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MRZMX@JGD

^P^@C@ @C@REÆKNGD @ NZG 

 

 

@st` `bmmo t`c nmcm mbf`tgvm pr`pdrdr pdrd m nmknursm ^P^@C@-dndjæcgnm bmasgstd. R`ssdatdcms qu` m nmkt`öjm j`st` `bmmo ç r`sucgjm ` kîm j`v` s`r usdjm nmc m gktugtm j` s` `stujdr dcpadc`kt` smbr` ms t`cds dqug pr`s`kt`s. Xmrtdktm, `st` cdt`rgda kîm nmkt`cpad tmjds ds gkimrcdåð`s k`n`ssärgds jurdkt` d imrcdåîm dndjæcgnd. Gkjgndcms dm daukm qu` kîm t`c nmcm c`td s`r dprmvdjm k`st` nmknursm m usm jms nmkt`öjms pr`s`kt`s `c kmssms nursms jm padkm XRM, ms qudgs imrdc `struturdjms pdrd r`imråm ukgv`rsgtärgm

 

 

^PCÄRGM DRZRGZ@ ^ÇXZGND .............................................. ................................................................................................................. ..................................................................... :  NMKZP^Ð@^, AP\DÅÐ@^ @ @KZMR^@^ KD^ @C@REÆKNGD^ ..............................4 Irdturds jd Nadvãnuad kd Gkiâkngd................................................................................. ................................................................................. > >> > Irdturds jm Nmtmv`am kd Nrgdkåd ......................................................................... ................................................................................. ........ >0 Irdturds jm Dkt`brdåm kd Gkiâkngd......................................................... .............................................................................. ..................... > >< < IRDZPRD^ KM DJPAZM .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. :4  CDP^ ZRDZM^ KD GKIÂKNGD........................................................ ........................................................................................ ................................ :>  Mst`mcg`agt`....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... :< ^ÃKJRMC@ NMCXDRZGC@KZ NMCXDRZGC@KZDA DA ......................................... .................................................................................... ........................................... 0>

 

 

DRZRGZ@ ^ÇXZGND Drtrgt` sçptgnd, tdcbçc nldcdjd j` pgmdrtrgt` mu drtrgt` gki`nngmsd, ç d gki`nåîm gktrd-drtgnuadr, s`kjm j`cmkstrdjd dtrdvçs jd pr`s`kåd j` bdntçrgd km aãqugjm sgkmvgda. D gki`nåîm gktrd-drtgnuadr j`strþg d ndrtgade`c lgdagkd pmr uc prmn`ssm j` nmkjrþags` quãcgnd quãcgnd.. Ds `kzgcds prmt`maãtgnds prmjuzgjds p`ads bdntçrgds a`vdc gkgngdac`kt` d p`rjd j` cdtrgz ndrtgadegkmsd (dåîm nmkjrmaãtgnd), s`eugjd p`ad p`rjd j` nmaäe`km ndrtgadegkmsm ` km duc`ktm jd pr`ssîm gktrddrtgnuadr. Xmr gssm, ç j` sucd gcpmrtâkngd d gj`ktgigndåîm räpgjd jd jm`kåd ` m trdtdc`ktm dj`qudjm. D tdb`ad 4 cmstrd ms rgsnms jd drtrgt` sçptgnd. Zdb`ad 4. 4. Rgsnms gc`jgdtms ` tdrjgms (s`qu`ad) jd gki`nåîm drtgnuadr kîm trdtdjd mu tdrjgdc`kt` trdtdjd. Rgsnms Gc`jgdtms

Rgsnms Zdrjgms

^`ps` (Gki`nåîm sgstæcgnd)

Mst`mcg`agt` nrúkgnd

Jgsiukåîm cöatgpad j` þreîms (s`ptgn`cgd)

drtrms` pþs-gki`nngmsd

Duc`ktm jd pr`ssîm gktrddrtgnuadr ` duc`ktm dkqugams` drtgnuadr jm vmauc` jm aãqugjm sgkmvgda Mst`mcg`agt` deujd K`nrms` dvdsnuadr jd ndb`åd i`cmrda (qudkjm mnmrr` km qudjrga)* ^ubauxdåîm mu auxdåîm jd drtgnuadåîm

*Km qudjrga, m duc`ktm jd pr`ssîm gktrddrtgnuadr, grä nmadpsdr ms vdsms `pgigsärgms, r`spmksäv`gs p`ad vdsnuadrgzdåîm jd `pãigs` jm iæcur prmxgcda, pmj`kjm r`suatdr kd k`nrms` dvdsnuadr jd ndb`åd i`cmrda.

 

  YGD^ JD GKI@NÅÎM D pgmdrtrgt` pmj` mnmrr`r p`ads vgds j`6 4.  Jgss`cgkdåîm l`cdtmeækgnd6 l`cdtmeækgnd6 ç d vgd cdgs nmcuc.  nmcuc.  Mnmrr` pmr ucd bdnt`r`cgd, suregjd pmr uc imnm jgstdkt`, s`fd p`a`, mrmidrgke` mu qudaqu`r mutrm. 2.  Jgss`cgkdåîm pmr nmktgeugjdj`6 ucd gki`nåîm prþxgcd d drtgnuadåîm ` dm aãqugjm sgkmvgda. Xmr `x`cpam, d mst`mcg`agt` c`tdigsärgd, qu` ç ucd gki`nåîm bdnt`rgdkd kd pmråîm j` mssm c`tdigsärgm qu` pmj` `stdr `c nmktdtm nmc d pmråîm gktrddrtgnuadr, p`rcgtgkjm d pdssde`c j` bdntçrgds. Mu dgkjd, gki`nåð`s nutâk`ds nmcm d n`auagt`, `c tmpmerdigd prþxgcd d drtgnuadåîm. >.  Jgss`cgkdåîm pmr gkmnuadåîm jgr`td6 nmcm pmj` mnmrr`r pmr gdtrme`kgd (pukåîm drtgnuadr) mu dtrdvçs j` uc trducd jgr`tm.

DE@KZ@^ @ZGMAÞEGNM M prgkngpda de`kt` `kvmavgjm ç m ^tdplamnmnnus dur`us, cds gcpmrtdkt` j`stdndrcms qu` `c daeucds ngrnukstâkngds j` sdöj` ` j` gjdj` `knmktrdr`cms mutrms de`kt`s j` j`stdqu` nmcm kd tdb`ad 2 dbdgxm. Zdb`ad 2. 2.   Xrgkngpdgs de`kt`s `tgmaþegnms `kvmavgjms kds jgi`r`kt`s gjdj`s ` ngrnukstâkngds. R`nçc-Kdsngjm

^. dur`us

C`kmr`s j` 2 dkms Cdgmr`s j` 2 dkms

^. dur`us ` L.gkiau`kzd`

Djuatm fmv`c

K. emkmrrl`d`

Gjmsms Psuärgms j` jrmeds gkf`täv`gs

^. dur`us

^.dur`us, ^.`pgj`rcgjgs,

Nmnms Erdc + Xs`ujmcmkds d`ruegkmsd

 

  Drtrgt` R`ucdtþgj` Gcukmssuprgcgjms

^. dur`us ^.dur`us

L`cmeambgkmpdtgd / dk`cgd idangimrc`

^.dur`us, ^dacmk`aad

spp., Bdngams

Erdc

Imkt`6 U`st F @c`re C`j. 2847 Cdr? 28(2)6>>4->:4`c`jgngk`. c`jsndp`.nmc/drtgna`/2>9277-mv`rvg`w

JGDEKÞ^ZGNM NAÃKGNM @ @\DC@^ NMCXA@C@KZDR@^ 4. Cdkgi`stdåð`s naãkgnds   I`br`   Jmr gkt`ksd kd drtgnuadåîm, e`rdac`kt` ç ucd cmkmdrtrgt` (dnmc`t` dp`kds ucd drtgnuadåîm)? •

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  Bamqu`gm jm drnm j` cmvgc`ktm drtgnuadr?   Xmsgåîm dktäaegnd, e`rdac`kt` `c pmsgåîm s`cgia`tgjd, cmc`ktm `c qu`

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d ndpsuad drtgnuadr `stä cdgs r`adxdjd?   ^gkdgs iameãstgnms kd drtgnuadåîm dnmc`tgjd6 `j`cd, ndamr ` lgp`r`cgd?   J`rrdc` drtgnuadr?

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2. @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s L`cmerdcd

a`unmngtms` nmc j`svgm d `squ`rjd / Bdstmk`cgd?

Nmcpa`tm YL^ ` XNR

@stdrîm duc`ktdjms. M YL^ ; 28cc, nmc pgnms km >¶ jgd ; 98cc?

L`cmnuaturd

Nuaturd ` dktgbgmerdcd nmalgjms `c > amndgs jgi`r`kt`s?

Rdjgmerdigds

Xr`s`kåd j` duc`ktm jm `spdåm drtgnuadr?

P^E

Duc`ktm jm aãqugjm drtgnuadr? pr`s`kåd j` erucms?

 

  Ngktgamerdigd nmc tn77 Lgp`rndptdåîm kd 4ª ` >ª ids`s? Xukåîm drtgnuadr

Bdnt`rgmsnmpgd, nuaturd ` dktgbgmerdcd jm aãqugjm sgkmvgda? murm pdrd m jgdekþstgnm Nmksgj`rdjm m pdjrîm murm pdrd

>. Jgdekþstgnm Jgi`r`kngda6   ^gkmvgt` trdksgtþrgd   ^gkmvgt` r`dtgvd   Mst`mcg`agt`   N`auagt`   Xsmgt`   Jm`kåd j` Ayc` •

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NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM Nmc d susp`gtd j` drtrgt` sçptgnd, dpþs d nma`td j` `xdc`s adbmrdtmrgdgs ` l`cmnuaturd, j`v`cms gkgngdr d dktgbgmtgnmt`rdpgd `cpãrgnd v`kmsd, v`kmsd, s`kjm d prgc`grd `snmald `cpãrgnd d mxdngagkd j` s`cdkds, s`kjm nmktgkudjm pmr cdgs 2-> s`cdkds pmr vgd mrda `c jmcgnãagm, j`p`kj`kjm jd c`almrd naãkgnd erdjuda jm pdng`kt`. Daçc jd dktgbgmtgnmt`rdpgd `cpãrgnd, ds drtgnuadåð`s cdgmr`s (mcbrm, fm`alm ` prgkngpdac`kt` m qudjrga) k`n`ssgtdrîm j` dbmrjde`c ngröregnd j` `c`reækngd, nmc jr`kde`c jm aãqugjm sgkmvgda gki`ntdjm ` advde`c `xt`ksd nmc smrm igsgmaþegnm 8,7% `c dbukjâkngd. D pukåîm drtgnuadr pmj`rä s`r i`gtd kms ndsms j` jövgjd, pdrd duxgagdr m jgdekþstgnm, `vgj`kngdkjm uc aãqugjm sgkmvgda purua`ktm, j` dsp`ntm a`gtmsm, nmc pL ängjm, rgnm `c pmagcmrimkuna`dr`s ` pmbr` `c eagnms`.

 

  D nurd erdjuda jd gki`nåîm ç mbs`rvdjd nmc d c`almrd naãkgnd erdjuda jm pdng`kt`, ` nmc d c`almrd adbmrdtmrgda, t`kjm r`juåîm jd a`unmngtms`, jm XNR ` jm YL^.

NMKZP^Ð@^, AP\DÅÐ@^ @ @KZMR^@^ KD^ @C@REÆKNGD^ @ssds Ndt`emrgds j` a`sð`s sure`c jgdrgdc`kt` kds `c`reækngds, prgkngpdac`kt` `c j`nmrrækngd jds prätgnds `spmrtgvds. Ç iukjdc`ktda sdb`r jgi`r`kngä-ads ` gkgngdr m trdtdc`ktm j`ssds a`sð`s. 4.  NMKZP^ÎM CP^NPADR   Ç d a`sîm ndusdjd pmr uc trducd jgr`tm cusnuadr.   Tudjrm Naãkgnm6 `j`cd, `qugcms` ` l`cdtmcd. Cds tdcbçc pmj` kîm t`r k`klucd j`ssds dat`rdåð`s. •

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  @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s6 Gcpmrtdkt` r`dagzdr rdjgmerdigds kd `c`reækngd

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pdrd j`sndrtdr irdturds mu auxdåð`s   Nmkjutd Gkgngda6 XRMZMNMAM XRGN@ ` `kndcgkldr pdrd m dcbuadtþrgm.

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2.  @^ZGRDC@KZM MP JG^Z@K^ÎM CP^NPADR   Ç d a`sîm cusnuadr ndusdjd pmr uc damkedc`ktm daçc jms agcgt`s jd igbrd cusnuadr. Xmj`kjm mnmrr`r d rupturd j` igbrds cusnuadr`s jm cösnuam dnmc`tgjm.   Tudjrm Naãkgnm6 `j`cd, `qugcms` ` l`cdtmcd, gkndpdngjdj` iukngmkda, •

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jgignuajdj`s kd cdrnld.   @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s6 Gcpmrtdkt` r`dagzdr rdjgmerdigds kd `c`reækngd pdrd j`sndrtdr irdturds mu auxdåð`s. ^` lmuv`r P^E kd `c`reækngd, pmj`rä s`r p`jgjm. Ndsm nmkträrgm, d R`ssmkâkngd Cdekçtgnd s`rä `xdc` @A@ZGYM, pmj`kjm s`r smagngtdjm kd `c`reækngd kms ndsms j` susp`gtd j` rupturd qu` k`n`ssgt` j` dbmrjde`c ngröregnd j` ureækngd, nmcm pmr `x`cpam d rupturd jm t`kjîm j` dquga`s.   Nmkjutd Gkgngda6 XRMZMNMAM XRGN@ ` `kndcg `kndcgkldr kldr pdrd m dcb dcbuadtþrgm. uadtþrgm.

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  >.  AP\DÅÎM   Auxdåîm ç d p`rjd j` nmkeruækngd drtgnuadr, mu s`fd, mnmrr` m j`samndc`ktm jm mssm, sdgkjm jd sud iukåîm mrgegkda ` nmc gssm p`rj`kjm d sud iukåîm kd drtgnuadåîm.   Tudjrm Naãkgnm6 `j`cd, `qugcms` ` l`cdtmcd, j`imrcgjdj`s, p`rjd jd •

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iukåîm jm c`cbrm.   @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s6 M Rx s`rä suigng`kt` pdrd m jgdekþstgnm

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Ige. Rx `c p`riga `vgj`kngdkjm d Auxdåîm jm Nmtmv`am.   Nmkjutd Gkgngda6 Gkgngda6 @c`reækngd mrtmpçjgnd! mrtmpçjgnd! R`dagzdr d R@JPÅÎM I@NLDJD

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JD AP\DÅÎM, i`gtd gj`dac`kt` km n`ktrm ngröregnm smb s`jdåîm, s`eugjd pmr gcmbgagzdåîm ` dkdae`sgd. Dpþs d r`juåîm ` `stdbgagzdåîm, m pdng`kt` pmj`rä s`r `kndcgkldjm pdrd m dcbuadtþrgm.

:.  @KZMR^@^   Ç d a`sîm pmr `stgrdc`ktm mu rupturd jms agedc`ktms j` ucd drtgnuadåîm, s`c qu` ldfd d p`rjd jd nmkeruækngd `ktr` mssms ` d drtgnuadåîm.   Tudjrm Naãkgnm6 `j`cd, `qugcms` ` l`cdtmcd, jgignuajdj` kd cmbgagzdåîm. •

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    @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s6 M Rx s`rä gcpmrtdkt` pdrd j`sndrtdr irdturds `

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auxdåð`s. D r`ssmkâkngd cdekçtgnd mu P^E s`rîm öt`gs km `stdjgdc`ktm jd a`sîm ` kd nmkjuåîm dcbuadtmrgda.   Nmkjutd Gkgngda6 XRMZMNMAM XRGN@  XRGN@ ` `kndcgkldr pdrd m dcbuadtþrgm.

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XRMZ@NZGMK ........ Xrmt`åîm jd är`d di`tdjd, pmj` s`r i`gtd nmc uc gcmbgagzdjmr R@^Z.......................... R`pmusm, `vgtdkjm nmamndr ndred km c`cbrm GN@........................... N@.............................. ... Nrgmt`rdpgd j`v` s`r i`gtd j` gc`jgdtm pdrd r`juåîm jd jmr Nmcpr`ssîm amnda, r`juz m `j`cd ` jmr. NMCXR@^GMK........ Nmcpr`ssîm @A@YDZGMK............. @a`vdåîm jm c`cbrm

 

 

JMR AMCBDR

 

  D amcbdaegd ç qu`gxd ir`qu`kt` kds `c`reækngds, prmktm-dt`kjgc`ktms ` dcbuadtþrgms, ` nmc `ssd datd pr`vdaækngd, ç d 2ª cdgmr ndusd j` nmksuatds cçjgnds. ^ud `tgmamegd ç cuatgidtmrgda, pmj`kjm t`r ucd `tgmamegd gk`sp`nãignd `c ¶ pdssm6  j`ngjgr pmr datd mu gkt`rkdåîm lmspgtdadr.   Amcbdaegds gsmadjds, s`c trducd, s`c sgkdgs j` rdjgnuampdtgd mu

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jgsiukåð`s cmtmrds, j`v`rîm s`r `kndcgkldjds pdrd gkv`stgedåîm dcbuadtmrgda. Amcbdaegds dssmngdjds d `ss`s sgktmcds, j`v`rîm s`r gkv`stgedjds j` cmjm `c`re`kngda ` s` k`n`ssärgm, gkt`rkdåîm lmspgtdadr6 •

       

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Jçigngt k`urmaþegnm prmer`ssgvm mu söbgtm? X`rjd jd imråd? Imrt` jmr r`irdtärgd d dkdae`sgd mrda jmcgngagdr? Zrducds

 

 

 

 

JMR KM TPDJRGA

 

  Kds `c`reækngds ` prmktm dt`kjgc`ktms ç ir`qu`kt` d nl`edjd j` pdng`kt`s nmc qu`gxds j` jmr `c qudjrga (nmxdaegd), ` m jgdekþstgnm jgi`r`kngda ç vdstm, ` daeuks k`n`ssgtdc j` dbmrjde`ks `c`reækngds, ndsm nmkträrgm, pmj`rîm `vmaugr nmc s`qu`ads grr`pdräv`gs. @ktr` ms jgdekþstgnms jgi`r`kngdgs, j`stdndcms kds nrgdkåds ` djma`sn`kt`s6 drtrgt` sçptgnd, sgkmvgt` trdksgtþrgd, jm`kåds r`ucdtmaþegnds (drtrgt` gkiadcdtþrgd), drtrgt` r`dtgvd, jm`kåd j` A`ee-Ndavç`-X`rtl`s ` @pgigsgþags`. Fä kms djuatms ` gjmsms, pmj`cms j`stdndr6 s`qu`ads j` jm`kåds prçvgds, nmxdrtrms` (drtrms` jm qudjrga), gcpdntm i`cmrm-dn`tdbuadr, t`kmssgkmvgt`s ` bursgt` trmndkt`rgdkd. Nadrm, qu` irdturds ` gki`nåð`s j`v`c s`cpr` s`r j`sndrtdjds `c tmjds ds gjdj`s? ` rdrdc`kt`, cds pmj`kjm mnmrr`r, imrcdåð`s i mrcdåð`s tucmrdgs.

JM@KÅD J@ A@EE-NDAYÇ@-X A@EE-NDAYÇ@-X@RZL@^ @RZL@^ Ç d k`nrms` gsquæcgnd dvdsnuadr jm köna`m s`nukjärgm j` mssgigndåîm jd `pãigs` prmxgcda jm iæcur, mnmrr`kjm jurdkt` m j`s`kvmavgc j`s`kvmavgc`ktm `ktm jd nrgdkåd. D jm`kåd ç dutmagcgtdjd, cds pmj` j`gxdr s`qu`ads. D @tgmamegd dgkjd ç j`snmkl`ngjd, ` d `vmauåîm jd pdtmamegd s` jgvgj` `c : ids`s, j`snrgtds pmr ^ucc`rvgaa`6 Ids` j` K`nrms` (jurd dtç 9 c`s`s), Ids` j` Irdec`ktdåîm (d ndb`åd i`cmrda s` irdec`ktd, mnmrr` `c 9 c`s`s d 4 dkm), Ids` j` R`mssgigndåîm ` d Ids` j` R`cmj`adc`ktm.

@XGJ@CGMAMEGD Nrgdkåds, c`kgkm, brdknm, cderm lgp`rdtgvm mu nmc jçigngt j` dt`kåîm, ` ukgadt`rda.

 

  C`kgkms  (:64)? Gjdj` vdrgdkjm j` 2-4> dkms (nmc cçjgd j` : Ç cdgs nmcuc `c C`kgkms brdknd?? ms Bgmtgpms cdgs nmcuks sîm ms cderms, lgp`rdtgvms, d 7 dkms). Kd Rdåd brdknd nmc jçigngt j` dt`kåîm.  dt`kåîm.  Cdgs nmcuc km adjm `squ`rjm? Bgadt`rdagjdj` `c Bgadt`rdagjdj` `c 1 j` 40% jms ndsms? Gkngjækngd j` 4/42.088

JGDEKÞ^ZGNM NAÃKGNM @ @\DC@^ NMCXA@C@KZDR@^ 4. Cdkgi`stdåð`s naãkgnds   Nadujgndåîm Nadujgndåîm,, qu` `xdn`rbdjd km `simråm iãsgnm ` c`almrd nmc m r`pmusm? qudjrga, vdrgdkjm kd naässgnd grrdjgdåîm pdrd m t`rrgtþrgm   Jmr kd r`egîm jm qudjrga,  jm k`rvm mbturdtþrgm (idn` c`jgda jd nmxd ` fm`alm) mu kd r`egîm jm erdkj` •

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trmndkt`r. D jmr pmj` s`r gkndpdngtdkt`? Cds pmunds v`z`s d jmr s`rä deujd ` gkt`ksd, m qu` cugtds v`z`s tmrkd m jgdekþstgnm tdrjgm? Xmj`rä mnmrr`r ucd iadngj`z jms dbjutmr`s, ldv`kjm r`juåîm jms DJC jm qudjrga, prgkngpdac`kt` jd Rmtdåîm gkt`rkd ` dbjuåîm ` `c c`kmr erdu jd ia`xm-`xt`ksîm. Cdrnld j` tr`kj`a`cbure. ^gkda j` Rgsnm6 agcgtdåîm jd dbjuåîm, dbjuåîm , `ss` ç m sgkda nagkgnm j` qu` `stä mnmrr`kjm auxdåîm/subauxdåîm adt`rda, `ssd nrgdkåd kîm j`v` t`r ndred agb`rdjd.

2. @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s D Rdjgmerdigd pdkmrâcgnd `c DX jd Bdngd/qudjrga ` X`riga j` Adu`kst`gk (pmsgåîm j` rî/jupad dbjuåîm), kms jdrä d vgsîm nmcpdrdtgvd. Mbs`rvdr`cms6 D `pãigs` s` dpr`s`ktd nmc dsp`ntm j` p`qu`kms erâkuams `sna`rþtgnms (Gcde`c D). Fä kms ndsms nrúkgnms, fä pdssdjd d ids` j` r`mssgigndåîm ` r`cmj`adc`ktm, gr`cms cugtds v`z`s `knmktrdr j`imrcgjdj`s kd ndb`åd qu` r`suatdrîm `c s`qu`ads (Gcde`c B).

 

 

Imkt`6 Fda`om

Gcde`c D

Imkt`6 Fda`om

Gcde`c B

Mutrms `xdc`s sîm d uatrdssmkmerdigd (P^E) cmstrd `iusîm jm qudjrga, `sp`ssdc`ktm jd ndrtgade`c drtgnuadr, j`snmbrgc`ktm jd ndb`åd i`cmrda, grr`euadrgjdj` ` j`imrcdåîm jd `pãigs`? ` d r`ssmkâkngd cdekçtgnd ç m prgc`grm `xdc` d j`t`ntdr m gkidrtm þss`m, ` ç m c`almr pdrd v`r d irdturd subnmkjrda. NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM M mbf`tgvm prgkngpda jm trdtdc`ktm ç cdkt`r m qudjrga n`ktrdjm jurdkt` tmjm m prmn`ssm jd jm`kåd, pdrd gcp`jgr d j`imrcgjdj` r`sgjuda jm qudjrga ` cdkt`r bmd cmbgagjdj`.  cmbgagjdj`.  A`cbrdkjm qu` d jm`kåd ç dutm-agcgtdjd, nmc r`smauåîm `spmktâk`d, d nurd s`cpr` s`rä dtgkegjd, cds k`ss` prmn`ssm pmj` mnmrr`r d imrcdåîm j` j`imrcgjdj`s ` s`qu`ads p`rcdk`kt`s. Kms p`rãmjms j` padstgngjdj` bgmaþegnd (k`nrms` ` irdec`ktdåîm), pr`nmkgzd-s` d nmkt`kåîm jd ndb`åd km dn`täbuam ` pr`s`rvdåîm jd cmbgagjdj` drtgnuadr. D cdrnld ` ndred j`v`c s`r `vgtdjds kd cdgmrgd jms ndsms p`am c`kms dtç d r`mssgigndåîm. M trdtdc`ktm ngröregnm `stdrä gkjgndjm kms ndsms j` j`imrcgjdj`s ` agcgtdåð`s erdv`s, mbf`tgvdkjm s`cpr` n`ktrdagzdr d ndb`åd km dn`täbuam. ^îm ds mst`mtmcgds vdrgzdkt`s mu vdaegzdkt`s.

 

  @XGIG^ÞAG^@ Ç ucd j`smrj`c kd padnd igsärgd jm iæcur prmxgcda, prmjuzgkjm m j`sagzdc`ktm `pãigs` prmxgcda jm iæcur (ndb`åd jm iæcur). D padnd igsärgd `knmktrd-s` `ktr` d `pãigs` ` d c`täigs`, ç jgvgjgjd `c : zmkds, ` ç kd zmkd lgp`rtrþignd qu` mnmrr` d jm`kåd. Km `ktdktm, d `tgmamegd dgkjd kîm `stä b`c j`igkgjd. Imkt`

Xrþprgd6

@XGJ@CGMAMEGD Djma`sn`kt`, c`kgkm, k`erm, mb`sm (kd cdgmrgd) mu cderm datm? Bgadt`rda kd cdgmrgd. Ç cdgs nmcuc `c C`kgkms (>64)? Gjdj` vdrgdkjm j` 48-49 dkms (nmc cçjgd j` 4: dkms kms c`kgkms ` 42 dkms kds c`kgkds). Kd Rdåd k`erd? k`erd? ms Bgmtgpms cdgs nmcuc sîm kms djgpmsm-e`kgtda (tgpm Irmlagnl, sîm d cdgmrgd) mu cderms datms  datms (Zgpm Cgouagns).

 

  Cdgs nmcuc km adjm `squ`rjm? Bgadt`rdagjdj`  Bgadt`rdagjdj` `c ; j` 08% jms ndsms? Gkngjækngd j` >,:/488.888

GJGDEKÞ^ZGNM NAÃKGNM @ @\DC@^ NMCXA@C@KZDR@^ 4. Cdkgi`stdåð`s naãkgnds   Jmr prmer`ssgvd km qudjrga, `vmaugkjm nmc gktma`râkngd d nmamndr ndred km

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c`cbrm.   Nadujgndåîm ` jmr kd idn` dkt`rm-c`jgda jm fm`alm (grrgtdåîm p`am k`rvm

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mbturdtþrgm) `/mu qudjrga?   Agcgtdåîm jms DJC (drnm j` cmvgc`ktm), prgkngpdac`kt` jd Rmtdåîm

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gkt`rkd (ç m prgc`grm cmvgc`ktm qu` s` p`rj`). Agcgtdåð`s tdcbçc jd dbjuåîm ` ia`xîm jm qudjrga.   ^gkda j` Jr`lcdkk pmsgtgvm

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  Jr`lcdkk mnmrr` pmr  pmr bamqu`gm c`nâkgnm kd ia`xîm jm qudjrga, nmcm m nmam

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`std sup`rgmr `ss` bdt` kd bmrjd dkt`rgmr jm dn`täbuam.   Kms ndsms nmc cdgmr j`sagzdc`ktm, pmj`cms j`t`ntdr sgkda j`

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Zr`kj`a`cbure +, qu` d gknagkdåîm jd p`av` `c j`nmrrækngd d gksuigngækngd jm cösnuam eaöt`m cçjgm, m mcbrm cdgs bdgxm (gknagkdåîm jm pdng`kt` pdrd m adjm jd a`sîm) ` cdrnld `c rmtdåîm `xt`rkd.

2. @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s D Rdjgmerdigd pdkmrâcgnd `c DX jd Bdngd/qudjrga ` X`riga j` Adu`kst`gk (pmsgåîm j` rî/jupad dbjuåîm), kms jdrä d vgsîm nmcpdrdtgvd. Mbs`rvdr`cms6 Mbs`rvdr`cms6

 

    Dadredc`ktm ` grr`euadrgjdj` kd iãs`.

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  Xr`s`kåd j` Egbd mu Ndfdjm (m nmam i`cmrda pmj`rä dpdr`n`r nmc dsp`ntm

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j` ndfdjm, `ssd nmrnmvd pmj` gcp`jgr d RG ` dbjuåîm)   Agkld j` Oa`gk agkld Oa`gk agkld qu` tdke`kngd d bmrjd sup`rgmr jm nmam ` j`v` nmrtdr

m

d igs`, nruzdkjm d ndb`åd i`cmrda? Kd `pgigsgþags` `ad pdssdrä Zr`tlmwdk  mu sgkda j` X`rogs? sup`rgmrc`kt` e`rdkjm m ^gkda j` Zr`tlmwdk   ^gkda j` ^t``a  ^t``a  „ ç ucd agkld j` `sna`rms` (`sbrdkqugådjd) imrcdjd pmr

m

smbr`pmsgåîm jm nmam nmc d `pãigs` `snmrr`edjd, t`kjm uc imrcdtm drngimrc` mu j` c`gd aud. Imkt`6 Fda`om

Imkt`6 Fda`om

NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM Pcd v`z gj`ktgigndjd d pdtmamegd, j`v`-s` r`tgrdr gc`jgdtdc`kt` d ndred jm c`cbrm dnmc`tgjm, pdrd kîm prmcmv`r d pgmrd jm j`svgm, ` `ktîm m trdtdc`ktm j`igkgtgvm, qu` k`ss` ndsm ç s`cpr` ngröregnm, ç d r`dagzdåîm jd `pgigsgmj`s`.

Imkt`6 Fda`om

 

 

D `pgigsgmj`s` ç i`gtd nmc igxdåîm ` nmcpr`ssîm jd padnd igsärgd, gcp`jgkjm dssgc qu` d jm`kåd prmergjd km j`svgm. Idz-s` `ktîm d igxdåîm p`rnutâk`d nmc uc pdrdiusm qu` j`v` pdssdr km N`ktrm jd `pãigs`, `ktrdkjm p`rp`kjgnuadr è padnd igsärgd. D igxdåîm prmigaätgnd nmktrdadt`rda ç nmktrmv`rsd, j`v`kjm-s` dvdagdr ds nmkjgåð`s smngdgs ` ms rgsnms r gsnms j` j`s`kvmavgc`ktm jd jm`kåd.

IRDZPRD @\XM^ZD Kds `c`reækngds ç ir`qu`kt` d nl`edjd j` pdng`kt`s qu` smir`rdc daeuc tgpm j` trducd, s`fd j` bdgxd `k`regd mu datd `k`regd, nmcm kms dngj`kt`s dutmcmbgaãstgnms. Ndb` d kþs, prmigssgmkdgs ` cçjgnms jd sdöj` dvdagdr `ss`s pdng`kt`s jm pmktm j` vgstd naãkgnm ` t`ktdr gj`ktgigndr s` lmuv` daeucd irdturd þss`d. D irdturd ç jgtd `xpmstd tmjd v`z qu` lmuv`r nmcukgndåîm jm c`gm `xt`rkm nmc m l`cdtmcd irdturärgm, mu s`fd, kîm ç k`n`ssärgm qu` vgsudagz`cms j` cmjm jgr`tm d `xpmsgåîm þss`d. E`rdac`kt`, `knmktrdcms d rupturd jd p`a` ` t`ngjms cma`s subfdn`kt`s, p`rcgtgkjm `ssd nmcukgndåîm. @kidtgzm qu`, tmjd irdturd dssmngdjd d ucd i`rgjd j` p`a`, j`v` s`r nmksgj`rdjd `xpmstd dtç qu` s` prmv` m nmkträrgm. @ a`cbrm, qu` `xgst`c irdturds `c qu` m

 

  nmktdtm nmc m c`gm `xt`rkm s` idz dtrdvçs jm tubm jge`stgvm (@x6 irdt. jm dk`a pçavgnm), mu jds vgds r`spgrdtþrgds? sîm ds irdturds `xpmstds mnuatds. Ds irdturds jd tãbgd ` ds irdturds jds idadke`s, sîm ms mssms qu` dm irdturdr`c, cdgs idngac`kt` dndbdc s`kjm `xpmstms dm c`gm `xt`rkm. Kd Zãbgd gssm mnmrr` pmr t`r d pmråîm dkt`rmc`jgda tmjd dbdgxm jm subnutâk`m, t`kjm c`kmr prmt`åîm jds pdrt`s cma`s. Ir`qu`kt`c`kt` ds irdturd irdturdss `xpmstds `stîm r`adngmkdjds r`adngmkdjds dm dmss trducds j` datd `k`regd, prgkngpdac`kt` dngj`kt`s dutmcmbgaãstgnms. D^ C@ZD^ JM ZRDZDC@KZM JD^ IRDZPRD^ @\XM^ZD^ ^ÎM6 D.  Xr`v`kåîm j` gki`nåð`s (`xgst` d nmktdcgkdåîm) B.  Mbt`kåîm jd nmksmagjdåîm þss`d N.  Ngndtrgzdåîm j` pdrt`s cma`s JGDEKÞ^ZGNM NAÃKGNM @ @\DC@^ NMCXA@C@KZDR@^ A`sð`s j` p`a` prþxgcds d tmpmerdigd jds irdturds, j`v`c s`r cugtm b`c dvdagdjds? ^dkerdc`ktm nmc emtãnuads j` emrjurd mu sdkerdc`ktm gknmdeuaäv`a, gkjgndc sdkerdc`ktm þss`m? A`sð`s Mnuatds6 sdkerdc`ktm dkda, vdegkda ` urgkärgm? j`v`c s`r dvdagdjms. @ j`v`cms idz`r d dvdagdåîm k`urmvdsnuadr jm c`cbrm s`cpr`. Ds Rdjgmerdigds `c e`rda, sîm suigng`kt`s pdrd m jgdekþstgnm jds irdturds. A`cbrdkjm, rdjgmerdigds j`v`c s`cpr` s`r smagngtdjds `c p`am c`kms 82 gkngjækngds ` j` pr`i`rækngd, mrtmemkdgs `ktr` sg. Zmcmerdigd nmcputdjmrgzdjd nmcputdjmrgzdjd pmj`rä s`r smagngtdjd kms ndsms juvgjmsms mu pdrd ucd c`almr dvdagdåîm jm tgpm j` irdturd gj`ktgigndjd.

 

 

NAD^^GIGNDÅÎM @ssd ç ucd qu`stîm ir`qu`kt` j` prmvd! D prgkngpda nadssgigndåîm djmtdjd pdrd Dkj`rsmk, `ad ç j`snr`v`r ds irdturds `xpmstds ç d nadssgigndåîm j` Eustgam ` Dkj`rsmk, dpagndjd gj`dac`kt` jurdkt` m dtm ngröregnm, vgstm qu` dp`kds k`ssd ids` pmj`s` dvdagdr d erdvgjdj` jd a`sîm. @ssd nadssgigndåîm idz-s` jm erdu6 G, GG ` GGG. ^`kjm m erdu GGG subjgvgjgjm `c GGGD, GGGB ` GGGN. Ngrnukstâkngds nmcm `xpmsgåîm j` irdturds pmr prmf`tga j` drcd j` imem, `xpmsgåîm `c är`ds rurdgs, `xpmsgåîm j` irdturds cuatgirdec`ktdjd ` pr`s`kåd j` sãkjrmc` nmcpdrtgc`ktda, nadssgigndc `ssds irdturds jgr`tdc`kt` nmcm erdu GGG.  GGG.  Erdu

Zdcdklm

G GG GGG D GGG B GGG N

1 4 nc 4 „ 48 nc ; 48 nc

Nmktdcgkdåîm

Xdrt`s cma`s

A`sîm þss`d

Cãkgcd Cãkgcd ^gcpa`s Cmj`rdjd Cmj`rdjd Cmj`rdjd Erdv` Erdv` Cuatgirdec`ktdjd A`sîm s`c p`a` m suigng`kt` pdrd d nmb`rturd A`sîm drt`rgda qu` k`n`ssgt` j` R`pdrm ngröregnm

 

  J`ss` Cmjm6 Erdu GGGD Erdu GGGB6 Tudaqu`r a`sîm nmc `xpmsgåîm þss`d, qu` KÎM s`fd pmssãv`a nmbrgr nmc d p`a` Erdu GGGN6 Tudaqu`r a`sîm nmc `xpmsgåîm þss`d, qu` pmssug a`sîm drt`rgda dssmngdjd, qu` k`n`ssgt` j` r`pdrm. XDI Mnmrrgjds km Ndcpm / är`d Rurda ^j. Nmcpdrtgc`ktda Ixs Nmcgkugjds

NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM Nmc`åd nmc m6 4. Dt`kjgc`ktm prç-lmspgtdadr6   DXL (DBNJ@)   Nmb`rturd jd i`rgjd nmc nurdtgvm `stçrga.   Kîm r`dagzdr cdkmbrds j` r`juåîm (sþ j`pmgs j` advdr km N`ktrm Ngröregnm)   Gcmbgagzdåîm nmc tdads •

• •

•

2. Dt`kjgc`ktm gkgngda lmspgtdadr   DZA^ (DBNJ@) •

  d i`rgjd cdkgpuadåîm, v`r puasmnurdtgvm ` s`ksgbgagjdj`   Dvdagdr Rdjgmerdigds s`s`c m pdng`kt` `stgv`r `stäv`a, `stçrga, jgstdgs.

•

•

dktgbgmtgnmt`rdpgd ` t`tdkmprmigadxgd.

 

  DKZGBGMZGNMZ@RDXGD6

Erdu G ` GG

N`idamspmrgkd j` 4ª E`rdåîm - N`idzmagkd 2e j` .888 PG GC   ^DZ6 48.888 d 28.888 PG GC mu @Y

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• •

>. Zrdtdc`ktm Ngröregnm ACN* + J@BRGJDC@KZM (`stdjgdc`ktm jd i`rgjd) + @^ZDBGAGVDÅÎM JD IRDZPRD * advde`c c`nâkgnm-ngröregnd nmc ^mrm igsgmaþegnm i gsgmaþegnm 8,7% `c dbukjâkngd. Dbmrjde`c dtç 9-8% jds irdturds `c nrgdkåds. D padnd igsärgd amndagzd-s` kds `xtr`cgjdj`s jms mssms amkems, `ktr` d c`täigs` ` d `pãigs`, ` ç r`spmksäv`a p`am nr`sngc`ktm amkegtujgkda jm mssm, km prmn`ssm j` mssgigndåîm `kjmnmkjrda. J`ssd imrcd, sîm a`sð`s j` erdkj` gkt`r`ss` mrtmpçjgnm, j`vgjm dm rgsnm j` a`vdr è gkt`rrupåîm jm nr`sngc`ktm n r`sngc`ktm nmc j`svgms þss`ms D igs` ç nmkstgtuãjd j` nmaäe`km tgpm GG ` pmr nçauads `kvmavgjds `c cdtrgz ndrtgadegkmsd. Ç jgvgjgjd `c : zmkds6

ç d zmkd cdgs prþxgcd d `pãigs` dbdgxm jm n`ktrm s`nukjärgm Vmkd j` mssgigndåîm? E`rcgkdtgvd Ç r`spmksäv`a p`ad prmagi`rdåîm n`auadr Är`d nmc Cugtd cdtrgz ndrtgadegkmsd ` pr`s`kåd j` Nçauads (Vmkd j` gkjgi`r`kngdjds?   gkjgi`r`kngdjds? R`pmusm) j`  Xrmagi`rdåîm j` nçauads, imrcdkjm ds nmaukds amkegtujgkdgs j`  nçauads dnldtdjds.  dnldtdjds.  Vmkd Ndcdjd cugtm vdsnuadrgzdjd (d cdgs `ktr` tmjds) / M2 `a`vdjm. Xrmagi`rdtgvd Är`d j` datd Xrmjuåîm j` cdtrgz /cugtds cgtms`s / lgp`rn`auadrgjdj`.

 

  Duc`ktm jm tdcdklm jms nmkjrþngtms (0-5 v`z`s)?  v`z`s)?   Lä jgcgkugåîm jd cdtrgz, pmr gssm ç cdgs irdnd - ç dvdsnuadr. Vmkd Lgp`rtrþignd Ndcdjd `c qu` mnmrr` ds a`sð`s jd padnd igsärgd, pmr  trducd.    trducd. Vmkd j` Ndangigndåîm Xrmvgsþrgm

Cmrt` jms nmkjrþngtms (dpmptms`) Ndangigndåîm jd cdtrgz ndrtgadegkmsd

NAD^^GIGNDÅÎM D nadssgigndåîm cdgs usdjd ç d j` ^dat`r-Ldrrgs, ^dat`r-Ldrrgs, qu` ç gkjgndtgvd j` prmekþstgnm. Tudktm cdgs `a`vdjm m erdu jd a`sîm kd nadssgigndåîm, cdgmr m rgsnm j` jgstörbgms jm nr`sngc`ktm.

Erdu G

Erdu GG

Erdu GGG

Erdu

Erdu

 

  ➢  Irdturd

^L Erdu G

Zrdksv`rsda kd padnd s`c irdec`ktm c`tdigsärgm ` `pgigsärgm ➢  ç cdgs nmcuc `c b`bæs ` nrgdkåds p`qu`kds ➢  Kîm dtgke` d zmkd prmagi`rdtgvd ` e`rcgkdtgvd ➢  Mnmrr` `ktr` d zmkd lgp`rtrþignd ` d j` ndangigndåîm prmvgsþrgd s`r trdtdjd nmc r`juåîm i`nldjd ➢  Kîm a`vd d jgstörbgms jm nr`sngc`ktm  ➢  Xmj`

➢  Ç

^L Erdu GG

^L Erdu GGG

^L Erdu GY

m tgpm cdgs nmcuc? 50% jms ndsms ➢  Dpr`s`ktd ucd `spãnuad c`tdigsärgd dj`rgjd è `pãigs` s`pdrdjd ➢  M Irdec`ktm c`tdigsärgm ç m Irdec`ktm j` ZlurstmkLmaadkj ➢  Z`c Bmc prmekþstgnm, pmr kîm dtgkegr ds ndcdjds e`rcgkdtgvd ` prmagi`rdtgvd ➢  Xmj` s`r trdtdjd nmc r`juåîm i`nldjd  ➢  Mnmrr` a`sîm jd padnd nmcbgkdjd nmc irdturd gktrddrtnuadr jd `pãigs`. ➢  Kîm dnmc`t` d c`täigs` ➢  Ç rdrd ➢  Xmj` ldv`r gknmkeruækngd drtgnuadr `c ndsm j` irdturd j`svgdjd ➢  Dtgke` ds ndcdjds e`rcgkdtgvd ` prmagi`rdtgvd ➢  Xrmekþstgnm cdgs r`s`rvdjm, pmj`kjm gkt`ri`rgr km nr`sngc`ktm ➢  Irdturd qu` dnmc`t` d c`täigs`, dtrdv`ssdkjm d padnd igsärgd ` `pãigs`. ➢  Dtgke` Zmjds ds ndcdjds jd padnd j` nr`sngc`ktm? ➢  Xrmekþstgnm

^L Erdu Y

rugc, nmc cdgmr nldkn` j` gkt`ri`rgr km nr`sngc`ktm.  ➢  Ç ucd irdturd pmr nmcpr`ssîm ` gcpdnåîm jd igs` ➢  Xrmjuz a`sîm p`rcdk`kt` ` ç nmcuc d gkt`rrupåîm jm nr`sngc`ktm? ➢  Dtgke` tmjds ds ndcdjds ➢  smagngtdr RKC mu ZN km ndsm j` susp`gtd pmr s`r j` jgiãnga jgdekmstgnm ➢  E`rdac`kt` m jgdekþstgnm ç jdjm tdrjgdc`kt` 

 

  NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM Ds irdturds erdu G ` GG sîm `stäv`gs, ` kîm grîm di`tdr m nr`sngc`ktm. @c e`rda, kd erdkj` cdgmrgd j`ss`s ndsms, c`scm qu` j`svgdjd d irdturd, ç pmssãv`a r`dagzdr d r`juåîm j` cmjm i`nldjm ` s`c ngruregd, s`eugjm pmr ucd gcmbgagzdåîm gc`jgdtd nmc e`ssm ngrnuadr pmr : d 9 s`cdkds.  Fä ds irdturds erdu GGG ` GY sîm gkstäv`gs ` gktrddrtgnuadr`s, pmrtdktm s`kjm k`n`ssärgm ucd r`juåîm dkdtúcgnd j` cmjm d `vgtdr s`qu`ads ` jçigngt km nr`sngc`ktm þss`m. D `stdbgagzdåîm pmj` s`r t`cpmrärgd nmc igms j` dåm (igms j` Ogrsnl`kk`r) mu pmr pdrdiusms j`sj` j` qu` kîm trdksigx`c d padnd igsärgd. D irdturd erdu Y, s`rä k`n`ssärgm gcmbgagzdåîm ` r`pmusm pmr : d 9 s`cdkds, s`eugjm `ktîm pmr dnmcpdkldc`ktm prmamkedjm, mbs`rvdkjm m suregc`ktm mu kîm j` s`qu`ads pmr jçigngt jm nr`sngc`ktm ` a`sîm grr`v`rsãv`a jd igs`.

IRDZPRD^ JM^ M^^M^ AMKEM^ KD GKIÂKNGD @ss` tþpgnm ç pdrd dbmrjdr daeucds p`nuagdrgjdj`s jds nrgdkåds. Ms mssms amkems nmcm m öc`rm, dkt`brdåm (räjgm ` uakd), m iæcur ` d p`rkd (tãbgd ` iãbuad), daçc jds irdturds nmcpa`tds `c `spgrda, mbaãquds, trdksv`rsds, `c nukld, s`ec`ktdjds mu nmcgkugjds, qu` mnmrr`c km djuatm, tdcbçc pmj`r`cms `knmktrdr ds irdturds jm tgpm edalm v`rj` ` jm tgpm tþrus, s`kjm dssgc6 Irdturds tgpm tmrus6 s` smc`kt` ucd nmrtgnda `stgv`r dnmc`tgjd, s` dss`c`aldkjm d ucd irdturd gcpdntdjd (uc ‑dcdssdjm–kd nmrtgnda). @ssd a`sîm

ç `stäv`a ` ç trdtdjd nmc gcmbgagzdåîm.

Imkt` Xrþprgd6 BNC

 

  Irdturds `c ‑edalm v`rj`–6 ^îm irdturds gknmcpa`tds qu` mnmrr`c smc`kt` kds

nrgdkåds. Gknmcpa`td pmrqu` `kqudktm ucd nmrtgnda irdturd d mutrd mpmstd s` cdkt`c gkt`erd. ^îm irdturds nmc cdgmr ndpdngjdj` j` r`cmj`adc`ktm. M trdtdc`ktm s`rä nmc r`juåîm i`nldjd, kîm ldv`kjm k`n`ssgjdj` jm cçjgnm mrtmp`jgstd nmcpa`tdr d irdturd, cds pmj`kjm idzæ-ad s` dnr`jgtdr qu` pmj`rä ldv`r p`rjd jd r`juåîm jurdkt` m trdtdc`ktm nmks`rvdjmr. Imkt` Xrþprgd6 BNC

Irdturds nmcpa`tds6  nmcpa`tds6  ^îm dqu`ads `c qu` `xgst` d rupturd j` tmjds ds nmrtgndgs `kvmavgjds, mu s`fd, `c uc mssm ngaãkjrgnm amkem, t`r`cms m qu` nldcdcms j` : nmrtgndgs (vmadr ` jmrsda, adt`rda ` c`jgda). M trdtdc`ktm pmj`rä s`r kîm ngröregnm, j`sj` qu` d irdturd s`fd `stäv`a ` qu` `st`fd r`juzgjd (kd pmsgåîm nmrr`td pdrd nmksmagjdr). J`ssd imrcd, gcmbgagzdåîm e`ssdjd pmr : d 9 s`cdkds. Imkt` Xrþprgd6 BNC

 

  IRDZPRD^ JD NADYÃNPAD KD GKIÂKNGD Ç m tgpm j` irdturd cdgs ir`qu`kt` `c nrgdkåds, nmc < d 40% j` tmjds ds irdturds p`jgätrgnds. Xmj` mnmrr`r `c 8,0% jms pdrtms kmrcdgs (tmnmtrducd) t`kjm pgmr gkngjækngd kms pdrtms pçavgnms. Nmc gssm, ds irdturds jd nadvãnuad sîm r`spmksäv`gs pmr % jms ndsms. @ss` c`ndkgscm nmamnd `c rgsnm m k`rvm uakdr.

 

  JGDEKÞ^ZGNM NAÃKGNM @ @\DC@^ NMCXA@C@KZDR@^ 4. Cdkgi`stdåð`s naãkgnds J`imrcgjdj` `c ^ jm nmtmv`am @qugcms` dkt`rgmr jm nmtmv`am ^gkdgs @sp`nãignms! @j`cd pdapäv`a kd r`egîm pmst`rgmr Rmtdåîm c`jgda jm dkt`brdåm

^gkda Xuno`r6 Çqu` ucd jmbrd jdprmxgcda p`a` qu`t`kld sure``ktrdjd kd r`egîm dkt`rgmr brdåm,j` brdåm , sue`rgkjm irdec`ktm pdrd j`ktrm jm jm c. brdqugda, grä jgignuatdr d r`juåîm. ^gkda j` ogrcgssmk6 Ç d `qugcms` kd r`egîm r `egîm jd imssd nubgtda.  nubgtda. 

D dvdagdåîm k`urm-vdsnuadr j`v` s`r i`gtd dkt`s ` dpþs d cdkgpuadåîm. Dvdagd Dvdagdkjm kjm dssgc6

K`rvm Pakdr

K`rvm C`jgdkm K`rvm Rdjgda

^`ksgbgagjdj`6 pmktd pdacdr jm 0¶ j`jm jd cîm Cmtmr6 cusnuadturd gktrãks`nd jd cîm (c.gkt`rþss`ms) ndpdngjdj` j` dbjuåîm jms j`jms ^`ksgbgagjdj`6 pmktd jm gkjgndjmr kd idn` pdacdr Cmtmr6 ia`xîm jms j`jms, jm puklm ` r`egîm t`kdr ^`ksgbgagjdj`6 tdbdqu`grd dkdtúcgnd ` jmrsm jm pma`edr Cmtmrd6 `xt`ksîm jm puklm ` jms j`jms.

 

  2. @xdc`s Nmcpa`c`ktdr`s D rdjgmerdigd jm nmtmv`am kds gkngjækngds `c DX (âkt`rm-pmst`rgmr) ` X`riga.

NAD^^GIGNDÅÎM D nadssgigndåîm cdgs utgagzdjd ç d j` EDRZADKJ.

Zgpm G

Irdturd gknmcpa`td ` s`c j`svgm Jgiãnga vgsudagzdåîm kd rdjgmerdigd ^usp`gtd s` idz p`am c`ndkgscm j` trducd, `xdc` iãsgnm ` sgkdgs gkjgr`tms kd rdjgmerdigd, nmcm m sgkda jm Nmxgc emrjurmsm (är`d j` lgpmtrdkspdrækngd vgsudagzdjd km rx `c p`riga, kd r`egîm pmst`rgmr jm nmtmv`am)

Zgpm GG

Irdturd gknmcpa`td cds j`svgdjd @c e`rda, d nmrtgnda pmst`rgmr s` cdkt`rä gkt`erd, `kqudktm m nmrtgnda dkt`rgmr `stdrä kgtgjdc`kt` rmcpgjd.

Zgpm GGG

Irdturd nmcpa`td jds nmrtgndgs ` j`svgm. Ç d cdgs erdv`, nmc rgsnm duc`ktdjm j` a`sîm k`urmvdsnuadr`s dssmngdjds.

NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM ZRDZDC@KZM   Ds irdturds suprdnmkjgagdkds jm öc`rm jgstda kd nrgdkåd, nmkigeurdc ucd `c`reækngd mrtmpçjgnd, prgkngpdac`kt` j`vgjm dm rgsnm duc`ktdjm j` a`sîm vdsnuadr mu k`rvmsd, daçc jm suregc`ktm j` ucd sãkjrmc` nmcpdrtgc`ktda. D Irdturds gknmcpa`tds ` s`c j`svgm (Edrtadkj tgpm G), `std dutmrgzdjm m trdtdc`ktm nmks`rvdjmr, mu s`fd, s`c k`n`ssgjdj` j` ngruregd. Dssgc j`v`rä s`r i`gtd ucd gcmbgagzdåîm e`ssdjd dxgampdacdr pmr : d 9 s`cdkds.

 

   Fä ds Irdturds j`svgdjds (Edrtadkj tgpm GG ` GGG) k`n`ssgtdrîm j` ucd dbmrjde`c ngröregnd j` `c`reækngd. `c`reækngd. R`dagzdjd km n`ktrm ngröregnm, nmc vgsudagzdåîm jd r`juåîm p`am gkt`ksgigndjmr j` gcde`ks ` d igxdåîm prmvgsþrgd nmc igms j` dåm (igms j` Ogrsnl`kk`r) nruzdjms mu pdrda`ams. Ds nmcpagndåð`s cdgs ir`qu`kt`s sîm ds a`sð`s k`rvmsds, prgkngpdac`kt` jm k`rvm gkt`rþss`m dkt`rgmr (rdcm cmtmr jm k`rvm c`jgdkm), ` d nmksmagjdåîm `rrdjd imrcdkjm m nubgtm vdrm.

IRDZPRD^ JM DKZ@BRDÅM KD GKIÂKNGD @ss`s tgpms j` irdturd nmrr`spmkj`c j` > d 9% j` tmjds ds irdturds `c nrgdkåds, ` :8% jds irdturds `c mssms amkems. Km dkt`brdåm, 50% mnmrr`c km t`råm jgstda, 40% km t`råm cçjgm, 0% km t`råm prmxgcda ` mutrms 0% sîm irdturds nmcpa`xds. K`ss` erupm, `knmktrdr`cms tdcbçc 2 tgpms j` irdturds gcpmrtdkt`s ` qu` nmkigeurdc ucd ureækngd mrtmpçjgnd pmr `stdr`c dssmngdjds d auxdåð`s. ^îm ds irdturds j` Cmkt`eegd ` d j` Edaa`dzzg.

C@NDKG^CM M trducd gkjgr`tm ç m cdgs nmcuc, nmc qu`jd nmc d cîm `spdacdjd ` dkt`brdåm `st`kjgjm. D rmtdåîm jm dkt`brdåm (`c pmsgåîm supgkdjd mu prmkdjd) ` d gknagkdåîm jm dkt`brdåm kd qu`jd grîm j`t`rcgkdr d jgr`åîm jd irdturd ` ms j`svgms.

GJGDEKÞ^ZGNM NAÃKGNM @ @\DC@^ NMCXA@C@KZDR@^ 4. Cdkgi`stdåð`s naãkgnds   J`imrcgjdj`   Jmr, `j`cd, agcgtdåîm iukngmkda •

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    J`v`cms dvdagdr m stdtus k`urmvdsnuadr jgstda d a`sîm.   Dvdagdr ds dtgnuadåð`s prmxgcdgs ` jgstdgs.

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Imkt` Xrþprgd6 BNC

2. @xdc`s Nmcpa`c`ktdr`s   D rdjgmerdigd jm dkt`brdåm kds gkngjækngds `c DX (âkt`rm-pmst`rgmr)

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` X`riga.   Dvdagdr s`cpr` ds drtgnuadåð`s djfdn`kt`s

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NAD^^GIGNDÅÎM IRDZPRD^ JGDIG^ÄRGD^ JM DKZ@BRDÅM ^`c auxdåð`s mu mutrds a`sð`s dssmngdjds? ç ucd nadssgigndåîm qu` t`c subjgvgsð`s. Xmj` t`r trdåm sgcpa`s, trdåm `c nukld mu trdåm cuatgirdec`ktdjm.

IRDZPRD J@ CMKZ@EEGD Ç d Irdturd jd Pakd dssmngdjd d Auxdåîm jd ndb`åd jm Räjgm. Nmrr`spmkj` d 8,:% j` tmjds ds irdturds jm dkt`brdåm.

  

  nmcuc. Tudkjm mnmrr`, d Auxdåîm dkt`rgmr jd ndb`åd jm räjgm ç m j`svgm cdgs nmcuc. Kd cdgmrgd jds v`z`s, m trdtdc`ktm ç ngröregnm, k`n`ssgtdkjm j` igxdåîm jd uakd ` r`juåîm jd ndb`åd jm räjgm. Imkt`6qnmknursms.nmc/qu`stm `s 

Imkt`6qnmknursms.nmc/qu`stm`s-cgagtdr`s/qu`stm Imkt`6qnmknursms.n mc/qu`stm`s-cgagtdr`s/qu`stm`s/jii7i cçjgm jd jgäigs` jm öc`rm, nmc jgsiukåîm jm k`rvm rdjgda @ssd jgsiukåîm pmj` s`r pmr prdxgd (t`cpmrärgd) mu a`sîm jm k`rvm.

2.  IRDZPRD^ JM^ C@CBRM^ GKI@RGMR@^

Irdturd j` Fmk`s

Irdturd-Auxdåîm j` Agsirdkn

Irdturd jm Dvgdjmr

Irdturd jm 0¶ c`tdtdrsm jm pç Mnmrr` e`rdac`kt` pmr c`ndkgscm tmrngmkda jm pç Irdturd jms C`tdtdrsms nmc auxdåîm jd Drtgnuadåîm j` Agsirdkn E`rdac`kt` `xgst` d Irdturd jd Bds` jm 2¶c`tdtdrsm ` auxdåîm jm 4¶c`tdtdrsm-nukld 4¶c`tdtdrsm-nukldc`jgda, c`jgda, >¶ctt-nukldadt`rda ` :¶/0¶ctt-nubþgj`. Irdturd jm Zäaus Lmf` tdcbçc ç nldcdjd j` d Irdturd jm skmwbmdrj`r.

 

  >.  IRDZPRD^ JD NMAPKD Irdturd j`  F`ii`rsmk

Irdturd jd vçrt`brd n`rvgnda N4 (Dtads) Irdturd jd vçrt`brd n`rvgnda N2 (Äxgs) dssmngdjm d Agst`s` (`snmrr`edc`ktm) N2-N>

Irdturd jm @kimrndjm

Nmkl`ngjm tdcbçc nmcm ‑Ldkecdk's Irdntur`s–

Ç ucd @spmkjgamagst`s` Zrducätgnd N2-N>, R`suatdkjm `c Irdturd jd Xdrt` Gkt`rdrtgnuadr ‑pdrs drtgnuadrgs– jm

Äxgs (N2).

CDP^ ZRDZM^ KD GKIÂKNGD M dbusm gkidktga ç uc prmba`cd cukjgda, ` `stgcd-s` qu` `st`fd r`adngmkdjm d 48% jds cmrt`s kd gkiâkngd ` djma`snækngd. D vgmaækngd nmktrd d nrgdkåd mu m djma`sn`kt` ç tmjd dåîm mu mcgssîm, nmksng`kt`c`kt` dpagndjd mu kîm, qu` v`kld d al` prmvmndr jmr, s`fd `ad iãsgnd mu `cmngmkda. M nrgc` j` cdus-trdtms `stä pr`vgstm km Nþjgem X`kda Brdsga`grm (drt. 4>9), ndrdnt`rgzdkjm pmr vgmaækngd jmcçstgnd tmjd vgmaækngd `x`rngjd pmr pdrt` j` djuatm mu djma`sn`kt` cdgs v`alm, kd qudagjdj` j` r`spmksäv`a, p`rcdk`kt` mu t`cpmrärgm, mu qu` cdkt`kld nmc d vãtgcd uc adåm j` pdr`kt`snm, j`p`kjækngd, nmdbgtdåîm mu subcgssîm. Nmamnm dqug, ms : prgkngpdgs tgpms j` dbusms6 4.  Dbusm iãsgnm6 qudkjm s` prmjuz ucd a`sîm iãsgnd kîm dngj`ktda?

 

  2.  Dbusm psgnmaþegnm6 nmcpmstm pmr mi`ksds, c`jm, nmkstrdkegc`ktm, prmcmv`kjm dtgtuj`s qu` vgsdc d lucgaldåîm ` j`squdagigndåîm jd nrgdkåd? >.  Dbusm s`xuda? :.  K`eageækngd6 mnmrr` p`ad mcgssîm jm nugjdjm, qudkjm m r`spmksäv`a j`gxd j` prmv`r ds k`n`ssgjdj`s bäsgnds nmcm kutrgåîm, lgeg`k`, prmt`åîm, di`tm ` sdöj`.

@XGJ@CGMAMEGD D cî` ç d der`ssmrd cdgs nmcuc, s`eugjd p`am pdg, s`eugjd p`am nmcpdkl`grm(d). Djuatms j` bdgxd r`kjd qu` imrdc vãtgcds j` dbusms kd gkiâkngd. D tdb`ad dbdgxm cmstrd m p`riga jd nrgdkåd qu` `stä `c rgsnm ` m p`riga cdgs nmcuc jms der`ssmr`s.

Zdb`ad 4. X`riga jd nrgdkåd `c rgsnm

X`riga jms der`ssmr`s

Nrgdkåds c`kmr`s j` > dkms (x cdgs suf`gtms) Nrgdkåd j`igng`kt` Nrgdkåd kîm padk`fdjd Igalms j` mutrms r`adngmkdc`ktms

Ms pdgs sîm ms prgkngpdgs der`ssmr`s Cî`s smat`grds, pdjrdstms, grcîms Danmmagscm ` usm j` jrmeds Nrgs`s idcgagdr`s Erupms smngm`nmkúcgnms j` bdgxd r`kjd

 

  JGDEKÞ^ZGNM NAÃKGNM @ @\DC@^ NMCXA@C@KZDR@^ 4. Lgstþrgd nmksgst`kt`s   @ss`s ndsms sîm e`rdac`kt` dnmcpdkldjms j` lgstþrgds kîm nmksgst`kt`s nmktdjds p`ams r`spmksäv`gs, ds v`z`s jgv`re`kt`s mu lgstþrgds gknmcpdtãv`gs nmc ds a`sð`s `knmktrdjds. `knmktrdjds. Daçc jgssm, pmj`cms mbs`rvdr uc dtrdsm `c prmnurdr m dt`kjgc`ktm cçjgnm.  cçjgnm.  2. Cdkgi`stdåð`s naãkgnds   X`a`6 ç m amnda jm nmrpm cdgs dtgkegjm. Dt`kåîm nmc drrdklð`s, `qugcms`s ` qu`gcdjurds `c vdrgdjms kãv`gs j` ngndtrgzdåîm.   ^gst`cd K`rvmsm N`ktrda6 a`sð`s nrdkgdkds kîm sîm rdrds ` pmj` nl`edr dm pmktm j` prmjuzgr l`cdtmcds gktrdnrdkgdkms, prgkngpdac`kt` subjurda.   Mst`mcgmdrtgnuadr6 Ds irdturds `stî `stîmm pr`s`kt`s `c >9% jms pdng`kt`s vãtgcds j` dbusm iãsgnm. C`tdj` (08%) j`ss`s ndsms, mnmrr`kjm kd jgäigs` jms mssms amkems. •

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Cöatgpads Irdturds `c `stäegms jgi`r`kt`s j` ngndtrgzdåîm (40% jms ndsms). A`sîm Xdtmekmcúkgnd ç rdrm6 ^gkda Zrgdkeuadr jm ndktm c`tdigsärgm. c`tdigsärgm .  ^`cpr` j`snmkigdr6 qudkjm ds a`sð`s `knmktrdjds kîm nmrr`spmkj`c nmc ds gkimrcdåð`s jdjds p`ams pdgs/dnmcpdkldkt`s. Zdb`ad 2. Irdturds qu` sue`r`c datd, cmj`rdjd mu bdgxd prmbdbgagjdj` j` t`r`c sgjm prmvmndjds pmr dbusm iãsgnm. Irdturds j` Datm Rgsnm Irdt. C`tdigsärgds Irdt. `c drnms nmstdgs pmst`rgmr`s Irdt. jd `snäpuad Irdt. jm `st`rkm Irdt. jm prmn`ssm `spgklmsm (vçrt`brd)

Irdturds j` Cmj`rdjm Rgsnm Cöatgpads irdturds Irdts. `c jgi`r`kt`s `stäegms j` nurd/nmksmagjdåîm Irdts. `pgigsärgds

Irdturds j` Bdgxm Rgsnm

Irdt. `c mssms amkems Irdt. jd nadvãnuad Irdts. ökgnds

 

 

>. @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s Ldv`kjm d susp`gtd j` a`sð`s pmr cdus trdtms, j`v`cms gkgngdr gkv`stgedåîm rdjgmaþegnd nmc rdjgmerdigds, t`ktdkjm j`t`ntdr irdturds dktgeds mu dssmngdjds. M P^E pmj` s`r ötga kms ndsms susp`gtms j` trducd dbjmcgkda mu d ZN kds gkv`stgedåð`s dbjmcgkdgs ` gktrdnrdkgdkds.

:. Jgdekþstgnm Jgi`r`kngda Mst`meæk`s` gcp`ri`ntd6 irdegagjdj` þss`d erdv`, nmc irdturds r`nmrr`kt`s Rdqugtgscm6 irdegagjdj` þss`d pmr j`igngækngd j` vgtdcgkd J @snmrbutm6 idz sdkerdc`ktms ` suregc`ktm j` l`cdtmcds ^ãigags nmkeækgtd6 `xdkt`cd, pörpurd, p`rgmstgt` ` mst`ãt`s

 

  Jm`kåd j` Ndii`y6 `rgt`cd ` `j`cd `c värgds är`ds jm nmrpm Jm`kåds l`cdtmaþegnds6 irdegagjdj` þss`d ` dat`rdåð`s nutâk`ds Zucmr`s6 irdegagjdj`s þss`ds mu r`dåð`s p`rgmst`dgs

NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM Km ndsm j` susp`gtd mu nmkigrcdåîm j` cdus trdtms, > c`jgjds iukjdc`ktdgs d s`r`c djmtdjds6 d s`eurdkåd jd nrgdkåd, m trdtdc`ktm jds a`sð`s ` d kmtgigndåîm. D s`eurdkåd jd nrgdkåd ç i`gtd gkgngdac`kt` dtrdvçs jd gkt`rkdåîm lmspgtdadr . @c s`eugjd, d nmcukgndåîm dm dssgst`kt` smngda. Ds kmtgigndåð`s s`rîm i`gtds dm Nmks`alm Zut`adr, qu` grä djmtdr c`jgjds prmt`tmrds è supmstd vãtgcd? ` dm ^gst`cd j` gkimrcdåîm j` Derdvms j` kmtgigndåîm (^gkdk). Gcpmrtdkt` a`cbrdr qu` `xgst`c pdtmamegds (jgdekþstgnm jgi`r`kngda) qu` sgcuadc cdus trdtms, ` t`cms qu` tmcdr nugjdjm kd dbmrjde`c, ucd v`z qu` kîm ndb` dm prmigssgmkda j` sdöj` prmjuzgr dnusdåð`s.

Nmcm v`cms kd @c`reækngd Xdng`kt` c`kmr j` 2 dkms, trdzgjm p`ams pdgs djma`sn`kt`s qu` nmktdc lgstþrgd gknmcpdtãv`a nmc m tgpm j` a`sîm dpr`s`ktdjd. D vãtgcd dpr`s`ktd cöatgpads `qugcms`s p`am nmrpm j` jgi`r`kt`s `stäegms j` ngndtrgzdåîm, nmktusîm nrdkgdkd deujd ` irdturd j` nmst`ad fä nmc sgkda j` nmksmagjdåîm. D nmkjutd gc`jgdtd ç gkgngdr m trdtdc`ktm jd a`sîm deujd, nmc ms supmrt`s k`n`ssärgms, s`eugjm pmr gkt`rkdåîm lmspgtdadr, nmcukgndåîm dm dssgst`kt` smngda ` kmtgigndåîm dms þreîms nmcp`t`kt`s.

 

 

Mutrms t`rcms  jds imrcds cdgs erdv`s j` a`sîm n`r`brda pmr vgmaækngd nmktrd nrgdkåds, prmvmndjd pmr sdnujgjds vgma`ktds jm nmrpm jd nrgdkåd, qu` mnmrr` cdgs ir`qu`kt`c`kt` dtç 2 dkms j` vgjd. M cmvgc`ktm brusnm jd cdssd `kn`iäagnd prmcmv` a`sð`s vdsnuadr`s, nmktusð`s, cgnrm mu cdnrm l`cmrrdegds ` jdkms dm sgst`cd k`rvmsm n`ktrda. 2. ^ãkjrmc` j` Cñknlld Cñknlldus`k us`k pmr trdksi`rækngd trdksi`rækngd ç imrcd j` vgmaækngd vgmaækngd `c qu` d nrgdkåd ç a`vdjd pdrd ms nugjdjms cçjgnms j` imrcd ir`qu`kt`, nmc r`adtms j` sgktmcds ` sgkdgs gkv`ktdjms ` sgcuadjms pmr s`us r`spmksäv`gs, subc`t`kjm d nrgdkåd d `xdc`s gkvdsgvms, usm j` c`jgndc`ktms ` gkt`rkdåð`s lmspgtdadr`s j`sk`n`ssärgds.

M^Z@MCG@AGZ@ D mst`mcg`agt` ç d gki`nåîm km t`ngjm þss`m, ` ç iukjdc`ktda m jgdekþstgnm pr`nmn` pdrd d räpgjd gkstgtugåîm jm trdtdc`ktm. Mnmrr` prgkngpdac`kt` `c nrgdkåds, s`kjm cdgs nmcuc km iæcur jgstda ` kd tãbgd prmxgcda (tmpmerdigd jm  fm`alm). Xmj` s`r deujd, qudkjm m jgdekþstgnm ç i`gtm `c dtç 2 s`cdkds, subdeujd qudkjm `ktr` 2 d 9 s`cdkds, mu nrúkgnd, d pdrtgr j` 9 s`cdkds. Gkgngdac`kt` d bdntçrgd s` gkstdad kd r`egîm c`tdigsärgd jms mssms, mkj` lä cdgmr vdsnuadrgzdåîm.  vdsnuadrgzdåîm.  Nmc m nmks`qñ`kt` da`kt`ngc`ktm jm iauxm, gkgngd-s` `ktîm d r`dåîm gkiadcdtþrgd nmc `xsujdtm, r`juåîm jm pL ` duc`ktm jd pr`ssîm amnda, pmj`kjm imr dbsn`ssms dbsn`ssms þss`ms. Dpþs : amndgs jgi`r`kt`s? Xmj`rä s`r k`edtgvd `c dtç 08% jms ndsms.

Rdjgmerdigds

Gkgngdac`kt` pmj`rä s`r kmrcda. Ds dat`rdåð`s rdjgmeräignds sure`c nmc 0-5 jgds j` gki`nåîm, nmc dpdr`kt` pmrms` (lgpmtrdkspdrækngd) amnda, s`eugjm p`am suregc`ktm j` p`rgmstgt` ` j`pmgs pmr a`sð`s aãtgnds.

P^E

Xmj` cmstrdr dr`d j` p`rgmstgt` amnda ` `j`cd þss`m.

Ngktgamerdigd nmc tn77

Lgp`rndptdåîm nmc ms cdrndjmr`s j` gki`nåîm Eäagm ` ãkjgm

R`ssmkâkngd Cdekçtgnd

Cugtm s`ksãv`a ` pmunm `sp`nãignm. Cds uc þtgcm `xdc` pdrd `vgj`kngdr j` cmjm pr`nmn` m `j`cd þss`m ` d `xt`ksîm jd a`sîm.

>. Jgdekþstgnm Jgi`r`kngda6 d.  Drtrgt` sçptgnd b.  N`auagt` n.  Zucmr (j`vgjm dm suregc`ktm j` a`sîm aãtgnd a ãtgnd ` r`dåîm p`rgmst`da)6 mst`mcd mst`þgj`, ^drnmcd j` @wgke, lgstgmngtms`.

 

  NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM Kms ndsms deujms, j`v`-s` j` gc`jgdtm r`dagzdr d nma`td j` `xdc`s adbmrdtmrgdgs v`kmsd,, s`kjm d prgc`grd ` l`cmnuaturd, ` gkgngdr d dktgbgmtgnmt`rdpgd `cpãrgnd v`kmsd `snmald `cpãrgnd d mxdngagkd j` s`cdkds, s`kjm nmktgkudjm pmr cdgs 2-> s`cdkds pmr vgd mrda `c jmcgnãagm, j`p`kj`kjm jd c`almrd naãkgnd erdjuda jm pdng`kt`. @c daeuks pdng`kt`s, nmc qudjrm deujm, d dktgbgmtgnmt`rdpgd gsmadjd pmj` fä s`r suigng`kt` pdrd d nurd jd jm`kåd. Fä, ndsm ldfd d pr`s`kåd jd imrcdåîm j` dbsn`ssms mu är`ds j` k`nrms` þss`d, d dktgbgmtgnmt`rdpgd gsmadjd s`rä gksuigng`kt`, ` s`rä `ktîm k`n`ssärgm d jr`kde`c ngröregnd, nmc db`rturd j`  fdk`ad þss`d þss`d mu brmnde`c. D nurd jd gki`nåîm gki`nåîm ç mbs`rvdjd nmc d c`almrd naãkgn naãkgndd ` adbmrdtmrgda erdjuda jm pdng`kt`. Ms ndsms nrúkgnms, s`rä k`n`ssärgm erdkj`s r`ss`nåð`s jm t`ngjm dnmc`tgjm, daçc jm usm prmamkedjm j` dktgbgþtgnms. M gkdj`qudjm trdtdc`ktm pmj` r`suatdr `c nmcpagndåð`s nmcm6 drtrgt` sçptgnd, s`ptgn`cgd ` cmrt`, mst`mcg`agt` nrúkgnd, cdagekgzdåð`s `c jm`kåds tucmrdgs (ndrngkmcd `pgj`rcþgj` ` mst`mssdrnmcd).

Nmcm v`cms kd @c`reækngd Xdng`kt` nl`edrä nmc jmr amnda, s`c lgstþrgd prçvgd j` trducd,n`auagt`, cds pmj`rä t`r daeuc sgkda nutâk`m nmcm pmrtd j` `ktrdjd (gcp`tgem, cmrj`jurd j` gks`tm...). Kîm grä tma`rdr ndred km c`cbrm, t`rä i`br` ` bdstdkt` jmr amnda, daçc j` iamems`. D nmkjutd dj`qudjd ç nmal`r ms `xdc`s jgspmkãv`gs ` prmss`eugr nmc d gkt`rkdåîm lmspgtdadr pdrd gkgngdr m cdgs n`jm pmssãv`a d dktgbgmtgnmt`rdpgd v`kmsd.

 

 

^ÃKJRMC@ NMCXDRZGC@KZDA

@xgst` kd dkdtmcgd jms kmssms c`cbrms, ucd c`cbrdkd pmunm `aästgnd, ucd aâcgkd j` t`ngjm nmkfuktgvm igbrmsm nldcdjd iäsngd. @ssd aâcgkd igbrmsd ngrnukjd uc erupm j` cösnuams, vdsms ` k`rvms, imrcdkjm ms nmcpdrtgc`ktms. D sãkjrmc` nmcpdrtgc`ktda ç qudkjm mnmrr` d `a`vdåîm jd pr`ssîm km gkt`rgmr j` uc j`ss`s nmcpdrtgc`ktms r`suatdkjm `c ucd nrãtgnd r`juåîm jm iauxm sdkeuãk`m amnda, pmj`kjm `vmaugr pdrd gsqu`cgd ` k`nrms` t`ngjuda.  t`ngjuda.  @ss` qudjrm pmj` mnmrr`r pmr uc trducd, prgkngpdac`kt` trducds j` datd `k`regd dssmngdjms d irdturds, a`sð`s pmr `scdedc`ktm, nmktusð`s cusnuadr`s, `x`rnãngm iãsgnm `xde`rdjm, nmcpr`ssîm `xtrãks`nd (nmcm m usm j` nurdtgvms nmkstrgtgvms mu gcmbgagzdåð`s e`ssdjds) ` c`jgndc`ktms (nmcm m usm j` dkdbmagzdkt`s ` dktgnmdeuadkt`s). J`ssds, d ndusd cdgs ir`qu`kt` sîm ds a`sð`s dssmngdjds d irdturds, prgkngpdac`kt` ds irdturds jgdigsärgds jd tãbgd, irdturds jm räjgm jgstda ` irdturds jgdigsärgds jm dkt`brdåm.

 

  IG^GMXDZMAMEGD M duc`ktm j` pr`ssîm km gkt`rgmr j` uc nmcpdrtgc`ktm ndusd m nmcprmc`tgc`ktm jd cgnrmngrnuadåîm jms t`ngjms nmc m dnöcuam j` aãqugjm km `spdåm `xtrd ` gktrdn`auadr, nmcprmc`t`kjm d p`riusîm t`ngjuda ` prmjuzgkjm gsqu`cgd jm c`scm. J`ssd imrcd, ldv`rä dngjms`, duc`ktm jd p`rc`dbgagjdj` vdsnuadr ` duc`ktm jm `j`cd, idz`kjm nmc qu` `ktr` `c uc ngnam vgngmsm nmc pgmrd prmer`ssgvd jm qudjrm.

Lmf`, dn`gtd-s` qu` d pr`ssîm gktrdnmcpdrtgc`ktda `c r`pmusm kmrcda ç j` n`rnd j` 8 d 8ccLe. Mutrm nmkn`gtm, ç m j` qu` d jgi`r`kåd `ktr` d pr`ssîm drt`rgda cçjgd ` d pr`ssîm t`ngjuda, kîm j`vd s`r gki`rgmr d >8ccLe.

 

  M cçtmjm j` c`jgåîm jd pr`ssîm gktrdnmcpdrtgc`ktda img j`s`kvmavgjm gkgngdac`kt` pmr Ulgt`sgj`, utgagzdkjm uc sgst`cd j` nmk`xîm `c > vgds, ucd km nmcpdrtgc`ktm cusnuadr, ucd kd s`rgked ` mutrd km cdkúc`trm, nmcm kd igeurd dbdgxm. Nmc m t`cpm, m cçtmjm img dp`ri`gåmdjm.

Km `ktdktm, ms pdrâc`trms naãkgnms dgkjd sîm ms cdgs gcpmrtdkt`s ` utgagzdjms km jgdekþstgnm ` kd j`ngsîm jm trdtdc`ktm.

JGDEKÞ^ZGNM NAÃKGNM @ @\DC@^ NMCXA@C@KZDR@^ 4. Cdkgi`stdåð`s naãkgnds   Jmr Amnda gkt`ksd ` prmer`ssgvd, j`gxdkjm m pdng`kt` degtdjm ` gkqug`tm?   Xgmrd jd Jmr nmc d `xt`ksîm pdssgvd jms t`kjð`s ` cösnuams6 M cösnuams6  M `xdcgkdjmr grä r`dagzdr d `xt`ksîm jds `xtr`cgjdj`s, `xtr `cgjdj`s, mu s`fd, jms j`jms, jm puklm mu tmrkmz`am. @ssd `xt`ksîm pdssgvd jms t`kjð`s grä prmcmv`r jmr gkt`ksd jms cösnuams qu` `stîm smbr` pr`ssîm j`ktrm jm nmcpdrtgc`ktm dnmc`tgjm. •

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X`a` `knmktrd-s` t`ksd, brgaldkt` ` qu`kt` (nmcm kd n`auagt`)? Xmj` mnmrr`r `snur`ngc`ktm jd `xtr`cgjdj` mu dtç pdagj`z? Ms puasms e`rdac`kt` `stîm kmrcdgs. Xmj`kjm `stdr jgcgkuãjm. Xmj` ldv`r pdr`st`sgd  pdr`st`sgd mu lgpm`st`sgd jgstda d a`sîm. Xmj` ldv`r pdr`sgd/pdrdagsgd, cds ç uc qudjrm cdgs tdrjgm ` fä pmj` gkjgndr a`sîm grr`v`rsãv`a.  grr`v`rsãv`a. 

2. @xdc`s nmcpa`c`ktdr`s M cçtmjm j` Ulgt`sgj`s, p`rcgt` d c`jgåîm jd pr`ssîm gktrdnmcpdrtgc`ktda. Km `ktdktm, ç pmunm `cpr`edjm, jdkjm vdamr prgkngpdac`kt` d dkdck`s` jm mnmrrgjm ` dm `xdc` iãsgnm, s`kjm `ss`s suigng`kt`s kd erdkj` cdgmrgd jds v`z`s pdrd m jgdekþstgnm. @ss` cçtmjm s`rä ötga prgkngpdac`kt` kms ndsms `c qu` m pdng`kt` s` `knmktrd j`sdnmrjdjm. D rdjgmerdigd pmj`rä cmstrdr sgkdgs sue`stgvms, nmc m duc`ktm j` j`ksgjdj` jds pdrt`s cma`s. Dssgc nmcm m P^E, qu` cmstrdrä `j`cd. @xdc`s adbmrdtmrgdgs kîm cmstrdrîm jdjms `sp`nãignms, cds pmj`cms v`r duc`ktm jm adntdtm ` cdrndjmr`s gkiadcdtþrgms.

NMKJPZD @ ZRDZDC@KZM Kd sãkjrmc` nmcpdrtgc`ktda deujd, j`v`cms r`dagzdr d Idsngmtmcgd J`snmcpr`ssgvd.   M trdtdc`ktm ç ngröregnm j` `c`reækngd, kîm j`v`kjm s`r J`snmcpr`ssgvd. prmrrmedjm. Bds`gd-s` kd dbmrjde`c ngröregnm prmcmv`kjm dcpams dn`ssms ` agb`rdåîm jd  iäsngd, p`rcgtgkjm  iäsngd,  p`rcgtgkjm d `xpdksîm ` j`snmcpr`ssîm jms t`ngjms jm nmcpdrtgc`ktm di`tdjm. D Zdb`ad dbdgxm cmstrd m köc`rm j` nmcpdrtgc`ktms `c ndjd s`ec`ktm.

 

 

NM\D (>)

Nmcpdrtgc`ktm Dkt`rgmr? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm Xmst`rgmr? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm C`jgda?

X@RKD (:)

Nmcpdrtgc`ktm dkt`rgmr? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm Adt`rda? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm Xmst`rgmr Xrmiukjm? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm Xmst`rgmr ^up`rigngda?

XÇ (7)

Nmcpdrtgc`ktda C`jgda? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm N`ktrda prmiukjm ` sup`rigngda? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm Adt`rda? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm jm c. djutmr jm läaaux? ` 8: nmcpdrtgc`ktms gkt`rþss`ms?

BRDÅM (2)

Nmcpdrtgc`ktm dkt`rgmr? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm pmst`rgmr?

DKZ@BRDÅM (>)

Nmcpdrtgc`ktm dkt`rgmr? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm Xmst`rgmr? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm rdjgda (nmcpdrtgc`ktm cþv`a) Nmcpdrtgc`ktm Z`kdr? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm lgpmt`kdr?

CÎM (0)

Nmcpdrtgc`ktm djutmr? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm N`ktrda? Nmcpdrtgc`ktm djutmr?

Ir`qu`kt`c`kt` `stä dssmngdjd ds irdturds, prgkngpdac`kt` ds irdturds jm dkt`brdåm ` jd p`rkd. Km dkt`brdåm, ç k`n`ssärgm uc dn`ssm vmadr ` mutrm jmrsda, pdrd d agb`rdåîm jms > nmcpdrtgc`ktms. Fä kd p`rkd, r`dagzdcms 82 dcpams dn`ssms6 uc dkt`rm-adt`rda (agb`rdkjm m dkt`rgmr ` adt`rda) ` mutrm pmst`rm-c`jgda (agb`rdjm ms nmcpdrtgc`ktm pmst`rgmr prmiukjm ` sup`rigngda).

A@CBRDKJM! D D^^MNGDÅÎM NMC IRDZPRD^

 

 

Nmcm v`cms kd @c`reækngd

^gkj. Nmcpdrtgc`ktda pmr `simråm6  `simråm6  mnmrr` jurdkt` m `x`rnãngm iãsgnm `xde`rdjm. Ndusd jmr, gsqu`cgd amnda ` rdrdc`kt` grä e`rdr sgktmcds k`urmaþegnms. Ç r`smavgjm nmc m r`pmusm cusnuadr ` nrgmt`rdpgd. Ymaocdkk6  ç m `stäegm igkda j` uc sj. Nmcpdrtgc`ktda Nmktrdturd gsquæcgnd j` Ymaocdkk6  deujd, `c qu` d k`nrms` cusnuadr tmrkdr-s` grr`v`rsãv`a dndrr`tdkjm nmktrdturds gsquæcgnds. Zdcbçc nldcdjd j` sj. nmcpdrtgc`ktda nrúkgnd.