SustentacionTeoricaArticuloInvestigativo Elizabeth Espinel

 

Leokhd`es khtrk oe oky cuaeh`ter`e vs oe oky oembreo edtueo kh Kdueibr  Ko`zemktc Ksp`hko Leduotei ik Fur`spruikhd`e D`khd`es ^boát`des y Kdbhôa`des Derrkre ik Ikrkdcb Uu`tb, Kdueibr  koy.ksp`hkoNcbtae`o.dba

 ]ksuakh ’

Ko prkskhtk `hlbrak

`h`d`e dbhtkxtueo`zehib oe Oky brjåh`de ik epbyb cuaeh`ter`b (OBEC). Oukjb, sk iksdr` iks dr`mk mkhh obs de deam` am`bs bs aktbib aktbiboôj oôj`db `dbss bp bpkr krei eibs bs iu iure reht htkk => =>=> => y => =>=5 =5 kh oe Khdukste

Hed`bheo

ik

Kapokb,

Ikskapok Iksk apokbb y Tumk Tumkapok apokbb (Khk (Khkaiu), aiu), sk

akrdeib

tremefb

kh

uh

peás

ikpkhi`khtk dbab Kdueibr. . ^eoemres  ^eoemres  @hkd,

dr`s`s, Dbv`i-50, Dbv`i-50,

doevk’

Dbriks,

rkjoea rkj oeakht khtbs, bs,

Khkaiu,

dbhst`t dbhst`tud` ud`ôh ôh77

okyks,

skjur` skjur`iei iei,,

ikrkdcbs cuaehbs

@.

aukstre obs prbmokaes ik dbaperem`o`iei quk sk ikr`veh ik oe rupture ik oe skr`k

ik

@HY]BI[DD@BH

Iksik quk oe kdbhbaáe kduetbr`ehe sk

c`stôr`de y sk kxpo`de dôab kstb i`l`duote

iboer`zô

oe aki`d`ôh ik obs `apedtbs ik oe Oky.

kaprkser`eib quk cedk usb kxtkhs`vb ik

Ei`d Ei `d`b `bhe heoa oakh khtk tk,, ik ae aehk hkre re mrkv mrkvk, k, sk

aehb ik bmre hed`bheo pkri`ô ko pr`hd`peo

dbakhte oe `hlbraed`ôh prkskhteie sbmrk

`hst `hstru ruak akht htbb ik ef efus ustk tk i` i`st str` r`mu mut` t`vb vb66 oe

oe s`tued`ôh oembreo kh oe eui`khd`e ik oe

rkiud rki udd`ô d`ôhh ik ikoo pb pbikr ikr ik dbapre dbapre ik oes

Dbrt Db rtkk Db Dbhs hst` t`tu tud` d`bh bheo eo iko iko 4> y 45 ik

lea` lea`o` o`es es

hbv`k bv`ka amrk ik => =>=> => pbr pbr pert pertkk ik oe

ikve ik veou oued ed`ô `ôhh ik oe abhk abhkie ie he hed` d`bh bheo eo

Dbrpbred`ôh

(sudrk rk))

Ikserrboob

ik

Kstui`bs

(D (Dbbriks),

ko

pere

ko

@hst`tutb

bl` l`dd`eoak oakhtk

tr treeme mefe feib ibre ress y

ko

kh

=>>>,

aki` i`eehtk

dbhskdukhtk

ko

oe

prbdksb

`hloed`bher`b. Iksik khtbhdks, ko prbykdtb

Kdue Kd uetb tbr` r`eh ehbb ik Ks Kste teiá iást st`d `dee y Dkhs Dkhsbs bs

kap aprk rkse ser` r`eo eo ce

(@HKD) y ko A`h`stkr`b ik Kdbhbaáe y

‟dbstbs‑ ik sbstkh`a`khtb ik oe v`ie ik

L`hehzes. Oukjb, sk eheo`zeh obs klkdtbs

obs y oes tremefeibres iurehtk y ikspuàs

ik oe OBEC kh ko ak akrd rdei eibb oemb oembre reoo

ik su v`ie öt`o.

kduetbr`ehb, dbhs`ikrehib oe `hlbraed`ôh bl`d`eo pumo`deie kh fuh`b ik =>=5. L`heoa L`h eoakh khtk, tk, sk db dbhtk htkxtu xtueo` eo`zeh zeh kstbs kstbs rksuoteibs kh ko aerdb ik oe kstrudture iko

s` s`iib

i` i`ssa` a`hhu` u`rr

ob obss

Ko etequk e obs ikrk rkddcbs ik obs trem tremef efei eibr brks ks ik ikoo sk skdt dtbr br pö pömo mo`d `dbb ik iksi sikk =>>3 y ko evehdk dbhtre obs tremefeibrks ik ikoo sk skdt dtbr br pr pr`v `vei eibb ik iksi sikk => =>5= 5= ik ikmk mkhh khtkhikrsk dbab pertk ik ksk prbykdtb.

 

Yeam`àh, oe Oky ik epbyb cuaeh`ter`b6

klkd klkdtb tbss ik oe dr dr`s `s`s `s pr prbt btkj kj`k `khi hibb oe oess

uhe

jehehd`es dep`teo`stes.

blkhs`ve

bpbrtuh`ste

iko

kapr ka prks kser er`e `eib ib qu quk, k, eprb eprbvk vkdc dceh ehib ib oe

Obs ietbs sbmrk kapokb y akrdeib ik

s`tued`ôh ik kakrjkhd`e seh`ter`e ik oe

tremefb quk khtrkje ko @HKD e oe sbd`kiei

DB\@I @I--50,

ik

kduetbr`ehe sbh rksuoteib ik uhe khdukste

aki`ies quk hb cemáe pbi`ib skr 

y hb ik uh dkhsb. ^br tehtb, sk tremefe

eprbmeie kh obs vk`htk eõbs ehtkr`brks y

dbh

quk emrk oe pukrte pere ko rkstb ik oes

 prbdki`a`khtbs tàdh`dbs ks prbykdteie

rklbraes quk ko jbm`krhb ik Ju`ookrab Oess Oe ssbb sk pr prbp bpbh bhkk dbhd dbhdrk rkte ter. r. Es Esá, á, oe

 pere rkprkskhter oe pbmoed`ôh tbteo. Kstbs iko`deibs iko`d eibs prbdksbs prbdksbs rkqu rkqu`krkh `krkh dbhs`ikre dbhs`ikrer  r 

 prbiudt`v`iei

kaprkser`eib

oe dbaperem`o`iei ik oe aukstre quk sk

kd kdue uetb tbr`e r`ehb hb hb sk dbhs dbhstr truy uykk h` sk ce

 prbykdterå dbab pbmoed`ôh tbteo kh deie

dbhs dbhstr tru` u`ib ib sbmr sbmrkk oe `hhb `hhbve ved` d`ôh ôh h` oe

epo`ded`ôh iko lbrauoer`b ik oe khdukste.

fust`l`dô

uhe

iko

skr`k

uhe

aukstre

quk

aki`ehtk

`hvk `hvkrs rs`ô `ôhh tkdh tkdhbo boôj ôj`d `de, e, s` s`hb hb sb sbmr mrkk ko etequk i`rkdtb e oes dbhi`d`bhks ik v`ie ik obs y oes tremefeibres.

E. AKYBIB AKYBIBOBJ OBJÁE ÁE [Y [Y@O@ @O@VEI VEIE E

Kh ks kstk tk sk skht ht`i `ib, b, ob obss aá aáh` h`ab abss pe pere re jereh jer eht`z t`zer er oe dbape dbaperem rem`o` `o`iei iei khtrk khtrk uh uhee

@@.

T[TYKHYED@BH @H\KTY@JEY@\E

Kh fuh`b ik =>=5 khtre kh v`jbr oe OBEC,

öh`de

Kdueibr

pere

aki`ie jkst`bher

tbaeie pbr  oe

dr`s`s

 prbvbdeie pbr obs kapokeibrks e reáz ik su hkdks`iei ik rkkstrudturer obs prbdksbs

khdukste y btre sbh6 5. Aehtkhkr ko a`sab lbrauoer`b ik oe khdukste =. I` I`sk skõb õb ik oe auks aukstr tree s` s`a` a`oe oerr kh tàra`hbs dueo`tet`vbs y dueht`tet`vbs 4.

]kspkter

ko

i`skõb

tkôr`db

dbhdkptueoo ik obs áhi`dks prbiud`ibs dbhdkptue

 prbiudt`vbs pbr oe DB\@I-50. Oes

9. Deoduoer dbh oe a`sae aktbibobjáe

aki` ak i`ie iess seh` seh`te ter`e r`ess (dbh (dbhl` l`he hea` a`kh khtb tb y

ko le ledt dtbbr ik kxpe pehhs` s`ôôh quk pkra`t ra`tkk

i`steh i`st ehd` d`ea ea`k `kht htbb sb sbd` d`eo eo bmo` bm o`je jetb tbr` r`b) b) jkhkreh uhe i`sa`hud`ôh ik oe i`håa`de

kxprkser kxprks er obs veobrk veobrkss aukstr aukstreok eokss db dbab ab veobrks pbmoed`bheoks. pbmoed`bheoks.

kdbhôa`de, treiud`ie kh uhe rkiudd`ôh ik oe ikaehie. Oe OBEC BEC -prk -prksk skhhtei teie dba babb uhe

M. DEA DEAM@B M@BT T AK AKYBI YBIBOÔ BOÔJ@D J@DBT BT K @HDBA^E]EM@O@IEI

sboud`ôh pere prbtkjkr ko kapokb y e obs

Khtrk i`d`kamrk ik =>50 y aerzb ik

aåss vuoh aå vuohkr krem emok okss dbht dbht`k `khk hk ik aehk aehkre re

=>=5 sk rkspkte ko i`skõb tkôr`db ik obs

kxpoád`te akdeh`sabs pere quk obs y oes

áhi` áhi`dk dkss aås aås `a `apb pbrt rteh ehtk tkss ik ikoo akrd akrdei eibb

tremef tre mefeib eibrks rks es esuae uaehh áht áhtkj kjrea reakht khtkk obs

oembre oem breoo kd kduet uetbr` br`ehb ehb.. ^krb, ^krb, sk prb prbiud iudkh kh ver`ed`bhks tehtb kh ko lbrauoer`b ik oe

 

khdukste dbab kh ko i`skõb dueo`tet`vb y

i`skõb6 oe el`hed`ôh iko aerdb

due uehht`te t`tet` t`vb vb ik oe auks kstr tre, e, ob quk quk

aukstreo.

bdes`bhe duetrb ruptures ik skr`k c`stôr`de kh akhbs ik uh eõb4.

‟5.. ‟5

Kqu` u`o` o`m mr`b r`b

ik

oe oess

[h`i `ie eiks iks

`) Oe pr pr`a `akr kree rupt ruptur uree bd bdur urrk rk kh

 ^r`aer`es ik Aukstrkb ([^A)7 =.

aerzb ik =>=>, pbr suspkhs`ôh ik

 Kstret`l`ded`ôh edbrik e oes uh`ieiks

oe rkdbokdd`ôh.

ik

``) Oe skjuhie ikm`ib e obs deam`bs

aukstrkb

kqu`o`mreies7

4.

Bpt`a`zed`ôh ik oe i`spkrs`ôh ik oe

quk `apo`de ko i`skõb ik oe Khkai Kh kaiuu tkoklô tkoklôh`d h`dee ik ae aeyb yb ik

aukstre‑ (@HKD, =>=>).

=>50.

‟Obs ‟O bs rksuo rksuote teib ibss ik oe Khka Khkaiu iu ik

```) Oe skr`k skr`k hukv hukvea eakh khtk tk sk rbap rbapkk

 skpt`kamrk

=>=>

rkprkskhteh

ob

khtrk skpt`kamrk y i`d`kamrk ik

bdurr`i bdu rr`ib b kh ko akrdei akrdeib b oembre oembreoo kh

=>=>, >=>, duehib ehib sk vuk vukovk ovk e oe

ks kskk aks7 aks7 oe db dbap aper erem em`o `o`i `iei ei db dbh h

rkdbokdd rkdb okdd`ôh `ôh prksk prkskhd`e hd`eo,o, pkrb dbh

 pkr`bibs ehtkr`brks skrå abt`vb ik

deam`bs kh ko i`skõb ik oe

kstu stui`b

aukstre.

`h `hdo dou us`ô s`ôh

`v) L`heoakhtk, oe duerte, kh aerzb ik =>=5 => =5,, dueh duehib ib sk pr prbp bpbh bhkk uh uhee

hukve

aktbibobjáe

pere

oe

pere

esá

kh oe

jereh reht`zer sk skr` r`kk

su

c` c`st stôr ôr`d `de‑ e‑

(@HKD, =>=>). ‟Kss ‟K

`ap `apbrteh rtehtk tk sk skõ õeo eoe er

quk ob obss

ooeaeie ooea eie Khka Khkaiu iu tr`ak tr`akstreo streo,, quk

`hi`deibrks puhtueoks y eduauoeibs

 pkraehkdkrå  pkraehkdk rå v`jkhtk ceste ==>=9. >=9.

hb sb sbh h db dbap ape ere remo moks ks kh khtr trkk sá7 sá7 ks

‟Ko

5<

ik

aerzb

sk

ikd`r, s` m`kh ikaukstreh tkhikhd`es

 suspkhikh oes edt`v`ieiks ik deapb

 s`a`oerks, sk rkl`krkh e `hi`deibrks

ik oe Khkaiu ikm`ib e oe kakrjkhd`e

dbh pkr`bibs ik rklkrkhd`e rklkrkhd`e i`st`htbs‑ i`st`htbs‑

 seh`ter`e9.

(@HKD, =>=5).

Tk

ik

objreh

=>=>

rkdbokdter 

ietbs sbob pere ko 93% ik oe aukstre,  pbr ob quk obs rksuoteibs h` s`qu`kre

Kste Kste d` d`te te `o `ous ustre tre ob obss pr prbm bmok okae aess ik

 sk pumo`deh‑ (@HKD, =>=>e).

dbaperem`o`iei quk sk t`khk duehib ko

Euhq Eu hquk uk sk epo` epo`de de `jue `jueoo qu qukk eõbs eõbs

teaeõb tea eõb ik oe aukstr aukstree ks i`lkrk i`lkrkhtk htk,,

ehtkr`brks ko aukstrkb prbmem`oást`db

`hdousb s` ko i`skõb ik oe aukstre ks

ik ib ibss ktep ktepes es dbh dbh ks kstr tret et`l `l`d `ded ed`ô `ôhh

s`a`oer, eo `jueo quk ko lbrauoer`b, obs

jkbjrål`de pbr iba`h`bs ik kstui`bs y

ledtbrks ik kxpehs`ôh y obs aàtbibs

 pbr skdtbrks (urmehb y rureo), sk

ik rkdbokdd`ôh y rkj`strb. Ko @HKD

 prbiudk uh deam`b luhieakhteo l uhieakhteo kh ko

 prbpbhk aehtkhkr kste aktbibobjáe y i`skõb

aukstreo

ceste

=>=9,

 

jere je reht ht`z `zeh ehib ib uh uhee

sk skr` r`kk

c`st c`stôr ôr`d `dee

dbaper dba peremo emokk pere pere kst kstbs bs due duetrb trb eõb eõbs. s. T`h kam kamerj erjb, b, oe dba dbape perem rem`o`i `o`iei ei ik kste skr`k dbh oes khdukstes rkeo`zeies kh =>=> y oe skr`k c`stôr`de ik oe Khkaiu (=>54-=>50) hb sk khdukhtre jereht`zeie7 puks, hb sk ceh ookveib e

 L`jure = ^bmoed`ôh Kdbhôa`d Kdbhôa`deakhtk eakhtk Edt`ve (^KE) (i`d-=>53 e fuh-=>=5) Lukhtk6 @HKD, fuh`b =>=5.

de demb mb obs obs prbd prbdki ki`a `a`k `kht htbs bs tàdh tàdh`d `dbs bs

Dbab sk bmskrve kh oe l`jure = sbob kh

hkdkser`b hkdkse r`bss per peree dbr dbrrkj rkj`r `r obs krr krrbrk brkss auks au kstr treo eoks ks y hb au auks kstr treo eoks ks quk quk sk

 fuh`b ik =>=5 sk objrerbh bmtkhkr d`lres bl`d`eoks. Oe dbrrkdd`ôh y rkdåoduob ik oes

ikr`veh ik obs deam`bs aktbiboôj`dbs

ksteiást`des iko @HKD sk meserbh kh oe

bpkreibs khtrk =>=> y =>=5.

kst steehie ier` r`zzed ed`ô `ôhh

ik ob obss le leddtb tbrk rkss ik

kxpehs`ôh pere oes khdukstes rkeo`zeies iurehtk =>=>, e kxdkpd`ôh ik oe khdukste ik aeyb y fuh`b. Esá, sk kapeoaô oe skr`k y

sk je jere rehht` t`zzô

su dbaper apereem` m`o` o`ie ieii.

Kht htbbhd hdkks, sk rk rkkkst steemok okddk uh uhee skr` r`kk c`stôr`de dbaperemok iksik i`d`kamrk ik =>>: ceste fuh`b ik =>=5. Hb bmstehtk, sk  prkskhte uhe rupture pbr euskhd`e ik ikk oe aukstre y iko lbrauoer`b lbrauoer`b ik oes  L`jure 5 Yeaeõb i khdukst khd ukstes es epo` epo`dei deies es khtr khtrkk skpt skpt`kam `kamrk rk Lukh Lukhtk6 tk6 @HKD  (=>50, =>=>, =>=5)

ietbs khtrk i`d`kamrk ik =>50 y skpt`kamrk ik =>=>, duehib sk rkeo`zô oe  pr`akre khdukste dbhl`emok iko pr`akr 

D. ^BM ^BMOED OED@ÔH @ÔH A[KTY] A[KTY]EO EO

eõb ik oe pehika`e.

Iureh rehtk oe pehi pehikka` a`ee ik =>=> =>=> sk deod deoduo uoer erbh bh tr trks ks t`pb t`pbss ik ledt ledtbr brks ks ik

I. OKP B]JEH@DE IK E^BPB

kxp xpeehs`ô hs`ôhh (pbr (pbr uh`i uh`ieei pr`a pr`aeer`e r`e ik aukstrkb, pbr cbjerks y pbr pkrsbhe) y sk

C[AEH@YE]@B (OBEC) Ko =0 y 4> ik bdtumrk ik =>=>,

`htrbiufkrbh

kh

d`hdb

bdes`bhks

dbhdurrkh

kh

deo`iei

ik

kxpkrtbs

i`lkrkhtks7 kstb elkdte oe dbaperem`o`iei

`hv` `hv`te teib ibss e dr dr`t `tkr kr`b `b ik ikoo Fu Fukz kz pb pbhk hkht htk, k,

ik oes d`lres ksteiást`des (@HKD, =>=5).

rkprkskht rkprk skhtehtk ehtkss ik `hst`tud`b `hst`tud`bhks hks pömo pömo`des `des

^brr teht ^b tehtb, b, sk pu puki kikk dbhd dbhdou ou`r `r qu qukk oes oes

(A`h`s (A` h`stkr tkr`b `b ik Kdbhba Kdbhbaáe áe y L`hehz L`hehzes es k

duet duetrb rb ru rupt ptur ures es kh oe sk skr` r`kk c`st c`stôr ôr`d `dee

@HKD) y pr`veies (Dbriks) e oe eui`khd`e

 prbiudkh khdukstes quk sbob pukikh

ik oe Dbrtk Dbhst`tud`bheo pere trea`ter 

tbaersk dbab rklkrkhd`e kståt`de pere ko

oes ikaehies ik `hdbhst`tud`bheo`iei ik

 pkrábib ik oe rkdbokdd`ôh. rkdbokdd`ôh.

oe OBEC. Obs kxpkrtbs db`hd`ikh kh quk oe Oky brjåh`de ik epbyb cuaeh`ter`b ce

 

treáib mkhkl`d`bs pere obs tremefeibrks y tremefeibres,

`jhbrehib

tbteo

b

 perd`eoakhtk

oe

`apbs`m`o`iei

ik

dbaper dba perer er oe `hl `hlbra braed` ed`ôh ôh bl` bl`d`e d`eoo sbm sbmrk rk kapokb iurehtk ko pkrábib ik `htkràs. Dbhd bhdouy ouykhi hibb quk quk oe Oky ce s` s`iib  mkhkl`d`bse pbrquk ‟sk ce rkj`streib uhe rkiudd rki udd`ôh `ôh iko iko ik ikska skapok pokbb kht khtrk rk ae aeyb yb y skpt`kamr skpt`k amrk‑ k‑.. Tk el` el`rae rae qu qukk iur iureht ehtkk oe kakr ka krjk jkhd hd`e `e seh` seh`te ter` r`ee sk pk pkri ri`k `krb rbhh uh

Dbapered`ôh `ôh iko skdtbr `hlbraeo skjöh  L`jure 4 Dbapered rksuoteibs ik Khkaiu (skpt`kamrk =>50 y skpt`kamrk =>=> => =>), ), öh öh`de `deak akhtk htk rk rklkr lkrkh khd`e d`eoo iko er erjua juakh khtb tb ik Dbriks Lukhtk6 Khkaiu (skpt`kamrk =>50), Khkaiu (skpt`kamrk =>=>)

Ob quk hb `hlbrae Dbriks ks quk ko

a`ooôh ik kapokbs y quk, pbstkr`brakhtk,

tremefb lbraeo team`àh dek kh ko a`sab

sk drkerbh qu`h`khtbs a`o hukvbs pukstbs

 pkrábib ik 4:>9044 (skpt`kamrk =>50) e

ik tremefb khtrk aeyb y skpt`kamrk ik

44:;54 44: ;54== (skpt` (skpt`ka kamrk mrk =>=>). =>=>). Dbab Dbab sk

=>=>, kh pokhe pehika`e y dbh uhe dr`s`s

bmskrve kh oe L`jure H.¾9.

kdbh kdbhôa ôa`d `dee pr prbl bluh uhie ie.. Ks ik ikd` d`r, r, euh euh duehib due hib hb kx kx`st `stkk kv kv`ik `ikhd hd`e `e sul`d sul`d`kh `khtk tk  pere dbhdou`r quk oe OBEC ks deuseo ik ‟oe drked`ôh ik kapokbs‑, sk ksjr`ak uhe dbrrkoed`ô dbrrk oed`ôhh leoez leoez.. (Dbrtk Dbhs Dbhst`tud t`tud`bhe `bheoo iko Kdueibr, =>=>). Dbriks dbapere ko tremefb `hlbraeo ik skpt`kamrk ik =>50 (4 :>9 044) y ik skp skpt`k t`kam amrk rk ik =>=> =>=> (4 ;:4 554), 54), y erjuakhte quk ‟hb euakhte ko höakrb ik kapokeibs `hlbraeoks‑, ob quk prbmeráe

 L`jure 9 Tkdtbr`ze Tkdtbr`zed`ôh d`ôh ik oe lukrze ik tremefb (skpt`kam (skp t`kamrk rk =>5 =>50 0 y skp skpt`kam t`kamrk rk =>= =>=>), >), öh`d öh`deak eakhtk htk rklkrkhd`eo iko erjuakhtb ik Dbriks Lukhtk6 Khkaiu (skpt`kamrk =>50), Khkaiu (skpt`kamrk =>=>).

Dueh Du ehib ib eh eheo eo`z `zea eabs bs oe ks kstr trud udtu ture re  pbrdkhtueo iko áhi`dk ik skdtbr`zed`ôh,

obs obs mk mkhhkl`d kl`d`b `bss ik oe Oky ik Epbyb pbyb

ksteabs rkspktehib oe `ike ik quk deie

Cuaeh`ter`b. ^krb, duehib a`reabs obs ietb ie tbs, s, hb sbob sbob vk vkab abss qu qukk ko trem tremef efbb

khdukste a`ik uh abakhtb ik oe rkeo`iei

`hlbraeo hb ce euakhteib, s`hb quk sk ce rkiud`ib (L`jure H.¾4)

y hb ks dbaperemok khtrk sá dbab oáhke ik tkhi tkhikkhd hd`e `e

c`s `stô tôr` r`de de..

T` T`ap apok okak akht htkk

bm bmsk skrv rvea eabs bs ib ibss lb lbtb tbjr jrel eláe áess y vk vkab abss duåhtb pkse deie detkjbráe kh su rksp rkspkd kdt` t`vve cedk ce dkab abss

um um`d `deed`ô `ôhh kst stkk

tk tkap apbr breeo.

kf kfkr krd` d`d` d`bb

T`

rk rklk lkrk rkhd hd`e `eo, o,

bm bmtk tkhk hkab abss ob obss ie ietb tbss kx kxpu puks kstb tbss kh oe Yemoe H.¾5.

 

Yemoe 5 Dbapered`ôh iko pksb pbrdkhtueo ik oes detkjbráes quk dbhlbraeh ko áhi`dk ik skdtbr`zed`ôh ik oe pbmoed`ôh tremefeibre (lbraeo-`hlbraeo) kh oe  Khkaiu skpt`kamrk skpt`kamrk =>50 y oe skpt`kamrk skpt`kamrk =>=>) =>=>)

`htkrv`khkh kh oe ikl`h`d`ôh ik ‟pokhb‑) rkprkskhte e tremefeibrks duybs ikrkdcbs oembreoks sbh rkspkteibs y objreh dumr`r  aáh áh`a `aea eakkhtk

sus

hk hkddks` s`iiei eikks.

Kh

dbhtrestk, ko kapokb hb pokhb rkj`stre e equk equkoo oobs bs tr trem emef efei eibr brks ks qu qukk t` t`kh khkh kh uh uhee dbhi dbhi`d `d`ô `ôhh pr prkd kder er`e `e y du duyb ybss ik ikrk rkdc dcbs bs  Lukhtk6 Khkaiu Khkaiu (skpt`kamrk (skpt`kamrk =>50), =>50), Khkaiu (skpt`kamrk =>=>).)

Ks ikd ikd`r, `r, tbi tbib ob dbhtr bhtrer er`b `b,, e ob el`raeib pbr Dbriks. Kh rkeo`iei, ko pksb iko skdtbr `hlbraeo kh skpt`kamrk ik =>=> ks aeybr quk kh =>50, ob quk iksa`khtk ko erjuakhtb ksmbzeib pbr ko kxpkrtb. K. KL KLKD KDYB YBT T IK OE OB OBEC EC TB TBM] M]K K OE DBHI@D@ÔH OEMB]EO

Ko kapokb pokhb, ik aehkre rksua`ie, rk rkj` j`st stre re e equk equkoo oobs bs trem tremef efei eibr brks ks qu qukk rk rkd` d`mk mkhh uh seoe seoer` r`bb eikd eikdue ueib ib77 t`kh t`khkh kh  fbrheies ik tremefb eikdueib y hb kståh i`spukstbs h` i`spbh`moks e tremefer aås cbres. Ko kapokb hb pokhb, kh deam`b,

oemb oembre reok okss sk du duap apok okhh sb sbob ob ik aehk aehkre re  perd`eo b hb sk duapokh7 t`khkh `hks `hkste tem` m`o` o`ie ieii kh sus tr treeme mefb fbss y sus `hjrks `hj rksbs bs hb eodehz eodehzeh eh pere pere set`sl set`sled edkr kr ob aáh`ab pere oe supkrv`vkhd`e. Jred`es e oe cbabobjed`ôh ik ledtbrks ik kxpehs`ôh ckdce pbr ko @HKD kh fuh`b ik =>=5, kx`stk oe deped`iei ik aki`r obs klkdtbs ik oe Oky ik epbyb cuaeh`ter`b. ]ksua ]k sua`kh `khib, ib, sk puk pukik ik el`rae el`raerr quk, quk, tres su epo`ded`ôh, sk ce prbiud`ib uhe i` i`sa sa`h `hud ud`ô `ôhh ik oe de deo` o`ie ieii ik ikoo kapo kapokb kb rklo rklokkfe feiie kh uh uhee deái áiee ik ikoo kapo pokkb eikdueib y ko `hdrkakhtb iko kapokb hb eikdueib y kapokb hb rkauhkreib.

rkj`stre e equkoobs quk hb t`khkh h`hjöh seoer`b b uh seoer`b `heikdueib, fbrheies oemb oembre reok okss `hei `heikd kdue ueie iess y ks kstå tåhh b hb i`spukstbs y i`spbh`moks e tremefer aås cbre cbres7 s7 ikht ikhtrb rb ik ikoo ka kapo pokb kb hb pokh pokhbb sk dbhs`ikre e sumkapokeibs, btrb kapokb Ko ikskapokb rkj`stre e pkrsbhes quk hb

pbrdkhtueo eo y ver`ed`ô ver`ed`ôh h ik obs  L`jure ; ^ksb pbrdkhtu dbapbhk dba pbhkhtks htks ik oe ^KE pbr dbhi`d`ôh dbhi`d`ôh ik edt` edt`v`ie v`iei  i  (i`d`kam (i`d `kamrk rk =>5 =>50-sk 0-skpt`k pt`kamrk amrk =>= =>=>). >). Lukh Lukhtk6 tk6 @HKD  (fuh`b =>=5).

t`khkh tremefb, hb rkeo`zeh h`hjuhe btre

Ko kapokb eikdueib deyô iko 40% eo

edt`v`iei pere epbrter e su cbjer y sk

45% (-3 puhtbs)7 a`khtres quk ko tremefb

khdukhtreh b hb musdehib tremefb.

hb eikdueib drkd`ô ik ;:% e 50 y

obs mefbs uamreoks quk l`fe ko @HKD pere dbhs`ikrer obs `hi`deibrks quk

skpt`kamrk ik =>=>, ko ikskapokb kh oe ^KE drkd`ô ik 9% e 50 y skpt`kamrk ik => =>=> =>,, aki` aki`bb a`oo a`ooôh ôh ik pk pkrs rsbh bhes es khtrerbh kh ko sumkapokb (;>3 39=), ob quk rkprkskhtô uh drkd`a`khtb iko 4;% e h`vko hed`bheo, 9>% kh ko årke urmehe y  L`jure < Tkdtbr`zed`ôh kdbhbaáe (pksb iko skdtbr  skdtbr  Tkdtbr`zed`ôh ik oe kdbhbaáe  lbraeo k `hlbraeo), i`d`kamrk =>54 e fuh`b =>=5  Lukhtk6 @HKD @HKD (fuh`b =>=5). =>=5).

=;% kh ko årke rureo.

Oe L` L`ju jure re H. H.¾< ¾< auks aukstr tree quk quk cey cey uhe uhe tkhik tkh ikhd` hd`ee drk drkd`k d`khtk htk ik oe `hl `hlbra braeo` eo`iei iei quk `h`d`e kh ko öot`ab tr`akstrk ik =>5; ceste `jueoer eo skdtbr lbraeo e aki`eibs ik

=>53.

T`h

kamerjb,

ko

seotb

dueht`tet`vb sk prbiudk kh ko pkr`bib quk vkh`ab vkh `abss ehe eheo`z o`zehi ehib6 b6 i`d i`d`ka `kamrk mrk-=> -=>50 50 e skpt skpt`k `kam amrk rk ik =>=> =>=>,, dueh duehib ib ko sk skdt dtbr  br 

 L`jure 3 Kapokb hb rkauhkre rkauhkreib ib (i`d`kamr (i`d`kamrkk =>>: e  fuh`b =>=5) =>=5) Lukhtk6 @HKD @HKD (fuh`b =>=5) =>=5)

Kh ks kste te de detk tkjb jbrá ráee sk `h `hdo douy uykh kh ob obss

`hlbraeo supkre eo lbraeo y drkdk ik 950 e fuh`b =>=5) Lukhtk6 @HKD  (fuh`b =>=5)

Oe

dba dbapere peredd`ôh `ôh

deapb-d pb-d`u `uiiei

kv`i v`ikhd`e hd`e quk quk oe ae aeyb ybrr pàri`i ri`iee ik

tehtb, e oes eaes ik dese, e qu`khks ko @HKD

does`l`de

dbab

pbmoed`ôh

kdbh kdbhôa ôa`d `dea eakh khtk tk `h `hed edt` t`ve ve (^K@ (^K@)) h` sk dbhtkapoe kh kse detkjbráe tbie oe oembr  ikspokje iksp okjeie ie pbr oes aufk aufkrks rks eseoer`e eseoer`eies ies

kapokb eikdueib sk rkj`strô kh oes urmks. Oe mrkdce khtrk ob rureo y ob urmehb ks

quk duapok duapokhh ibmok ibmok fbrhei fbrheiee du duehi ehib, b, eo

 

vb vbov ovkr kr ik su trem tremef efbb rkau rkauhk hkre reib ib,, sk

i`rkdte khtrk ko ikskapokb aesduo`hb y ko

cedk edkh derj rjbb iko rkpr rkprbi biud udt` t`vvb y ik

lkak lkakh` h`hb hb.. Khtr Khtrkk sk skpt pt`k `kam amrk rk => =>50 50 y

du`ieib. T` suaåreabs tbib ksk tremefb

i`d`kamrk =>=>, ko ikskapokb lkakh`hb

hb

drkdk aås quk ko ikskapokb aesduo`hb.

rkauhkreib

dbh

ko

eprbp`eib e

^krb ^krb,, eikaås, aås, sk sb sbsst` t`kkhk kok okvveib

eseoer`eies y eseoer`eibs, rksuoteráe doerb

a`khtres ko kapokb aesduo`hb sk rkdupkre

quk oe jehehd`e dep`teo`ste sk luhieakhte

ik aehkre dbyuhtureo. Oes aufkrks sbh

kh ko tremefb hb pejeib. Kste detkjbráe hb

oes aås elkdteies pbr ko ikskapokb y oes

ce ikfeib ik drkdkr iksik =>5;, dbab aukstre oe L`jure H.¾3.

akhbss pr akhb prbt btkj kj`i `ies es kh ko db dbht htkx kxtb tb ik  pehika`e, eo pkrikr su tremefb y hb

aki`e ki`eht htkk

oe kxp xpob obte tedd`ôh `ôh

oemb oembre reoo

rkdupkrerob h` s`qu`kre ik aehkre perd`eo. Kh dbhdous`ôh, sk bmskrve uhe pàri`ie ik oe deo`iei iko kapokb, uh `hdrkakhtb ik ikoo su sumk mkap apok okbb y oe `h `hlb lbra raeo eo`i `iei ei,, es esáá dbab uh euakhtb iko ikskapokb. Kh oe dr`s`s, oes aufkrks sbh oes aås elkdteies, ob

quk

euakhte

oe

s`tued`ôh

ik

Btrb ik obs klkdtbs ik oe OBEC, eo

ik iks` s`ju jueo eoie ieii ks kstru trudt dtur ureo eo ye pr prks kskh khtk tk.. L`he L`heoa oakh khtk tk,, ob obss ie ietb tbss au auks kstr treh eh uh uhee

lo lokx kx`m `m`o `o`z `zer er oes oes dbhi dbhi`d `d`b `bhk hkss pe pere re oe

aeybr elkdted`ôh iko skdtbr urmehb7 s`h

tkra tkra`h `hed ed`ô `ôhh ik dbht dbhtre retb tbs, s, ce s`ib s`ib uh

kamerjb, ks hkdkser`b dbhs`ikrer quk obs

`apbrteht `apb rtehtkk drkd drkd`a`kh `a`khtb tb iko ikskapo ikskapokb. kb.

ietbs ik oe khdukste ik kapokb hb objreh

Kste tkhikhd`e hb kre v`s`mok ceste ehtks

rkprks rkp rkskh khter ter oe s`t s`tued ued`ôh `ôh ik ikoo deapb deapb ik

ik oe pum pumo`d o`ded ed`ôh `ôh ik ks kste te `hl `hlbra braed ed`ôh `ôh

aehk ae hkre re ei eikd kdue ueie ie ik ikm` m`ib ib e qu qukk ks kstå tå

bl`d`eo pbr pertk iko @HKD kh fuh`b ik

 pkhseie pere pere oe rkeo`iei urmehe. urmehe.

 L`jure 0 ^bmoed`ôh ikskapo ikskapokeie keie (fuh`b =>50-fuh =>50-fuh`b `b =>=5) Lukhtk6 @HKD (fuh`b =>=5).

=>=5. Khtrk i`d`kamrk ik =>50 y skpt skpt`k `kam amrk rk ik => =>=> =>,, pk pkr` r`bi bibb qu qukk ie

@ \.

]KLK]KHD@ET

dukhte ik obs klkdtbs `haki`etbs ik oe epo`ded`ôh ik oe OBEC, 53> 9:; pkrsbhes

Dest`oob, ]. (=>59). Kapokb y dbhi`d`ôh

deykrbh kh ko ikskapokb. Kstb s`jh`l`de

ik ed edt` t`v` v`ie ieii kh ko Kdue Kdueib ibr. r. Uu`t Uu`tb. b.

uh `hdrkakhtb iko ;3% ik oe pbmoed`ôh

]ktr`kvki

ikskapokeiee (L`jure H.¾0). ikskapokei

cttp6//www.kdueibrkhd`lres.jbm.kd/hu kvbaerdb-dbhdkptueo/

@@@.

DBHDO[T@BHKT6

Dbh oe dr`s`s, sk rbapk uh abv`a`khtb tkhik tkh ikhd` hd`eo eo ibh ibhik ik kx kx`st `stáe áe uhe rko rkoed` ed`ôh ôh

lrba

 

@HKD @H KD.. (= (=>5 >50) 0).. Kh Khdu duks kste te Hed` Hed`bh bheo eo ik Kapo Ka pokb kb,, Ik Iksk skap apok okbb y Tu Tumk mkap apok okb. b. Ibduakhtb Aktbiboôj`db. Uu`tb @HKD. (=>=>e). Mboktáh Yàdh`db Hb. >5=>=>- Khdukste Hed`bheo ik Kapokb, Ikskapokb y Tumkapokb (KHKAI[ YKOKLÔ YKO KLÔH@D H@DE), E), aey aeyb-fu b-fuh`b h`b =>= =>=>. >. Uu`tb. @h @hst st`t `tut utbb He Hed` d`bh bheo eo ik Ks Kste teiá iást st`d `des es y Dkhsbs. (=>50, skpt`kamrk). Khdukste  Hed`bheo ik Kapokb, Ikskapokb y Tumkapokb

[rmehb

y

]ureo.

cttps6//epo`ded`bhks4.kdueibrkhd`lres.j bm.kd/ M@@HKD-wer/`hikx.xctao7fskss`bh`i1 [>[email protected]` hki Er`e Er `es, s, G. G.,, De Derr rr`o `oob ob,, ^., ^., & Yb Ybrr rrks ks,, F. (=>=>). Ehåo`s`s iko skdtbr `hlbraeo y i`sdus i`s dus`bh `bhks ks sbm sbmrk rk oe rkj rkjuoe uoed`ô d`ôhh iko tremefb kh poetelbraes i`j`teoks kh ko Kdueibr. Teht`ejb ik Dc`ok6 DK^EO.