Symmetric encryption, DES, AES, MAC, Hash algorithms, HMAC

Ck`drig~cdk ]lm|rc~s \kc~)?

]siil~rcm Lkmrsu~cdk( NL]( GL] Il}}gbl G|~alk~cmg~cdk( Ag}a ghbdrc~ai}( ghbdrc~ai}( AIGM

\kc~)?

MDKPLK^CDKGH LKM_SU^CDK U_CKMCUHL] ( MDKPLK^CDKGH LKM_SU^CDK GHBD_C^AI] ( MCUAL_ OHDMJ IDNL] D@ DUL_G^CDK ( HDMG^CDK D@ LKM_SU^CDK NLPCML] ( JLS NC]^_CO\^CDK

GUU_DGMAL]

D@

IL]]GBL G\^ALK^CMG^CDK ( ]LM\_L AG]A @\KM^CDK] GKN AIGM

Mdkplk~cdkgh Lkmrsu~cdk urckmcuhl} G ]siil~rcm lkmrsu~cdk }malil ag} `cpl ckbrlnclk~} 7+ Uhgck ^lq~ 6 ^ac} c} ~al drcbckgh il}}gbl dr ng~g acma c} `ln ck~d ~al ghbdrc~ai g} cku|~+ ?+ Lkmrsu~cdk Ghbdrc~ai6 ^ac} lkmrsu~cdk ghbdrc~ai ulr`dri} pgrcd|} }|o}~c~|~cdk} gkn ~rgk}`drig~cdk} dk ~al uhgck ~lq~+ =+ ]lmrl~ Jls 6 ^al jls c} gkd~alr cku|~ ~d ~al ghbdrc~ai+ ^al }|o}~c~|~cdk} gkn ~rgk}`drig~cdk} ulr`driln os ghbdrc~ai nlulkn dk ~al jls+

>+ Mcualr ^lq~ 6 ^ac} c} ~al }mrgiohln !|krlgngohl# il}}gbl acma c} d|~u|~ d` ~al lkmrsu~cdk ghbdrc~ai+ ^ac} mcualr ~lq~ c} nlulknlk~ dk uhgck~lq~ gkn }lmrl~ jls+ @dr g bcplk uhgck~lq~( ~d nc``lrlk~ jls} urdn|ml ~d nc``lrlk~ mcualr ~lq~}+ +=

753

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~alk agpl Mgl}gr mcualr g}6

 m 9 L! u  u# 9 ! u  u * j# idn !?0#  u 9 N!m# 9 !m  ”  j  j# idn !?0# Rc~a g Mgl}gr mcualr( ~alrl grl dkhs ?0 ud}}cohl jls}( d` acma dkhs ?< grl d` gks |}l( }ckml iguuckb G ~d G l~m ndl}k"~ rlghhs do}m|rl ~al il}}gbl'

Idkdghuagol~cmm Mcualr} 6 Idkdghuagol~c Alrl( Uhgck~lq~ magrgm~lr} grl }|o}~c~|~ln os g nc``lrlk~ ghuagol~ }~rlgi d` magrgm~lr} }ac`~ln ~d ~al rcba~ dr hl`~ os k ud}c~cdk}+ Ralk mdiugrln ~d ~al Mgl}gr mcualr}( ~al}l idkdghuagol~cm mcualr} grl idrl }lm|rl g} lgma hl~~lr d` ~al mcualr~lq~ mgk ol gks ulri|~g~cdk d` ~al ?0 ghuagol~cm magrgm~lr} hlgnckb ~d ?0' dr brlg~lr ~agk > q 75

?0

ud}}cohl

jls}+ O|~ c~ c} }~chh p|hklrgohl ~d mrsu~gkghs}c}( alk g mrsu~gkghs}~ c} ggrl d` ~al kg~|rl d` ~al uhgck~lq~( al mgk `ckn ~al rlb|hgrc~cl} d` ~al hgkb|gbl+ ^d dplrmdil ~al}l g~~gmj}( i|h~cuhl }|o}~c~|~cdk} `dr g }ckbhl hl~~lr grl |}ln+ @dr lqgiuhl( g hl~~lr mgk ol }|o}~c~|~ln os nc``lrlk~ k|ilrcmgh mcualr }siodh} }siodh} }|ma g} 72( ( 03†++ l~m+ Lplk ~ac} il~adn c} kd~ mdiuhl~lhs mdiuhl~lhs }lm|rl

g} lgma hl~~lr ck ~al uhgck uh gck ~lq~ g``lm~} dk hl~~lr ck ~al mcualr~lq~+ Dr( |}ckb g mdiidk jls acma }|o}~c~|~l} lplrs hl~~lr d` ~al uhgck ~lq~+ ^al jls

 GOMNL@BAC  GOMNL@BACCF JHIKDUW_]^\PRQSV  WRL_^S\C WRL_^S\ CCDUG] N@BAF JHVQMP OKI

Rd|hn lkmrsu~ ~al il}}gbl

CC ~ackj ~alrl`drl CC gi

ck~d

DVCCD@GVCC^J^SBJ^DWN

oc~} d` ~al 1)oc~ cku|~ ` J gkn hl~ @ ol g iguuckb `|km~cdk `rdi >)oc~ }~rckb} ~d >)oc~ }~rckb}+ ^al `cr}~ dulrg~cdk c} lqugk}cdk$ulri|~g~cdk dulrg~cdk bcplk os6 L$U >

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Gkn U> d|hn ol gkd~alr ulri|~g~cdk+ U> ?

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^al d|~u|~ d` U> d|hn ol ~al d|~u|~ d` `|km~cdk @+

73 I|jl}a Mack~g( G}}~ Urd`( M]L( PK_PFCL^ 

Ck`drig~cdk ]lm|rc~s \kc~)?

]siil~rcm Lkmrsu~cdk( NL]( GL] Il}}gbl G|~alk~cmg~cdk( Ag}a ghbdrc~ai}( ghbdrc~ai}( AIGM

^al ]c~ma @|km~cdk6 ^ac} `|km~cdk ck~lrmagkbl} ~al hl`~ gkn rcba~ > oc~} }d ~ ag~ ~al }lmdkn ck}~gkml d` `  d` ` J dulrg~l} dk g nc``lrlk~ > oc~}+ @dr }lmdkn ck}~gkml ghh d~alr ugrgil~lr} rligck }gil( o|~ ~al jls c} J ?+ ^al ])odql} dulrg~l} g} `dhhd}6) ^al `cr}~ gkn `d|r~a cku|~ oc~} grl ~rlg~ln g} ?)oc~ k|iolr} ~ag~ }ulmc`s g rd d` ~al ])odq( gkn ~al }lmdkn gkn ~acrn cku|~ oc~} }ulmc`s g mdh|ik d` ])odq+ ^al lk~rs ck ~ag~ rd gkn mdh|ik ck og}l? c} ~al ?)oc~ d|~u|~+

Ng~g Lkmrsu~cdk ]~gkngrn  Ck 732>( COI urdud}ln /H|mc`lr/( gk lkmrsu~cdk ghbdrc~ai |}ckb 0>)oc~ jls}+ ^d slgr} hg~lr !7322#( KO] !kd KC]^# ck mdk}|h~g~cdk c~a K]G ignl g idnc`cln plr}cdk d` ~ag~ ghbdrc~ai ck~d g }~gkngrn+ NL] |}l} ~al ~d og}cm ~lmakcw|l} d` mrsu~dbrguas ) mdk`|}cdk gkn nc``|}cdk+ G~ ~al }ciuhl}~ hlplh( nc``|}cdk c} gmaclpln ~ard|ba k|ilrd|} ulri|~g~cdk} gkn mdk`|}cdk c} gmaclpln ~ard|ba ~al QD_ dulrg~cdk gkn ~al ])Odql}+ ^ac} c} gh}d mghhln gk ])U kl~drj ^al NL] lkmrsu~cdk }malil mgk ol lquhgckln os ~al `dhhdckb `cb|rl

^al uhgck ~lq~ c} 0> oc~} ck hlkb~a gkn ~al jls ck )oc~ ohdmj}+ ^al igck uag}l} ck ~al hl`~ agkn }cnl d` ~al godpl `cb|rl c+l+ urdml}}ckb d` ~al uhgck ~lq~ grl( 

Ckc~cgh Ulri|~g~cdk !CU#6 ^al uhgck~lq~ ohdmj |knlrbdl} gk ckc~cgh ulri|~g~cdk+ 0> oc~} d`  ~al ohdmj grl ulri|~ln+

?5 I|jl}a Mack~g( G}}~ Urd`( M]L( PK_PFCL^ 

Ck`drig~cdk ]lm|rc~s \kc~)?



]siil~rcm Lkmrsu~cdk( NL]( GL] Il}}gbl G|~alk~cmg~cdk( Ag}a ghbdrc~ai}( ghbdrc~ai}( AIGM

G Mdiuhlq ^rgk}`drig~cdk6 0> oc~ ulri|~ln ohdmj |knlrbdl} 70 rd|kn} d` mdiuhlq ~rgk}`drig~cdk+ ]|ojls} ]|ojls} grl |}ln ck lgma d` ~al 70 c~lrg~cdk}+



=?)oc~ }gu6 ^al d|~u|~ d` 70

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rd|kn mdk}c}~} d` 0>oc~} ~ag~ grl g `|km~cdk d` cku|~

uhgck ~lq~ gkn jls+=? oc~ hl`~ gkn rcba~ aghpl} d` ~ac} d|~u|~ c} }guuln+ 

)7

Ckplr}l Ckc~cgh Ulri|~g~cdk !CU #6 ^al 0> oc~ d|~u|~ |knlrbdl} g ulri|~g~cdk ~ag~ c} ckplr}l d` ~al ckc~cgh ulri|~g~cdk+ Dk ~al rcba~ agkn }cnl ugr~ d` ~al `cb|rl( ~al |}gbl d` ~al oc~ ulri|~ln cku|~ ug}}l} ~ard|ba 70 c~lrg~cdk}( urdn|mckb gk ck~lrilncg~l 0>)oc~ pgh|l g~ ~al mdkmh|}cdk d` lgma c~lrg~cdk+

^al hl`~ gkn rcba~ aghpl} d` lgma 0> oc~ ck~lrilncg~l pgh|l grl ~rlg~ln g} }lugrg~ln =?)oc~ w|gk~c~cl} hgolhln H !hl`~# gkn _ !_cba~#+ ^al dplrghh urdml}}ckb g~ lgma c~lrg~cdk c} bcplk os `dhhdckb }~lu}( acma `dri dkl rd|kn ck gk ] )U kl~drj+

?7 I|jl}a Mack~g( G}}~ Urd`( M]L( PK_PFCL^ 

Ck`drig~cdk ]lm|rc~s \kc~)?

Hc 9 _c)7+ _c 9 H c)7

]siil~rcm Lkmrsu~cdk( NL]( GL] Il}}gbl G|~alk~cmg~cdk( Ag}a ghbdrc~ai}( ghbdrc~ai}( AIGM

@!_ c)7( Jc #

Ralrl @|km~cdk @ mgk ol nl}mrcoln g} U!]! L!_!c)7##

J!c# ##

^al hl`~ agkn d|~u|~ d` gk c~lrg~cdk !Hc# c} lw|gh ~d ~al rcba~ agkn cku|~ ~d ~ag~ c~lrg~cdk _ c)7+ ^al rcba~ agkn d|~u|~ _ c c} lqmh|}cpl D_ d` Hc)7 gkn g mdiuhlq `|km~cdk @ d` _ c)7 gkn Jc+ ^al `|mk~cdk @ mgk ol nlucm~ln os ~al `dhhdckb `cb|rl+ ]7( ]?)))))]1 rlurl}lk~ ~al ’] )odql}’ ( acma igu} lgma mdiockg~cdk d` >1 cku|~ oc~} ck~d g ugr~cm|hgr =? oc~ ug~~lrk+ @dr ~al blklrg~cdk d` }|ojls d` hlkb~a >1 oc~}( g 1)oc~ d|~u|~+ ^ac} d|~u|~ c} `ln g} cku|~ ~d `|km~cdk @!_ c)7( Jc#+

^al `cr}~ gkn hg}~ oc~} d` ~al cku|~ ~d ~al odq ]c `dri g ?)oc~ ockgrs k|iolr ~d }lhlm~ dkl d`  `d|r }|o}~c~|~cdk} nl`ckln os ~al `d|r rd} ck ~al ~gohl `dr ]c+ ^al icnnhl >)oc~} }lhlm~ g ugr~cm|hgr mdh|ik+ ^al nlmcigh pgh|l ck ~al mlhh }lhlm~ln os ~al rd gkn mdh|ik c} mdkplr~ln ~d c~} >)oc~ rlurl}lk~g~cdk ~d urdn|ml ~al d|~u|~+

?? I|jl}a Mack~g( G}}~ Urd`( M]L( PK_PFCL^ 

Ck`drig~cdk ]lm|rc~s \kc~)?

]siil~rcm Lkmrsu~cdk( NL]( GL] Il}}gbl G|~alk~cmg~cdk( Ag}a ghbdrc~ai}( ghbdrc~ai}( AIGM

^al }|o}~c~|~cdk mdk}c}~} d` g }l~ d` lcba~ ])odql}( lgma d` acma gmmlu~} 0 oc~} g} cku|~ gkn urdn|ml} > oc~} g} d|~u|~+ ^al urdml}} d` nlmrsu~cdk c~a NL] c} l}}lk~cghhs ~al }gil g} ~al lkmrsu~cdk urdml}}6 kd nc``lrlk~ ghbdrc~ai c} |}ln+ ^al mcualr~lq~ c} |}ln g} cku|~ ~d ~al NL] ghbdrc~ai gkn ~al jls} grl |}ln ck ~al rlplr}l drnlr c+l+ J 70 ck ~al `cr}~ c~lrg~cdk( J 7< dk ~al }lmdkn c~lrg~cdk gkn }d dk |k~ch j 7 c} |}ln dk ~al }cq~llk~a gkn hg}~ c~lrg~cdk+ ]~rlkb~a d` NL]6  Gpghgkmal L``lm~ 6 Gk l``lm~ ck NL] gkn d~alr }lmrl~ jls mcualr} alrl lgma }ighh magkbl ck

uhgck~lq~ ciuhcl} ~ag~ }dilalrl grd|kn agh` ~al mcualr~lq~ magkbl}+ ^al gpghgkmal l``lm~ igjl} c~ agrnlr ~d }|mml}}`|hhs mrsu~gkghsvl ~al mcualr~lq~+ NL] lqacoc~} g }~rdkb Gpghgkmal l``lm~+ Mdkmlrk god|~ ~al }~rlkb~a d` NL] `ghh} ck~d ~d mg~lbdrcl} c+l+ }~rlkb~a d` ghbdrc~ai c~}lh` gkn |}l d` 2

uhgck~lq~)mcualr~lq~ ugcr} gkn `dr hcklgr mrsu~gkghs}c}( ~al k|iolr c}

>7

lplk rln|mln ~d ? +

^rcuhl NL] ^al `cr}~ gk}lr ~d urdohli} d` NL] c} gk ghbdrc~ai mghhln Nd|ohl NL] acma ckmh|nl} nd|ohl lkmrsu~cdk c~a ~d jls}+ C~ ckmrlg}l} ~al jls }cvl ~d 77? oc~}( acma }lli} ~d ol }lm|rl+ O|~( ~alrl grl }dil urdohli} g}}dmcg~ln c~a ~ac} guurdgma+ c}}|l d` rln|m~cdk ~d }ckbhl }~gbl6 Ck d~alr drn}( md|hn ~alrl ol g jls J= }|ma ~ag~ LJ? !LJ?7!U##9 LJ=!U#4 ‘ill~)ck)~al)icnnhl’ g~~gmj6 

Rdrj} alk bcplk g jkdk !U(M# ugcr

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}ckml Q 9 LJ7!U# 9 NJ?!M#

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g~~gmj os lkmrsu~ckb U c~a ghh ? jls} J7gkn }~drl



~alk nlmrsu~ M c~a ghh ud}}cohl ?

I|jl}a Mack~g( G}}~ Urd`( M]L( PK_PFCL^ 

Ck`drig~cdk ]lm|rc~s \kc~)?

]siil~rcm Lkmrsu~cdk( NL]( GL] Il}}gbl G|~alk~cmg~cdk( Ag}a ghbdrc~ai}( ghbdrc~ai}( AIGM

Ck~lrkg~cdkgh Ng~g Lkmrsu~cdk ]~gkngrn ^al Ck~lrkg~cdkgh Ng~g Lkmrsu~cdk ]~gkngrn Ghbdrc~ai !CNLG# c} g }siil~rcm ohdmj mcualr ~ag~ g} urdud}ln ~d rluhgml NL]+ C~ c} g ickdr rlpc}cdk d` gk lgrhclr mcualr( UL] !Urdud}ln !Urdud}ln Lkmrsu~cdk ]~gkngrn#+ CNLG g} drcbckghhs mghhln CUL] !Ciurdpln UL]# gkn g} gh}d ckmh|nln ck UBU+ CNLG c} g ohdmj mcualr acma |}l} g 7?1)oc~ hlkb~a jls ~d lkmrsu~ }|mml}}cpl 0>)oc~ ohdmj} d` uhgck~lq~+ ^al igck nl}cbk bdgh} d` CNLG grl(

 

 Ohdmj Hlkb~a6 Ohdmj }cvl d` 0> oc~} c} mdk}cnlrln }~rdkb lkd|ba ~d nl~lr }~g~c}~cmgh gkghs}c}+ Gh}d |}gbl d` Mcualr @llnogmj Idnl d` dulrg~cdk urdpcnl} ol~~lr }~rlkb~a+ Jls Hlkb~a6 C~} jls }cvl d` 7?1 oc~} c} plrs }lm|rl ~d nl~lr lqag|}~cpl }lgrma +

CNLG–} dplrghh }malil c} o g}ln dk ~arll nc``lrlk~ dulrg~cdk}6 Oc~ os Oc~ QD_ nlkd~ln g}

gnnc~cdk idn ?

70

nlkd~ln g}

70

gkn i|h~cuhcmg~cdk idn !? *7# g}

(

+ Ghh dulrg~cdk} grl dk

70)oc~ }|o)ohdmj}( c~a kd ulri|~g~cdk} |}ln+ Mdiuhl~lhs gpdcn }|o}~c~|~cdk odql} gkn ~gohl hddj|u} |}ln ck ~al ohdmj mcualr}+ ^al ghbdrc~ai }~r|m~|rl ag} ollk mad}lk }|ma ~ag~ alk nc``lrlk~ jls }|o)ohdmj} grl |}ln( ~al lkmrsu~cdk urdml}} c} cnlk~cmgh ~d ~al nlmrsu~cdk urdml}}+ Ck CNLG( CNLG( Mdk`|}cdk c} gmaclpln os |}ckb ~al}l ~arll }lugrg~l dulrg~cdk} ck mdiockg~cdk urdpcnckb g mdiuhlq ~rgk}`drig~cdk d` ~al cku|~( igjckb mrsu~gkghs}c} i|ma idrl nc``cm|h~ !~agk c~a g NL] acma |}l} f|}~ g }ckbhl QD_#+ ^al igck og}cm o|chnckb ohdmj c} ~al I|h~cuhcmg~cdk$Gnnc~cdk !IG# }~r|m~|rl }adk olhd6

? oc~} ck hlkb~a gkn jls c} 7?1 oc~} ck hlkb~a+ ^al CNLG ghbdrc~ai mdk}c}~} d` lcba~ rd|kn} `dhhdln os g `ckgh ~rgk}`drig~cdk `|km~cdk+ ^al ghbdrc~ai ncpcnl} ~al cku|~ ck~d `d|r 70)oc~ }|o)ohdmj}+ Lgma d` ~al rd|kn} ~gjl} `d|r 70)oc~ }|o)ohdmj} g} cku|~ gkn urdn|ml} `d|r 70)oc~ d|~u|~ ohdmj}+ ^al `ckgh ~rgk}`drig~cdk gh}d urdn|ml} `d|r 70)oc~ ohdmj}( acma grl mdkmg~lkg~ln ~d `dri ~al 0> )oc~ mcualr~lq~+ Lgma d` ~al rd|kn} gh}d igjl} |}l d` }cq 70)oc~ }|ojls}( alrlg} ~al `ckgh ~rgk}`drig~cdk |}l} `d|r }|ojls}( `dr g ~d~gh d`