System and Integrated System

Modelling system integrated system, GST, and Terminology of mathematics

By Kristoffel C. P

CHAPTER I

DEFENITION OF SYSTEM 1.1.

1

System

System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma, "whole compounded of several parts or members, system", literary "composition" [1]) is a set of interacting or interdependent system components forming an integrated whole. The concept of an "integrated whole" can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime. The scientific research field which is engaged in the study of the general properties of systems include systems theory, cybernetics, dynamical systems, thermodynamics and complex systems. They investigate the abstract properties of the matter and organization, searching concepts and principles which are independent of the specific domain, substance, type, or temporal scales of existence. Most systems share common characteristics, including: 

Systems have structure, defined by components and their composition;



Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing and outputs of material, energy, information, or data;



Systems have interconnectivity: the various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships between each other.

 1.2.

Systems may have some functions or groups of functions

2

System

System is a set of detailed methods, procedures, and routines established or formulated to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem. Organized, purposeful structure regarded as a 'whole' consisting of interrelated and interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts etc.). These elements continually influence one another (directly or indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the system, in 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System 2 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system.html

order to achieve the common purpose the 'goal' of the system. All systems have (a) inputs, outputs, and feedback mechanisms, (b) maintain an internal steady-state (called homeostasis) despite a changing external environment, (c) display properties that are peculiar to the whole (called emergent properties) but are not possessed by any of the individual elements, and (d) have boundaries that are usually defined by the system observer. Systems underlie every phenomenon, and are everywhere one looks for them. They are limited only by the observer’s capacity to comprehend the complexity of the observed entity, item or phenomenon. Every system is a part of a larger system, is composed of sub-systems, and shares common properties with other systems that help in transferring understanding and solutions from one system to another. Systems obey rules which cannot be understood by breaking them into parts, and stop functioning (or malfunction) when an element is removed or altered significantly. Together, they provide a coherent and unified way of viewing and interpreting the universe as a meta-system of interlinked wholes, and of organizing our thoughts about the world. Although different types of systems (from a cell to the human body, soap bubbles to galaxies, ant colonies to nations) look so very different on the surface, they have remarkable similarities. At the most basic level, the systems are divided into two categories: (1) Closed systems: theoretical constructs which have solid boundaries and where only the components within the system are assumed to exist in a self-sufficient state. All other influences or variables from outside the system are considered to be non-existent or insignificant for the purpose of the system analysis. (2) Open systems: the 'real world' systems that have permeable boundaries through which they continually exchange energy, material, and information with their external environment the larger system in which they exist. Different systems methodologies (such as systems dynamics and systems thinking) classify systems differently.

1.3.

3

System

System is any organized assembly of resources and procedures united and regulated by interaction or interdependence to accomplish a set of specific functions. System is also a collection of personnel, equipment, and methods organized to accomplish a set of specific functions.

3http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-036/_5255.htm

1.4.

System There is nine definition that can be the references about the System: 4

1. A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole. 2. A functionally related group of elements, especially: a. The human body regarded as a functional physiological unit. b. An organism as a whole, especially with regard to its vital processes or functions. c. A group of physiologically or anatomically complementary organs or parts: the nervous system; the skeletal system. d. A group of interacting mechanical or electrical components. e. A network of structures and channels, as for communication, travel, or distribution. f. A network of related computer software, hardware, and data transmission devices. 3. An organized set of interrelated ideas or principles. 4. A social, economic, or political organizational form. 5. A naturally occurring group of objects or phenomena: the solar system. 6. A set of objects or phenomena grouped together for classification or analysis. 7. A condition of harmonious, orderly interaction. 8. An organized and coordinated method; a procedure. See synonyms at method. 9. The prevailing social order; the establishment. Used with the: You can't beat the system. 1.5.

5

System

A system is an assemblage of inter-related elements comprising a unified whole. From the Latin and Greek, the term "system" meant to combine, to set up, to place together. A subsystem is a system which is part of another system. A system typically consists of components (or elements) which are connected together in order to facilitate the flow of 4 http://www.answers.com/topic/system#ixzz1CFI6Xh1u 5 http://www.wordiq.com/definition/System

information, matter or energy. The term is often used to describe a set of entities which interact, and for which a mathematical model can often be constructed. Most people have several thousand files on their computer's hard disk, so imagine how hard it would be to find anything if the files were not organized. Fortunately, all hard disks use a file system, which organizes all the files on the disk. The file system is created when you initialize or format your hard disk. It sets up the root directory and subsequent directories beneath it. The file system allows you to create new files and folders, which are added to different parts of the "file tree" on your hard disk. For example, your hard disk probably has separate folders for programs, documents, pictures, music, and movie files. Within these folders, there are likely other folders that futher organize your files. All these folders (or directories) are organized by your computer's file system. There are also several folders your computer's operating system uses to store system files, such as startup data and system preferences. Some of these folders are invisible to the user, but are recognized by the computer's file system. Older Windows machines used a file system called FAT32, while newer Windows computers use NTFS. Macintosh computers used the HFS file system for a long time, but now use an updated version of HFS, called HFS+. Though you typically don't need to know all the details of your computer's file system, it is nice to know that it is always working to keep your files organized.

CHAPTER II DEFENITION OF INTEGRATED SYSTEM

2.1.

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Integrated System

This definition of an Integrated System identifies characteristics arranged in the broad categories of Data Issues, Application Issues, Presentation Issues, and Operational Issues. A brief name of the characteristic is given, followed by a paragraph defining the characteristic. While the degree of integration is likely to vary from product to product, an ideal integrated system would have all of the characteristics listed below. Suitable tests for identifying these characteristics within a system will depend on the exact implementation used by the vendor. These tests cannot be defined in advance, but must be adapted based on initial review of vendor information and discussions with the vendor during presentations. 2.2.

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Integrated System

a composite entity whose parts can be regarded as systems that are linked with each other by specified relations or are joined together in a regular manner to form a single whole in accordance with certain principles. The concept of the integrated system is used in systems engineering. systems analysis, and operations research and plays an important role in the systems approach in various fields of science, technology, and the national economy. An integrated system can be broken down—not necessarily uniquely—into a finite number of parts called subsystems, and each such highest-level subsystem can in turn be broken down into a finite number of smaller subsystems. The process can be continued until we reach the first-level subsystems, which are called the elements of the integrated system. The elements either are objectively incapable of subdivision or are regarded by agreement as indivisible. Thus, the subsystem is, on the one hand, itself an integrated system consisting of several

6http://www.virginia.edu/isp/5archives/PreISP/Integrated%20Systems%20Definition.htmlIntegrated System 77 http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Integrated+System

elements (lower-level subsystems) and, on the other hand, an element of a higher-level system. At each moment in time an element of an integrated system is in one of its possible states. It changes from one state to another under the action of external and internal factors. The dynamics of the behavior of an element of an integrated system are manifested as follows: the state of the element and its output signals at each moment in time are determined by the preceding states and by the input signals that have arrived at the given moment and earlier. Here, the element’s output signals are its actions on the environment and other elements of the integrated system, and its input signals are actions from the environment and other elements of the integrated system. The environment is the aggregate of systems that are not elements of the given integrated system but whose interaction with the given system is taken into consideration in studying the given system. The elements of an integrated system do not function independently from each other but interact. The properties of an element in general depend on conditions determined by the behavior of the other elements. The properties of the integrated system as a whole are determined not only by the properties of the elements but by the nature of the interaction between the elements. If two integrated systems consist of pairwise identical elements that interact differently, the systems are considered to be two different systems. Typical examples. An example of an integrated system in the field of organization of production and technology is an enterprise, viewed as an aggregate production system consisting of its constituent shops and sections. Each shop or section contains a certain number of production lines. The machines and units making up the production line are usually considered the elements of the integrated system. Automated management science has to deal with integrated systems. An example is the process of managing an enterprise or a branch of industry. This process can be regarded as an aggregate of processes—the collection of data on the state of the controlled systems, the organizing of the information flow, the storage, transmission, and processing of information, and the synthesis of control actions. An example of an integrated system in computer technology is the software of present-day computer systems. The software includes the operating system for controlling the sequence of computations and coordinating the work of all units of the computer system, the library of standard routines, the means of automatic programming (such as algorithmic languages, translators, and interpreting systems), service routines, and programmed check systems. Each of the above components of software can be represented as a system with a

hierarchical, multilevel structure consisting of separate interrelated entities, such as programs, routines, or statements. In the field of municipal services, an example of an integrated system is presented by the motor-vehicle traffic-control system in a large city or region of a city having congested intersections and streets with large traffic flows. In such cases, automatic traffic-control techniques are used that take into account actual traffic conditions and the capacities of the streets. Automatic city and long-distance telephone systems are also examples of integrated systems. Many other cases of integrated systems can be found among, for example, economic, organizational, and biological systems and processes. 2.3.

8

Integrated System

1 (in managed care) a legal partnership between groups of physicians and hospitals that contract and share risk while working together. It may include foundations, management service organizations, and physician-hospital organizations. 2 a group of interconnected units that form a functioning computer system.

83. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/integrated+system

CHAPTER III ENTITY, ATTRIBUTE AND RELATIONSHIP

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An entity-relationship diagram is a data modeling technique that creates a graphical

representation of the entities, and the relationships between entities, within an information system.(View diagram.) The three main components of an ERD are: 3.1. Entity The entity is a person, object, place or event for which data is collected. For example, if you consider the information system for a business, entities would include not only customers, but the customer's address, and orders as well. The entity is represented by a rectangle and labelled with a singular noun. 3.2. Relationship The relationship is the interaction between the entities. In the example above, the customer places an order, so the word "places" defines the relationship between that instance of a customer and the order or orders that they place. A relationship may be represented by a diamond shape, or more simply, by the line connecting the entities. In either case, verbs are used to label the relationships.The cardinality defines the relationship between the entities in terms of numbers. An entity may be optional: for example, a sales rep could have no customers or could have one or many customers; or mandatory: for example, there must be at least one product listed in an order. There are several different types of cardinality notation; crow's foot notation, used here, is a common one. In crow's foot notation, a single bar indicates one, a double bar indicates one and only one (for example, a single instance of a product can only be stored in one warehouse), a circle indicates zero, and a crow's foot indicates many. The three main cardinal relationships are: one-to-one, expressed as 1:1; oneto-many, expressed as 1:M; and many-to-many, expressed as M:N. The steps involved in creating an ERD are:

9 http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-diagram



Identify the entities.



Determine all significant interactions.



Analyze the nature of the interactions.



Draw the ERD.

A number of CASE tools, such as Visible Analyst and Data Architect, can be used to generate ERDs.

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3.3.

Attribute and Variable

In science and research, attribute is a characteristic of an object (person, thing, etc.). Attributes are closely related to variables. Variable is a logical set of attributes. Variables can "vary" - for example, be high or low.[1] How high, or how low, is determined by the value of the attribute (and in fact, an attribute could be just the word "low" or "high"). Examples are the variable gender is made of attributes male and female, the variable social class is a variable composed of attributes lower class, middle class and upper class and the variable age is made of numerical attributes such as 1, 2, 3.... 99. Note that attributes make take different form - words, numbers. Thus they can belong to different levels of measurement. While attributes are often intuitive, in some cases the scientists may decide to artificially limit the amount of attributes a variable has. This process is usually part of the operationalization process. In the example of social class variable cited above the listed attributes (lower, middle and upper class) are not the only ones that could be used; each class could be differentiated between upper and lower, transforming thus changing the three attributes into six or it could use different terminology. In another example, there are many possible groupings of attributes for the variable education - from a complex, multi-attribute ranking of highest completed education level (primary school, secondary school, masters, doctorate and so on), to a simple two-attribute distinction between educated and uneducated. 10 Earl R. Babbie, The Practice of Social Research", 12th edition, Wadsworth Publishing, 2009, ISBN 0495598410, p. 14-18 or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_%28research%29

Variables, together with attributes (characteristics of objects), form some of the most basic and important concepts in science, aiding with description and explanation. Theories are usually presented as relationship between two or more variables. A simple theory could try to explain relationship between variable income (with two attributes: high and low) and variable health (with two attributes: good or bad), showing that there is a positive correlation between (high) income and (good) health.

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION 3.1. System According the definition that received from the different refences but they have a similar meaning. Eventhough, there can be a deeper point that the writer want to tell for people who read these definition. The conclusion of system definition is System is a set of detailed methods, procedures, and routines established or formulated to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem that involved of input, process and output that round of internal and external side. 3.2.

Integrated System Integrated System is a process of some elements that have a closed relationship one

and another which cannot disepparated. The elements of an integrated system do not function independently from each other but interacted. Or the interconnected elements made an acceleration steps for one vision in solving problem. 3.3.

Entity, Attribute And Relationship

According to the system, this topic is very important in one system. If not only because of this characteristic, one system never built well. System is contained by entity, attribute and relationship. Without all of this is not named as system. The definition of each characteristic are: a. The entity is a person, object, place or event for which data is collected or input that wanted to be processed . b. The relationship is the interaction between the entities. In the example above, the customer places an order, so the word places defines the relationship between that instance of a customer and the order or orders that they place c. Attribute is a characteristic of an object (person, thing, etc.) or the specific thing which tell the people about the object surely

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system.html http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-036/_5255.htm http://www.answers.com/topic/system#ixzz1CFI6Xh1u http://www.wordiq.com/definition/System http://www.virginia.edu/isp/5archives/PreISP/Integrated%20Systems%20Definition.html Integrated System http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Integrated+System http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/integrated+system http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-diagram Earl R. Babbie, The Practice of Social Research", 12th edition, Wadsworth Publishing, 2009, ISBN 0495598410, p. 14-18 or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_%28research %29