug for female infertility that can be used to mask steroid use. Bonds has been vehement in his denials for the most part, though he admits that he may have been (6) performance-enhancing drugs without his knowledge. Another athlete that is constantly (7) fire for drug use is Lance Armstrong, the legendary cyclist. Although Armstrong has proven time and again that he was, before his retirement, the premiere cyclist in the world, he is not (8) critics. Some competitors contend that Armstrong achieved his supremacy through more (9) means, although this has never been proven conclusively. Armstrong passed all his drug tests with flying colors. It is clear that the problem of drugs in sports will not go away soon. However, as the sporting public becomes more and more aware (10) the situation, the greater are the chances of being able to solve this problem. (http://www.druglibrary.org/library/) A affect F without K comes

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£ask 17

B2 - "Work' Read this article about what jobs women could have in ancient Egypt. Some words are missing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options (A-D) for each gap (1-10) in the text. Write the appropriate letter in the corresponding box. There is an example (0) for you. Women's Jobs in Egypt

According to tomb scenes it (0) C that most ancient Egyptian women worked in the home where they are clearly shown (1) domestic work; their "light skins" indicate that they must have spent most of their time indoors. Whereas the men were always painted with brown skins, an indication that they predominantly worked outdoors. However, these scenes-are most likely to have been idealistic, (2) realistic and should be viewed as such. In truth, evidence clearly suggests that (3) was paid work available for women and those of a better education would have been quite capable (4) taking up professional posts, usually as administrators or supervisors. Skilled women also entered the weaving, mourning and music businesses, whilst unskilled women often took work (5) domestic helpers. Though it has to be said that, in general, women performed these tasks for other women in private or royal households and there is no evidence that women ever supervised male workers, (6) the most senior of royal women. One such recorded occupation was that of "Judge and Vizier to the Pharaoh", held by Lady Nebet of the Old Kingdom. A vizier was (7) person after the king, acting as his "right hand man". It is thought, (8) , that Nebet's husband actually officiated in the post whilst she held the title. Taking up a career in entertainment was another particularly good job for women, as musicians and dancers were always (9) . Two reknowned musicians in the Old Kingdom were Hekenus and Iti. These women were so popular that they even had their act (10) on the wall of a tomb. This was a particularly great honour as usually only members of the deceased's family were included in the scenes. (http://www.ancientnile.co.uk/ ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A will appear A doing A more than Ait A in A for A except for A most powerful A nevertheless A in great need A a paint

B B B B B B B B B B B

is appearing make rather like there to like expect more powerful however great demand painting

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iTask 18 B2 - "Environment" You are going to read a text about green homes. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-O) for each gap (1-13) in the text. There is one extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. What Is a Green Home? Green homes are (0) J constructed in many areas by single-family and custom home builders. They are much healthier for both the residents and the environment, but that doesn't mean you have to start over to get an energy efficient home. There are many things you can do to convert your traditional home (1) greener living. Look around your home for things you use everyday that may be using (2) energy. Leaks in your home are the biggest energy wasters. Check (3) the attic and basement, around doors, windows, plumbing and pipes and electrical outlets for air leaks. Seal these leaks. Another energy waster is light bulbs. Replace all of the bulbs or at least most of them in your home with compact florescent light bulbs. A big way to save (4) your electric bill can be found (5) adjusting your thermostat a few degrees lower or higher. Set the thermostat to 26 degrees or higher in the summer and 18 degrees or lower in the winter when you aren't home. An easy way to do this is to install a programmable thermostat. You can (6) the thermostat to return to a more comfortable temperature (7) you come home so you don't have to wait for it to warm up or cool down. More extensive ways to save money and live better are (8) for your home. (9) your heating system checked and tuned every year (10) two can be costly, but will save money over the year. Another way to spend money, but end up with savings (11) the end of the year is to hire a certified Home Energy Rater. These people can let you know exactly (12) those air leaks are and how to stop them. They may be able to find hidden cracks or leaks that you would never know about. These specialists can cost a couple hundred dollars, but this is easily saved in your monthly energy bill. An energy efficient home is a safe home for (13) you and the environment. Not only will your green home help preserve our planet, but it will save you money. (http://ezinearticles. com/) A having B for C available D where E at F or G excess H on I set J being K both L in M before N by O have 0 J 52

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'Family life" £ ask 19 You are going to read a text about how parents can improve their relationship with their teenage children. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to write the correct forms of the words in brackets. There might be cases when you don't have to change the given word. Write your answers on the corresponding lines below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. How Should Parents Treat Their Adolescent Children? It's not easy to raise a young teen. Many outside influences distract our children and complicate our efforts. Exhaustion, (0) anxiety (anxious), a lack of support and limited resources may make it hard for us to be all that we want to be for our children. But whatever the challenges, we share one aim: to do the best job possible as parents. Young adolescents often aren't great (1) (communicate), particularly with their parents and other adults who love them. Young teens often feel they can talk with anyone better than their parents - even wonderful parents. They tend to be (2) (privacy). They don't (3) (necessary) want to tell their parents what they did at school during the day. Many (4) (psychology) have found, however, that when parents know where their children are and what they are doing (and when the adolescent knows the parent knows, what psychologists call monitoring), adolescents are at a lower risk from a range of bad experiences, (5) (include) drug, alcohol and tobacco use; sexual (6) (behave) and pregnancy; and delinquency and (7 ) (violent). The key, according to psychologists, is to be inquisitive but not interfering, working to respect your child's privacy as you establish trust and (8 ) (close). Sometimes the less you offer (9) (advise), the more your young teen may ask you for it. It's easiest to communicate with a young teen if you established this habit when your child was little. But it's not (10) (possible) to improve communication when your child reaches early adolescence. (http://www.athealth. com/) 0

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Task 20 B2 - "Family life You are going to read a text about global warming. Some words are missing from the text. Your task is to choose the appropriate word from the list (A-L) for each gap (1-10) in the text. There is an extra word that you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning. What Are the Consequences of Global Warming? Never mind what you've heard about global warming as a slow-motion emergency that would take (0) K to play out. Suddenly and unexpectedly, the crisis is upon us. From heat waves to storms, to floods, to fires, to (1) glacial melts, the global climate seems to be crashing around us. It's (2) the north and south poles - where ice cover is crumbling to slush that the crisis is being felt the most acutely. Last year, for example, researchers analyzed data from Canadian and European satellites and found that the Greenland ice sheet is not only melting, but doing so faster and faster, with 53 cubic miles draining away into the sea last year alone, (3) to 23 cubic miles in 1996. As fast as global warming is changing the oceans and ice caps, it's (4) an even more immediate effect on land. Droughts are increasingly common as higher temperatures also bake moisture out of soil faster, (5) dry regions that live at the margins to tip into full-blown crisis. Wildfires in such sensitive regions as Indonesia, the western U.S. and even inland Alaska have been occurring with (6) frequency as timberlands grow more parched. Those forests that don't succumb to fire can simply die from thirst. With (7) crashing, the animals that call them home are succumbing, too. In Alaska, salmon populations are faltering. Small animals such as bushy tailed rats, and chipmunks are being chased upslope by (8) temperatures, until they at last have no place to run. And with sea ice vanishing, polar bears are starting to turn up drowned. "There will be no polar ice (9) 2060," says Larry Schweiger, president of the National Wildlife Federation. "Somewhere along that path, the polar bear drops out." So much environmental collapse (10) at last awakened much of the world, particularly the 141 nations that have ratified the Kyoto treaty to reduce emissions. (http://edition.cnn.com/2006/) A at E increased I massive 0 K

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LISTENING

CD 1 - Track 2| |Task 1 A2 - "Lifestyle" fc You are going to hear about the importance of breakfast. Your task will be to complete the answers to the questions. • First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. * Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. At the end, you will have some time to check your answers. h There is an example (0) for you. The Importance of Breakfast 0 How much of our daily energy needs should breakfast It should

provide about 20-25%

provide?

of our daily energy needs.

1 How many calories do we need to get from breakfast? We need around

calories.

2 What are the main types of food breakfast should include? ,

,

and

are the necessary

parts of a good breakfast. 3 Which food group helps us to keep alert and focused? like milk, yogurt and nuts. 4 What are high-fibre products good for? They

on fewer calories and help to

bad cholesterol.

5 What do fruit and vegetables provide energy for? They provide the necessary nutrients for our

and

.

flask 2 A2 - "Work" CD 1 - Track 31 it You are going to hear some information about male and female dominated jobs. h You must give short answers (maximum 5 words) to the questions below. Jt First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. At the end, you will have some time to check your answers, tr There is an example (0) for you. Top Ten Male and Female Dominated Occupations 0

What were various occupations

like in 2004?

They were still almost completely male or female dominated. 1 In which jobs do men dominate? in 56

LISTENING

2 How are men and women represented in higher and academic level positions? 3 What is the share of women in male dominated occupations? 4 Where do women typically work? 5 What proportion of people employed in care for the elderly, the mentally handicapped and the sick were males? 6 Where was the most balanced gender distribution found?

0

'Family life" CD 1 - Track 4 You are going to hear an interview with Heather, who has been chosen the single mom of the week. You must decide if the statements below are true, false or you don't know because the text does not say. Write A, B or C in the box after each statement. Write A if the statement is true, write B if the statement is false, write C if the text does not say. First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. At the end, you will have some time to check your answers. There is an example (0) for you. Single Mom of the Week 0

Heather has divorced

twice.

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She met her second husband after her first divorce.

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Her job is as important for her as her children.

3

Her son likes video games and snowboarding.

4

Her elder daughter is good at school.

5

Both of her daughters like playing with toys.

6

She is very strong because she has a full time job.

7

Although she is a single mother, she is rarely stressed and angry.

8

She asked for money from a bank because she wants to buy a house.

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She loves her job.

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She believes that having children can give strength to single moms.

A

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LISTENING

iTask 4 A2 - "Environment" * You are going to hear some information about recycling.

CD 1 - Track 5

t You must write the letter of the correct answer in the corresponding box. It First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. h Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. h At the end, you will have some time to check your answers. # There is an example (0) for you. Recycling of Household Waste 0

In a) b) c)

2003/04 13.5 30.5 305

million tons of waste were produced in the United

1

How much waste was collected for recycling in 2003/04 in the UK? a) 50% b) 17% c) 30.5%

2

In a) b) c)

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One recycled a) tin can b) glass bottle c) plastic bottle

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Making paper from raw material requires a) much more b) much less c) a bit more

the UK the amount of recycled waste is less than more than about the same as

5

in neighbouring EU countries.

would save enough energy to power a light bulb for 3 hours.

energy than recycling it.

% of the rubbish could be composted. a) 16 b) 50 c) 60

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LISTENING

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CD 1 - Track 6 "People and society'' 0 • You are going to hear a text about left-handed people. Your task will be to give short answers to the questions below. First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. • Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. # At the end, you will have some time to check your answers. There is an example (0) for you. Being Left-Handed 0 How many hands are used during typing in the conventional

manner?

two 1 The number of English words typed only with the left hand: 2 The reason(s) why the members of the Scottish Kerr Clan were mainly left-handed: 3 How many US Presidents have been left-handed? 4 According to a UK study, what are lefties more likely to get? 5 Which animals are said to be left-handed as well?

iTask 6 A2 - "School" CD 1 - Track 71 # You are going to hear about how difficult it is for a mother to decide what to do with children's school memories. $ Your task will be to fill the gaps in the sentences according to the text with one or two words. $ First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. t Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. % At the end, you will have some time to check your answers. There is an example (0) for you. School Memories 0

There are only

a few

weeks left before the end of the school year. 59

LISTENING

1 Towards the end of the school year pupils' backpacks are full of and art projects. 2 The teacher collects the

the children keep at school.

3 The biggest problem is where 4 She needs

all the papers.

boxes to store all those papers.

5 It's great to look through old school work, which brings back a lot of iTask 7 A2 - "Free time and culture" CD 1 - Track ä # You are going to hear some information about the performance of the Hungarian State Folk Ensemble in America. # You must give short answers (maximum 5 words) to the questions below. $ First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. it Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again, it At the end, you will have some time to check your answers, it There is an example (0) for you. Hungarian Folk Ensemble Presents Display of Music and Dance 0

When does the performance

of the Hungarian State Folk Ensemble

start?

at 7.30/half past 7 p.m. 1 Who will the performance be accompanied by? 2 When was the Ensemble founded? 3 How many countries have they performed in? _ 4 Where is the performance material taken from? 5 Which composers did the gypsy sounds inspire? 6 How much do students have to pay for a ticket one hour before the performance?

ITask 8 A2 - "Free time and culture" CD 1 - Track 81 # You are going to hear a text about the Hungarian State Folk Ensemble, it Your task will be to decide if the statements are true or false according to the text, it First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'U hear the recording. 60

f LISTENING

Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. At the end, you will have some time to check your answers. There is an example (0) for you. Hungarian Folk Ensemble Presents Display of Music and Dance 0 1 2 3

The Hungarian State Folk Ensemble performs on 20 February. The Folk Ensemble performs Hungarian music and dances. The Ensemble was established in 1950. Although they have performed in more than 44 countries, this will be their first tour in North America. 4 The choreography material is authentic. 5 Student tickets for the concert are $32. 6 On the day of the performance all tickets are cheaper. 0 True

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B1 - "School' CD 1 - Track 9 You are going to hear a text about dyscalculia. Your task will be to match the sentence halves. First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. At the end, you will have some time to check your answers. There is an example (0) for you. What Is Dyscalculia? 0 A person with dyscalculia has difficulties with... 1 Affected people perform well in... 2 Number of UK citizens having dyscalculia: 3 These people cannot remember...

A B C D

infants Bristol slower the unpleasant emotions

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4 The group of 9-year-old pupils did not like maths because of...

E a stroke

4

5 They notice when the number of objects change According to scientists our maths abilities can be 6 found... 7 Scientist Brian Butterworth's book is called: 8 Signora Gaddi got dyscalculia after...

F about 3 million

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G other areas

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H near the ears I Mathematical Brain J phone numbers, dates, etc. K numbers

7 8

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The world's largest maths experiment was carried out in...

10 Boys were ... than girls at some types of maths.

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LISTENING

iTask 2 B1 - "Work" CD 1 - Track 101 h In this section, you are going to hear some advice on how to choose a career wisely. # Your task is to give short answers to the questions. $ First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. % Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. # At the end, you will have some time to check your answers. $ There is an example (0) for you. The Top 5 Steps for Choosing a Career 0 How many reasons are there why choosing a career is more difficult

today?

Three 1 How many steps can ensure that we make a good choice? 2 What is the key element for us to start with? 3 Which can we obtain by learning: skills or talent? 4 What are you more likely to enjoy doing? 5 How can we test if a job fits our values and preferences? 6 Does a high initial salary mean you will have the best chance to become excellent at the job? 7 How much of your pay is it advisable to put away?

ITask 3 B1 - "Free time and culture" CD 1 - Track 111 $ You are going to hear some information about hobbies and interests. ir You must write the letter of the correct answer in the corresponding box. $ First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you'll hear the recording. * Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. 6>

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TAPESCRIPTS

or tuna sandwiches with milk and fruit for dessert can make a fine family meal - it's the family that's important. Cook one meal that everyone eats. Always include fruits and vegetables. Children will accept them as a part of everyday meals and snacks and are more likely to eat them when they see you eat them. Involve children in making meals, setting tables and cleaning up. This makes the whole meal process family time, and children are more likely to eat the meals they're involved in making. If time is an issue, try preparing a meal at the weekend and setting aside a portion for later. Or prepare something for the next day after tonight's meal. Keep mealtimes pleasant. Remember the golden rule of eating - parents decide what's served, and children decide whether and how much to eat. Keep the conversation positive and make sure everyone has the chance to talk and be heard. Focus on the meal and your family. Don't answer the phone. Turn off the TV. A family meal doesn't have to be dinner. For many families, morning is the only time they can get together. Remember, breakfast is when you eat not what you eat. Keep the food simple and enjoy! (http://www. actnowbc. ca/EN/)

iTask 6

B1 - "Free time and culture"

CD 1 - Track 131

Very British Activities Britain is famous for its sporting eccentrics, and a well-timed visit can take you to some of the island's crazier events. The Olney Pancake Race March is always on Shrove Tuesday. It starts at 11.55 a.m. from the Market Place in Olney and finishes at a point midway down Church Lane. The total distance covered is just over 450 metres and runners must toss their pancakes at the beginning and the end of the race. Participants should be local to Olney and dress as traditional housewives (although they do not have to be married!) and wear a skirt, apron and head scarf. The current winning time is 65 seconds. Pancake races are held throughout Britain on Shrove Tuesday but the Olney race is considered to be the original, beginning the tradition in 1445. No one is certain why the race started but one theory tells the story of a harassed housewife who, on realising she was late for church, ran all the way there still carrying her frying pan containing a halfcooked pancake. Shrove Tuesday marks the beginning of Lent, a traditional fasting period. The idea of eating pancakes was to use up all the butter and eggs before the fasting period began. Cheese Rolling is always on the last Spring Bank Holiday in May. Thousands of spectators gather on the grassy slopes of Coopers Hill overlooking the Severn Valley to watch this unique event. The first of four races starts at 12 p.m. A local dignitary starts the race by rolling a Double Gloucester cheese, measuring about 30 centimetres in

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TAPESCRIPTS

ties. You can help your friends who have special needs by asking them about how you can best assist them, and by being understanding if they need a little extra time or assistance. With a little help they can generally participate in some way. (http://www.pamf.org/teen)

iTask 11

B1 - "Work"

CD 1 - Track 181

Former Jobs of Celebrities Most of us aren't born with a silver spoon in our mouths - even famous people. Just like us, they've had to work hard to make their way up the job ladder. Here are some facts from stars' lives. 1. Mick Jagger Before he began his career on stage, Sir Michael Phillip "Mick" Jagger, lead singer of The Rolling Stones, worked as a porter at the Bexley Mental Hospital when he was a student at the London School of Economics. He earned about $7.80 U.S. His job at the hospital might have inspired a couple of the Stones' early hits, such as "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Mother's Little Helper". 2. Clint Eastwood Clint Eastwood is a Hollywood icon. From Westerns in the 1960s to rebel cop Dirty Harry in the 1970s to a focus on directing since the 1980s, Eastwood has created a body of work that has garnered respect, box office success and numerous awards. But before that, Eastwood earned his daily bread digging swimming pools for the rich and famous of Beverly Hills, while at night he had auditions for bit parts. He had worked as a lumberjack, steel mill worker, aircraft factory worker and gas station attendant. Now, he's the one lounging around the pool. 3. Whoopi Goldberg Academy Award-winner Whoopi Goldberg has firmly established herself as an outspoken, emancipated, confident star. But she wasn't always living in the lap of luxury. Growing up in the tough Chelsea projects in New York City, her first job was as a bricklayer. When that position fizzled out, she took on the role of a garbage collector and then a funeral makeup artist - whatever job she could get to make ends meet. 4. Ozzy Osbourne Singer Ozzy Osbourne, born John Michael Osbourne, is the lead singer of the pioneering heavy metal band Black Sabbath, a popular solo artist, and a reality TV star with his wife Sharon and two children, Kelly and Jack. Growing up in England, Osbourne was once a labourer in a slaughterhouse.

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TAPESCRIPTS

5. Sean Connery Sean Connery is probably best known for portraying James Bond seven times. He also showed his versatility with movies such as "Highlander" and "The Untouchables", for which he won an Oscar. But Connery's first job was as a milkman in his native Scotland. After a stint in the Royal Navy, he took on numerous jobs in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including lifeguard, ditch digger and artist's model. In 1953, he even competed in the Mr. Universe contest, placing third in the tall man's division. 6. Madonna Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone splashed onto the music scene in the early 1980s. Her "Like a Virgin" album and subsequent tour took the world by storm, and she's never looked back. But the early years in New York City were tough for Madonna, and she found herself working at a number of low-paying jobs, including a stint at a Dunkin' Donuts in Times Square. But, in true Madonna fashion, she was fired for squirting jelly filling all over customers! (http://entertainment, howstuffworks. com)

Task 12

B1 - "People and society"

CD 1 - Track 19

Watch Your Body Language! I'm never bored at airports. Quite the reverse. I visit them like other people go to the ballet. And nowhere is the performance so enjoyable as at Heathrow, the world's top international airport. Each nationality has its own language of posture and gesture. But since these body-lingos are often mutually incomprehensible, an innocent gesture made in an airport lounge may well be an unwitting insult. Something in your eye? Think before you touch the lower lid. If a Saudi sees you, he'll think you're calling him stupid, but a South American senorita will think you're making a pass at her. A Sardinian woman asks if it is easy to find a taxi at Heathrow. The answer she gets is a cheery thumbs up. Immediately she clonks the unfortunate man with her handbag for making such a devastatingly obscene suggestion. This is why, incidentally, it is inadvisable to hitch-hike in Sardinia. Isn't there at least one truly international gesture? Don't bet on it. A Japanese asks an American passenger whether Heathrow has a luggage trolley service. It has. And, as it happens, this service is not only first class, but it's free! So the Yank replies with the

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famous "A-Okey" ring gesture. But to the Japanese it signifies money, and he concludes that there is a large charge for the service. Meanwhile a Tunisian on-looker thinks the American is telling the Japanese that he is a worthless rogue and he is going to kill him... Eyes peeled, next time you're there! (taken from an advertisement for the British Airport

iTask 13

B1 - "Travel"

Authority)

CD 1 - Track 201

Alternative Means of Transport The availability of means of transport other than the car is one of the most important ways to maintain older people's mobility. Such options allow older people to travel and they need to ensure that the complete travel chain is suitable for older people, taking account of older people's capabilities and limitations. That is, they should be affordable and accessible. Alternatives to the car are often provided by community transport and paratransit (Diala-Ride) services. These can be useful, although a drawback of these services is that they often require advance booking. They rarely permit spontaneous travel of the kind that is possible by car or on foot. Powered wheelchairs, scooters and golf carts constitute another class of mobility alternative that does not require a driving licence. These vehicles allow for spontaneous travel and are being used for journeys of up to about 4 km which are made under favourable weather conditions. No single form of transport provides mobility for all people under all circumstances. A family of services is needed that enables travellers to select the one that best suits their requirements for a particular journey. These services include conventional public transport services, which are accessible to passengers in wheelchairs, if possible; bus service routes using small vehicles that pick up and discharge passengers close to origin and destination, this service is particularly appropriate for areas where demand is low (for example in rural areas); conventional taxis, often with user-side subsidies in order to reduce the fare; dial-a-Ride service for door-to-door travel for passengers who require assistance and/or who use a wheelchair that cannot be accommodated by a taxi or accessible bus; accessible pedestrian infrastructure to allow access to all transport services and to make journeys wholly on foot or by powered wheelchair or scooter. (http://www. erso. eu/knowledge/)

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Task 14

B1 - "People and society"

CD 1 - Track 21

Making New Friends Solitude is enjoyed by any individual. Spending time with oneself and indulging in some fruitful introspection is something that many people crave, but unfortunately do not find time for. However, when this solitude becomes loneliness, it can get problematic. Finding new friends is not at all difficult provided you keep an open mind and be confident in yourself. Always remember that tomorrow's friends are in fact today's strangers. We bring some ideas and suggestions for how to make new friends. To make new friends, the first thing you need to do is meet up with new people. This should be quite simple as your neighbourhood should have a club, school or any other small organization. Go there and talk to people. You will be surprised to see the response you get. Don't be too haughty or condescending. It is far more important to be nice than be interesting. So once you get into a social circle or group, making friends is not tough at all. Look approachable. You need not dress up in dandy clothes or wear loud make up to attract people. More than artificial make up, simplicity attracts people. Smile often, make eye contact, don't look too tense and listen to what others have to say. Accept people the way they are. Unnecessary fault finding, critically analyzing each and every individual will not work if you want to make new friends. No one is perfect; you are not either. Everyone has faults and the way to make friends is by looking at the positive aspects of the individual. In case you don't like someone's behavior, it is better to avoid them than create a rivalry. Try to keep your communication channels open. Don't sit back relaxing and expecting lasting friendships to occur. It requires communication from both sides. So call up people you have just met, email old friends who have moved away, drop an occasional sms just to say hi. You will be pleasantly surprised at the responses that you get. Show people you are reliable and can be trusted. In a new group, ask if you could offer something to drink or invite someone over. Exchange phone numbers and don't forget to call up. Remember, it is essential to take the first step to begin the journey of an everlasting friendship. When someone entrusts you with some work, give it your best shot. Last but not least, don't forget old friends. If they have moved away or if you have moved away, be in touch with occasional phone calls and emails. Don't leave old friends for the sake of new ones. (http://festivals, iloveindia. com/)

iTask 15

B1 - "Travel"

CD 1 - Track 221

Car Sharing Transportation is the life-blood of any economy. And yet, our fast-growing urban centres are faced with increasingly clogged arteries. I26~]

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Car Sharing is the "missing link" in our urban transportation systems. It should be an important option in every major urban centre. The biggest determinant to vehicle use is vehicle ownership. Car Sharing helps people kick the car-owning habit, without going cold turkey, and with the financial reward of saving money. Best of all, across North America, city governments and transit agencies have finally begun to understand and support car sharing. Let's just mention some statistics. One shared car replaces at least 6 individually owned cars. 27% of those who have joined Car Sharing use mass transit more than they did before. 15% of members of Car Sharing have given up their own cars and 25% have not even bought a car since they joined this system. What is more, people started to drive less; the average driving reduction is more than 55%. An average North American car is driven just 66 minutes a day. Although people drive less, they spend more money on cars. While in 1998 households spent 14.8% of their income on cars, in 1990 it was only 13.2%. If you want to know more about Car Sharing in your city, do not hesitate to contact us at 80-378999 or email us to: [email protected]. (http://www.carsharing.netl)

[Task 16

B1

"Work"

CD 1 - Track 231

Students and Part-Time Jobs You will probably find that as a student you will need to take a part time job to make you more financially independent from your parents. You may choose to work in the day (when you are not in college or university), in the evening or at the weekend. Employers look at any employment as an asset and most companies look to employ people with previous communication, motivational, problem solving, planning, organisational or IT skills. So as well as earning you some much-needed money, part-time work will also help you with your future employment. If you are a disabled student, be realistic about what you can and can't do but don't be put off a job because the workplace is not accessible to you. All employers have a responsibility to make sure that they offer a workplace that is as accessible as possible for disabled people. Also, your employer might never have had a disabled employee before and the barriers to thriving in the workplace are different for every disabled person. It's usually a matter of gradual education, both for the employer and for you. Don't expect everything to be perfect from day one. There are lots of ways to find part-time work. Go to your local Connexions Centre or your school or college careers service and look at the opportunities. Speak to your tutors and find out if your college or university has a job shop or schemes for work experience. Target the sectors that you are interested in working in - write to them including your 127 1

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CV. If you look in the Yellow Pages, this will help you with addresses. Volunteer in a company to get experience and then make yourself useful and be on the spot if any vacancies come up. Speak to friends and relatives and ask them to keep their eyes open for vacancies where they work. Whatever you decide to do, look after yourself and be careful about how much you can take on. The extra money is great but you also need to ensure that you have enough time and energy for your studies and have a social life too. (http://www.connexionsdirect.com)

Task 17

B1 - "People and society"

CD 1 - Track 24

Julia Roberts From the moment of her appearance in the role of a street prostitute who wins the jackpot - the heart of a handsome millionaire (Richard Gere) - in "Pretty Woman", Julia Roberts was announced as one of the brightest young stars in Hollywood. Her credo is romantic comedy and light drama. She has a peculiar prankish attractiveness comparable to that of young Audrey Hepburn. Like Hepburn, Roberts possesses a beauty not typical of Hollywood. Skinny as a bean-pole, with long legs and rich curly hair, she is more awkward than elegant. Her big grey eyes and big mouth can express the finest emotions on the screen. The increased attention to her persona did not stop Julia from being Oscar nominated twice before celebrating her 24th birthday, and to be one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood. The image of Julia as the girl next door has its roots in reality as she was born in the small town of Smyrna near Atlanta, Georgia, daughter to a vacuum cleaner salesman and a church secretary. Her parents divorced when she was just 4 years old, and her father, who had a deep attachment to Julia, died of cancer five years after the divorce. In her childhood Julia dreamed of becoming a veterinarian. She kept that dream until finishing high school, and at age 17 she went to her sister Lisa in New York, determined to become an actress. She registered with some acting courses but finished none of them. In order to pay growing bills Julia signed a contract with a fashion agency called Click. In 1986 her elder brother, Eric persuaded director Eric Masterson to sign his sister, for his film "Red Blood", which wasn't shown on screen until 1990. In 1988, Roberts earned praise for her participation in two films - "Satisfaction" and "Mystic Pizza". Critics predicted a promising future for the debutante actress and they were not mistaken. In 1989 she played a doomed bride in "Steel Magnolias" which brought her an Oscar nomination for best actress. In 1990 the film "Pretty Woman" turned the talented beginner into a superstar, and she received another Oscar nomination. The film became an instant smash hit, which set a new record at the box-office. The following two films - "Neighbours" and "Sleeping with the Enemy" confirmed her histrionic talent. Then came a period of disappointments; her following films were not

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successful. Gossip began to spread on Hollywood movie sets that Roberts was "a director's nightmare". She also had a troubled private life. 1993 began with a new romance between Julia and composer Lyle Lovett which led to a marriage that lasted for 21 months. After the divorce the ex-couple still remained good friends. In 1995 Julia returned to the American screen with Lasse Hallstrom's "Something to Talk about", which brought back the critics' respect for her. Her role in the film "Everyone Says I Love You" where she was Woody Allen's partner, became a success. Though Julia Roberts is not the most highly paid actress of Hollywood now, she still gets eight-digit salaries. In 1997 the thriller "Conspiracy Theory" opened, the actress co-starred with Mel Gibson. During the same year she starred in "My Best Friend's Wedding", for which she received a Golden Globe nomination. (http://www.netkushi.com/) Task 18

B1 - "Lifestyle"

CD 1 - Track 25

How to Prevent Colds We can't promise you'll never get hit with the cold or suffer a bout of the flu, but you can increase your odds of staying well with these strategies. If you do get sick, we've also included some tips for getting better faster. While colds won't kill you, they can weaken your immune system to the point that other, more serious germs can take hold in your body. Just think how many times your cold turned into bronchitis or a sinus infection. And given that the average American adult suffers two to three colds a year, that's a lot of opportunities for serious illness - and just as many to prevent one! So, here's our first advice: wash your hands twice every time you wash them. When Columbia University researchers looked for germs on volunteers' hands, they found one hand-washing had little effect, even when using antibacterial soap. So wash twice if you're serious about fending off colds. Secondly, carry hand sanitizer with you. Colds are typically passed not from coughing or kissing (although these are two modes of transmission) but from hand-to-hand or handto-object contact, since most cold viruses can live for hours on an object. You then put your hand in or near your mouth or nose, and voilà! You're sick. Carry hand sanitizer gel or sanitizing towelettes with you and you can clean your hands anytime. One study of absenteeism due to infection in elementary schools found schools using the gel sanitizer had absentee rates from infection nearly 20 percent lower than those using other handcleaning methods. Use your knuckle to rub your eyes. It's less likely to be contaminated with viruses than your fingertip. This is particularly important given that the eye provides a perfect entry point for germs, and the average person rubs his eyes or nose or scratches his face 2050 times a day, notes Jordan Rubin, Ph.D., author of the book "The Maker's Diet". Run your toothbrush through the microwave on high for 10 seconds to kill germs that cause colds and other illnesses. You think it gets your teeth clean - and it does. But once 129

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you're done brushing, your toothbrush is a breeding ground for germs. Sterilize it in the microwave before you use it. Lower the heat in your house 5 degrees. The dry air of an overheated home provides the perfect environment for cold viruses to thrive. And when your mucous membranes (that is nose, mouth, tonsils) dry out, they can't trap these germs very well. Lowering the temperature and using a room humidifier help maintain a healthier level of humidity in the winter. Sit in a sauna once a week. Why? Because an Austrian study published in 1990 found that volunteers who frequently used a sauna had half the rate of colds during the sixmonth study period than those who didn't use a sauna at all. It is possible that the hot air you inhale kills cold viruses. Most gyms have saunas these days. Eat a container of yogurt every day. A study from the University of California-Davis found that people who ate one cup of yogurt - whether live culture or pasteurized - had 25 percent fewer colds than non-yogurt eaters. Start your yogurt eating in the summer to build up your immunity before the cold and flu season starts. Don't pressure your doctor for antibiotics. Colds and flu (along with most common infections) are caused by viruses, so antibiotics - designed to kill bacteria - won't do a thing. They can hurt, however, by killing off the friendly bacteria that are part of our immune defenses. If you've used antibiotics a lot lately, consider a course of probiotics - replacement troops for friendly bacteria. (http://www.rd.com/)

Task 19

B1 - "People and society"

CD 1 - Track 26

Get Organised Being organised in one's life is very important. When you are organised you will benefit from the following advantages: reduced stress in your life, you will fulfil your work on time, you will arrive at meetings prepared and on'time andlhese will lead to other advantages as well. If you are a student, being organised will definitely help you get better grades. So if you are disorganised and want to improve the quality of your life, the following tips could help you. So listen and take action today! Write down appointments. With all the appointments that one might have, it is easy to schedule two appointments at the same time or miss an appointment. This will create stress in your life. By using a diary or time planner, either a physical or an online one, you can easily organise your life. All the appointments will be organised in one place and you can feel confident that you have scheduled the appointments at the proper time, leaving enough personal time.

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might take different time periods, depending on the severity of the habit and one's character. Don't worry. Take your time. The most important thing is that you make a plan and that you actually follow it. You will motivate yourself to work more when you see that you are succeeding in breaking your habit. Tell everyone about your plan to break the habit. This is a very common and useful technique to get motivated to do something. In this case, you want to break a habit. By telling people that you want to break one of your habits, people will support you and encourage you to do so. People will also serve as a reminder every now and then, since they keep asking about your progress in breaking your habit. (http://blog.fruitfultime. com/)

Task 21

B1 - "Lifestyle"

CD 1 - Track 28

Rice is Nice? Test results released today by Greenpeace International establish that rice products being sold in the Middle East region have been contaminated by Bayer's illegal genetically engineered (GE) rice grown in field trials in the United States. Contamination in the Middle East has serious global implications as the region is the world's 2nd largest importer of US rice and a major re-exporter of food throughout the Asia region. Today, Greenpeace activists challenged Agriculture Ministers attending the International Rice Congress (IRC) in Delhi to take immediate action to prevent the continuing contamination of the world's most important staple food. Conference delegates were presented with symbolic bowls of rice with question marks. Agricultural ministers of eight countries are participating in the IRC, to set the agenda for rice production and export over the next five years, discussing trade issues as well as scientific innovations and sustainable solutions for rice production. Ironically, Bayer and Monsanto, the two main advocates for the GE industry, are jointly sponsoring the Congress, placing them in a key position to influence the agenda to their advantage. Contamination from Bayer's rice has already been found in nine countries, and resulted in import restrictions against the United States. "The contaminated rice in the Middle East is yet another body blow to the US rice industry, already reeling under product recalls, testing requirements, import restrictions and cancelled orders in many countries," said Divya Raghunandan, GE campaigner from Greenpeace India. "Now, more than ever before, it is clear that GE crops pose a serious risk and that 'controlled field trials' are a dangerous myth. Any country allowing GE crops to be grown, even in field trials, is exposing its farmers and traders of agricultural produce to an economic and environmental disaster. A complete ban is the only solution," added Raghunandan. NEW DELHI, India, October 10, 2006 (www.phmiracleliving.com) 129 1

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Task 22, 23

B1 - "Lifestyle"

CD 1 - Track 29

The Influence of Watching TV on Children Television viewing is a major activity and influence on children and adolescents. Children in the United States watch an average of three to four hours of television a day. By the time of high school graduation, they will have spent more time watching television than they have in the classroom. While television can entertain, inform, and keep our children company, it may also influence them in undesirable ways. Time spent watching television takes away from important activities such as reading, school work, playing, exercise, family interaction and social development. Children also learn information from the television that may be inappropriate or incorrect. They are influenced by the thousands of commercials seen each year, many of which are for alcohol, junk food, fast food and toys. Children who watch a lot of television are likely to have lower grades in school, read fewer books and be overweight. What can parents do? First of all, they can ensure that children have a positive experience with television. Parents should view programs with their children. They can encourage discussions with the children about what they are seeing. While watching, making connections to history, books, places of interest and personal events, talking about personal and family values can also be a big help. Ask your children to compare what they are watching with real events. Talk about the realistic consequences of violence. Discuss the role of advertising and its influence on buying. Parents should also select developmentally appropriate shows. Children's shows on public TV are appropriate, but soap operas, adult sitcoms and adult talk shows are not. Place limits on the amount of television viewing (per day and per week). Turn off the television during family meals and study time so that it should be clear for children that study times are for learning, not for sitting in front of the television doing homework. Besides, meal times are a good time for family members to talk with each other. All in all, parents should encourage their child to be involved in hobbies, sports and peers. With proper guidance, children can learn to use television in a healthy and positive way. (http://www.aacap.org/)

Task 24

B1 - "Science and technology"

CD 1 - Track 30

The Digital Divide A recent survey has shown that the number of people in the United Kingdom who do not intend to get internet access has risen. These people, who are known as "net refuseniks", make up 44% of UK households, or 11.2 million people in total.

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The research also showed that more than 70 percent of these people said that they were not interested in getting connected to the internet. This number has risen from just over 50% in 2005, with most giving lack of computer skills as a reason for not getting internet access, though some also said it was because of the cost. More and more people are getting broadband and high speed internet is available almost everywhere in the UK, but there are still a significant number of people who refuse to take the first step. The cost of getting online is going down and internet speeds are increasing, so many see the main challenge to be explaining the relevance of the internet to this group. This would encourage them to get connected before they are left too far behind. The gap between those who have access to and use the internet and those who don't is the digital divide, and if the gap continues to widen, those without access will get left behind and miss out on many opportunities, especially in their careers. (http://www.usingenglish.com)

iTask 25

B1 - "School"

CD 1 - Track 31

School Life for a 13-year Old British Boy My school is a mixed 11-18 school. There are about 1,150 students in my school, including 200 in the sixth form. It is called a Technology College and specialises in Computers and Maths. My school has over 1200 computers (including over 400 tablet PCs). I am in year 8. I presently have to decide what GCSEs I would like to start working towards. I sit my GCSE exams next year instead of the year after when most other people of my age will be doing them. Some subjects are compulsory like Maths, English, Science and a foreign language. I am not sure what other GSCEs I will be taking. I will have to decide soon. My school day I leave home at 6.45 and walk 20 minutes to catch a bus to school. The bus is a special one just for kids going to my school. The journey on the bus takes an hour because it has to keep stopping to pick up other students along the way. When I arrive at school, I collect my Tablet PC from the Flexi (Flexible Learning Centre). Then I go to my Tutor Room for Registration at 8.30. We also listen to announcements to see what special things are happening at school today or this week. At about 8.50 we leave Tutor Room to go to our First Period. Every day I have a different lesson the first period. Normally it is Humanities but I also have Maths, Drama and Music, and French on other days. Each period lasts an hour. All my lessons are in different rooms and places around the school. Each room either has a three digit number or a name.

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List the tasks you need to do. To make lists is a very effective technique in organising your life. Every day, before starting to work on your tasks one after the other, make a list of all the tasks (also known as a to do list) that you have to do. Then prioritise your tasks, putting those tasks that are important at the very top. This will help you focus your energy on the important tasks that you have to achieve today. You can also put an estimate of how much time each task will take to complete, and hence you will be able to plan your time better. Split a complex task into several simpler sub-tasks. Our brains are not optimised to handle complex tasks in one go. Instead, we tend to break a complex task into smaller and less complex tasks. This allows us to handle a simple task at a time, but at the same time working to solve the bigger and more complex task. When you need to solve a complex task, split it up into several sub-tasks until each sub-task is simple enough to handle. (http://blog.fruitfultime.com/)

Task 20 132

B1 - "Lifestyle"

CD 1 - Track 27

The Secret of How to Break a Habit

Stopping a habit is not easy and one encounters various levels of difficulty in trying to do so. These difficulty levels depend on what the habit is, for how long has it been part of the victim's life and how often the victim exercised the habit. For instance, smoking can be a very difficult habit to break. It depends for how long a person has been smoking and how many cigarettes a day he used to smoke. Apart from that it also depends on the type of character one has. There are cases of people who used to smoke daily for years and they stopped immediately (something which is not recommended). Whilst on the other hand, there are smokers who smoke daily in small amounts but find it very hard to say no. Here are three tips that you should keep in mind when trying to break any kind of bad habit. Get to know the reality about your habit. Some people don't think about how awful their habit is. They don't realise that their habit is affecting for instance their health and affecting others around them. For instance, alcoholics sometimes don't know the effect alcohol has on their health. They also don't realise that their friends make fun of them. Hence, getting to know the reality about your habit will motivate you to break your habit. Plan on how to nuke your habit. Don't rush to stop your habit tomorrow since you will not succeed. Plan slowly and in detail how you are going to reduce your dependency on the habit, little by little, until you are at a point where the habit doesn't affect you any more. For different people, it

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Swipe cards Every student carries a swipe card. We swipe into every lesson to let the school know that we have attended that certain lesson and to know where we are in case of emergencies. On the swipe card there are two stripes, a black and a brown. The brown is to swipe into lessons and the black is to get into the toilets and buildings. We can put money on our swipe cards instead of carrying cash around. When we want to pay for snacks at the Tuck Shop or canteen, we just hand over our cards and they deduct the money. Lunch I bring a packed lunch to school but occasionally I have school dinners in the school canteen. The canteen is open at lunch time and break time. Most hot food is only served at lunch time. Chips are only available on Mondays and Fridays. At 3.10 it is the end of school. Sometimes I stay after school for clubs. Tablet PC We don't use our Tablet PCs in all lessons because some rooms do not have enough power sockets. We use the Tablets to do our work on and to search the Internet. Our Tablet PCs are connected to a network so we can send our work straight to our teachers and they can send them back with their comments. Written by Erik (h tip://www. woodlands-jun ior. kent. sch. uk/)

Task 26

B1 - "People and society"

CD 1 - Track 32

Speed-Dating Busy British men and women are participating in a novel new way of meeting prospective partners; speed dating. Single men and women attend an event, usually in a bar or club. During the event, they will have the opportunity to meet a series of potential partners. As the term speed-dating suggests, they only have three minutes to impress each person before rotating to the next. The concept of speed-dating originated in Los Angeles, California in 1999. It was invented by a rabbi to help singles in the Jewish community find a partner. Originally singles were given eight minutes together, to make an impression before moving on to the next potential partner. At the end of the rotation they wrote down who was hot and who was not, and in the case of a good match contact details were exchanged. The concept was soon exported, and took off in London in 2000. The craze soon spread all over the UK, and spawned Speed Dating Agencies and an Internet Site for finding Mr or Ms Right. The eight minute limit is supposedly based on science. It is the time required for our hormones to tell us whether the person opposite us is a potential mate. In our increasingly busy lives, where traditional courtship rituals are disappearing

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this time limit has now been further reduced to only three minutes, about the same time it takes us to brush our teeth. (http://www. onestopenglish. com/)

Task 27

B1 - "Science and technology"

CD 2 - Track 2

The First Computer Programmer Ada Lovelace was the daughter of the poet Lord Byron. She was taught by Mary Somerville, a well-known researcher and a scientific author, who introduced her to Charles Babbage in June 1833. Babbage was an English mathematician, who first had the idea for a programmable computer. In 1842 and 1843, Ada translated the work of an Italian mathematician, Luigi Menabrea, on Babbage's Analytical Engine. Though mechanical, this machine was an important step in the history of computers; it was the design of a mechanical generalpurpose computer. Babbage worked on it for many years until his death in 1871. However, because of financial, political and legal issues, the engine was never built. The design of the machine was very modern; it anticipated the first complete general-purpose computer by about 100 years. When Ada translated the article, she added a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating certain numbers with the Analytical Engine, which has since been recognized by historians as the world's first computer program. She also saw possibilities in it that Babbage hadn't: she realised that the machine could compose pieces of music. The computer programming language "Ada", used in some aviation and military programs, is named after her. (http://www. usingenglish. com/)

ITask 28

B1 - "School"

CD 2 - Track 31

The Hardest Language People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn, and it is not easy to answer because there are many factors to take into consideration. Firstly, in a first language the differences are unimportant as people learn their mother tongue naturally, so the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when learning a second language. A native speaker of Spanish, for example, will find Portuguese much easier to learn than a native speaker of Chinese, because Portuguese is very similar to Spanish, while Chinese is very different, so first language can affect learning a second language. The greater the differences between the second language and our first, the harder it will be for most people to learn. Many people answer that Chinese is the hardest language to learn, possibly influenced by the thought of learning the Chinese writing system, and the 136 1

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pronunciation of Chinese does appear to be very difficult for many foreign learners. However, for Japanese speakers, who already use Chinese characters in their own language, learning writing will be less difficult than for speakers of languages using the Roman alphabet. Some people seem to learn languages readily, while others find it very difficult. Teachers and the circumstances in which the language is learned also play an important role, as well as each learner's motivation for learning. If people learn a language because they need to use it professionally, they often learn it faster than people studying a language that has no direct use in their day to day life. Apparently, British diplomats and other embassy staff have found that the second hardest language is Japanese, which will probably come as no surprise to many, but the language that they have, found to be the most problematic is Hungarian, which has 35 cases (forms of nouns according to whether it is subject, object, genitive, etc.). This does not mean that Hungarian is the hardest language to learn for everyone, but it causes British diplomatic personnel, who are generally used to learning languages, the most difficulty. However, Tabassaran, a Caucasian language has 48 cases, so it might cause more difficulty if British diplomats had to learn it. Different cultures and individuals from those cultures will find different languages more difficult. In the case of Hungarian for British learners, it is not a question of the writing system, which uses a similar alphabet, but the grammatical complexity, though native speakers of related languages may find it easier, while struggling with languages that the British find relatively easy. No language is easy to learn well, though languages which are related to our first language are easier. Learning a completely different writing system is a huge challenge, but that does not necessarily make a language more difficult than another. In the end, it is impossible to say that there is one language that is the most difficult language in the world. (http://www. usingenglish. com)

Task 29

B1 - "People and society"

CD 2 - Track 4

Short Biography of Johnny Cash Known as "The Man in Black" for the way he dressed on stage, Johnny Cash began his fivedecade career in 1955. As his career progressed, he kept to his own style of song - a sound that often intersected folk, ran alongside rock & roll, but was labelled as country. Before J.R., as he was called on his birth certificate and how family members addressed him, was a teenager, he knew that he enjoyed writing songs. In high school, he performed for the town's local radio station, and he tried to create songs that made his mother proud. As a youngster, the accidental death of his brother would haunt Cash for the rest of his days. Many claim that this was the muse for his melancholic, dark sound - another primary reason he always wore black.

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Inspired by a documentary film about Folsom Prison while serving in the Air Force from 1950 until 1954, Cash bought a guitar and wrote more music, including one of his most famous recordings entitled "Folsom Prison Blues". Throughout the early to mid 1960s, Johnny Cash became addicted to amphetamines, thereby making him more withdrawn than ever from the public's eye. And, in 1965, he was arrested for attempting to smuggle drugs in his guitar case through El Paso airport. These unfortunate events coupled with his unsure relationship with June Carter sparked some destructive behaviour. His career did not bounce back until Carter was able to help him overcome his drug addiction and convert him to a fundamental form of Christianity. Following that, in 1968, Johnny Cash made two remarkable career-boosting moves: he married June Carter and recorded a live album entitled "Johnny Cash, At Folsom Prison". Between them, the couple shared seven children and June Carter gave birth to John Carter Cash in 1971, who was their only son. In 1975, Cash published his autobiography entitled "Man in Black". In the early 80s, he became the youngest inductee into the Country Music Hall of Fame. Throughout the rest of the 80s and 90s, and into the 21st century, he released numerous award-winning albums. (http://www.biographyshelf.com/)

Task 30

B1 - "Free time and culture"

CD 2 - Track 5

What Are Extreme Sports? You've probably seen the term "extreme sports" in magazines, and seen it advertised in sporting goods stores. The term is becoming more and more common. So, what exactly are extreme sports? The definition of extreme sports is not very clear. Generally speaking, extreme sports are activities that are associated with an adrenaline rash that isjelt by the participant. These activities are often dangerous and any mistake could result in injury or even death. During the 1970's and 1980's, the term "extreme sports" was almost exclusively used for sports that had high risks involved and often resulted in death. Today, however, extreme sports also include activities that give a feeling of an adrenaline rush not necessarily putting the participant's life in harms way. Extreme sports cover a vast assortment of activities. A few of the more common types include mountain biking, climbing and drag racing. Other kinds of extreme sports have developed from a familiar activity. For example, skiing is a common sport. More aggressive versions of skiing, such as barefoot skiing and extreme skiing, have developed over the years. Base jumping involves jumping from fixed objects with the use of a parachute. "Base" stands for the objects that a participant can use to launch from: a building, antenna, span (such as a bridge), or the Earth (such as a cliff). There are many other variations of extreme sports. Extreme sports are growing in popularity, especially among young people. New types of extreme activities continue to be developed. Some argue that their popularity is due 138

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to marketing trends. They state that marketing strategies give some extreme sports a dangerous image, even though they do not involve high risks of danger. Regardless, these sports are gaining a large audience and are growing in popularity and participation. Now that the question "what are extreme sports?" has been answered, you may be interested in trying some of them out. Certain versions of extreme sports require proper training, while other types, such as mountain biking, can be performed without professional guidance. Whatever you decide to do, be sure to use the appropriate equipment and the proper safety precautions. As people, young and old, continue to develop these activities, more understand what extreme sports are. While the trend continues, you can expect to see a greater variety of sports available, each one more unlikely than the last. You may even invent an extreme sport of your own. By John Anderson (http://www. catalogs, com)

Task 31

B1 - "People and society"

CD 2 - Track 6

The Milk Charles, a wealthy young city boy, was walking one sunny spring morning in the countryside and, coming to a farm, he asked for a bowl of milk and paid for it. He sat in the shade of a tree, broke his bread into pieces and dropped them into the milk. John, a poor boy from the nearby village, who was very pale because he was always undernourished, looked at the boy under the tree and would have desired to share that bowl of milk with him but he was too well-mannered to ask. Charles noticed the boy and thought about leaving something in his bowl for the other boy but did not do so. When he had finished drinking his milk he noticed some writing on the bottom of his bowl and he began to blush. He immediately asked for another bowl of milk and a large piece of bread. When they were brought to him he called John, broke the bread as he had done for himself and told the boy to eat. The phrase that he had seen at the bottom of the bowl read: "Those who forget the poor do not deserve their own food." Charles said to himself: "This is a phrase that should be inscribed on every dish that the rich own!"

Task 32

B1 - "Free time and culture'

CD 2 - Track 7

Cricket History The origins of cricket are very vague, and many theories have been put forward suggesting its origins. However, it is commonly accepted that the game originated from a very old leisure activity indulged in by shepherds. 139

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The first evidence of cricket being played was recorded in the year 1550, by the pupils of Royal Grammar School, Guildford. In the year 1611 it is reported that two young men from Sussex were punished for playing cricket instead of going to church. The first match is recorded to have been played at Coxheath in Kent in the year 1646. Earlier cricket used to thrive greatly as a gambling game. People used to place huge amounts in bets on matches and thus the game started to gain recognition. During the 18th century cricket survived and thrived due to the huge amounts of money via monetary backing and gambling. The first instance of a match to be played between counties in England is recorded to be on 29th June in the year 1709. The match was played between Surrey and Kent at Dartford. In the year 1787, the Marylebone Cricket Club also known as the as the MCC was created. The MCC has since then gone on to become one of the most prominent bodies in world cricket. Cricket in its initial days was restricted to the aristocratic class of England. Cricket gradually went on to become the national game of England. The late 18th century was a very crucial phase for the development of the game, both within and outside of Britain. The game was spread far and wide mainly due to England's imperialism. Wherever they went, the game went with them and thus spread outside of England. The first official match was held between Canada and the United States in the year 1844. In the present times, cricket has its own following of loyal fans. The International Cricket Council, better known as the ICC is the governing body in world cricket. The ICC was founded on the 15th of June in the year 1909. (h ttp ://www. stickiewicket. com/)

Task 33

B1 - "Family life"

CD 2 - Track 8

Getting Your Child to Love Reading Children who read for pleasure become lifelong readers. Helping your children to enjoy reading is one of the most important things you can do as a parent and is well worth the investment of your time and energy. Kids will learn reading skills in school, but often they come to associate reading with work, not pleasure. As a result, they lose their desire to read. And it is that desire - the curiosity and interest - that is the cornerstone to using reading and related skills successfully. By far the most effective way to encourage your children to love books and reading is to read aloud to them, and the earlier you start, the better. Even a baby of a few months can see pictures, listen to your voice, and turn cardboard pages. Make this time together a special time when you hold your kids and share the pleasure of a story without the distractions of TV or telephones. You may be surprised to find that a well-written children's book is often as big a delight to you as it is to the kids. And don't stop taking the time to read aloud once your children have learned to read for themselves. At this stage, 140 1

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encourage them to read to you some of the time. This shared enjoyment will continue to strengthen your children's interest and appreciation. Simply having books, magazines and newspapers around your home will help children to view them as part of daily life. And your example of reading frequently and enjoying it will reinforce that view. While your children are still very small, it's a good idea to start a home library for them, even if it's just a shelf or two. Be sure to keep some books for little children to handle freely. How you handle books will eventually influence how your kids treat them. Children imitate, so if they see that you enjoy reading and treat books gently and with respect, it is likely that they will do the same. When you read aloud together, choose books that you both like. If a book seems dull, put it down and find one that is appealing. There are, however, so many children's books in print that making the best selections may seem a formidable task". If your children are school-aged, keep in mind that the school library is an excellent source for a wide variety of materials and the school librarian is knowledgeable about children's literature. Encourage your kids to bring home books from their school library for pleasure as well as for their studies. (h ttp://www. readingrockets. org/)

iTask 34

B1 - "Travel"

CD 2 - T r a c M

Spoilt Holiday When booking our holiday, we weren't told that the apartments overlooked a very busy road. Neither was it mentioned on the internet. Although we were at the back of the apartments, we could still hear the traffic. There is also a pub/disco next door, which again, isn't mentioned in the brochure or on the net. Friends of ours were at the front of the apartments and had to be moved, because they couldn't get any sleep. There is also a taxi rank just across the road and the drivers would gather together at night. Their constant noise (talking, laughing and shouting) also kept residents awake. Upon arriving at the apartments (very late at night) there was no one to meet us. The owner was the only person around and he was manning the bar as well as the reception area, which was also in the bar area. As a result of this, it took a while for everyone to be sorted and taken to their rooms. As we were very tired and hungry, all we wanted to do was get something to eat and then go to bed. We went out to the bar and asked for a hot snack, which was very pleasantly served, but which turned out to be cold. When we first arrived, the owner took our passports from us and informed us that they would be returned the next day. They weren't but we didn't worry about this. We thought they would be safe with them. We thought wrong! When we asked for them back on the Thursday of our next week, we were told that they couldn't find them. We were constantly being asked if we had not had them and lost them ourselves. We found the attitude of the staff towards us very unsatisfactory. They did little to help us find our 141

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passports. Although we suggested to the staff to go round every apartment and ask everyone to check their passports, they didn't take us up on it. In the end, we had to do it ourselves. This produced results immediately. It turned out that the owner himself had given our passports to another resident without checking them first. What angered us most about this, was that the owner and the rest of the staff constantly insisted that they had not given them out to anyone else and that we must have had them and lost them. Even when we got our passports back, we didn't get any apology from them. Although we had a good time initially, we felt that the loss of our passports and the attitude of the staff at the apartments spoilt our holiday for the last few days. We certainly won't be going back again. (http://www: tripadvisor. com/)

iTask 35

B1 - "Free time and culture"

CD 2 - Track 101

Book Reviews: Tuesdays With Morrie, by Mitch Albom "Tuesdays with Morrie" by Mitch Albom is the perfect weekend book. Semiautobiographical in nature, Albom tells the story of his life after he happens to see a former professor of his from Brandeis University (Massachusetts) on TV. He finally summoned up the courage to visit Morrie Schwartz at his home, after finding out that he was dying of ALS, a deadly disease. Morrie offered Albom one final class, with him as the only student every Tuesday in Morrie's house. The requirements were to visit him, talk, listen, and write down everything he learned. His conversations on life, religion, families, dealing with our pasts, making career choices, and deciding what's important in life touch everyone. There is not a single person who can't learn something or be touched by something in this book. As Albom's visits with Morrie continue, the professor's health is deteriorating. Albom had made it a point to always bring food to his visits, but soon the professor was not able to eat solid foods any longer. Yet, he mustered up the energy for each lesson. It put things in perspective for Albom, whose life was at a crossroads. For thirteen Tuesdays, there was a different lesson: The World, Feeling sorry for yourself, Regrets, Death, Family, Emotions, Fear of Aging, Money, How love goes on, Marriage, Our culture, Forgiveness and The Perfect Day. The fourteenth Tuesday was time to say goodbye to his dear teacher and mentor. By this time, Morrie was not doing well at all. A few days later, he slipped into a coma and died on Saturday. Even though Morrie Schwartz's body may have stopped living, his lessons are timeless. His love of education continued literally to the very end, concluding with his own death. This book reiterates that life is so fragile. It's philosophical, insightful and written in an easy-to-read prose that everybody can identity with. by Joyce D. Sinclair (http://www. helium.com/) 142 1

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|Task 1

B2 - "Lifestyle"

CD 2 - Track 11

Synaesthesia Can some people really smell sounds, taste words and see numbers as colours? Can brain science begin to explain how and why this happens? What is synaesthesia? Synaesthesia is a curious condition where there is a mingling of the senses due to cross-wiring in the brain. Hearing a musical note, for example, might cause a person with synaesthesia to see a particular colour; C is red, F sharp is blue. Or perhaps the number 2 is always green and 5 always blue. Other people may taste spoken words, for example, on hearing the word "table" they might taste apricots, whereas "book" tastes like tomato soup and "telephone" tastes like earwax. Who gets synaesthesia! About 1_ in 2000 people have synaesthesia. Recent studies by Simon Baron-Cohen in Cambridge have confirmed synaesthesia is genetic, passed from parent to child. The slightly different genes of someone with synaesthesia appear to cause adjacent areas of the brain to cross-wire. What's happening in the brain? Colour information is analysed in the fusiform gyrus in the brain's temporal lobe. This is very close to the area of the brain that deals with the physical forms of numbers (also in the fusiform gyrus). It's thought that a genetic abnormality causes these two areas to cross-wire. Brain imaging has now confirmed this idea by testing synaesthetes who see numbers as colours. When most people are shown black numbers on a white background, only the number area of their brain becomes active. However, when people with synaesthesia look at the same image, the colour area of their brain also activates. What causes synaesthesia? When you were born, you had far more brain cells than you needed. A period of pruning happens where only the connections and brains cells you need and use survive. This is a normal and vital part of all mammals' early development. It's possible that a gene for synaesthesia causes this pruning process to happen differently, and this results in extra connections and cross-wiring between brain areas. (http.V/www.youramazingbrain. org. uk/)

[Task 2

B2 - "Work"

CD 2 - Track 12

Blue Monday and "Thank God It's Friday" For the average American worker, Monday and Friday are work days with a special meaning. The former is often referred to as Blue Monday because another work week has begun after two days of time off for oneself. The Monday morning blues often mean that the worker must face another five days of getting up early, putting up with rush hour crowds, taking orders from demanding employers, meeting important deadlines on schedule and fulfilling job responsibilities. It is no wonder that the trek to work may not be a cause for great joy. The average worker may feel a bit depressed over the prospects of beginning another week and stressed out before it has begun. 143

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If one enjoys his work, then Blue Monday may not be so traumatic. Yet, if one is not happy in his job, Blue Monday can be a cause for great pain and anxiety with the hope that Friday may not be very far away. Hopefully, the week's routine may offer a few surprises and if all goes well, there may be no major problems or conflicts to upset the work equilibrium. It is for this reason that a Friday morning is greeted with warm anticipation and an upbeat attitude. T.G.I.F. stands for "Thank God It's Friday." At the office or workplace colleagues will greet each other with these four letters and everyone knows what they mean. This expression will elicit a great smile of satisfaction from most office workers. They soon think of how they might spend the weekend, since most offices and schools are not open on Saturdays and Sundays. Closing time on Friday, therefore, brings in the pleasure of a two-day weekend. For Americans, this is a time to go off somewhere with friends or by oneself to recharge one's batteries and renew one's energy. When Friday does come around, the excitement which it engenders becomes contagious as co-workers and colleagues get together and brace themselves for their weekend plans. Perhaps they will take off into the country for an overnight stay at a mountain resort, or go skiing at a nearby lodge or better still, stay at home and do absolutely nothing at all. When Sunday night approaches, they are sufficiently refreshed or totally exhausted. Most, however, are sufficiently invigorated to get up on Monday morning and trudge off to work renewing the week's cycle. If the mood on Monday is a bit more subdued, it is because everyone knows another Blue Monday has begun. In recent years some places of employment have begun to initiate a four-day work week and the computer age has made it possible for many jobs to function from the home without the need to commute. Even some holidays which used to fall in the middle of the week are now moved to Monday guaranteeing a longer weekend. Perhaps the traditional attitudes towards Mondays and Fridays may soon be a thing of the past. (http://www.geocities. com/)

Task 3

B2 - "Lifestyle"

CD 2 - Track 13

How to Sleep Better at Night People need a good night's sleep. In fact, they need at least seven hours of sleep daily. Unfortunately, most people hardly rest, let alone sleep well. More and more people are getting prescriptions for insomnia. If you have difficulty sleeping, you probably have considered getting your own sleeping pill prescription as well. Why do you need sleep? It is a fact that people need to sleep. People though take sleep for granted. They may not know exactly how important sleep is to their health. So, why do you really need to sleep? Why do you need to get the required number of hours of sleep? There are a lot of reasons why you need to sleep. 144 1

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First of all, sleep energizes the body. Your ability to function and to think well is greatly affected by how much sleep you get. Your body recuperates and heals itself when you sleep. It prepares itself for the next day's work when you sleep. When you sleep, you strengthen your body, so your body can fight off infection and diseases better. If you constantly lack sleep, your immune system gets weaker, and so, your body is more susceptible to illnesses. Your mental health also depends on the sleep you get. Research and scientific studies show that people who do not get enough rest and sleep are prone to depression and anxiety. How to sleep better at night So, how do you ensure a good night's rest? Firstly, establish a routine. Having a routine prepares your body to sleep. This sends a signal to the brain, telling your brain that it's time to rest. The brain will send out the message to your body, and the body starts to settle down for a good night's rest. A routine includes a schedule. Fix an hour for sleep and stick to it. Secondly, avoid sleeping during the day. You would find it difficult to sleep at night if you make it a habit to sleep during the day. In addition, keep yourself active during the day. If your body is not tired, it would be difficult for you to sleep at night. This would disrupt your routine. 30-minutes exercise daily can greatly help you sleep at night. Last but not least, clear your thoughts before you go to bed. Take a hot shower, read a book and drink a glass of warm milk. These will help you unwind for a good night's rest. (http://blog.fruitfultime. com/)

iTask 4

B2 - "Free time and culture"

CD 2 - Track 141

China Plans to Halt Rain for Beijing Olympics Determined not to let anything spoil their party, organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics said Wednesday that they will take control over the most unpredictable element of all - the weather. While China's Olympic athletes are getting ready to compete on the fields, its meteorologists are working the skies, attempting the difficult feat of making sure it doesn't rain on the August 8 opening ceremonies. "Our team is trained. Our preparations are complete," declared Wang Jianjie, a spokeswoman from the Beijing Meteorological Bureau, addressing a news conference at the headquarters of the Beijing organizing committee. The Chinese are among the world's leaders in what is called "weather modification," but they have more experience creating rain than preventing it. In fact, the techniques are virtually the same. Cloud-seeding is a relatively well-known practice that involves shooting various substances into clouds, such as silver iodide, salt and dry ice, that bring on the formation of larger raindrops, triggering a downpour. But Chinese scientists believe that they have perfected a technique that reduces the size of the raindrops, delaying the rain until the clouds move on. 145

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The weather modification would be used only on a small area, opening what would be in effect a meteorological umbrella over the 91,000-seat Olympic stadium. The $400million stadium, nicknamed the "bird's nest" for its interlacing steel beams, has no roof. "This is a really very complex process in terms of selecting the place and the time," said Wang Yubin, an engineer from the meteorological bureau. "Probably we will have to decide one day before or very close to the event." Summer is the rainy season in Northeast Asia. Originally, the Beijing Olympics were to open July 25, but meteorologists urged that the date be pushed back as late as possible. Still, the chances of rain in Beijing on August 8 are close to 50%. The bureau of weather modification was established in the 1980s and is now believed to be the largest in the world. "We have the largest program in the world with the most people involved and the most equipment, but it is not really the most advanced," Wang said. That honour belongs to the Russians, who he says used sophisticated cloud-seeding in 1986 to prevent radioactive rain from the Chernobyl reactor accident from reaching Moscow. Although many scientists dispute the effectiveness of weather modification, Wang insists that it has been successful in China on a limited scale. "If you're talking about a small rainfall, you can eliminate it," Wang said. "But if it's going to be raining cats and dogs, there's nothing man can do about it." (http: //travel, latimes. com/) (By Barbara Demick, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer 10:33 AM PST, January 31, 2008)

Task 5

B2 - "Lifestyle"

CD 2 - Track 15

We Found the Secret of Life in a Lost Tribe Lana Inglis is one of six young British women to have been dispatched to live with one of six remote tribes by the makers of the BBC documentary series "Tribal Wives". Like her five fellow volunteers, Lana felt she was at a crossroads and hoped that by leaving the life she knew behind, she might find a fresh perspective. - Lana, you are a bright young woman with a good job as an air hostess. What made you leave everything behind and go to Africa? - To look at me you wouldn't know I'm an alcoholic. I'm not an old man on a park bench drinking meths. I'm always immaculately turned out, my make-up is always done. I've got a career. But when I was drinking I was a terrible person. A drink-driver, a danger to others. I was living day to day, just focusing on getting through without a drink. I was even raped in 2001 by a taxi driver as I was too drunk to fight him off. Among the Afar, alcohol is strictly forbidden and to even suggest that a woman has been drinking is an offence punishable by beating. - How could you stay away from alcohol with the Afar? - A l t h o u g h I hadn't had a drink for more than a year before joining the tribe, I felt unable to emerge from the shadows of my past and look to the future. In Ethiopia, I might have 146 1

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been sleeping in a hut with 12 other people but that's a million times better than sleeping by the bins in the snow behind my local pub. - But you had a friend, didn't you? - Y e s , I met the love of my life, Jan, a Dutch airline pilot, but I couldn't imagine our life a year down the line. Even though he had only ever known me sober, I couldn't forget about the drunk. But keeping my alcoholism a secret from the tribe gave me the freedom to live as my new, sober self - and, importantly, to be accepted as such. - Lana, what are the Afar people like? - The Afar are a fierce, nomadic people who live according to a strict form of Islam. Life is really tough there. - What is Afar culture like? - It is a "brutal and loveless" culture in which females are slaves, often beaten by their gun-toting, cattle-herding men. Men and women lead largely separate lives and children fend for themselves. Still, for a few weeks, I was one of them, accepted as a sister, a daughter and a friend, and my secret past was thousands of miles away. It meant the start of a new life, gaining power. - Thank you very much, Lana. (http://www. express, co. uk/) (Wednesday June 18,2008 By Rachel Porter)

[Task 6

B2 - "Free time and culture"'

CD 2 - Track I6|

10 Items that Went Down with the Titanic When the passenger liner Titanic was built in 1912, it was declared to be unsinkable. Unfortunately, it hit an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City. Since then, many stories have been associated with the liner. This time, here are some facts about the people and cargo that were on board that fateful day. Passengers The ship carried 1316 passengers - 325 in first class, 285 in second class, and 706 in third class - of which 498 survived. Around two-thirds of first-class passengers survived, compared to around one-quarter of those in third class, mainly because, at some point after the collision, the gates to the third-class quarters were locked, denying those passengers access to lifeboats. Some of the more famous first-class passengers included millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim and his manservant, who both helped women and children into lifeboats before changing into their best clothes and preparing to "die like gentlemen," which they did. Also in first class was Lady Duff Gordon, a dress designer whose clientele included the British royal family. She and her husband survived, but they were later 147 1

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questioned why their lifeboat had been only half full. They were accused of bribing crew members to not allow more people into the boat. John Jacob Astor IV, the richest man in the world at the time, was also onboard. He assisted his pregnant wife, Madeleine, onto a lifeboat but was not allowed to board himself because officers were applying the principle of "women and children first". Madeleine survived, but John went down with the ship. Crew The Titanic had around 900 crew members, of whom 215 survived. These staff included the deck crew (responsible for sailing the ship), the engineering department (who kept the engines running), the victualing department (responsible for passenger comfort), restaurant staff and musicians. As the ship was sinking, its two bands came together on the deck and played to keep the spirits of the passengers up. None of the band members survived. Freight One important function of the Titanic was to carry transatlantic mail. When the ship sank, there were 3364 bags of mail and between 700 and 800 parcels onboard, contents unknown. Other cargo claimed as lost included 50 cases of toothpaste, a cask of china headed for Tiffany's, five grand pianos, and 30 cases of golf clubs and tennis rackets for A.G. Spalding. However, contrary to popular myth, the Titanic was not carrying an ancient Egyptian mummy that was believed to have cursed the ship. (http://history, howstuffworks. com/)

Task 7

B2 - "Lifestyle"

CD 2 - Track 17

The Natural Way Do you ever stop to think that your body is a masterpiece? And that you are of the most elegant and pre-eminent species on this planet Earth, with the intellectual capability to control virtually every aspect of your life? And that your environment, your lifestyle, your diet, and even your thoughts affect your well-being every day, and even affect your genetics? Indeed, we each have choices to make. We all really desire to make choices which will give us the highest quality of life. Who would not choose to live in excellent health, joyful and illness-free, where we are each our own self-healthcare guide, free of the unnatural specter of relying on doctors, taking drug treatments, staying in hospitals and submitting to surgery? This can be the normal way of life. But, how can we achieve this? Is everlasting excellent health really possible in this unnatural modern world? Yes! We say, yes! Examples of people living in excellent health are not very common in our society today. It is most ironic that while we have the highest economic standard of living in the world, with access to high quality foods and living conditions and accurate health information, 148 1

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we are a society of predominantly chronically sick people. Our hospitals are always full of repeatedly sick people! Oh, some people argue, but look at how modern medicine has helped us live longer lives, the doctors are keeping us alive much longer than my parents' and grandparents' generation. Yes, lives are being extended, but we need to take a close look at the quality of those lives. Do you know anyone over 50 years of age who does not regularly feel poorly, does not have several health problems, and who does not have a medicine chest full of pills, and who does not pay hundreds or maybe thousands of dollars each year in medical bills and insurance premiums, and who is not having regular checkups to detect heart disease or cancer as soon as it might start? That is the picture of how most people take care of themselves in our society: detect the "disease" early and get the best medical treatment available, all the while accepting failing physical capabilities and mental faculties-as normal signs of aging. Meanwhile, most of the "natural health" enthusiasts are usually not much better off, as they endlessly go from herb to vitamin pill to acupuncture treatment to homeopathic remedy, in search of the "natural cure." Does this picture of humanity make you wonder if something is wrong? Something is wrong! Humanity has grossly departed from its biological heritage, and is not living in accordance with the natural order of life. And the biggest departure is the diet humans eat. Each day, most people eat over 100 different items and ingredients which they consider to be foods but are mostly not true foods. Most of what people eat is outside of the natural human diet and has been rendered toxic by the heat of cooking. People mostly eat in ways which are destructive to their health, and they are unaware of it! Then what is the natural way to eat and be healthy? Our physiology clearly indicates that we are fruit eaters. Strong scientific evidence shows that our natural diet is comprised of fresh fruits and green leafy vegetables grown in well-mineralized soil. This is the optimal way for us modern humans to eat; this diet provides the body with all the nutrients it needs to achieve peak health, supports superior fitness and longevity, and is the most naturally appealing way to eat. (http://www.livingnutrition.com

Task 8

B2 - "Lifestyle"

,

CD 2 - Track 1

Is Sunbathing Good for You? On Wednesday, the Indoor Tanning Association ran a full-page ad in the New York Times claiming that "there is no compelling scientific evidence that tanning causes melanoma." It went on to say that "recent research indicates that the benefits of moderate exposure to sunlight" - namely, increased levels of vitamin D - "outweigh the hypothetical risks." Wait, is sunbathing good for you? Only for a few minutes. Exposure to sunlight (or the UV lamps in a tanning bed) does cause the skin to produce vitamin D. Studies have shown that many segments of the population aren't getting enough of the vitamin, which may even aid in the prevention of cancer, diabetes, and HIV. According to almost all experts, most people could cover 149 1

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their bases by getting just five to fifteen minutes of sunlight two to three times a week. Supplements are also an option. So even the palest sun worshipper doesn't need to get a tan for a vitamin fix. So, does tanning cause melanoma? First, to be clear, it isn't tanning that's the problem - it's the sun exposure that causes both the suntan and, as most dermatologists believe, the cancer. Second, there are two kinds of skin cancer: melanoma and nonmelanoma. Nonmelanoma skin cancers, by far the most common variety, usually aren't fatal, though their removal can be painful and cause scarring. Because these lumpy, scaly areas usually appear on parts of the body that get regular sun exposure, and because they are found on outdoor workers more frequently than on indoor workers, most doctors assume that solar radiation is a leading cause of nonmelanoma cancer. Melanoma is the deadlier of the two, responsible for 4 percent of skin-cancer diagnoses but 75 percent of all skin-cancer deaths. Most doctors believe that excessive exposure to the sun (even in relatively short, intense bursts) and, consequently, to UV radiation are the major risk factors for melanoma. Studies have shown that the more sunburn you've had in your life, the higher your chance of developing the disease. However, the exact causes of the disease aren't fully understood. People who doubt the sun-cancer link point to the fact that melanoma can sometimes appear in areas that get zero sun exposure, such as the bowels and the soles of the feet. They also note that melanoma is more common amongst indoor than outdoor workers, though other doctors counter that this is because cubicle dwellers are more likely to go on vacations where they spend hours baking in the sun. (http://www.slate.com/)

iTask 9

B2 - "Work"

CD 2 - Track 191

How to Survive Unemployment Unemployment, whether by layoff, downsizing or firing, is a situation most people hope they never face. However, each year more and more people experience at least temporary unemployment, due to factors outside of their control. The key to survival is getting your life back under control as quickly as possible. Establish a routine. Not having to get up and go to work in the morning may seem like a benefit of unemployment. But without a daily routine, your life can unravel pretty quickly. Make yourself a daily schedule and stick to it. Even though unemployment is nothing to brag about, talk to your friends and family about your situation. Their support may give you the emotional boost you need to get through this difficult time. Also, they may be able to help you find work, at least on a temporary basis. There's no way to know how long unemployment will last, so until you have a steady paycheck again, cut unnecessary expenses. Eliminate all non-essentials from your budget temporarily.

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Surviving unemployment requires occasional fun. Find out where the dollar movie theater is and which day they offer half-price popcorn. Make a note of all the free entertainment options available to you, from a walk at the local park to dinner once a week at Mom and Dad's house. You will need contacts to get back into the workforce. Make a list of all the people you interacted with while you were on the job. Include casual acquaintances from other companies in your building, vendors you regularly do business with and friends of friends you met at lunch. It feels good to see how many people you actually know. One of them could be your ticket back to the 9-to-5 world. Volunteer. Of course, this is not a substitute for finding a paying job, but volunteering gives you a purpose and helps structure your day. Through volunteering, you will stay in touch with working people and have an opportunity to demonstrate your abilities. Volunteering could also bring you into contact with people who are worse off than you are, helping you realize that unemployment isn't the worst thing that could happen to you. (http://www. ehow. com/)

Task 10

B2 - "Lifestyle"

CD 2 - Track 20

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Conditioning Who would be without air conditioning? In hot, humid climates it is more than a modern comfort - it is an essential element in getting through those sweltering, sticky days. But, like most modern conveniences, air conditioning has its down-sides. Are they sufficient to make you think twice about having an air conditioner at your place? Many researchers believe they are. Let's find out why. The problems associated with air conditioners arise out of overuse. With the ease of fingertip control many people assume that the more they use their unit the better it will be. This, however, is not the case. Air conditioning aggravates the effects of arthritis and neuritis. It also causes trouble for those with sinus trouble, causing their heads to become blocked. In addition to these obvious reactions to an air conditioned environment, there are many, far more subtle reactions that can adversely affect a person's health. Comparative studies between those who have worked for prolonged periods in air conditioned offices and those who work outdoors have consistently shown that the people exposed to air conditioning are more susceptible to colds, flu and other minor ailments. It has also been proven that the body undergoes a certain amount of stress when it is forced to go from a boiling hot environment into an air conditioned one. Over time this, too, can cause problems. Air conditioners in cars also have their problems. Micro-organisms have been found within the units that may cause breathing problems. Air conditioning units can also circulate air-borne diseases, most famously Legionnaire's Disease. If the unit has cheap filters or is not properly maintained, it will simply recirculate pollutants. Of course, there are also positives to air conditioning. It creates a pleasant atmosphere inside, regardless of what is going on outside. It may eliminate heat rash and help hay

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fever sufferers by removing pollens from the air. The removal of dirty and dry air is also accomplished by air conditioning. The decision to use air conditioning is, of course, yours. Having weighed up the pros and cons, you may decide that the best option is to use it, but do so sparingly, not going below 25 degrees Celsius, and not becoming reliant on it. Then you'll get the benefits while, hopefully, avoiding the detriments of air conditioning. (http://www. essortment. com/)

iTask 11

B2 - "Travel"

CD 2 - T r a c k 211

Drunk-driver Thanks Person Who Reported Him to Police A Katikati man caught driving almost three times over the permitted alcohol limit then told police "thank you for saving my life". Balihar Singh, 39, was spotted driving erratically on State Highway 2 on March 30 by a member of the public who called the police. When another motorist tried to overtake him, Singh cut back into the lane nearly running the other vehicle off the road. The complainant followed Singh on to Maungatapu roundabout, before he turned right to head into Tauranga city via Turret Road and 15th Avenue before the police intercepted him in Te Puna. Singh, who had a flushed face, glazed eyes and slurred speech and was unsteady on his feet, told police he had been drinking shots of whiskey before driving and wanted to thank the person who called the police. "Thank you for saving my life," he said. Yesterday, Singh pleaded guilty to driving with excess blood alcohol when he appeared in Tauranga District Court. It was his fourth conviction. When Singh was breathalised, he had a blood alcohol reading of 234 milligrams - the legal limit is 80. His lawyer, Craig Tuck, successfully argued before Judge Stan J'horburn that given the 10-year gap since Singh's last conviction he should be sentenced to community work and supervision. Judge Thorburn agreed. "But this was absolutely horrendous alcohol-impaired driving Mr Singh and, as you yourself recognise, you could well have caused serious injury to another person and possibly yourself." Judge Thorburn told Singh that the "main saving grace" was that significant gap, which showed he was capable of getting his life under control. But Judge Thorburn said it appeared Singh questioned whether he had a drinking problem and he needed to address that. Singh was sentenced to 150 hours' community work and nine months' supervision. He also lost his licence for one year and one day. (http://www. nzherald. co. nz/) (By Sandra Conchie)

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Task 12

B2 - "Lifestyle"

CD 2 - Track 22

Children and Harmful Acidic Toxins It is not just about the food we eat. It is what we think, feel, ingest, and digest emotionally, spiritually and physically. Asthma, allergies, hyperactivity, cancer, developmental disorders, aggressive and violent behaviours..., where does it end? You want to protect your child from the bad things in the world and provide the best nourishment so that he or she will have the best foundation possible for a strong, well-developed immune system. You buy organic food, use organic cotton clothing and diapers and buy all of your baby's personal care products at the local health food store. Regulations define the word organic for the foods that you buy. Sadly, there are no regulations defining the word organic for labelling of personal care products. Did you know that? We think that natural body care products that are labelled as organic should contain ingredients that we wouldn't be afraid to eat. After all, isn't that how the word organic is interpreted in the natural health food industry—to define the purity of food? Did you know that 60% of what you rub onto you or your child's skin is absorbed through the skin and can be detected in the blood within minutes? Children's bodies are small and because they do not have an adult's ability to detoxify and excrete toxins, they absorb proportionally higher doses of toxins per unit of body weight, which means that their organs may suffer permanent and irreversible damage more quickly because they are not fully developed. Chemicals in body care products have been linked to reproductive problems in both men and women and to some cancers. Many synthetic chemicals have also been linked to developmental deficiencies and learning disabilities in children. The FDA website has an update that lists some body care chemicals (some found in "natural" baby body care products!) that were found to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Because children are more susceptible to these toxins than adults, we need to be especially careful about what they inhale and what we rub onto their skin. Problems from synthetic "fragrances" reported to the FDA have included headaches, dizziness, rashes, skin discoloration, violent coughing and vomiting, and allergic skin irritation. Exposure to fragrances can affect the central nervous system, causing depression, hyperactivity, irritability, inability to cope, and other behavioural changes. Did you know that fragrance chemical ingredients don't need to be included on product labels? Remember, babies can't tell you that they are experiencing a migraine or lung tightness when you use the lotion with a synthetic "fruity" fragrance. Here's the bottom line: chemicals pollute the planet in their manufactured form and they pollute your body and your home. They don't benefit you or your children in any way. So why use them at all? (www.phmiracleliving. com)

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Task 13

B2 - "Lifestyle"

CD 2 - Track 23

Americans' Eating Habits Reporter: Good afternoon, this is Brian Connors in our programme "Nutrition and Lifestyle". Today I'm going to be speaking to Harry Blazer, vice-president at the New Product Development Group. The marketing group has been studying our eating habits since 1980. Harry, tell us about your findings. H. B.: For Americans, rushing to get dinner on the table between work, soccer, ballet classes and bedtime, time is often the missing ingredient, and it leads many people to rely on take-out, fast food and easy-to-fix convenience foods. But most Americans still eat at home. In fact, the trend has been toward eating more meals in the home, always. And that's changed over the past three or four years. Frozen and pre-prepared foods have gotten more popular, and people are not ordering out as much. Reporter: You want to eat in your house, you don't want to really go out. But you don't want to prepare the meal, or you want to spend as little time preparing the meal. So one of the ways to do that is just prepare fewer dishes, and that's the driving force behind the way we're eating right now. H. B.: Sure. About half of all main meals are still put together with fresh ingredients or from scratch. But that number's been declining for 10 years, and that doesn't show any sign of slowing down because assembling a meal takes time and effort. Reporter: Very sad, but as I see, grocery stores are offering more foods that are both good for you and easy to fix. H. B.: I think that there are very healthy options available. If you look in the produce department, there are pre-prepped vegetables that are ready for stir-fry or whatever. Reporter: Do you keep track of your respondents' weight? H. B.: Yes, definitely. We do keep track of our respondents' body mass index - BMI measures weight in relation to height - and this number has been rising steadily. Reporter: What explanations have you found? _ H. B.: The number of meals we eat over these last 20 years really has not changed significantly, but the weight has. So, by inference, I have to conclude that the average meal is getting larger. The portions served in the home and typical recipes in cookbooks are all bigger now than in the '70s. What I found is that if you give people more food they eat more. Restaurants are also offering bigger portions in continually escalating battles to attract customers. Reporter: I see. But if we go on like this, we're going to end up with more health-care costs, we're going to earn less money. There might be all kinds of economic consequences of not keeping your weight in a healthy range. H. B.: Right. On the other hand, cutting the calorie density of a meal, by substituting low-calorie cheese or mayonnaise for example, can have a greater impact on the diet than cutting portion size. You know, just as a small rise in extra calories sneaks in unnoticed, you could probably reduce calories by a small amount and people wouldn't notice. Reporter: Could you help our listeners with some more advice?

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H. B.: There's one more very important thing to keep in mind: slow down when you eat, even if you don't have a lot of time. Slow down, and that will help you eat less. Remember it normally takes about 20 minutes for the brain to get the message that the stomach is full. Reporter: Thank you very much for being with us. And now it's time for a bit of music... (http://www.cnn.com/)

fl ask 14

B2 - "Environmnet"

CD 2 - Track 241

Teeing up for an Eco-Friendly Game of Golf After months of experimenting, a small family business at Silverdale thinks it has finally produced a biodegradable golf tee that will withstand the force of a swinging club. Injection Moulded Plastics Industries is producing the tees, made from its own blend of material derived from corn starch. Owners Hugh and Judy Field said they wanted to move away from plastics to environmentally friendly products, which already make up about 10 percent of their business. Their factory in Silverdale was producing biodegradable weed matting clips, supplied to local markets and exported to Australia, which would eventually decompose in the ground. Mr Field said they would release only water and carbon dioxide as they deteriorated. "There is no poison or residue." He started looking at similar options for golf tees after a golfing customer asked if it was possible. It had taken quite a bit of experimenting to create a blend that would make the tees strong enough not to shatter when they were struck. Mr Field said the tees were about 50 percent more expensive than plastic equivalents but he saw opportunities, as many golf courses, especially in Japan, banned plastic tees. "Sometimes golfers don't pick them up and they litter the course and can damage mower blades." Mrs Field said the raw material the company started with was made from corn starch, which was a renewable source and 100 per cent compostable. But, although it was strong, it was too brittle when struck with something such as a hammer - or a golf club. "We set about experimenting with other compostable materials with similar qualities and managed to formulate a blend we have registered under the name of Polymaize. This material can be used to manufacture most products which are currently made in plastic using the injection moulding process." Mrs Field said there was potential to start making biodegradable pots for plants and similar products to reduce the amount of plastic that ended up in rubbish dumps. By Angela Gregory (http://www. nzherald. co. nz/

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Task 15

B2 - "Science and technology"

CD 2 - Track 25

Wind Farms Wind turbines continue to rise from New York State landscapes, and more are in the pipeline. But don't be surprised to see them rising out of Lake Erie. As powerful and consistent as the winds blow across land, they are even more powerful over water. And as the push for clean, renewable energy sources intensifies, wind power advocates are focusing more and more attention on just how much more wind is available in the lake - and how to overcome the challenges to harnessing it. "The potential is actually very large," said Mark B. Mitskovski, the former Erie County director of energy development and management, who has worked on the possibility. "It's hundreds of megawatts, if not thousands." In the United States, there are about 11 offshore wind-generation projects "in various stages of approval," said Walt Musial, principal engineer for ocean renewable energy with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Already, there are 21 offshore wind farms off the coasts of Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Ireland. More are in development. Closer to home, Cleveland expects to install from two to 10 wind turbines in Lake Erie by 2011 as part of a demonstration project. "What we'd really like to create is a center of excellence for wind energy and renewables," said that project's most ardent proponent, Cuyahoga County Prosecutor Bill Mason. Near Belleville, Ontario, about 135 miles northeast of Toronto, another proposal for as many as 140 turbines in Lake Ontario got a boost recently when the Ontario government lifted a moratorium on applications for offshore wind power. The developer of the Ontario project believes it is only a matter of time before turbines will rise in the lakes. "Five years ago, we didn't have offshore [wind power]," said John Kourtoff, president and chief executive officer of Trillium Power Wind Corp. "Five years from now, we'll have offshore, and people will be amazed at how much stronger the winds are." The Ontario government already has mapped Lake Erie for potential wind power production. The cost of windmills in water far exceeds land-based turbines, and would be too high to justify the return for private investors, even with government subsidies aimed at spurring renewable energy development. (h ttp://www. istockanalyst. com) (By John F. Bonfatti)

iTask 16

B2 - "Environment"

CD 2 - Track 261

Charity Shops What is happening to the landscape of the traditional British high street these days? As more and more retail outlets are decamping to the out-of-town shopping malls and super 156 1

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centres gaps are left, like rotting teeth, in our once thriving streets. It's a sad sight to see boarded up shop fronts where once thrived grocers, butchers, hardware merchants and bakers. But hang on a moment, what is this that I see moving in to take their place? Charity Shops! In my very own pleasant middle class suburb, in recent years we have said good bye to an excellent delicatessen only to say hello to Cancer Research, and watch as a butcher metamorphosed into a "Help the Aged" shop. Can this be a good thing, our local necessities being replaced by do-gooders? Well in some ways yes because charity shops fulfil two very important needs in modern society. As the economy booms, house prices soar and people get rich they need to throw out their old stuff and replace it with something new. But as society gets polarised, the government chips away at the Welfare State and some people get poorer they need to stretch their meagre budgets and buy the second-hand goods that others have dispensed with and this is where charity shops come in. Let's say you are a poor student, you have little money but need a new outfit to attract a new boy or girlfriend at the Student Union party that you are going to at the weekend. All you need to do is pop along to your local charity shop and buy, for just a few pounds, that sexy top or fancy accessory that somebody else has become bored with. Or maybe you want to stay in at the weekend and have some special friend around to your apartment for dinner. You can just nip around to the charity shop and buy a few extra plates, knives and forks and maybe pick up a wall hanging or a candle or two to add to the ambience. All this can be done at a fraction of the price of a new item and will often be of a better quality. What if you are no longer a poor student but have some money and have moved into a swanky new pad? Do you really want all that old rubbish that you have accumulated over the years? No, of course not but somebody might and it's not that bad. Why not take it round to the charity shop and get rid of it. You feel virtuous for giving to others and you get rid of unwanted clutter at the same time! How about if you have just arrived in town and want to meet new people and help one of your favourite causes at the same time? Well, you can volunteer some of your spare time to work at the charity shop. Oh yes, and get the first chance of snatching up that cast-off Armani jacket before the regular customers get it! So, do you want to see Help the Aged, Cancer Research, Oxfam or Scope opening up and providing a useful service or some overpriced and bland chain of American coffee shops moving into your patch? (http://www.. onestopenglish. com)

Task 17

B2 - "Lifestyle"

CD 2 - Track 27

Neither a Borrower Nor a Lender Be Both borrowers and lenders in the sub-prime mortgage market are wishing they had listened to the old saying: neither a borrower nor a lender be. I57~]

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Last year people with poor credit ratings borrowed $605 billion in mortgages, a figure that is about 20% of the home-loan market. It includes people who can't afford to meet the mortgage payments on expensive homes that they have bought, and low-income buyers. In some cases, the latter could not even meet the first payment. Lenders include banks like HSBC, which may have lost almost $7 billion. Both sides can be blamed. Lenders, after the 2-3 percentage point premium they could charge, offered loans, known as "liar loans", with no down payments and without any income verification to people with bad credit histories. They believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of default. Borrowers ignored the fact that interest rates would rise after an initial period. One result is that default rates on these sub-prime mortgages reached 14% last year - a record. The problems in this market also threaten to spread to the rest of the mortgage market, which would reduce the flow of credit available to the shrinking numbers of consumers still interested in buying property. So, the housing market will remain weak; borrowers with weak credit histories will find the credit window closed; people with adjustable-rate mortgages will have to spend less so they can meet their increased payments; tighter lending standards and falling home prices will reduce consumers' ability to tap the equity in their homes. But as long as the labour market remains strong, which it has done despite job losses in housing-related industries, and as long as real incomes continue to go up, consumers might complain, but they are unlikely to go on a buyers' strike on a scale that will make this slowdown become a recession. Therefore, we should not be too worried, but, at the same time, we should be a bit cautious and watch closely how things develop. (http://www. usingenglish. com)

iTask 18

B2 - "Free time and culture"

CD 2 - Track 281

Reality Television Reality television is a genre of television programming which, it is claimed, presents unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary people rather than professional actors. It could be described as a form of artificial or "heightened" documentary. Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the current explosion of popularity dates from around the year 2000. Reality television covers a wide range of television programming formats, from game or quiz shows which resemble the frantic, often demeaning programmes produced in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s (a modern example is "Gaki no tsukai"), to surveillance or voyeurism - accused productions such as "Big Brother". Critics say that the term "reality television" is somewhat of a misnomer and that such shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes coached to act in cer-

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tain ways by off-screen handlers, and with events on screen manipulated through editing and other post-production techniques. Part of reality television's appeal is due to its ability to place ordinary people in extraordinary situations. For example, on the ABC show, "The Bachelor", an eligible male dates a dozen women simultaneously, travelling on extraordinary dates to scenic locales. Reality television also has the potential to turn its participants into national celebrities, outwardly in talent and performance programs such as "Pop Idol", though frequently "Survivor" and "Big Brother" participants also reach some degree of celebrity. Some commentators have said that the name "reality television" is an inaccurate description for several styles of program included in the genre. In competition-based programs such as "Big Brother" and "Survivor", and other special-living-environment shows like "The Real World", the producers design the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities~and the environment, creating a completely fabricated world in which the competition plays out. Producers specifically select the participants, and use carefully designed scenarios, challenges, events, and settings to encourage particular behaviours and conflicts. Mark Burnett, creator of "Survivor" and other reality shows, has agreed with this assessment, and avoids the word "reality" to describe his shows; he has said, "I tell good stories. It really is not reality TV. It really is unscripted drama." (http://www: usingenglish. com)

Task 19

B2 - "Work"

CD 2 - Track 29

The Banker to the Poor Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi banker and economist. Formerly a professor of economics, he is most famous for his successful application of the concept of micro credit, the extension of small loans to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. He is the founder of Grameen Bank, and he and the bank were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to create economic and social development among the poor. During visits to the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University, Yunus discovered that very small loans could make a disproportionate difference to a poor person. Jobra women who made bamboo furniture had to take out usurious loans to buy bamboo. He made a loan of USD 27.00 from his own pocket to 42 women in the village, who made a net profit of USD 0.02 each on the loan. Yunus believed that if given the chance the poor would repay the borrowed money and hence micro credit would be a viable business model. He eventually managed to secure a loan from the Janata Bank to lend it to the poor in Jobra in December 1976. By July 2007, the Grameen Bank had issued USD 6.38 billion to 7.4 million borrowers. To ensure repayment, the bank uses a system of solidarity groups. These small informal groups apply together for loans and its members act as co-guarantors of repayment and support each other's efforts at economic advancement. 159

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The success of the Grameen model of micro-financing has inspired similar efforts in many countries throughout the developing world, and even in industrialised nations, including the USA. Many, but not all, micro credit projects also retain his emphasis on lending specifically to women. More than 94% of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families. (http://www. usingenglish.com/)

ITask 20

B2 - "School"

CD 2 - Track 301

How to Avoid Student Debt Every discussion of student finance is dominated by one word: debt. For most graduates, debt is a fact of life, although student loan repayments do not start until they are earning £15,000 a year. But, with careful planning, money troubles need not blight your student days. British undergraduates are no longer required to pay fees upfront, so those who receive support from their parents may even have more money while they are studying. Growing numbers of students supplement their income with part-time employment. And most universities offer detailed financial advice to help students to prevent any problems getting out of hand. At Nottingham Trent and 50 other universities this help comes partly through a "money doctors" scheme: students are offered expert counselling, workshops on financial issues and a "toolkit" with tips on managing money that has gone to every UK higher education institution. Advice ranges from help with budgeting and calculating the real rate of credit, to basic tips such as not to avoid unwelcome news by leaving post unopened. Every university adapts the programme in its own way, but the aim is to draw students in from the moment they arrive with induction packs and invitations to one-to-one surgeries. Wherever you study, it is essential to draw up an accurate budget before you arrive, so that you know whether (and how much) you may need to work to supplement your income. A survey published yesterday by the National Union of Students shows that many new arrivals seriously underestimate living costs. Spending on groceries by current students, for example, was nearly £200 more over a year than new students were budgeting, while the shortfall on daily transport came to more than £100. The survey also showed that prospective students were less worried about money than those already at university. But it appears that this is because many either did not understand the advice they had been given, or had not sought any. (http://www. timesonline. co. uk/) (John O'Leary)

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NYELVHELYESSÉG i

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a

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

What was the weather like on your holiday? Our teacher would be very pleased if we studied more. Going on holiday is too expensive for her. They have decided to buy a new house in the countryside. Peter asked me to help him with his homework. I don't feel like going to the cinema tonight. The exam was more difficult than we had expected. He is always short of money. She can't stand doing the washing-up. Could you give me some information about the project? Do you think there is life in outer space?

iTask 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

l

A

2

- "Jumbled sentences"

A2 - "Sentence transformation"

The shop has been open since last year. Peter has been learning/has learnt Chinese for a couple of years. Normally it takes me 10 minutes to get to work. My son is still doing his homework. Jane's just started working in her new job. Students must not chew gum in lessons. How long have your parents been married? How much did he pay for his new mobile phone? My brother is too young to drive a car. Politics doesn't interest John. . What is your favourite radio programme?

ITask 3 0 1 2 3 4 5

162

those reliable repairs improvement ironing service

A2 - "Environment" 6 7 8 9 10

secure employees parking package first

MEGOLDÁSOK

Task 4 0 c

A2 - "Environment* 1 F

2 G

3 A

4 I

5 K

7 J

8 B

9 E

10 L

6 C

7 A

8 C

9 D

10 D

6 J

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6 D

A2 - "School' 0 B

1 C

2 A

3 B

1 K

Task 7 0 1 2 3 4 5

for themselves is to that/which his/her

Task 8 0 1 2 3 4 5

get without most by don't which

Task 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

5 B

A2 - "School'

Task 6 0 E

4 C

2 A

3 H

A2 -

4 C

5 F

Science and technology' 1 6 7 8 9 10

the whole/entire next till/until message/word/one

A2 - "Lifestyle" 6 7 8 9 10 11

every that breakfast less of live

B1 - "Sentence transformation"

I asked Tom who he was phoning. The man said (that) he hadn't stolen the money. The teacher asked me who was taking me to school. I wish I hadn't been so rude to her. If only I could go on holiday now. It's no good trying to call him - the line is engaged. 163

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6 7 8 9 10 11

You needn't have bought any milk, we have enough. Janet was too shocked to say anything. Somebody must have seen the robbery. She asked me if I knew how old John was. My brother isn't old enough to vote. He isn't interested in hockey.

iTask 2 0 1 2 3 4 5

B1 - "Science and technology"

suggested needs has seen held to promote told

6 7 8 9 10

Task 3 0 1 2 3 4 5

B1 - "Lifestyle'

from which had enough if took

6 7 8 9 10 11

Task 4

6 7 8 9 10

Task 5

164

total broadly savings compensation motivation

B1 - "People and society" 1 J

2 B

3 I

Task 6

0 c

the able in to is any

B1 - "Science and technology"

0 encourage 1 additional 2 different 3 improperly 4 employees 5 truly

0 F

are wrestling has decided would go be shown is

4 K

5 A

6 H

7 D

8 L

9 E

8 A

9 C

10 G

B1 - "Travel"

1 B

2 A

3 D

4 A

5 B

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10 D

(

MEGOLDÁSOK

B I - - "Science and technology"

Task 7 0 have 1 to 2 is 3 had 4 at 5 to

or 7 in 8 after 9 for 10 were 6

BI - "Sentence transformation"

Task 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

The room where they took the exam was very noisy. She doesn't like gorng to supermarkets which are crowded. I won't go unless you come with me. Jane still hasn't made up her mind whether to go to the cinema or not. Do you realize that you have drunk/had three cups of coffee in an hour? It's your own fault - 1 warned you not to go near the dog. Do you know when this train gets to London? The man admitted stealing the necklace. I wish we could go on holiday this year. You can't have seen him yesterday. He is not in town. How long has he been playing handball?

Task 9 0 1 2 3 4 5

B1 - "Family life"

were taken are known suffered to go be removed was

6 7 8 9 10

Task 10 0 G

denying were forbidden grew up contained/contains had undertaken

B1 - "Science and technology" 1 D

iTask 11 0 convenience 1 employees 2 alive

2 J

3 A

4 H

5 K

6 B

7 F

B1 - "Environment" 3 4 5

entertainment long Industrial

8 I

9 L

10 E

6 existence 7 actually 8 providing

9 education 10 introduction

Task 12

B1 - "Family life'

0 in for for on with in

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Task 13 0 1 2 3 4 5

B1 - "School"

innovation thinkers relation governments education importance

6 7 8 9 10

Task 14 0 1 2 3 4 5

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Task 15

166

where was in able/ever doesn't

B1 - "Lifestyle' 1 C

ITask 16 0 1 2 3

enthusiasm publication image finance shortage

B1 - "Family life'

and by until one a much / somewhat

0 B

about/roughly of to on out

to which make better

2 A

3 D

4 B

5 C

6 A

7 B

8 D

B1 - "School" 4 5 6 7

much about only/just/simply/solely it

9 A

10 c

MEGOLDÁSOK

8 simple/easy 9 them

10 always

B2 - "Environment''

Task 1

6 7 8 9 10

0 as how with has will make

B2 - "Family life'

Task 2

0

1 A

B

2 C

4

3 A

B

5 6 7 8 9

0 ^ 00 a 1 been 2 her ^

having will on other of

10

are

7 C

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10 c

17 This 18 ^ 19 they 20 like

too in more • as •

B2 - "People and society" 6 7 8 9 10

wonderful unrealistic unusually pressure important responsibility

Task 5 0 E

6 C

11 12 13 14 15 16

•

Task 4 0 1 2 3 4 5

5 A

B2 - "Travel"

Task 3

3 4

down to though their which/that

comfortable expectations advice institutional meaningful

B2 - "School" 1 I

2 A

3 G

4 L

5 C

6 K

7 H

8 J

9 F

10 B

167

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[ ask 6 0 1 2 3 4 5

B2 - "Science and technology''

are being treated is thought were admitted/have been admitted were deceiving have used exhibited

6 7 8 9 10

B2 - "Travel'

Task 7 0 called to that/which saltier for time

6 7 8 9 10

Task 8

2 A

3 B

Task 9 2 L

Task 10 0 1 2 3 4 5

disability comedian ironically responsibility varying instruction

Task 11 0 is 1 has 168

4 C

5 A

6

7

D

B

8 C

B

9

10 c

7 J

8 G

9 E

10 K

B2 - "People and society" 1 D

0 H

there whole/surrounding so with since

B2 - "Science and technology'

1 C

0 B

had/have reaches started were going have been learning

3 A

4 F

5 I

6 B

B2 - "Lifestyle' 6 7 8 9 10

blindness gifted financial encourage participation

B2 - "Family life' 2 3

single during

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4 5 6 7

their/later what more like

8 while 9 such 10 rather

B2 - "School'

Task 12 0 00 1 2 3 4

5 up 6 • 7 had 8 • 9 any TO was

had • the who was •

12 13 14 15 16

1 G

2 A

3 D

4 H

iTask 14

5 K

6 L

11 12 13 14 15 16

5 more 6 • 7 have 8 was 9 been 10 very

^ V

• while own • whole being

ITask 15

- "Lifestyle"

0 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

till/until for broken that than already/first

8 E

9 I

10 B

17 so 18

•

19 not 20 even 21 22 to

up have them using/driving will/may

B2 - "Free time and culture"

ITask 16 0 H

7 J

- "Lifestyle"

0 ^ 00 the 1 has 2 watching 3 4

17 18 19 was 20 this

S

been which • the a

B2 - "Lifestyle'

Task 13 0 C

11

1 E

2 A

3 G

4 K

5 D

6 C

7 L

8 F

9 J

10 B

169

MEGOLDÁSOK

B2 - "Work'

E ásk 17

0 c

2 C

1 A

3 B

Task 18 0 J

6

5 D

A

7 D

8

9

B

D

10 C

B2 - "Environment" 2

1 B

3 L

G

4 H

5 N

6 I

7 M

8 C

9 A

10 F

11 E

12 D

13 K

B2 - "Family life"

Task 19 0 1 2 3 4 5

4 C

6 7 8 9 10

anxiety communicators private necessarily psychologists including

misbehaviour violence closeness advice impossible

B2 - "Family life" 0 K

170

1 1

2 A

3 C

4 H

5 B

6 E

7 J

8 G

9 L

10 F

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HALLOTT SZÖVEG ERTESE Task 1

0 1 2 3 4 5

A2 - "Lifestyle"

provide about 20-25% 400/four hundred Protein, whole grains, fruit and vegetables Proteins till (you/us) up, lower brain, body

[Task 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

A2 - "Work'

male and female dominated construction and engineering equally (very) low in clerical and caring occupations (some) 6 % among marketing advisers/specialists

Task 3

A2 - "Family life"

0

Heather has divorced

twice.

A

1

She met her second husband after her first divorce.

C

2

Her job is as important for her as her children.

B B

3

Her son likes video games and snowboarding.

4

Her elder daughter is good at school.

C

5

Both of her daughters like playing with toys.

A

6

She is very strong because she has a full time job.

B

7

Although she is a single mother, she is rarely stressed and angry.

B

8

She asked for money from a bank because she wants to buy a house.

A

9

She loves her job.

C

10

She believes that having children can give strength to single moms.

A

iTask 4 0 B

A2 - "Environment" 1 B

2 A

3 C

4 A

5 B

6 C 171

(

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Task 5 0

2/two

1

3400

A2 - "People and society"

2 genetic or (possibly) a skill 3

6

4 certain diseases 5 polar bears Task 6

A2 - "School"

a few 1 papers, reports 2 journals 3 to keep 4 big 5 memories 0

Task 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

A2 - "Free time and culture"

at 7.30 p.m./half past seven p.m. by the Hungarian State Orchestra in 1951 over 44 (directly) from Hungarian culture Liszt and Brahms $ 10/10 dollars

iTask 8 0 True

172

A2 - "Free time and culture" 1 True

2 False

3 True

4 True

5 False

6 False

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ITask 1

B1 - "School"

with... 0 A person with clyscalculia has difficulties 1 Affected people perform well in... 2 Number of UK citizens having dyscalculia: 3 These people cannot remember... 4 5 6 7 8 9

The group of 9-year-old pupils did not like maths because of... They notice when the number of objects change. According to scientists our maths abilities can be found... Scientist Brian Butterworth's book is called: Signora Gaddi got dyscalculia after... The world's largest maths experiment was carried out in...

10 Boys were ... than girls at some types of maths. ITask 2

A B C D

0 K 1 G 2 F

infants Bristol slower the unpleasant emotions

3

J

E a stroke

4 D

F about 3 million

5 A

G other areas

6 H

H near the ears 7 I I Mathematical Brain 8 E J phone numbers, dates, etc.

9

K numbers

10 C

B

B1 - "Work"

0 1 2 3 4 5

Three Five To define (our) values Skills Something you do well naturally We should go to work in the chosen field. / We should gain/get some work experience. 6 No (it doesn't). 7 Ten p e r c e n t / 1 0 %

iTask 3 0 D

B1 - "Free time and culture" 1 C

2 A

3 B

4 C

5 C

173

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Task 4

B1 - "Lifestyle"

0 Students who eat with their families eat more fruits but less vegetables than 0 those who don't usually have meals together with their family members.

B

1 Students who eat dinner with their families twice a week are five times as 1 likely to get A's as teens who eat with their family less than twice a week.

B

2

B

3 After discussing it with the children, parents have to decide on the rules of 3 the family meals.

A

4 Family members have to talk about the clothes they wear during the meals. 4

C

5 Being together is more important than the food you eat.

5

A

6 Children are more likely to eat fruits and vegetables if parents see them.

6

B

7 You should always prepare a meal at the weekend.

7

B

8 In order to keep the conversation positive, you shouldn't talk about school. 8

C

9

C

10 For many families breakfast time is more suitable to eat together than any 10 other time of the day.

A

2 You should eat together once a week as much as you can.

9 Always turn off your mobile during the meal.

Task 5 0 A

iTask 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

crazy Market participant(s) apron, scarf considered half-cooked spectators diameter cuts pagan harvest

174

B1 - "Lifestyle" 1 C

2 A

3 C

4 B

B1 - "Free time and culture"

5 C

6 C

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B1 - "Family life'

I ask 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

iron his own shirts doing the domestic chores mentally therapeutic personal appearance (they) made them happy eight out of ten (they feel) happier

Task 8

B1 - "Environment"

0 Tim Redmond was Sara Snow's

father

A

1 Sara Snow lives in Michigan.

B

2 Although she has always eaten organic food, 2 years ago she realized she wasn't as healthy as she had been before.

A

3 Her brother is older than her.

C

4 They grew many kinds of fruits and vegetables in their gardens.

A

5 When she was young, she wore only second hand clothes.

B

6 They buy organic fruits and vegetables, but they don't buy organic meat.

B

7 She rarely uses her car.

C

8 If you take short showers, you can save energy.

A

9 Even though you try to change your habits, you won't see the result and nothing will change.

B

ftask 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B1 - "Work"

during their high school days (She is) reliable, responsible and mature. to change diapers any unexpected emergency once/when the children are asleep on Friday and Saturday nights mowing the lawn every day (without exception) (a) snowstorm

175

MEGOLDÁSOK

Task 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

disabilities different wheelchairs capable opportunities participate understanding

iTask 11 0

B1 - "People and society"

B1 - "Work"

This person is the lead singer of "The Rolling Stones ".

A

1

This person won bronze medal in the Mr Universe contest.

E

2

Besides being a student, this person worked in a hospital.

A

3 This person has won 3 Oscars so far.

-

4

F

Before the 1980s, this person had several low-paying jobs in New York.

5 This person earned a living by digging swimming pools and he was a gas station attendant, too.

B

6 Although she is a woman, she undertook men's jobs.

C

7 Being a reality TV star, this person's former job was killing animals.

D

8 Before beginning a career on stage, this person studied economics.

A

9 This person comes from Scotland.

E

10 This person worked for rich and famous people.

B

Task 12 0 1 2 3 4 5

airports body lid, stupid hitch-hike, obscene free, Japanese kill

ITask 13 0 1 2 3

B1 - "People and society"

B1 - "Travel"

(It is important) to maintain older people's mobility. They should be affordable and accessible. They require advance booking. (Powered) Wheelchairs, scooters and golf carts.

[ 176

MEGOLDÁSOK

4 In rural areas or: Where demand is low. 5 For passengers/people who need/require assistance. Task 14

B1 - "People and society" 1 B

0 A

2 A

iTask 15

4 B

3 A

6 A

5 A

B1 - "Travel"

A 25

0

D

B less

1

F

2

A

D North America

3

B

4 An average car is driven ... minutes a day.

E 1990

4

C

5 Family income spent on cars was 13.2% in...

F 27

5

E

0 Car Sharing is supported

in...

1 Percentage of people who use transit more:

2 Percentage of members who have not bought a car: C 66 3

People who share cars drive...

iTask 16 0 c

Task 17 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

B1 - "Work" 1 B

2 C

3 A

4 C

5 D

6 A

7 B

B1 - "People and society"

Because she has a beauty not typical in Hollywood. She is skinny with long legs and rich curly hair. Twice. 4 (years old). A vet/veterinarian. To become an actress. She worked with a fashion agency. (Several answers are possible.) Her brother, Eric. "Steel Magnolias" and "Pretty Woman". Her films were not successful and she had trouble in her private life as well. Woody Allen.

177

MEGOLDÁSOK

Task 18 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B1 - "Lifestyle"

adult hand-washing infection eyes microwave healthier sauna 25 percent bacteria

Task 19 0 A

B1 - "People and society" 1 A

Task 20

2 C

3 D

4 B

5 B

B1 - "Lifestyle"

0 It is easy to stop a habit.

B

1 The level of difficulty of giving up a habit depends on the type of habit.

A

2 Giving up smoking largely depends whether the person is a man or a woman. C 3 There are people who are able to give up a habit immediately.

A

4 In the article, we can hear ten tips on how to break a habit.

B

5 It is very important to be aware of the health consequences of the habit.

A

6 If you can make fun of the habit, you will get motivated to give it up.

C

7 Make a written plan of the steps you will take to_get rid of the bad habit.

B

8 The length of time needed to break a habit varies from person to person.

A

9 If you tell people about your intention, they will encourage and support you.

A

10 Your friends and family will always remind you to keep to your plan.

B

178

MEGOLDÁSOK

Task 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B1 - "Lifestyle"

genetically second re-exported immediate eight sponsors restrictions environmental ban

Task 22

B1 - "Lifestyle" True False Doesn't say

0 Television influences only small

children.

1 Children in the US spend 3 to 4 hours a day watching TV.

X X

2 Children learn a lot of useful information from TV.

X

3 Commercials affect children's performance at school.

X

4 Children who watch a lot of TV also read more.

X

5 Parents should always watch programmes together with their children.

X

6 Parents should also limit the amount of TV watching.

X

7 During meal times families can talk about TV programmes. Task 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

X

B1 - "Lifestyle"

influence graduate interaction commercials lower talk appropriate violence Meal 179

MEGOLDÁSOK

Task 24 0

B1 - "Science and technology" A

The survey was carried out in the UK.

1 The number of people not intending to have internet access has gone down.

B

2 These people make up less than 50% of UK households.

A

3 These people come from the middle class.

C

4 Most people reason that they lack the necessary computer skills.

A

5 They also say they are waiting for higher speed net connections to be available. 6 Broadband and high-speed net are available almost everywhere in the UK.

C A

7 It's a challenge to reduce the costs for the "net refuseniks".

B

8

A

If they don't get connected, they will be left behind in their careers as well.

ITask 25 0

c

B1 - "School" 1 G

2 D

Task 26 0 1 2 3 4

3 A

4 F

5 B

7 I

8 E

9 H

5 6 7 8

Contact details In 2000. (It's based) on science. (Our) Hormones.

B1 - "Science and technology"

0 Ada Lovelace was the daughter

of...

1 She was introduced to Babbage in... 2 Babbage was an... 3 He created a machine, the...

A his death B Analytical Engine C pieces of music D financial, legal and political

4 This machine was mechanical and Babbage worked E 1833 on it until... 5 However, the engine was never built because of ... F Italian mathematician problems. G English mathe6 Ada also realized that the machine could compose... matician 7 Ada translated the article of an ... on the Analytical H Lord Byron Engine. 180

10 J

B1 - "People and society"

Speed-dating In a bar or a club /In bars or clubs Three minutes A rabbi They wrote down their impressions.

Task 27

6 K

0

H

1

E

2

G

3

B

4

A

5

D

6

C

7

F

MEGOLDÁSOK

ITask 28 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

B1 - "School

are a lot of factors mother tongue, naturally first writing, pronunciation circumstances, motivation Hungarian impossible

Task 29 0 AB

ITask 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 B

2 A

"

3 AB

4 A

5 A

6 A

7 AB

B1 - "Free time and culture"

advertised associated resulted barefoot parachute popularity risks guidance appropriate invent

Task 31 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B1 - "People and society"

B1 - "People and society"

From the city. One sunny spring morning. No (he didn't). The nearby village. Because he was very pale. Because he was too well-mannered. (He noticed) some writing. He asked for another bowl of milk and some bread. Because he had read the writing. / Because the writing said that we shouldn't forget about the poor.

18!

MEGOLDÁSOK

ITask 3

2

0 AB

B

1

1 B

2 B

Task 33 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

- "Free time and culture" 3 AB

4 AB

5 A

6 B

B1 - «Family life"

worth pleasure encourage delight strengthen frequently respect selections

ITask 34 0 The holidaymakers

B1 - "Travel" knew that the apartments overlooked a very busy road.

B

1 The pub/disco was open late every night.

C

2 The people who were staying in the apartments couldn't sleep because of the noise made by the taxi drivers.

A

3 The owner of the appartments was a professional barman.

C

4 Although it was very late at night, they wanted to have a hot meal.

A

5 The holidaymakers didn't worry about their passports but they should have.

A

6 Although the staff thought the holidaymakers had lost their passports themselves, they did everything to help them find their passports.

B

7 The holidaymakers asked every resident to check their passports.

C

8 The owner and the staff denied giving the passports to anyone else.

A

9 They didn't enjoy their holiday at all because they had so many bad experiences.

B

ITask 35 0 semi-autobigraphical 1 courage 2 deadly 3 conversations 4 touched 182

B1 - "Free time and culture"

MEGOLDÁSOK

5 6 7 8 9

deteriorating, solid fourteenth/ 14th timeless fragile identify

Task 1

B2 - "Lifestyle" 1 B

0 A

2 AB

ITask 2

5 B

6 B

7 AB

5 A

6 B

7 C

B2 - "Work"

0 B

2 B

1 C

4 C

3 B

Task 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4 A

3 AB

B2 - "Lifestyle"

seven hours insomnia energy immune system depression, anxiety night's rest habit exercise shower, reading

ITask 4

B2 - "Free time and culture"

0 AB

2 A

1 A

3 B

Task5 0 AB

4 A

5 B

6 AB

B2 - "Lifestyle" 1 B

2 AB

3 B

4 A

5 A

6 B

7 B

8 A

9 B

10 A

11 AB

183

MEGOLDÁSOK

Task 6 0

B2 - "Free time and culture''

Out of the 1316 passengers Titanic

of the A who had clients from the British Royal family.

0

C

1 Millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim B after helping his pregnant wife and his manservant onto a lifeboat.

1

F

2 A dress designer also survived

2

A

3 The wealthiest man in the world at D the bands of the ship were playthe time died ing.

3

B

4 While the passengers were getting E was believed to have cursed the into the lifeboats ship.

4

D

F were ready to die like gentlemen.

5

E

5 An ancient Egyptian mummy

C 498 survived.

B2 - "Lifestyle' 0 According to the text we humans are intellectuals who can control every aspect of our lives.

A

1 Everybody wants to live in excellent health but sometimes taking drugs is necessary.

B

2 Even with the highest economic standard of living, there are a lot of chronically ill people among us.

A

3 Owing to modern medicine, we live longer and are able to take care of the quality of our lives.

C

4 People accept diseases as normal signs of aging.

A

5 The main problem is that people are not living in accordance with the natural order of life.

A

6 Only our diet follows the natural way of life.

B

7 When people eat out, they usually have unhealthy food.

C

8 People know that they mostly have unhealthy food.

B

9 Our physiology defines that we are fruit eaters.

A

10 If we eat fruits and green leafy vegetables, we need to take mineral supplements.

C

11 Fresh fruits and green leafy vegetables are the most natural option in our diet.

A

184

MEGOLDÁSOK

Task 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B2 - "Lifestyle"

evidence moderate prevention exposure removal frequently Excessive developing soles

iTask 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B2 - "Work"

unemployment under control daily schedule temporary expenses entertainment workforce Volunteering

Task 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

B2 - "Lifestyle"

essential element more, better aggravates, health undergoes, boiling hot breathing problems maintained hay fever/heat rash

ITask 11 0 A

B2 - "Travel" 1 B

2 C

Task 12

3 B

4 B

5 C

6 A

7 C

8 A

B2 - "Lifestyle"

0 spiritually 1 nourishment; immune system 2 regulations; labelling f 185

MEGOLDÁSOK

3 60% 4 permanent; irreversible 5 laboratory 6 exposure; behavioural 7 manufactured

Task 13

B2 - "Lifestyle" 1 A

0 B

2 B

[Task 14 0 A Task 15

4 A

3 C

5 B

B2 - "Environment" 1 B

2 C

4 B

3 A

5 D

6 A

7 C

B2 - "Science and technology"

0 In New York States, there are a lot A windmills in water. of new turbines in...

0

C

1 More wind turbines are...

B renewable energy sources.

1

E

2 There is great demand for...

C the pipeline.

2

B

3 Offshore wind farms are in...

D 2011.

3

G

4 New wind turbines will have been E rising out of Lake Erie. installed by...

4

D

5 In Lake Ontario they plan to install... F

5

F

6

A

140 turbines.

6 The cost of land-based turbines is G Denmark and the Netherlands. much lower than... iTask 16 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

outlets moving necessities fulfil stretch little quality accumulated virtuous volunteer provide

186

B2 - "Environment"

MEGOLDÁSOK

[ ask 17 0 B

B2 - "Lifestyle" 1 A

2 C

iTask 18 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3 A

4 B

5 B

6 C

7 A

B2 - "Free time and culture"

unscripted feature surveillance/voyeurism misnomer coached eligible special-living-environment behaviours; conflicts

ITask 19 0 Muhammad

B2 - "Work" B

Yunus is a banker from India.

1 Micro credit is for entrepreneurs who cannot qualify for traditional loans because of their poverty.

A

2 Yunus and his bank were awarded the Nobel Prize for Best Economist.

B

3 Yunus saw that Jobra women had to take out usurious loans to buy bamboo.

A

4 Yunus offered to help them through loans to their husbands.

C

5 Yunus gave the loan from his own pocket.

A

6 Yunus' business partners saw an excellent opportunity in micro credit.

C

7 By 2007, the Grameen Bank had given loan to more than 8 million borrowers. 8 Informal groups ensure repayment as members support each other and act as co-guarantors.

B A

9 Similar initiatives have started only in the developing world.

B

10 Most loans have been given to women as they are more likely to share their earnings with their families.

A

ITask 20 0 A

B2-"School" 1 AB

2 A

3 B

4 B

5 AB

6 B

7 A

187

TARTALOMJEGYZÉK

ELŐSZÓ

5

MÓDSZERTANI BEVEZETŐ

7

NYELVHELYESSÉGI FELADATOK / U S E OF ENGLISH

13

A2

14

B1

20

B2

35

HALLOTT SZÖVEG ÉRTÉSE / LISTENING

55

A2

56

B1

61

B2

88

A HANGANYAG SZÖVEGÁTIRATA / TAPESCRIPTS

109

A2

110

B1

114

B2

143

MEGOLDÁSOK

188

161