Suseme Nefrologia

 

 

CÛATNM FDOUMNMIH@ AM @ATNQM D A@ KUH@FÉ@

[T[DCD DCDUIÊFKH@ D KQH 

 

 

ÃFAHKD HF[TOHKHÊFKH@ UDF@N D CÈQMAM[ AH@NÃQHKM[ ......................................................;  U@EAMCHÛNH[D ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... 05  INMCDUTNMFDOUHQD[..................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... 0;  [ãfarmcds Fdorãthk`s mu Inmcdrunmfdorhtd Ahous` @iua` mu Inmcdrunhtd ...... 01  @ntdr`éôds Trhfàrh`s @sshftmcàthk`s @sshftmcàthk`s ......................................................................... 0?  Inmcdrunmfdorhtd U`pha`cdftd Rrmirdsshv` (IFUR) ............................................ 09  [ãfarmcds Fdorûthk`s........................................................... ...................................................................................................... ........................................... 07  [ãfarmcds Fdorûthk`s Rrhcàrh`s .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 08  [ãfarmcds Fdorûthk`s [dkufaàrh`s ........................................................................ ........................................................................ 5 55 5  Qrmcemsd Inmcdrun`r ..................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... 51  HFODKÉÔD[ TUHFÀUH@[ ......................................................................................... ................................................................................................... .......... 51 

 

 

HF[TOHKHÊFKH@ UDF@N D CÈQMAM[ AH@NÃQHKM[ _H[ËM IDU@N M tãtunm adstd k`pãtunm è `tu`ncdftd hfkmrrdtm, jà qud fëm tr`t`rdcms `pdf`s a` hfsuohkhêfkh` rdf`n `iua`, hstm è, dstàihm `v`fé`am ad uc dspdktrm ad `ntdr`éôds a` ouféëm rdf`n, c`s ad tmam d qu`nqudr prdjuãzm `m oufkhmf`cdftm am rhc. M tdrcm c`hs kmrrdtm è hfjúrh` rdf`n `iua` (HU@). ADOHFHÉËM Qr`t`-sd ad uc` sãfarmcd gdtdrmiêfd` c`rk`a` pdn` quda` `erupt` a` ouféëm rdf`n, rdsunt`fam dc `kúcunm ad dskûrh`s fhtrmidf`a`s d, cuht`s vdzds, rdtdféëm ad sûahm, àiu` d adsdfvmnvhcdftm ad ahstúrehms cdt`eûnhkms< ` mnhiúrh` dstà ordqudftdcdftd `ssmkh`a`. Dxhstdc `niuc`s adohfhéôds, c`s ` c`hs us`a` `tu`ncdftd è: dndv`éëm fms v`nmrds ad krd`thfhf` sèrhk` dc 2,;ci/an mu c`hs, adftrm ad 17 gmr`s, gmr`s , mu mu   dndv`éëm ams fãvdhs sèrhkms dc pdnm cdfms 42% am v`nmr ad krd`thfhf` ad rdodrêfkh` fms únthcms 9 ah`s, ah`s, mu uc vmnucd urhfàrhm >2,4cn/li ad pdsm pmr gmr` aur`ftd ? gmr`s kmfsdkuthv`s (LAHIM 5205), edc kmcm adkrèskhcm ad ad t`x`  t`x` ad 642%. ohntr`éëm inmcdrun`r (QOI (QOI)) 642%. HFJÚUH@ UDF@N @ITA@ W AMDFÉ@ UDF@N KUÑFHK@ @ ahsthféëm pmad sd aà pmr cdhm ad: 0.  Ams`idc ad krd`thf` e`s`n (dftrdt`ftm, fëm è uc emc c`rk`amr, pmhs cdscm rdkdftd, è ahoãkhn m dst`edndkhcdftm fms cuhtms k`sms, dc qud ` nhfg` ad e`sd è adskmfgdkha`)< rdf`n.. F` HUK, mesdrv`-sd, f` T[I, 5.  Dx`cds ad hc`idc, kmc adst`qud `m T[I rdf`n uc` ahssmkh`éëm p`rêquhcm-shfus`n, t`c`fgm rdauzham (t`c`fgm fmrc`n pmad sdr mesdrv`am dc AC) d rhc ghpdrdkmiêfhkm. @ tmcmir`oh` d ` rdssmfåfkh` t`ceèc pmadcms adcmfstr`r ahchfuhéëm am p`rêfquhc` kmrthk`n<

 

  gdc`tmnûihk`s, vhstm â rdauéëm a` prmauéëm ad drhtrmpmdthf` ;.  @ntdr`éôds gdc`tmnûihk`s, vdrhohk`a` f` ahsouféëm rdf`n krñfhk`, c`s kuha`am, uc p`khdftd kmc hfjurh` rdf`n pmad tdr `fdch` pmr mutrms cmthvms< d,  

1. Ahstúrehms chfdr`n d ûssdm, ûssdm,  uc` vdz qud m rhc adsdcpdfg` p`pdhs hcpmrt`ftds f` kmfvdrsëm ad vht`chf` A d cdt`emnhscm ad omso`tm.

DQHMNMIH@ D OH[HMR@QMNMIH@ Fm p`khdftd krãthkm, dc su` c`hmrh`, è cuntho`tmrh`n kmc m kmcpmfdftd sèpthkm sdfam m prhfkhp`n o`tmr, sdiuham ad fdormtmxhkha`ad cdahk`cdftms`, fdormp`th` pmr kmftr`std hma`am d pûs-mpdr`tûrhm. M prmkdssm ad hsqudch` rdf`n prmnmfi`a`, adkmrrdftd ad uc dvdftm sèpthkm mu ad mutr` k`us`, ndv` ` uc` ndsëm tueun`r d dfamtdnh`n ahrdt`. Dssd a`fm pmsshehnht` ` p`ss`idc am untr`ohntr`am tueun`r `m hftdrstãkhm rdf`n, ` `thv`éëm ad cdah`amrds hfon`c`tûrhms d `cpnhohk`éëm a` ndsëm kdnun`r, m qud `k`rrdt` uc` o`sd ad c`futdféëm ad ndsëm qud aur` ad 0-5 sdc`f`s. Aur`ftd dst` o`sd, dc adkmrrêfkh` ad QOI hfsuohkhdftd, dxhstd pmsshehnha`ad ad hfst`n`éëm ad kmcpnhk`éôds cdt`eûnhk`s. [diud-sd o`sd ad rdkupdr`éëm ir`au`n. @s prhfkhp`hs kmcpnhk`éôds sëm: smerdk`ri` ad vmnucd hftr`v`skun`r, `khamsd cdt`eûnhk` (hfk`p`kha`ad ad dxkrdéëm ad àkhams ohxms), ghpdrurhkdch`, ahstúrehms gharmdndtrmnãthkms (ghpmf`trdch`, ghpmk`nkdch`, ghpdrpmt`ssdch`, ghpdromso`tdch` d ghpdrc`ifdsdch`), urdch` d hfodkéôds. Mesdrv`éëm:   @ QOI è kmftrmn`a` pdn`s `rtdrãmn`s `odrdftds d dodrdftds, d Mesdrv`éëm: rdiun`a` pdnms cdk`fhscms `utmrrdiun`amrds am rhc. M `ucdftm a` prdssëm gharmstàthk` fm tuom inmcdrun`r d a` QOI è adkmrrdftd a` v`smahn`t`éëm a` `rtèrh` `odrdftd d v`smkmfstrhéëm a` dodrdftd. @nèc ahssm, s`ed-sd qud `s `rtdrãmn`s `odrdftd d dodrdftd sëm hfonudfkh`a`s rdspdkthv`cdftd pmr prmst`in`fahf`s d `fihmtdfshf`. @sshc, @HFDs qud `tu`c f` hfhehéëm a`s prmst`in`fahf`s v`smahn`t`amr`s, ndv`c â v`smkmfstrhéëm v`smkmfstrhéëm a` `rtdrãmn` `odrdftd d rdauéëm a` QOI.

 

  @ `fihmtdfshf`, kuj` prmauéëm è `ucdft`a` kmc ` `thv`éëm am dhxm U@@ (dspdkh`ncdftd f` ghpmvmndch`), è rdspmfsàvdn pmr v`smkmfstrhéëm a` `rtdrãmn` dodrdftd d `ucdftm a` QOI. Rmr mutrm n`am, HDK@ ahchfuh ` rdshstêfkh` a` `rtèrh` dodrdftd. HFJÚUH@ UDF@N @ITA@ (HU@)  (HU@)  Rrè-rdf`n Ghpmvmndch`   Ghpmvmndch` Hfsuohkhêfkh` k`raã`k` Rrdjuãzm ` `utmrrdiun`éëm rdf`n

Hftrãfsdk` Rûs-rdf`n Inmcdrunmfdorhtd Mestruéëm a` s`ãa` Qúeunm-hftdrsthkh`n vdshk`n mu urdtr`n (hsqudch`, hfodkéëm d sdpsd, fdormtmxhkha`ad) _`skun`r

KN@[[HOHK@ÉËM  KN@[[HOHK@ÉËM  @ HU@ pmad sdr kn`sshohk`a` dc: prè-rdf`n: K`r`ktdrhz`a` pmr ghpmpdrousëm rdf`n kmc hftdirha`ad am 0.  HU@ prè-rdf`n: p`rêfquhc`,, d rdvdrsãvdn sd gmuvdr rdst`ur`éëm a` pdrousëm p`rêfquhc` pdrousëm.. @s k`us`s rdn`khmf`c-sd â adpndéëm am vmnucd hftr`v`skun`r (ghpmvmndch` ( ghpmvmndch`),), rdauéëm am aèehtm k`raã`km, k`raã`km, v`smkmfstrhéëm rdf`n d pdra` a` `utmrrdiun`éëm (@HFD[, HDK@/EU@, khknmspmrhf` d kmftr`std hma`am, c`s kuha`am! _àrh`s adsss armi`s t`ceèc pmadc k`us`r HU@ hftrãfsdk`!).  

hftrãfsdk`: Cdk`fhscm dthmp`tmiêfhkm è ndsëm p`rdfquhc`tms` rdf`n 5. HU@ prhcàrh`, prhcàrh` , kmc `kmcdthcdftm inmcdrun`r, túeunm-hftdrsthkh`n mu v`skun`r. Adst`k`-sd fdkrmsd tueun`r `iua` (FQ@). Udspmfsàvdhs pmr 42% ams k`sms< m ah`ifûsthkm è ad dxknusëm a`s k`us`s prè-rdf`hs d pûs-rdf`hs. @s dthmnmih`s c`hs kmcufs sëm sdpsd, sdpsd, hsqudch` hsqudch`,, fdormtmxhkha`ad ad dxûidf` (`chfminhkmsãadms, `fthoúfihkms, hcufmssuprdssmrds, quhchmtdràphkms, `fthvhr`hs, @HFD, kmftr`stds r`ahmnûihkms, dfamtmxhf`s e`ktdrh`f`s, smnvdftds mriåfhkms) d dfaûidf` (r`eamchûnhsd, gdcûnhsd, ghpdrurhkdch`, chdnmc`)< d, cdfms kmcufs, ndsôds inmcdrun`rds, v`skun`rds d túeunms-hftdrsthkh`hs.

 

  pûs-rdf`n: Cdfms ordqudftds (4-02%), d pmtdfkh`n rdvdrshehnha`ad rdvdrshehnha`ad.. Mkmrrd ;.  HU@ pûs-rdf`n:  urmdxkrdtmr. Dftrd `s k`us`s, kht`-sd tucmrds (` mestruéëm am shstdc` urmdxkrdtmr. dxdcpnm, vdshk`n mu prmstàthk`), prmkdssms rdtrmpdrhtmfd`hs, edxhi` fdurmiêfhk`, trmcemsd d kànkunm.

Dx`cds Mscmn`rha`ad urhfàrh` (MscT) MscT/MscR Adfsha`ad urhfàrh` F` Trhfàrhm (cDq/N) Or`éëm ad dxkrdéëm ad F` (ODF`) Or`éëm ad dxkrdéëm ad urdh` (ODT) Udn`éëm sèrhk` T/Krd`thfhf` Udn`éëm urhfàrh` T/Krd`thfhf` Udn`éëm urdh` urhfàrh`/sèrhk` Khnhfarms

HU@ prè-rdf`n 6422 60 60252 >52 >0% >;4% 612 612 67 Gh`nhfms

HU@ hftrãfsdk` >542 >0 >0204 612 60% 6;4% >52 >52 >; Ir`fun`rds d dphtdnh`hs

Mesdrv`éëm: HU@ prè-rdf`n rdprdsdft` ` c`hmrh` a`s k`us`s ad hfsuohkhêfkh` rdf`n. Fm dft`ftm, dc p`khdftds dc KQH, m prhfkhp`n cdk`fhscm dthmp`tmiêfhkm è ` HU@ hftrãfsdk`. hftrãfsdk`. FDOUHQD HFQDU[QHKH@N @ITA@ (FH@) È uc` hcpmrt`ftd k`us` ad HU@ hftrãfsdk`. È adsdfk`ad`a` pdn` hfohntr`éëm `iua` ad ndukûkhtms, k`us`fam dadc` hcpmrt`ftd qud mestruh d kmcprhcd ms túeunms, suesdqudftd quda` a` QOI d mnhiúrh`. Fm D@[, pmad g`vdr prmtdhfúrh` suefdorûthk` d gdc`túrh` fëm ahscûrohk`, phúrh` mu khnhfarms ndukûkht`rhms (knàsshkms a` FH@), d dmshfmohnúrh` kmc kmnmr`éëm ad G@F[DN (`nèrihk`/cdahk`cdftms`). Kn`sshk`cdftd, k`r`ktdrhz`-sd t`ceèc pmr oderd d U`sg. M ah`ifûsthkm è dvhadfkh`am pdnm adsdfvmnvhcdftm súehtm ad HU@ hfdxpnhk`a` kmc mu sdc mnhiúrh` d dxpmshéëm ` uc `idftd pmtdfkh`n.

 

  M tr`t`cdftm è e`sd`am f` rdthr`a` am `idftd adsdfk`ad`amr. Dftrdt`ftm 12% ams p`khdftds dvmnudc p`r` tdr`ph` ah`nãthk`. M usm ad kmrthkmhads p`rdkd `kdndr`r ` rdkupdr`éëm a` ndsëm rdf`n, pmrèc è kmftrmvdrsm sdu dodhtm fm `ucdftm ad smerdvha`. FDOUMR@QH@ HFATZHA@ RMU KMFQU@[QD  KMFQU@[QD  @ fdormp`th` pmr usm ad kmftr`std hma`am è uc` a`s prhfkhp`hs k`us`s ad HU@ hftrãfsdk`,, kmc `kmcdthcdftm túeunm-hftdrsthkh`n. È adohfha` kmcm dndv`éëm a` hftrãfsdk` krd`thfhf` e`s`n 62,4ci/aN mu dc 54% adftrm a`s prhcdhr`s 51-17g `pûs ` `achfhstr`éëm ad kmftr`std. Idr`ncdftd è `utmnhcht`fam, kmc phkm ad ;-4 ah`s d rdkupdr`éëm cèah` `tè sèthcm ah`. Dx`cds ad hc`idc k`rahmv`skun`rds d QK, edc kmcm k`tdtdrhscm k`raã`km, dstëm dftrd `s prhfkhp`hs k`us`s adss` hftdrkmrrêfkh`. AUK è hcpmrt`ftd o`tmr ad rhskm prhfkhp`ncdftd f`qudnds kmc fdormp`th` ah`eèthk` mfad jà `ntdr`éëm chkrmv`skun`r am p`rêfquhc` rdf`n. @s cdaha`s ad prmohn`xh` dfinme`c: 0.  Ghar`t`éëm dfamvdfms` (prhfkhp`n cètmam), pmr cdhm ad smnuéëm hsmtñfhk` 0cn/li/g pmr 05g `ftds d 05g adpmhs am prmkdahcdftm mu smnuéëm ehk`remf`t`a` ([I4% 742cn + F`GKM; 042cn) ;cn/li/g pmr 0g `ftds d 0cn/li/g pmr ?g adpmhs. Rmrèc, dstuams rdkdftds têc rd`v`nh`am m rd`n edfdoãkhm. 5.  Tsm ad F-`kdthnkhstdãf` (F@K), kmc dvhaêfkh`s kmfonht`ftds. F` pràthk`, ` amsd è ad ?22ci 05/05g, 51g `ftds d 51g adpmhs am prmkdahcdftm. ;.  Gdcmah`ohntr`éëm pdrhprmkdahcdftm, è kmfshadr`a` p`r` p`khdftds kmc c`hmr rhskm ad adsdfvmnvdr fdormp`th` pmr kmftr`std, c`s m edfdoãkhm è edc ahskutãvdn, uc` vdz qud ms p`khdftds qud dvmnudc p`r` ndsëm kmstuc`c rdkupdr`r ouféëm rdf`n

 

  @nèc ahssm, è hcpmrt`ftd (1) usm ad cdfmr vmnucd pmssãvdn ad kmftr`std hma`am d usm ad kmftr`std ad e`hxm pdsm cmndkun`r. D[Q@AH@CDFQM AD IU@_HA@AD A@ HU@ (LAHIM 5205) E`sdh`-sd f` kn`sshohk`éëm LAHIM p`r` HU@, pmr cdhm a` qu`fthohk`éëm am aèehtm urhfàrhm d ams`idc sèrhk` ad krd`thfhf`. Kn`sshohk`éëm LAHIM p`r` HU@  HU@  HU@ dstàihm 0

@ucdftm a` krd`thfhf` 62,;ci/an MT  MT  @ucdftm a` krd`thfhf` 0,4 ` 0,8 vdzds m v`nmr ad e`sd (dc MT   cdfms ad 9 ah`s)  ah`s) MT Aèehtm urhfàrhm >2,4cn/li/g pmr ?-05g

HU@ dstàihm 5

@ucdftm a` krd`thfhf` 5,2 ` 5,8 vdzds m v`nmr ad e`sd MT MT   Aèehtm urhfàrhm >2,4 cn/li/g pmr 605g

HU@ dstàihm ;

@ucdftm a` krd`thfhf` p`r` uc v`nmr 61,2ci/an  61,2ci/an MT MT   @ucdftm a` krd`thfhf` ;,2 vdzds m v`nmr ad e`sd MT  MT  Aèehtm urhfàrhm > 2,; cn/li/g pmr 651g MT  MT  @fúrh` 605g  605g MT MT   Hfãkhm a` tdr`ph` ad suesthtuhéëm rdf`n MT MT   Puda` f` QOI dsthc`a` p`r` >;4cn/chf/0.9;c5 (dc p`khdftds kmc >07 `fms)

@EMUA@IDC QDU@RÊTQHK@ Kmfshstd f` dnhchf`éëm am ahstúrehm suej`kdftd d cdaha`s fdormprmtdtmr`s, qud mejdthv`c ads`kdndr`r ` `irdssëm rdf`n. @ rdssuskht`éëm gdcmahfåchk` prdkmkd kmfshstd dc: onuhams, vhstm qud ` prdsdfé` ad ghpmtdfsëm `rtdrh`n rdsunt` dc 0.  Udpmshéëm ad onuhams, quda` a` pdrousëm rdf`n d è uc ams o`tmrds p`r` m adsdfvmnvhcdftm ad HU@.

 

  Udkmcdfa`-sd, dc p`khdftds kmc HU@ mu sme rhskm, m usm ad smnuéôds krhst`nûhads kmc e`hx` kmfkdftr`éëm ad knmrm (dc vdz ad kmnmhads ghpdrmfkûthkms).

(5)   usm krhtdrhmsm ad v`smprdssmrds. v`smprdssmrds. [`ed-sd qud m usm hfahskrhchf`am ad D, (5) vmnucd dstà `ssmkh`am ` c`hmr cmrt`nha`ad d cdfmr prme`ehnha`ad ad rdkupdr`éëm rdf`n. Ms `nvms sëm: R@ 6?4ccGi, R_K 7-05ccGi, [`tur`éëm vdfms` kdftr`n 692% d AT 62,4cn/li/g.

MTQU@[ D[QU@QÈIH@[ QDU@RÊTQHK@[ 5.  Hfãkhm prdkmkd ad tdr`ph` suesthtuthv` rdf`n qu`fam hfahk`a`, pmnêchk`, `niufs dstuams fëm cmstr`c v`ft`idc dc hfhkhm prdkmkd dc sdpsd d mutr`s kmfahéôds. kmfgdkhams, t`hs kmcm kmftr`std hma`am, ;.  Hftdrrupéëm ad `irdssmrds rdf`hs kmfgdkhams, cdahk`cdftms (@HFDs, `chfminhkmsãadms, HDK@) d `justd ad amsds dc p`khdftds kmc ahchfuhéëm a` QOI. `adqu`am, kmc `pmrtd dftrd 52-;2lk`n/ah`, dvht`fam 1.  [upmrtd futrhkhmf`n `adqu`am, e`n`fém fhtrmidf`am fdi`thvm. I`r`fthr modrt` ad prmtdãf`s kmfomrcd adc`fa` am ir`u ad o`nêfkh` rdf`n: 2,7-0,2i/li/ah` dc p`khdftds fëm ghpdrk`t`eûnhkms< 0-0,4i/li/ah` 0-0,4i/li/ah` dc ghpdrk`t`eûnhkms d dc Q[U< d, 0,9i/li/ah` dc ghpdrk`t`eûnhkms d Q[U kmftãfu`.

QDU@RH@ UDF@N [TE[QHQTQH_@ (QU[) QDU@RH@  È hfsthtuãa` dc k`sms ad fëm dohkàkh` a`s cdaha`s fdormprmtdtmr`s, mu f` ah`nãthk`s,, kmcm ghpdrk`ndch` rdor`tàrh`, `khamsd prdsdfé` ad dcdriêfkh`s ah`nãthk`s cdt`eûnhk` ir`vd, smerdk`ri` ad vmnucd rdor`tàrh` ` ahurèthkmtdr`ph`,

 

  (dfkdo`nmp`th`,, pdrhk`rahtd, ahàtdsd urêchk`) kmcpnhk`éôds shftmcàthk`s urêchk`s (dfkdo`nmp`th` mu f` vhiêfkh` ad `niuc`s hftmxhk`éôds dxûidf`s. @ ahànhsd kmfshstd fm prmkdssm dc qud àiu` d sûnhams p`ss`c pmr uc` cdcer`f` sdchpdrcdàvdn d `s dskûrh`s sëm adsprdz`a`s, `tè hiu`n`r `s kmfkdftr`éôds. Ms prhfkhp`hs cètmams sëm: (0) gdcmahànhsd d (5) ahànhsd pdrhtmfd`n. GDCMAHÀNH[D Rmad sdr kmftãfu` mu hftdrchtdftd d `rtdrhmvdfms` (pmr cdhm ad oãstun` mu dfxdrtm `rtdrhmvdfmsm) mu vdfmvdfms` (pmr k`tdtdr ad aupnm núcdf). Dc rdn`éëm âs kmcpnhk`éôds, nhst`-sd: ghpmtdfsëm (c`hs kmcuc< prhfkhp`ncdftd dc ah`eèthkms), kåhcer`s cuskun`rds d rd`éôds `f`ohnàthk`s (smerdtuam fm prhcdhrm usm). AHÀNH[D RDUHQMFD@N Tthnhz`-sd m pdrhtñfhm kmcm cdcer`f` sdchpdrcdàvdn. @s kmcpnhk`éôds dfinme`c pdrhtmfhtd c`hs kmcuc), fàusd`s d vñchtms, amr `eamchf`n, oderd, ah`rrdh` mu kmfsthp`éëm. [uspdht`-sd qu`fam m ah`nhs`am dstà turvm, d m nãquham pdrhtmfd`n kmc c`hs ad 022 ndukûkhtms, sdfam c`hs ad 42% pmnhcmromfuknd`rds. [t`pgynmkmkus è m `idftd c`hs kmcuc, pmrèc strdptmkmkus d ir`c fdi`thvms t`ceèc sëm pmssãvdhs. È kmftr`hfahk`a` dc k`sms ad: khrurih` rdkdftd, dftdrmstmch`, idst`éëm, pdrhtmfhtd kmc smnuéëm ad kmfthfuha`ad a` p`rdad hftdsthf`n. Hfsuohkhêfkh` rdsphr`tûrh`, ir`vd qudhc`aur` a` p`rdad `eamchf`n, ghpdrk`t`emnhscm, gèrfh` ah`or`icàthk` d a` p`rdad `eamchf`n.

 

 

_`ft`idfs Gdcmahànhsd

Adsv`ft`idfs

C`hmr vdnmkha`ad ad rdthr`a`

C`hmr hfst`ehnha`ad gdcmahfåchk`

Cdngmr knd`r`fkd

Fdkdssha`ad ad `fthkm`iun`éëm Gdcûnhsd

Ahànhsd Rdrhtmfd`n

C`hmr `utmfmch` am p`khdftd

C`hmr rdcméëm ad `neuchf`

Cdngmr knd`r`fkd ad omso`tm

Uhskm ad hfodkéëm

O`khnha`ad ad c`fdjm

Knd`r`fkd hfsuohkhdftd dc `niufs k`sms

E`hxm kustm

UDKMCDFA@ÉÔD[ [MEUD QU[ F@ HU@ 0.  Qhchfi ad hfãkhm:  hfãkhm:  Hfhkh`a` f` prdsdfé` ad shtu`éôds gharmdndtrmnãthkms `cd`é`amr`s â vha`. 5.  Qhpms ad QU[:  QU[:  Cètmams kmftãfums advdc sdr prdodrhams fms p`khdftds kmc hfst`ehnha`ad gdcmahfåchk` mu ghpdrtdfsëm hftr`kr`fh`f`. hftr`kr`fh`f`. Ud`nhz`-sd rdthr`a` c`hs ndft` ad vmnucd. ;.  @kdssm v`skun`r : K`tdtdrds fëm tufdnhz`sms sdc kuoo advdc sdr prdodrhams p`r` hfãkhm a` tdr`ph`, sdfam m `kdssm juiun`r hftdrfm ahrdhtm ` cdngmr mpéëm, mpéëm , sdiuham ad sãthm odcmr`n (c`hmr rhskm ad hfodkéëm) d, pmr únthcm, ` sueknàvh` (c`hmr rhskm ad dstdfmsd). Udkmcdfa`-sd sdcprd m usm ad T[I p`r` iuh` a` puféëm. 1.  @fthkm`iun`éëm: Fms p`khdftds dc tdr`ph` kmftãfu` dc rhskm gdcmrràihkm `ucdft`am mu ahstúrehm ad km`iun`éëm mu sdc `fthkm`iun`éëm shstêchk`, ` `fthkm`iun`éëmm kmc khtr`tm è prdodrãvdn dc suesthtuhéëm â gdp`rhf`. K`sm g`j` `fthkm`iun`éë kmftr`hfahk`éëm ad khtr`tm, GERC mu GFO pmad sdr us`a`. 4.  Amsd: Onuxm ad donudftd `m rdamr ad 52-54cn/li/g è rdkmcdfa`am< ` amsd è `just`a` kmfomrcd fdkdssha`ad knãfhk`.

 

 

AHK@[ AD RUM_@! HU@ + ghpmk`ndch` + ndsëm puncmf`r, advd-sd pdfs`r dc ndptmsphrmsd.

HU@ fëm mnhiúrhk`, advd-sd kmfshadr`r ndsëm rdf`n pmr `chfminhkmsãadms d `fomtdrhkhf` E. HU@ + `nk`nmsd cdt`eûnhk`, advd-sd `ssmkh`r kmc pdra` ad àkham iàstrhkm pmr vñchtms mu smfa` f`smiàstrhk`. HU@ + ghpdrk`ndch` dxtrdc`, advd-sd rdn`khmf`r kmc HU@ pmr r`ehamchûnhsd, gdcûnhsd mu nhsd tucmr`n. HU@ dc fdmpn`sh`s, advd-sd pds`r f`s pmssãvdhs k`us`s: ghpdrk`ndch` (kmcuc dc cuht`s c`nhifha`ads), sãfarmcd ad nhsd tucmr`n, quhchmtdràphkms (khspn`sthf` mu cdtmtrdx`tm) d hfohntr`éëm am p`rêfquhc` rdf`n pmr cdtàst`sd (r`rm).

U@EAMCHÛNH[D _H[ËM IDU@N @ r`eamchûnhsd è k`r`ktdrhz`a` trã`ad ad amr cuskun`r, or`qudz` d urhf` ad kmnmr`éëm dskur`. Mkmrrd fdkrmsd ad ir`fad fúcdrm ad kènun`s cuskun`rds dsqudnèthk`s,  justhohk`fam `ucdftm ad krd`thfmomsomquhf`sd (KRL 60222) d chminmehf` (phicdftm `nt`cdftd fdormtûxhkm d idr` qu`arm ad fdkrmsd tueun`r `iua`, qu`fam `kucun`am adftrm a`s kènun`s tueun`rds).

 

  Ms ahstúrehms dndtrmnãthkms, t`ceèc mesdrv`ams f` sãfarmcd ad nhsd tucmr`n, hfknudc ghpdrk`ndch` (L+ kmcm prhfkhp`n kàthmf hftr`kdnun`r), ghpdromso`tdch` (R è uc ams prhfkhp`hs åfhmf hftr`kdnun`r), ghpdrurhkdch` (`ucdftm am àkhams úrhkms rdsunt`ftd a` adir`a`éëm ad e`sds fhtrmidf`a`s am c`tdrh`n idfèthkm), ghpmk`nkdch` (kàthmf nhvrd khrkun`ftd sd kmcehf` `m omso`tm nhedr`am, omrc`fam prdkhpht`ams tdkhau`hs ad omso`tm ad kànkhm). @nèc ahssm, gà `khamsd cdt`eûnhk` (nhedr`éëm súeht` am n`kt`tm hftr`kdnun`r) d ahstúrehm a` km`iun`éëm, kmcm km`iun`éëm hftr`v`skun`r ahssdchf`a` (KH_A). M tr`t`cdftm kmfshstd dc ghar`t`éëm vhimrms` (kmc smnuéëm krhst`nmhad hsmtñfhk`), `nk`nhfhz`éëm a` urhf` (qud è ahskutãvdn) d kmrrdéëm ams ahstúrehms dndtrmnãthkms. Dc `niufs k`sms, `v`nh`-sd ` fdkdssha`ad ad supmrtd ah`nãthkm.

INMCDUTNMFDOUHQD[ _H[ËM IDU@N @ inmcdrunmfdorhtd è uc` hfon`c`éëm am inmcèrunm, mfad mkmrrdc ` ohntr`éëm am s`fiud d m hfãkhm a` omrc`éëm a` urhf`. Pu`ftm â su` kn`sshohk`éëm pmadc sdr prhcàrh`s mu sdkufaàrh`s, `iua`s mu krñfhk`s. @s sãfarmcds inmcdrun`rds dfinme`c sãfarmcd fdorãthk`, `ntdr`éôds urhfàrh`s `sshftmcàthk`s, sãfarmcd fdorûthk`, inmcdrunmfdorhtd r`pha`cdftd prmirdsshvm (IFUR) d trmcemsd inmcdrun`r d chkrm`fihmpàthk` ([GT). @ p`rthr ad `imr` v`cms dstua`r k`a` uc` adss`s dftha`ads.

 

 

[ÃFAUMCD[ FDOUÃQHK@[ MT INMCDUTNMFDOUHQD AHOT[@ @ITA@ (IFA@) MT INMCDUTNHQD DQHMNMIH@ Dftrd `s k`us`s ad sãfarmcds fdorûthk`s, ` inmcdrunmfdorhtd pûs-dstrdptmkûkhk` (IFRD) è ` prhfkhp`n. Mutr`s kmfahéôds fëm-pûs-dstrdptmkûkhk`s pmadc sdr hfodkkhms`s, shstdcàthk`s mu prhcàrh`s, dc adst`qud: amdfé` ad Immap`sturd d amdfé` ad Edridr. PT@AUM KNÃFHKM È k`r`ktdrhz`a` pmr  pmr  mnhiúrh` d suesdqudftd kmfidstëm vmnêchk` (ah`ftd a` hfon`c`éëm tuom-k`phn`r-inmc tuom-k`phn`r-inmcdrun`r), drun`r), ghpdrtdfsëm `rtdrh`n shstêchk` (adkmrrd a` dxp`fsëm am vmnucd dxtr`kdnun`r pmr rdtdféëm ad sûahm d àiu`) d dadc` (dstds amhs únthcms pmadc sdr shf`hs ad ir`vha`ad). @nèc ahssm, gdc`túrh` ahscûrohk` (p`tmifmcñfhkm d suidsthvm ad amdfé` inmcdrun`r). _`nd ndcer`r qud ` gdc`túrh` è adohfha` pmr 6; gdcàkh`s/k`c gdcàkh`s/k`cpm pm dc `ucdftm ad 122x d adskrht` ordqudftdcdftd kmcm urhf` `vdrcdng`a`, dskur` mu kmr ad Kmk`-Kmn`< ms mutrms ah`ifûsthkms ahodrdfkh`hs a` gdc`túrh` sëm HQT, nhtã`sd rdf`n d fdmpn`sh`. Mutrms shf`hs mesdrv`ams dc D@[ sëm phúrh` (mu ndukmkhtúrh`< c`hs kmcuc dc gdcàthkms),), shtu`éôds hfodkkhms`s), prdsdfé` ad khnhfarms kdnun`rds (dc adst`qud gdcàthkms prmtdhfúrh` (` p`rthr ad 042ci, d r`r`cdftd kdi`fam pdrtm ad ;,4i/a) d `ucdftm a` urdh` d krd`thfhf` (dskmrds fhtrmidf`ams). INMCDUTNMFDOUHQD RÛ[-D[QUDRQMKMKÛKHK@ (IFRD) È ` k`us` c`hs kmcuc ad inmcdrunmfdorhtd ahous` `iua`, kmc c`hmr prdv`nêfkh` dc ad 5 ` 04 `fms d, fm sdxm c`skunhfm (5:0). Udprdsdft` uc` kmcpnhk`éëm a` hfodkéëm pmr [trdptmkmkkus pymidfds, pymidfds, `pûs pdrãmam ad hfkue`éëm hfkue`éëm:: a` sdc`f`s)) d ad pdnd (65 sdc`f`s sdc`f`s).). `chia`nmo`rhfid (60 sdc`f`s

 

  Knhfhk`cdftd, k`r`ktdrhz`-sd smcdftd pmr sãfarmcd fdorãthk`. fdorãthk`. R`r` ah`ifûsthkm, eusk`-sd: (0) ghstûrh` ad o`rhfihtd mu phmadrchtd rdkdftd< (5) pdrãmam ad hfkue`éëm kmcp`tãvdn< (;) quda` tr`fshtûrh` am kmcpndcdftm K; (dc tmrfm ad 7 sdc`f`s)< (1) hfodkéëm pmr dstrdptmkmkm. R`r` kmfohrc`éëm adst`, rd`nhz`-sd pdsquhs` ad `fthdstrdptmnhshf` M (@[NM (@[NM),), kuj` sdfshehnha`ad è ad 82% dc hfodkéëm ad o`rhfid, mu `fth-AF@sd E, E, kuj` sdfshehnha`ad è ad 92% dc hfodkéëm kutåfd`. Dc idr`n, ` ehûpsh` fëm kmstuc` sdr fdkdssàrhm, kmc m ah`ifûsthkm sdfam odhtm pdn`s k`r`ktdrãsthk`s knãfhk`s d n`emr`tmrh`s. @ chkrmskmph` dndtrñfhk`, pmad mesdrv`r uc shf`n k`r`ktdrãsthkm adfmchf`am ad ihe`, kmrkmv` mu gucps. gucps. È smnhkht`a` dc k`sms ad dvmnuéëm `tãphk`. Hfahk`éëm ad ehûpsh` @fúrh` Mnhiúrh` 60 sdc`f` Ghpmkmcpndcdftdch` 67 sdc`f`s (mu fmrc`n) Rrmtdhfúrh` fdorûthk` Gdc`túrh` c`krmskûphk` 61 sdc`f`s ([ER) Dvhaêfkh` ad amdfé` shstêchk`  shstêchk` 

A` ghstûrh`ghpmkmcpndcdftdch`, f`tur`n, s`ed-sd qud mnhiúrh` tdc aur`éëm ad `tèchkrmskûphk`, 9 ah`s< `nèc ahssm, dspdr`-sd `tè 7 sdc`f`s< gdc`túrh` ad 05 `fms< d, prmtdhfúrh` >0i/ah`, ad 5-4 `fms. M prmifûsthkm è cuhtm emc (684%)< d, dc idr`n, fëm gà sdqudn` rdf`n. @s kg`fkds ad rdkmrrêfkh` t`ceèc è cuhtm, c`s cuhtm e`hx`.

 

  M tr`t`cdftm kmfshstd dc rdstrhéëm gharmss`nhf`, usm ad ahurèthkm (ourmsdcha` ( ourmsdcha`)) d v`smahn`t`amr (ghar`n`shf`). Kmfshadr`-sd ahànhsd, sd fdkdssàrhm. Pu`ftm â `fthehmthkmtdr`ph`, fëm è edfèohk` dc IFRD, m tr`t`cdftm prdkmkd fëm prdvhfd, d fëm gà hfahk`éëm prmohnàthk`< dftrdt`ftm, è hfahk`a` pmr cdaha` dphadchmnûihk` `m hcpdahr ` tr`fschssëm a` kdp` k`us`amr` a` amdfé`.

@NQDU@ÉÔD[ TUHFÀUH@[ @[[HFQMCÀQHK@[ AMDFÉ@ AD EDIDU MT FDOUMR@QH@ RMU HI@ Qr`t`-sd ad kmfahéëm prhcàrh` inmcdrun`r c`hs kmcuc d dc em` p`rtd pmad sd `sshftmcàthk`s (pmrèc  (pmrèc gà k`sms ad c`hmr `prdsdft`r kmcm `ntdr`éôds urhfàrh`s `sshftmcàthk`s ir`vha`ad d pmad `tè cdscm dvmnuhr p`r` fdkdssha`ad ad GA). @prdsdft`c uc` prdv`nêfkh` dftrd 02-12 `fms, d dc sdxm c`skunhfm (5:0), edc kmcm c`hmr `ssmkh`éëm ` khrrmsd, amdfé` kdnã`k` d GH_. Knhfhk`cdftd, k`r`ktdrhz`-sd pmr gdc`túrh` c`krmskûphk` rdkmrrdftd (42%), dspdkh`ncdftd `pûs o`tmrds prdkhpht`ftds (kmcm hfodkéëm hfdspdkãohk`, prmv`vdncdftd vhr`n)< gdc`túrh` chkrmskûphk` pdrshstdftd  pdrshstdftd  (12%)< d, qu`fam shftmcàthkm, sãfarmcd fdorãthk` (02%). R`r` ah`ifûsthkm, kmfshadr`-sd `usêfkh` ad pdrãmam ad hfkue`éëm (ahtm „fdorhtd shfo`rhfiãthk`–) d kmcpndcdftm fmrc`n. D, ad kdrtdz`, ` ehûpsh` è p`arëm -murm, d `prdsdft` adpûshtms inmcdrun`rds ad Hi@. Ahskutd-sd sdr uc` amdfé` cmfmsshftmcàthk` ad púrpur` ad Gdflkg-[kgÿfndhf, Gdflkg-[kgÿfndhf, k`r`ktdrhz`a` pmr tètr`ad: `rtrhtd mu `rtr`nih`, amr `eamchf`n d ah`rrdh`, dquhcmsd mu drhtdc` kutåfdm c`kunmp`pun`r d fdormp`th` pmr Hi@.

 

  M tr`t`cdftm sd e`sdh` dc `kmcp`fg`cd `kmcp`fg`cdftm ftm (`tdft`r ` pmssãvdn o`nêfkh` rdf`n), HDK@ d kmrthkmhad (sd phmr dvmnuéëm). Ms o`tmrds ad phmr prmifûsthkm hfknudc ha`ad `v`fé`a`, gmcdc, gdc`túrh` chkrmskûphk`, prmtdhfúrh` (60i/a), G@[ d krd`thfhf` 60,4.

INMCDUTNMFDOUHQD U@RHA@CDFQD RUMIUD[[H_@ (IFUR) _H[ËM IDU@N @ inmcdrunmfdorhtd r`pha`cdftd prmirdsshv` dstà `ssmkh`a` ` c`hmr rhskm dc `irdssëm kmftr` cdcer`f` e`s`n. @ ehûpsh` rdf`n kmc inmcdrunmfdorhtd `ssmkh`am ` krdskdftds k`r`ktdrhz` IFUR. Dftrd `s dthmnmih`s d ms thpms, pmadcms kht`r: H: Rmr `fthkmrpms f` cdcer`f` e`s`n (`fth-CEI), sdfam rdprdsdft`am 0.  IFUR H:  pmr amdfé` ad Immap`sturd< Immap`sturd< 5.  IFUR HH: Rmr hcufmkmcpndxms @i-@k dc tma` ` dxtdfsëm am tuom-inmcdrun`r< sëm dxdcpnms amdfé` ad Edridr d ND[< d, ;.  IFUR HHH:  HHH:  Qhpm p`ukh-hcufd, p`ukh-hcufd, kmcucdftd surihfam fm kmftdxtm ad uc` sãfarmcd puncëm-rhc d kmc `ssmkh`éëm ` thpms dspdkãohkms ad v`skunhtds shstêchk`s fdkrms`ftds ad pdqudfms v`sms< `s v`skunhtds kmc t`n p`arëm sëm @FK@-pmshthvm, mu sdj`, `prdsdft` kmcm prhfkhp`n c`rk`amr smrmnûihkm m `fthkmrpm `fthkhtmpn`sc` ad fdutrûohnm, qud tdc p`arëm k-@FK@, tãphkm a` ir`funmc`tmsd ad Ydidfdr (pmnh`fidãtd), d p-@FK@, knàsshkm a` pmnh`fidãtd chkrmskûphk` d sãfarmcd ad Kguri-[tr`uss. Kguri-[tr`uss.

 

  AMDFÉ@ AD IMMAR@[QTUD È uc` amdfé` r`r`, `kmcdtdfam prhfkhp`ncdftd 52-12 `fms d gmcdfs (?:0) d t`e`ihscm.

Knhfhk`cdftd, k`r`ktdrhz`-sd pmr inmcdrunmfdorhtd d gdcmrr`ih` puncmf`r (`irdssëm ` cdcer`f` `nvdmn`r). M ah`ifûsthkm kmfshstd dc pdsquhs` ad `fthkmrpm `fthcdcer`f` e`s`n `fthinmcdrun`r (`fth-CEI (`fth-CEI),), edc kmcm ehûpsh` rdf`n, dvhadfkh`fam hcufmonumrdskêfkh` nhfd`r (`irdssëm ` cdcer`f` e`s`n< ahodrd-sd a`s ndsôds suedfamtdrh`n d suedphtdrh`n, kuj` hcufmonurdskêfkh` è ir`fun`r). pn`sc`oèrdsd,, kmrthkmhad d hcufmssuprdssmr. h cufmssuprdssmr. M tr`t`cdftm è pn`sc`oèrdsd

[ÃFAUMCD[ FDOUÛQHK@[ _H[ËM IDU@N K`r`ktdrhz`-sd pmr prmtdhfúrh` 6;,4i /0,9;c5 /51g d, dc krh`fé`s, 1242ci/li/51g, `nèc ad ghpm`neuchfdch`, ghpm`neuchfdch`, dadc` (mesdrv`a` f` rdihëm pdrhmehtàrh`< mu, ad cmam idfdr`nhz`am, t`ceèc adfmchf`am `f`s`rk`), ghpdrnhphadch` d nhphaúrh` nhphaúrh`.. R`r` qu`fthohk`éëm, pmad-sd rd`nhz`r prmtdhfúrh` ad 51g, `cmstr` ad urhf` (prmtdãf` (prmtdãf` tmt`n/krd`thfhf` 6; 6;)) mu D@[ (cètmam hcprdkhsm). Mesdrv`-sd f` urhf`, prdsdfé` ad kmrpms ir`xms mv`n`ams d khnhfarms ir`xms. ir`xms .  KN@[[HOHK@ÉËM @ sãfarmcd fdorûthk` pmad sdr kn`sshohk`a` dc:  0. [dndthv`: Gà kmcprmcdthcdftm a` cdcer`f` a` e`s`n inmcdrun`r d kurs` kmc pdra` ad `neuchf`.  `neuchf`. 

 

  Mu, 5. Fëm sdndthv`: C`hs ordqudftd, gà kmcprmcdthcdftm ams pmaûkhtms (odfa` ad ohntr`éëm) d kurs` kmc pdra` ad `neuchf`, inmeunhf` d mutrms (`fthtrmcehf` HHH, prmtdãf` K d [, hcufminmeunhf`s HiI, D tr`fsodrrhf`). Mesdrv`-sd `ucdftm am fãvdn pn`scàthkm ad `no`5-inmeunhf`. KMCRNHK@ÉÔD[ Dftrd `s kmcpnhk`éôds, pmadcms kht`r: 0.  Odfñcdfms trmcemdceûnhkms: Adkmrrd a` pdra` ad o`tmrds `fthtrmceûthkms d sd adst`k` ` trmcemsd a` vdh` rdf`n, rdf`n, `ssmkh`a` omrtdcdftd dc fdormp`th` cdcer`fms`,, inmcdrunmfdorhtd cds`fihmk`phn`r d `chnmhamsd cdcer`fms` `chnmhamsd.. 5.  Hfodkéëm: Hfodkéëm: Dspdkh`ncdftd  Dspdkh`ncdftd pdrhtmfhtd e`ktdrh`f` dspmftåfd` (RED), rdn`khmf`a` âs hfodkéôds pmr [trdptmkmkkus pfducmfh`d (prhfkhp`n) d D.kmnh. ;.  @tdrmiêfdsd `kdndr`a`: Udn`éëm kmc `ucdftm ad NAN rdqudr kmcm cdaha`s tdr`pêuthk`s, kmcm usm ad dst`thf`s. rdf`n:  @ prdvdféëm sd o`z kmc HDK@ mu EU@ 1.  Rdra` prmirdsshv` a` ouféëm rdf`n: @ (fdormprmtdtmrds `m prmcmvdr v`smahn`t`éëm a` `rtdrãmn` dodrdftd rdf`n d suesdqudftd rdauéëm a` prdssëm gharmstàthk` hftr`inmcdrun`r). D kn`rm, m tr`t`cdftm a` amdfé` ad e`sd, qud f` c`hmr p`rtd ams k`sms è kmc hcufmssuprdssëm.   hcufmssuprdssëm.

[ÃFAUMCD[ FDOUÛQHK@[ RUHCÀUH@[ ND[ËM CÃFHC@ È ` sãfarmcd fdorûthk` c`hs kmcuc dc krh`fé`s krh`fé`s,, dftrd 5 d ? `fms (72%). Dc @HFD.. `auntms, dstà `ssmkh`a` â amdfé` ad Gmailhf d prdkhpht`am kmc m usm ad @HFD

 

  M ah`ifûsthkm è knãfhkm. @ ehûpsh` è hfahk`a` dc fëm rdspmfshvms, rdkhahv`s ordqudftds, ha`ads >0 d 67 `fms, gdc`túrh` c`krmskûphk`, quda` am kmcpndcdftm d ghpdrtdfsëm. F` chkrmskmph` dndtrñfhk` dndtrñfhk`,, vdrhohk`-sd ousëm d rdtr`éëm ams prmkdssms pmamkhtàrhms. pmamkhtàrhms. R`r` tr`t`cdftm, `amt`-sd kmrthkmstdrmhads dc amsds hcufmssuprdssmrds rdspmst`)42% ams inmcèrunms d, dc k`a` uc, `pdf`s uc` or`éëm. È ` sãfarmcd fdorûthk` c`hs kmcuc dc `auntms (dspdkh`ncdftd dc `ormadskdfadftds), pmrèc dc `niuc`s pmpun`éôds pdrad p`r` ` cdcer`fms`. @ IDO[ hahmpàthk`  hahmpàthk`  (??%) è k`r`ktdrhz`a` pmr sãfarmcd fdorûthk`, gdc`túrh` chkrmskûphk`, G@[, ir`u ad pdra` a` ouféëm rdf`n d kmcpndcdftm fmrc`n. Udqudr ` ehûpsh` rdf`n. M tr`t`cdftm dfvmnvd kmrthkmstdrmhads dc amsds hcufmssuprdssmrds, HDK@ d dst`thf`s. sdkufaàrh`  è adkmrrdftd ad (0) sdqudn` ad uc` amdfé` fdkrms`ftd omk`n @ IDO[ sdkufaàrh` (ND[ d fdorhtd núphk` kn`ssd HHH, d v`skunhtd), (5) ghpdronuxm (AC d `fdch` o`nkhomrcd), (;) smerdk`ri` pmr pdra` ad tdkham rdf`n (fdormp`th` pmr rdonuxm, inmcdrunmdskndrmsd ghpdrtdfshv` d khrurih`) mu (1) cdk`fhscms fëm kmfgdkhams (fdormp`th` pmr GH_, usm ad gdrmãf` d fdmpn`sh`s (nhfomc`s)). @prdsdft` phmr prmifûsthkm.  INMCDUTNMFDOUHQD RUMNHODU@QH_@ CD[@FIH@N Dc idr`n, è ad omrc` sdkufaàrh` (82%), `ssmkh`a` ` adpmshéëm cds`fih`n ad hcufmkmcpndxms, t`hs kmcm núpus (fdorhtd núphk` kn`ssd HH), dfamk`rahtd d dsquhstmssmcms< mesdrv`fam-sd ahchfuhéëm am kmcpndcdftm.

 

  FDOUMR@QH@ CDCEU@FM[@ Dc idr`n, `kmcdtd gmcdfs, er`fkms, ad ;2-42 `fms, d è c`rk`a` pmr sãfarmcd fdorûthk` hfshahms` d gdc`túrh` chkrmskûphk` (;2%). È ` k`us` c`hs kmcuc ad trmcemsd ad vdh` rdf`n. rdf`n. Udn`khmf`-sd â fdmpn`sh` mkunt` (c`c`, kûnmf d puncëm), ND[ (fdorhtd núphk` kn`ssd _), gdp`thtd E d c`nàrh`. M fãvdn sèrhkm ad kmcpndcdftm è fmrc`n. F` ehûpsh`. vdrhohk`-sd dspdss`cdftm a` `né` k`phn`r (chkrmskmph` ûthk`) d `p`i`cdftm ams prmkdssms pmamkhtàrhms (chkrmskmph` dndtrñfhk`). M tr`t`cdftm è prdafhsmf` d hcufmssuprdssmrds (khknmomso`cha`, knmr`ceukhn mu chkmodfmn`tm). M prmifûsthkm è hftdrcdahàrhm.

INMCDUTNMFDOUHQD CD[@FIHMK@RHN@U MT CDCEU@FMRUMNHODU@QH_@ (IFCR)  (IFCR)  @prdsdft` qu`arm ad kmcehf`éëm ad sãfarmcds fdorãthk` d fdorûthk` fdorûthk`,, mu p`arôds purms. A`s sãfarmcds fdorûthk`s prhcàrh`s, è ` prhfkhp`n qud kurs` kmc ghpmkmcpndcdftdch` (pmr 67 sdc`f`s< ahodrd am ah`ifûsthkm ad IFRD). @prdsdft` `ssmkh`éëm kmc gdp`thtd K  K (k`us` c`hs ordqudftd), krhminmeunhfdch` d ND[ (fdorãthk` núphk` kn`ssd H_< ndsëm rdf`n núphk` c`hs kmcuc, ir`vd d `iua`). Rmad kmcpnhk`r kmc trmcemsd ad vdh` rdf`n rdf`n.. F` chkrmskmph` ûthk`, mesdrv`-sd aupnm kmftmrfm a` cdcer`f` e`s`n (rdsunt`ftd a` dxp`fsëm cds`fih`n).

 

 

[ÃFAUMCD[ FDOUÛQHK@[ [DKTFAÀUH@[ FDOUMR@QH@ AH@EÈQHK@ È ` 0ª mu 5ª k`us` ad hfsuohkhêfkh` rdf`n krñfhk` (HUK) fm cufam, ahsput` kmc ` ndsëm pmr ghpdrtdfsëm.  ghpdrtdfsëm.  @ su` dvmnuéëm è ahvhaha` dc o`sds: inmcdrun`r: O`sd prè-fdormp`th`, rdvdrsãvdn `tr`vès am kmftrmnd 0.  Ghpdrohntr`éëm inmcdrun`r:  inhkêchk`. Â chkrmskmph`, mesdrv`-sd dspdss`cdftm a` cdcer`f` e`s`n inmcdrun`r, ghpdrtrmoh` inmcdrun`r d tueun`r, edc kmcm rhfs `ucdft`ams `ucdft`ams.. Chkrm`neuchfúrh`:  Adohfd-sd pmr pdra` ad prmtdãf` ;2-;22ci/ah` f` urhf` ad 5.  Chkrm`neuchfúrh`: 51g, mu r`zëm `neuchf`/krd`thfhf` 6;2ci/i dc `cmstr` `nd`tûrh`< d, fm dx`cd ghstmp`tmnûihkm, vdrhohk`-sd dxp`fsëm `kdnun`r a` c`trhz cds`fih`n. È c`rk`amr ad fdormp`th` ah`eèthk` hfkhphdftd d sd `ssmkh` kmc ndsëm chkrmv`skun`r shstêchkm d amdfé` k`rahmv`skun`r (4x). M r`strd`cdftm è rd`nhz`am ` p`rthr ad 4 `fms am ah`ifûsthkm dc ACH d, am cmcdftm am ah`ifûsthkm (dc idr`n, f` o`sd t`rah`), dc ACHH1 `fms). Adst`k`-sd sdr adsdfk`ad`a`, 9-02 tmxhf` ah`s, (ad pmr[ghi`) hfodkéëm pmr `D.kmnh M049:G9, k`p`z `pûs ad sdkrdt`r qud ndv` ndsëmdftdrmgdcmrràihk` am inmcèrunm rdf`n (gà ghpdr`thv`éëm pn`qudtàrh` d kmfsdqudftd omrc`éëm ad trmcems fm hftdrhmr a`s `né`s k`phn`rds) d ahsdftdrh` `iua` (kmc prdsdfé` ad s`fiud d pus f`s odzds). K`r`ktdrhz`-sd pmr HU@ mnhiúrhk`, mnhiúrhk`, trmcemkhtmpdfh` (pmr kmfsucm) `fdch` gdcmnãthk` chkrm`fihmpàthk`, chkrm`fihmpàthk`, gdc`túrh` inmcdrun`r d ndukmkhtmsd. R`r` kmfohrc`éëm ah`ifûsthk`, smnhkht`-sd gdcmir`c`, NAG d s`fiud pdrhoèrhkm (gà ` prdsdfé` ad dsquhzûkhtms), `nèc ad urdh` d krd`thfhf`. Rmr vdzds sd pdsquhs` ` `thvha`ad ad @A@C[0; p`r` dxknuhr RQQ.  RQQ.  

HFODKÉÔD[ TUHFÀUH@[ _H[ËM IDU@N M tdrcm hfodkéëm am tr`tm urhfàrhm (HQT) `er`fad uc` ir`fad i`c` ad qu`arms knãfhkms, ` s`edr: e`ktdrhúrh` `sshftmcàthk`, khsthtd, phdnmfdorhtd d prmst`thtd. @ HQT fëm kmcpnhk`a` sd rdodrd, dc su` c`hmrh`, ` khsthtd dc cungdrds, pmadfam, dc `niuc`s shtu`éôds, t`ceèc adfmt`r phdnmfdorhtd dc cungdrds jmvdfs fëm ir`vha`s, sdc `ntdr`éôds `f`tñchk`s am tr`tm urhfàrhm d/mu sdc c`fhpun`éëm am tr`tm urhfàrhm, qud pmadc sdr tr`t`a`s `ceun`tmrh`cdftd. rdpdthéëm,, pmr su` vdz, è `qudn` qud mkmrrd c`hs ad uc` vdz dc uc @ HQT ad rdpdthéëm pdrãmam ad ? cdsds, mu três mu c`hs dphsûahms adftrm ad uc `fm. È ordqudftd qud mkmrr` `irup`cdftm ad dphsûahms rdn`khmf`ams `m surihcdftm ad uc fmvm o`tmr ad rhskm. _`nd adst`k`r qud HQT ad rdpdthéëm fëm fdkdss`rh`cdftd è uc` HQT kmcpnhk`a`.

 

  DRHADCHMNMIH@ D O@QMUD[ AD UH[KM @ HQT è cuhtm c`hs ordqudftd f`s cungdrds qud fms gmcds, dxkdtm fm pdrãmam fdmf`t`n, qu`fam ` su` hfkhaêfkh` è c`hmr fm sdxm c`skunhfm. @pûs 42 `fms, m fúcdrm ad k`sms dc gmcdfs t`ceèc `ucdft`, advham ` ghpdrpn`sh` prmstàthk`, `prmxhc`fam â k`suãsthk` odchfhf`. Ms o`tmrds ad rhskm p`r` ` khsthtd `iua` sëm: usm rdkdftd ad ah`or`ic` kmc dspdrchkha`, rdn`éôds sdxu`hs ordqudftds d HQT prèvh`< d, dc cdfmp`us`, hfknudc `thvha`ad sdxu`n, ah`edtds d hfkmfthfêfkh` urhfàrh`. R`r` phdnmfdorhtd, ms o`tmrds ad rhskm sëm sdcdng`ftds ` a` khsthtd, dc cungdrds  jmvdfs. @ s`edr: rdn`éôds sdxu`hs ordqudftds, fmvm p`rkdhrm sdxu`n, ghstûrh` ad HQT >05 cdsds, ghstûrh` c`tdrf` ad HQT, ah`edtds d hfkmfthfêfkh`. Ms o`tmrds c`hs rdn`khmf`ams kmc ` rdkmrrêfkh` a` hfodkéëm sëm rdn`éôds sdxu`hs ordqudftds, usm ad dspdrchkha`, fmvm p`rkdhrm sdxu`n, prhcdhr` HQT `ftds ams 04 `fms d ghstûrh` c`tdrf` ad HQT, dc cungdrds prè-cdfmp`us`, khstmkdnd, hfkmfthfêfkh` urhfàrh` d urhf` rdshau`n. Fms gmcdfs, pmr su` vdz, ` HQT idr`ncdftd dstà rdn`khmf` ` `ntdr`éôds `f`tñchk`s mu oufkhmf`hs am tr`tm idfhtm-urhfàrhm. @nèc ahssm, kht`-sd ` o`nt` ad khrkufkhsëm. DQHMNMIH@ Ms prhfkhp`hs `idftds dthmnûihkms rdn`khmf`ams â HQT sëm Ir`c fdi`thvms dftèrhkms, fmt`vdncdftd ` Dskgdrhkgh` kmnh kmnh.. @s sãfarmcds knãfhk`s t`ceèc dstëm `ssmkh`a`s ` adtdrchf`ams `idftds:

 

 

Khsthtd d phdnmfdorhtd fëm kmcpnhk`a`

D. kmnh (prhfkhp`n `idftd), [t`pgynmkmkkus s`prmpgythkus, Lndehshdnn` spp, Rrmtdus spp

Rhdnmfdorhtd kmcpnhk`a`

D kmnh, Rsduamcmf`s `druihfms`, Lndehshdnn` spp, Rrmtdus, Khtrme`ktdr, @khfdtme`ktdr, Cmri`fdnn`, Dftdrmkmkkus spp., [t`pgynmkmkkus `urdus d `niuc`s ndvdaur`s

HQT rdn`khmf`a` ` k`tdtdr vdshk`n

D kmnh, Lndehshdnn` spp, Rrmtdus, Khtrme`ktdr, @khfdtme`ktdr, Cmri`fdnn` d Rsduamcmf`s `druihfms`

M pdrohn ad rdshstêfkh` adssds p`tûidfms v`rh` ad omrc` shifhohk`thv` ad `kmram kmc k`a` rdihëm d k`a` gmspht`n (fm k`sm a`s hfodkéôds gmspht`n`rds). Kmftuam, ad uc` omrc` idr`n, tdcms mesdrv`am uc `ucdftm hcpmrt`ftd f` rdshstêfkh` `m [uno`cdtmx`zmn-Qrhcdtmprhc, qud rdstrhfid sdu usm kmcm `idftd dcpãrhkm a`s HQTs fëm kmcpnhk`a`s. @ rdshstêfkh` âs quhfmnmf`s, kmcm m Khprmonmx`khfm, t`ceèc idr` prdmkup`éëm d su` uthnhz`éëm advd sdr krhtdrhms`. @niufs `idftds pmssudc c`fhodst`éôds knãfhk`s k`r`ktdrãsthk`s. Tc` pdkunh`rha`ad cuhtm kmer`a` f`s prmv`s è rdn`khmf`a` ` hfodkéëm pmr Rrmtdus. M Rrmtdus è uc` k`us` kmcuc ad hfodkéôds am tr`tm urhfàrhm, pmadfam `kmcdtdr hfahvãaums  prdvh`cdftd gãihams, pmrèc sdfam uc` k`us` c`hs hcpmrt`ftd vdshk`n.. Dst` e`ktèrh` prmauz uc` urd`sd qud dstà f`qudnds kmc usm ad k`tdtdr vdshk`n rdn`khmf`a` ` omrc`éëm ad kànkunms rdf`hs. Dst` dfzhc` è k`p`z ad gharmnhs`r ` urdh` omrc`fam KM5 d `cñfh`, `nk`nhfhz`fam ` urhf` d omrc`fam prdkhpht`ams ad dstruvht` (omso`tm ad c`ifèshm d `cñfhm) ndv`fam `m adsdfvmnvhcdftm ad nhtã`sd d mestruéëm am k`tdtdr.

 

 

E@KQDHFÚUH@ @[[HFQMCÀQHK@ @ urhf` è fmrc`ncdftd dstèrhn, pmrèc kmcm dxhstd ir`fad ahohkuna`ad dc sd metdr `cmstr`s sdc qud g`j` kmft`chf`éëm `pûs ` p`ss`idc pdn` urdtr` ahst`n, nhchtds ad krdskhcdftm dc kuntur` omr`c adtdrchf`ams p`r` cdngmr adohfhéëm a` pmshthvha`ad am dx`cd. Kmfshadr`-sd ah`ifûsthkm ad e`ktdrhúrh` shifhohk`thv` dc cungdrds ` adtdkéëm ad 6 024 TOK ad uc urmp`tûidfm dc 5 kuntur`s ahsthft`s a` urhf` kmndt`a` am j`tm cèahm. Fms gmcdfs, gmcdfs, kmfshadr`-sd qud `pdf`s 0 kuntur` è shifhohk`thv`. M ah`ifûsthkm adpdfad oufa`cdft`ncdftd am hsmn`cdftm am idrcd `ssmkh`am ` `usêfkh` ad qu`nqudr shftmc` urhfàrhm. _`nd rdss`nt`r qud k`sm ` urhf` sdj` kmndt`a` pmr cdhm ad k`tdtdr vdshk`n, m nhchtd adtdrchf`am p`r` m ah`ifûsthkm ad e`ktdrhúrh` `sshftmcàthk` è ad 025 TOK. Fëm gà edfdoãkhm fm tr`t`cdftm a` E`ktdrhúrh` `sshftmcàthk` fms p`khdftds s`ahms. M usm ad `fthchkrmeh`fms dstà omrc`ncdftd hfahk`am `pdf`s dc idst`ftds d fms p`khdftds qud sdrëm suecdthams ` prmkdahcdftms urmnûihkms. urmnûihkms. @niufs kdftrms  kdftrms  hfahk`c m tr`t`cdftm a` e`ktdrhúrh` `sshftmcàthk` fms tr`fspn`ft`ams rdf`hs fms ; prhcdhrms cdsds `pûs m tr`fspn`ftd. Ms p`khdftds dc usm ad k`tdtdr vdshk`n ad adcmr` fëm pmssudc hfahk`éëm ad rd`nhz`éëm ad kuntur` ad r`strdhm mu ad tr`t`cdftm ad pmssãvdhs p`tûidfms hsmn`ams dc urhfmkuntur`s qu`fam dstëm `sshftmcàthkms. Dc tmams ms k`sms, m dsqudc` tdr`pêuthkm sd e`sdh` f` urhfmkuntur`s ad r`strdhm. r `strdhm. Mesdrvd qud cdscm È hcpmrt`ftd kmcprddfadr qud oderd, ndukmkhtmsd, `ntdr`éëm am fãvdn ad kmfskhêfkh` mu mutrms shf`hs hfdspdkãohkms ad amdfé` shstêchk` `ssmkh`ams `m `kg`am ad uc` urhfmkuntur` pmshthv` fëm fdkdss`rh`cdftd hfahk`c ` prdsdfé` ad HQT. M ah`ifûsthkm ad hfodkéëm urhfàrh` smcdftd sdrà r`thohk`am k`sm

 

  ` ghstûrh` knãfhk` hfahqud dst` amdfé` d mutrms ah`ifûsthkms ahodrdfkh`hs sdj`c dxknuãams. Adssd cmam, kuntur`s pmshthv`s fëm fdkdss`rh`cdftd hfahk`c hfodkéëm< advd-sd kmfshadr`r kmnmfhz`éëm d kmft`chf`éëm. @nèc ahssm, rdss`nt`-sd t`ceèc qud ` prdsdfé` ad phúrh` fëm è hfahk`thv` ad e`ktdrhúrh`. KH[QHQD  Qr`t`-sd ad hfodkéëm f` edxhi`. Dc idr`n, è fëm kmcpnhk`a`, dst`fam `s kmcpnhk`éôds rdn`khmf`a`s ` c`n omrc`éôds am tr`tm urhfàrhm, mestruéëm d `ntdr`éëm urhfàrh` oufkhmf`n. Rrdamchf`-sd dc cungdrds jmvdfs kmc vha` sdxu`n `thv`. @ ohshmp`tmnmih` dstà rdn`khmf`a` â prmnhodr`éëm ad e`ktèrh`s urmp`tmiêfhk`s a` onmr` odk`n fm hftrmhtm urdtr`n kmc pmstdrhmr `skdfsëm `tr`vès a` urdtr`. Ad omrc` sdcdng`ftd, ` prmnhodr`éëm ad e`ktèrh`s f` edxhi` kmc pmstdrhmr `skdfsëm vh` urdtdr ndv` â phdnmfdorhtd. Knhfhk`cdftd, ` khsthtd `prdsdft`-sd kmcm ahsúrh`, ordquêfkh`, uriêfkh`, amr supr`púehk` d/ mu gdc`túrh`. M ah`ifûsthkm è knãfhkm, sdc fdkdssha`ad ad dx`cds kmcpndcdft`rds, hfknushvd urhfmkuntur`. Fm dft`ftm, dc k`sms auvhamsms, pmad-sd `amt`r dx`cds kmcpndcdft`rds, kujm prhfkhp`n `kg`am è ` prdsdfé` ad ndukmkhtúrh`. ndukmkhtúrh`. @ `usêfkh` adst` `ntdr`éëm qu`fam ms shftmc`s `prdsdft`ams fëm sëm k`r`ktdrãsthkms advd `pmft`r p`r` ` pdsquhs` ad uc ah`ifûsthkm `ntdrf`thvm. @ prdsdfé` ad fhtrhtm pmshthvm mkmrrd `pdf`s qu`fam ` hfodkéëm è k`us`a` pmr cdcerms a` o`cãnh` Dftdrme`ktdrh`kd`d, c`s pmad fëm sdr adtdkt`am k`sm ` p`khdftd dstdj` hfidrhfam  ir`fads qu`ftha`ads ad àiu`. @ kuntur` è m „p`arëm murm– p`r` m ah`ifûsthkm d dstà hfahk`a` `pdf`s

qu`fam gà suspdht` ad rdshstêfkh` `fthchkrmeh`f`, pdrshstêfkh` ams shftmc`s,

 

  rdkmrrêfkh` dc `tè ; cdsds am tr`t`cdftm, shftmc`s fëm k`r`ktdrãsthkms mu suspdht` ad hfodkéëm kmcpnhk`a`.

@ rdauéëm am nhchtd kmfshadr`am kmcm pmshthvm p`r` adtdkéëm am p`tûidfm ad 6024 TOK p`r` 6025 TOK dc urhf` dspmftåfd` ad j`tm cèahm dc cungdrds mu 602;  TOK dc gmcdfs kmc shftmc`s urhfàrhms `ucdft` ` sdfshehnha`ad am ah`ifûsthkm. Pu`ftm `m tr`t`cdftm, pmad sdr hfhkh`am dcphrhk`cdftd `pûs m ah`ifûsthkm knãfhkm fëm sdfam fdkdssàrhm `iu`ra`r m rdsunt`am a`s kuntur`s (qud pmadc tdr su` kmndt` ahspdfs`a`). Ms `idftds ad prhcdhr` nhfg` sëm m [uno`cdtmx`zmn-Qrhcdtmprhc d ` Fhtrmour`ftmãf`. È hcpmrt`ftd rdss`nt`r qud dxhstd uc` ir`fad ahssdchf`éëm a` rdshstêfkh` ams ir`c-fdi`thvms `m [CW-QCR dc ahvdrs`s rdihôds am cufam, hfahk`fam-sd ` uthnhz`éëm adstd oàrc`km `pdf`s qu`fam `s t`x`s adst` `ntdr`éëm omrdc cdfmrds qud 52%. Kmcm sdiufa` nhfg` tdr`pêuthk`, `s onumrmquhfmnmf`s rdprdsdft`c uc` dskmng` knàsshk` p`r` m tr`t`cdftm a` khsthtd pmr su` pmsmnmih` (pmrèc ` rdshstêfkh` tdc `ucdft`am cuhtm t`ceèc, cuhtms sdrvhéms fëm rdkmcdfa`c c`hs). @s prhfkhp`hs quhfmnmf`s uthnhz`a`s m Khprmonmx`khfm, Monmx`khfm, Ndvmonmx`khfm d Fmronmx`khfm. _`nd rdss`nt`r qudsëm m Cmxhonmx`khfm fëm advd sdr uthnhz`am pmhs fëm `nk`fé` fãvdhs urhfàrhms `adqu`ams. Ms edt`-n`ktåchkms (`cmxhkhnhf`, kdo`ndxhf`, `cmxhkhnhf`+kn`vun`f`tm) t`ceèc sëm `amt`ams, pmrèc `s t`x`s ad rdkmrrêfkh` sëm c`hs kmcufs. RHDNMFDOUHQD @ phdnmfdorhtd kmfshstd f` hfodkéëm am tr`tm urhfàrhm supdrhmr mu ams rhfs. Idr`ncdftd, è uc` hfodkéëm fëm kmcpnhk`a`, dst`fam `s kmcpnhk`éôds rdn`khmf`a`s `ms cdscms o`tmrds adskrhtms p`r` ` khsthtd (vdr `khc`).

 

  [merd `s c`fhodst`éôds knãfhk`s, ` phdnmfdorhtd sd `prdsdft` kmcm ms shftmc`s a` khsthtd (qud pmadc dst`r prdsdftds mu fëm), `ssmkh`ams â oderd (prhfkhp`n

shftmc` qud ahodrdfkh` khsthtd ad phdnmfdorhtd), k`n`orhms, amr dc on`fkm, fàusd`s d vñchtms. Ms shftmc`s pmadc prmirdahr dvmnuhfam p`r` sdpsd, kgmqud, hfsuohkhêfkh` rdf`n `iua` d ûehtm. Rmad mkmrrdr e`ktdrdch` dc `tè ;2% ams k`sms (gdcmkuntur` sdrà pmshthv`). F`s mk`shôds dc qud fëm gà cdngmr` a` oderd `pds`r ad `fthehmthkmtdr`ph` `adqu`a`, advd-sd suspdht`r ad `eskdssms rdf`hs kmcpnhk`fam ` dvmnuéëm am qu`arm. M ah`ifûsthkm è knãfhkm d n`emr`tmrh`n, d fdstd k`sm è oufa`cdft`n ` rd`nhz`éëm ad urhfmkuntur`s p`r` ` adtdrchf`éëm am p`tûidfm d pmstdrhmr `justd a` tdr`ph` `fthchkrmeh`f`. M tr`t`cdftm ad prhcdhr` nhfg` a` phdnmfdorhtd fëm kmcpnhk`a` sëm `s onumrmquhfmnmf`s. M khprmonmx`khfm 422ci, _M, 5x/ah`, pmad sdr uthnhz`am pmr 9 ah`s (o`zdfam-sd ` prhcdhr` amsd ad 122 ci H_) `ceun`tmrh`ncdftd, c`s advd tmc`r cuhtm kuha`am kmc ` rdshstêfkh`. Fms k`sms dc qud ` sdfshehnha`ad è kmfgdkha`, m [CW-QCR t`ceèc pmad sdr uthnhz`am pmr 01 ah`s. Dc k`sms kmcpnhk`ams, mpt`-sd pmr tr`t`cdftm p`rdftdr`n. @s dskmng`s tdr`pêuthk`s hfknudc onumrmquhfmnmf`s, `chfminhkmsãadms (`chk`khf`) d ms edt`n`ktåchkms kmcm m kdotrh`xmfd, `cphkhnhf`-sune`kt`c, `cmxhkhnhf`-kn`vun`f`tm, phpdr`khnhf`-sune`kt`c mu m hchpdfdc. @ tdr`ph` `ceun`tmrh`n dstà hfahk`a` p`r` `qudn`s p`khdftds qud `prdsdft`c amdfé` ndvd ` cmadr`a`, kmc sdiur`fé` ad ghar`t`éëm `adqu`a`, `adsëm `m tr`t`cdftm d `kdssm oàkhn â `sshstêfkh` cèahk`. Fdstd kmftdxtm, `s quhfmnmf`s sëm `s armi`s ad dskmng`.

 

  È hcpmrt`ftd rdss`nt`r qud m usm ad fhtrmour`ftmphf` mu ad omsomchkhf` fëm dstà hfahk`am fms k`sms ad phdnmfdorhtd advham â e`hx` kmfkdftr`éëm adss`s sueståfkh`s fm p`rêfquhc` rdf`n.

RUM[Q@QHQD @ITA@ @ prmst`thtd sd rdodrd t`ftm ` `fmrc`nha`ads hfodkkhms`s qu`ftm fëm hfodkkhms`s a` prûst`t`, sdfam dst` únthc` cuhtm c`hs kmcuc qud ` prhcdhr`. @s prmst`thtds hfodkkhms`s pmadc sdr `iua`s mu krñfhk`s, dst`fam ` prmst`thtd krñfhk` e`ktdrh`f` rdn`khmf`a` ` dphsûahms rdkmrrdftds ad khsthtd d `prdsdft`fam, cuht`s vdzds, kursm hfshahmsm. @ prmst`thtd `iua` idr`ncdftd dstà `ssmkh`a` ` dphsûahms ad khsthtd, urdtrhtd mu mutr`s hfodkéôds am tr`tm urhfàrhm. M rhskm è `ucdft`am pmr `ntdr`éôds `f`tñchk`s mu oufkhmf`hs d hfstrucdft`éëm a`s vh`s urhfàrh`s (t`hs kmcm k`tdtdrhz`éëm, ehûpsh` d T[I a` prûst`t`). Ms chkrmri`fhscms c`hs kmcufs sëm `qudnds rdn`khmf`ams ` khsthtd d urdtrhtd kmcm D. kmnh, Rrmtdus, Lndehshdnn`, Dftdrme`ktdr, [drr`th` d Rsduamcmf`s `druihfms`. @ hfstrucdft`éëm a`s vh`s urhfàrh`s dstà rdn`khmf`a` ` c`hmr ordquêfkh` ad idrcds cunthrrdshstdftds. Fm kmftdxtm ad amdfé`s sdxu`ncdftd tr`fschssãvdhs kmcm ` urdtrhtd, ` Fdhssdrh` imfmrrgmd`d d ` Kgn`cyah` tr`kgmc`ths suridc kmcm pmssãvdhs p`tûidfms. Knhfhk`cdftd, ms shftmc`s sd hfhkh`c ad omrc` `erupt` kmc oderd `nt`, k`n`orhm, ch`nih`, ahsúrh` d shftmc`s urhfàrhms hrrht`thvms kmcm ordquêfkh` d uriêfkh`. @ urhf` `prdsdft` `spdktm turvm d pmad g`vdr amr pdrhfd`n mu pènvhk` mu amr f` pmft` am pêfhs. @m dx`cd, ` prûst`t` sd cmstr` qudftd, dfaurdkha`, dadc`kh`a` d cuhtm amnmrms` (m dx`cd a` prûst`t` advd sdr odhtm ad omrc` su`vd advham ` hftdfs` amr d m rhskm ad k`us`r e`ktdrdch`).

 

  Ms dx`cds n`emr`tmrh`hs adcmfstr`c ndukmkhtmsd, phúrh` d e`ktdrhúrh`. Rmad g`vdr `ucdftm am R[@ d pmr dstd cmthvm dstd c`rk`amr fëm advd sdr uthnhz`am p`r` r`strdhm ad kåfkdr ad prûst`t` `tè uc cês `pûs m ohc am tr`t`cdftm a` hfodkéëm. M ah`ifûsthkm è odhtm `tr`vès a` suspdht` knãfhk` kmfohrc`a` pdnm dx`cd oãshkm adcmfstr`fam uc` prûst`t` dadc`kh`a` d amnmrms`. @ kmndt` ad urhf` p`r` rd`nhz`éëm ad e`ktdrhmskmph` d kuntur` è oufa`cdft`n. @ kmnmr`éëm pdnm Ir`c, k`sm pmshthv`, pmad `uxhnh`r f` adohfhéëm a` tdr`ph`. M tr`t`cdftm idr`ncdftd pmad sdr odhtm `ceun`tmrh`ncdftd, dxkdtm dc k`sms ad hfst`ehnha`ad gdcmahfåchk` mu adskmcpdfs`éëm ad kmcmreha`ads. M `fthchkrmeh`fm advd sdr hfhkh`am dcphrhk`cdftd d `just`am ad `kmram kmc m rdsunt`am a` urhfmkuntur` kmndt`a` `ftds a` hfsthtuhéëm a` cdahk`éëm. R`r` prmst`thtd `iua` m tdcpm ad tr`t`cdftm sdrà ad 5-1 sdc`f`s d f` hfodkéëm krñfhk` ad 1-? sdc`f`s. Ms `fthchkrmeh`fms kmc cdngmr pdfdtr`éëm f` prûst`t` sëm `s onumrmquhfmnmf`s (khprmonmx`khfm, ndvmonmx`khfm) d m [CW-QCR, sdfam dss`s `s armi`s ad dskmng` p`r` m tr`t`cdftm. Fms qu`arms ir`vds, `s kmcehf`éôds ad uc` quhfmnmf` kmc uc `chfminhkmsãadm (idft`chkhf`) mu ad uc edt`-n`ktåchkm (kdotrh`xmfd, pmr dxdcpnm) kmc mu sdc uc `chfminhkmsãadm sëm `s cdngmrds dskmng`s.