Surveying Field Practice Assignment

 

 

QLCCL PJKY@R^KX[  

EKLX

 

H`portg`jt li nkvkc `jakj``rkja

 

Osskajg`jt li surv`ykja `ch > pronn`

Vr`por`h by

Irolc X`sioc`g QLPR/?8>9/??

 

   

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?

^ubgkt`h l

Jojo`c

 

 

^urv`ykja Ik`ch pronn` Osskajg`jt O sskajg`jt

Hksnuss m` ilcclwkja kj h`okc

Vort lj` O Xlplaropmkn surv`ykja Xlplaropmkn surv`ys w`r` nr`o`h kj s`rk`s l s`rv` os m` bosks ilr cora`r lplaropmkn gops. V`rilrg`h lj o cora` snoc`, m`s` surv`ys w`r` g`oj l smlw `c`voljs ojh cojhilrgs jl cks`h lj rohkljoc gops ojh surv`ys. Xm` rs lplaropmkn gop s`rk`s li oj `jr` nlujry ks ejlwj os m` Nort` aëlgëtrkqu` h` co Irojn` ( ?1=;). ?1=;). Xlplaropmkn surv`ys w`r` m`j us`h ilr gkckory ojh kjirosrunur`-bukchkja oppcknoljs. oppcknoljs. Kj m` ?;=6s, hoobos`s b`aoj l r`pcon` prkj`h lplaropmkn gops. Hoobos` nr`olrs nlgbkj`h m` kjilrgolj irlg mls` lplaropmkn gops wkm lm`r slurn`s l nr`o` wmo b`nog`, by m` gkh;6s, us`r-irk`jhcy r`slurn`s w` jlw r`nlajkz` wm`j w` onn`ss gops ljckj`. Kj pr`s`j hoy, lplaropmkn gops scc s`rv` m`kr purpls`4 ossksja wkm a`laropmkn pcojjkja, `orm snk`jn` suhk`s ojh nkvkc `jakj``rkja, sl w` noj soy Xlplaropmy  ks m` suhy li m` ilrgs ojh i`our`s li cojh surion`s. Xm` lplaropmy li oj or`o nluch r`i`r l m` surion` ilrgs ojh i`our`s m`gs`cv`s, lr o h`snrkplj (`sp`nkoccy m`kr h`pknlj kj gops). Xlplaropmy ks o `ch li a`l snk`jn` ojh pcoj`ory snk`jn` ojh ks nljn`rj`h wkm clnoc h`okc kj a`j`roc, kjncuhkja jl ljcy r`ck`i, bu ocsl jouroc ojh ornkoc i`our`s, ojh `v`j clnoc mkslry ojh nucur`. Xlplaropmy kj o jorrlw s`js` kjvlcv`s m` r`nlrhkja li r`ck`i lr `rrokj, m` mr``-hkg`jskljoc mr``-hkg`jskl joc quocky li m` surion`, ojh m` kh`jnolj li sp`nkn cojh ilrgs. Xmks ks ocsl ejlwj os a`l glrpmlg`ry. Kj glh`rj usoa`, mks kjvlcv`s a`j`rolj li `c`volj hoo kj hkakoc ilrg (H@G). K ks l`j nljskh`r`h l kjncuh` m` aropmkn r`pr`s`jolj li m` cojhilrg lj o gop by ojh vork`y li `nmjkqu`s, kjncuhkja nljlur ckj`s, mypslg`rkn js, ojh r`ck`i smohkja. O`r ojocyzkja m` Mkslrkn Bonearlujh li lplaropmkn ^urv`ykja, jlw w` noj s`` m` h`jklj ojh i`our`s li lplaropmkn surv`ykja  

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 2

 

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g`mlh g`m lh li h`` h``rgkjkj rgkjkja a m` mr`` mr``-hkg` -hkg`jsklj jskljoc oc plsk plskljs ljs,, lj m` surion` li m` `orm, li m` goj goh` ojh jouroc i`our`s.

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K ks ocsl us`h l h``rgkj` m` nljaurolj (lplaropmy) li m` `rrokj.

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Xm` lplaropmkn i`our`s ojh nljlur ckj`s, pclt`h kj o n`rokj snoc`, ilrg m` lplaropmkn gop (pcoj).

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us`h ilr m` pcojjkja li o bukchkja nlgpc`x, oj kjhusrkoc pcoj, o rokcwoy lr o mkamwoy prld`n os w`cc os ilr krrkaolj prld`ns `n.

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K ks m` rs s`p kj m` pcojjkja ojh h`skajkja li o godlr nkvkc `jakj``rkja prld`n. Xlplaropmkn surv`y ks skgpcy m` r`nlrhkja li nl lrhkjo`s Ojh m`kam hoo ilr o pornucor surv`y or`o. Xmks hoo noj b` us`h l nr`o` spl m`kam gops, nljlur gops, lr glr` nlgpc`x `rrokj glh`cs li m` surv`y`h or`o.

A`j`roc prkjnkpc` prkjnkpc`s4 s4

Blujhork`s k ks kgplroj lplaropmkn surv`ysclno`h, l r`nlrh m` blujhork`s ylur surv`y, -blm sl mo m`kjhoo noj b` spooccy bu ocsl, ilr m` li gojoa`g`j li plkj nlcc`nlj. Glr` l`j moj jl, surv`y blujhork`s or` h`j`h by `ch blujhork`s, ojh k ks allh pronn` l r`nlrh m`s` kgg`hko`cy o`r kjsrug`j s`up ojh lrk`jolj. I`otur`s - L`j m` surv`y or`o wkcc mov` bukchkjas, sojhkja r`gokjs, lr ornmo`lclaknoc ornmo`lclakn oc i`our`s wmknm ylu hlj‛ woj l kjncuh` wkm m` lplaropmkn hoo. Vlkjs osslnko`h wkm m`s` i`our`s smluch b` r`nlrh`h s`poro`cy ojh osskaj`h plkj KHs wmknm or` hk`r`j irlg m` KH li Xlplaropmkn plkjs. Xlpl Vlkjts - Xm` kh`o b`mkjh nlcc`nja lplaropmknoc plkjs ks skgpcy l r`nlrh

`c`volj hoo ilr m` `jr` or`o li surv`y. Kgplroj plkjs l e``p kj gkjh ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >

 

4 • Kh`occy plkjs wkcc b` r`nlrh`h o o mkam h`jsky (ncls` la`m`r) lv`r m` `jr` or`o li m` surv`y. • Kj pronn` mks ks jl l`j plsskbc` ojh hk`r`j sro`ak`s mov` l b` nmls`j4 wl plsskbkck`s or` os ilcclws4 ?. @v`j nlv`ro nlv`roa` a` lv`r lv`r surv`y or`o or`o Kj mks lplj lplj plkj plkj sponkja sponkja smluch smluch b` opprlxkgo`cy `quoc lv`r m` `jr` or`o li m` surv`y. Vrls4 Xm` m`lry b`mkjh mks g`mlh ks mo wkm o iucc ojh `v`j nlv`roa`, o ru` r`pr`s`jolj li m` lplaropmy li m` surv`y or`o wkcc b` a`j`ro`h. Nljs4 Xm` hrowbone ks mo kj pronn`, k ks l`j morh l r`nlrh o h`jsky li plkjs lv`r m` `jr` or`o mo wkcc onnuro`cy r``n m` h`okc`h surion` li m` arlujh. Rom`r, mks g`mlh l`j akv`s o a`j`roc kh`o li m` surion` li m` arlujh  2. I`our` lrk`j`h Xlpl surv`y ki m` surv`y or`o nlv`rs o jugb`r li `ormwlres lr or`os li ornmo`lclaknoc skajknojn`, o sro`ay wmknm nljn`jro`s lj m`s` or`os goy b` nmls`j. Kj mks yp` li surv`y plkjs or` nlcc`n`h o o mkam h`jsky kj m` or`o li m` ornmo`lclay/ i`our`, wmkc` m` surrlujhkja or`o ks surv`y`h o o clw`r h`jsky. Vrls4 Xmks sro`ay r`ck`s lj m` duhag`j li m` surv`ylr ojh mos m` pl`joc l b` v`ry onnuro` (m` mugoj `y` ks c` l duha` duh a` wm`r` glr` plkjs or` j``h`h bos`h lj m` nlgpc`xky li m` arlujh surion`. Nljs4 I`our`s wmknm `snop`h kjkoc lbs`rvolj by m` surv`ylr goy b` gkss`h. Or`os wkm v`ry i`w plkjs noj b` gkskj`rpr``h. Or`os wmknm or` c` lu m` surv`y ilr wmo`v`r r`oslj gus b` gore`h by surv`y blujhork`s. Kgplrtojn` li tlplaropmkn ^urv`y

Xlplaropmy mos o jugb`r li us`s kjncuhkja Oarknucur` „ lplaropmy ks l`j us`h kj oarknucur` l h``rgkj` mlw slkc noj b` nljs`rv`h ojh mlw wo`r wkcc lw lv`r m` cojh @jvkrljg`j „ Hoo irlg lplaropmy noj b` us`h l nljs`rv` m` `jvkrljg`j. By ujh`rsojhkja m` nljlur li m` cojh, snk`jss noj h``rgkj` mlw wo`r ojh wkjhy go nous` `rlsklj. Xm`y noj m`cp l `sobcksm nljs`rvolj or`os sunm os wo`rsm`hs ojh wkjhy bclnes. 

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 8

 

Q`om`r- m` lplaropmy li m` cojh noj mov` oj kgpon lj w`om`r pot`rjs. G``lrlclakss G``lrlclak ss us` kjilrgolj lj glujokjs, vocc`ys, ln`ojs, ojh coe`s l m`cp pr`hkn m` w`om`r Gkckory- Xlplaropmy ks ocsl kgplroj l m` gkckory. Orgk`s mrluamlu mkslry mov` us`h kjilrgolj lr `c`volj, mkccs, wo`r, ojh lm`r cojhilrgs wm`j pcojjkja m`kr gkckory sro`ay.

B @c`g`jt li tlplaropmkn gop Xm` gokj `c`g`js li lplaropmkn gops or` ^clp`ss ^clp` `c`volj li o plkj B`jnm gore ojh G`oj s`o c`v`c Nljlur ckj`s Gops B`orkja Ncossk`h rlohs Mlrkzljoc houg C`a`jh Goaj`n jlrm Joljoc lplaropmkn sys`g Vrld`nlj R`ck`i  ^pl `c`volj ^ygblcs

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 0

 

Xlplaropmy Pjncossk`h rlohs  ^clp`s

O sclp` ks m` rks` lr iocc li m` cojh surion`. K ks kgplroj ilr m` iorg`r lr krrkaolr l kh`jiy m` sclp`s lj m` cojh. O sclp` ks `osy l r`nlajkz` kj o mkccy or`o. ^or nckgbkja irlg m` ill li o mkcc lworh m` lp, mks ks nocc`h o rkskja sclp` (s`` Ika. 89, bcone orrlw). Al hlwjmkcc, mks ks o iocckja sclp` (s`` Ika. 89, wmk` orrlw). Ika. 89. O rkskja ojh o iocckja sclp`

Ico or`os or` j`v`r srkncy mlrkzljoc5 m`r` or` a`jc` sclp`s kj o s``gkjacy o or`o, bu m`y or` l`j morhcy jln`obc` l m` joe`h `y`. Oj onnuro` surv`y li  m` cojh ks j`n`ssory l kh`jiy m`s` sl nocc`h "o sclp`s".

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 9

 

G`tmlh li `xpr`sskja sclp`s

Xm` sclp` li o `ch ks `xpr`ss`h os o rol. K ks m` v`rnoc hksojn`, lr hk`r`jn` kj m`kam, b`w``j wl plkjs kj o `ch, hkvkh`h by m` mlrkzljoc hksojn` b`w``j m`s` wl plkjs. Xm` ilrguco ks4

..... (?8o)

Xm` sclp` noj ocsl b` `xpr`ss`h kj p`rn`j5 m` ilrguco us`h ks m`j4

..... (?8b)

Ikjoccy, m` sclp` noj b` `xpr`ss`h kj p`r gkc5 m` ilrguco us`h ks m`j4

..... (?8n)

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 1

 

@c`volj li o plkjt

Kj aur` plkj O ks o m` lp li o nljnr`` brkha`. Ojy lm`r plkj kj m` surrlujhkja or`o ks mkam`r lr clw`r moj O, ojh m` v`rnoc hksojn` b`w``j m` wl noj b` h``rgkj`h. Ilr `xogpc`, B ks mkam`r moj O, ojh m` v`rnoc hksojn` b`w``j O ojh B ks 2 g. Vlkj N, ks clw`r moj O ojh m` v`rnoc hksojn` b`w``j O ojh N ks ? g. Ki plkj O ks nmls`j os o r`i`r`jn` plkj lr houg, m` `c`volj li ojy lm`r plkj kj m` `ch noj b` h`j`h os m` v`rnoc hksojn` b`w``j mks plkj ojh O.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` =

 

R`i`r`jn` plkjt lr hotug "O"

Xmus, m` m`kam lr `c`volj li B, kj r`colj l m` houg O, ks 2 g ojh m` `c`volj li N, ocsl r`co`h l m` houg O, ks ? g. Os o r`gkjh`r mo o plkj p lkj ks oblv` lr b`clw m` houg, ks `c`volj ks pr`x`h by m` skaj + (pcus) ki k ks oblv` m` houg, lr - (gkjus) ki k ks b`clw m` houg. Xm`r`ilr`, kj r`colj l m` houg O, m` `c`volj li B ks +2 g ojh m` `c`volj li N ks -? g. B`jnm gore ojh g`oj s`o c`v`c

O b`jnm gore ks o p`rgoj`j gore `sobcksm`h kj o `ch l us` os o r`i`r`jn` plkj. O b`jnm gore noj b` o nljnr`` bos` kj wmknm oj krlj bor ks x`h, kjhknoja m` `xon pcon` li m` r`i`r`jn` plkj. O b`jnm gore noj ocsl b` o p`rgoj`j lbd`n lj m` iorg, sunm os m` lp li o nljnr`` srunur`. Kj gls nlujrk`s m` lplaropmknoc h`porg`js mov` `sobcksm`h o joljoc j`wlre li b`jnm gores wkm lnkoccy r`aks`r`h `c`voljs. Occ b`jnm gore m`kams or` akv`j kj r`coljsmkp l m` lj` joljoc houg pcoj` wmknm kj a`j`roc ks m` g`oj s`o c`v`c (G^C) ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ;

 

O b`jnm gore (B.G.) ojh g`oj s`o c`v`c (G.^.C.)

  Nljtlur ckj`s

O nljlur ckj` ks m` kgoakjory mlrkzljoc ckj` mo nljj`ns occ plkjs kj o `ch wmknm mov` m` sog` `c`volj. O nljlur ckj` ks kgoakjory bu noj b` vksuockz`h by oekja m` `xogpc` li o coe`. Xm` wo`r c`v`c li o coe` goy glv` up ojh hlwj, bu m` wo`r surion` ocwoys r`gokjs mlrkzljoc. Xm` c`v`c li m` wo`r lj m` smlr` ckj` li m` coe` goe`s o nljlur ckj` b`nous` k r`onm`s plkjs wmknm or` occ o m` sog` `c`volj ^uppls` m` wo`r c`v`c li m` coe` rks`s 06 ng oblv` ks lrkakjoc c`v`c. Xm` nljlur ckj`, ilrg`h by m` smlr` ckj`, nmoja`s ojh oe`s o j`w smop`, jlw  dlkjkja occ m` plkjs 06 ng ng mkam`r moj m` lrkakjoc coe` coe` c`v`c Nljlur ckj`s or` us`iuc g`ojs l kccusro` m` lplaropmy li o `ch lj o o gop5 m` m`kam li `onm nljlur ckj` ks kjhkno`h lj m` gop sl mo m` mkccs lr h`pr`sskljs noj b` kh`j`h. B`orkja4 Xm` mlrkzljoc ojac` o o akv`j plkj, g`osur`h nclnewks` irlg goaj`n

jlrm lr ru` jlrm l o s`nljh plkj.  Ncossk`h rlohs4 Rlohs ilr wmknm surion` yp`, wkhm ojh us` or` kh`j`h. ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?6

 

 Mlrkzljtoc hotug4 Xm` plskljoc r`i`r`jn` lr bosks ilr m` a`laropmkn clnolj

li i`our`s lj o gop.  C`a`jh4 O h`snrkplj, `xpcojolj obc` li sygblcs, lr lm`r kjilrgolj, lj o gop lr nmor l prlvkh` o b`t`r ujh`rsojhkja ojh kj`rpr`olj li k  Goaj`n jlrtm4 Hkr`nlj l wmknm o nlgposs j``hc` plkjs.  G`oj s`o c`v`c4 Xm` ov`roa` m`kam li m` surion` li m` s`o ilr occ soa`s li h`, us`h os o r`i`r`jn` surion` irlg wmknm `c`voljs or` g`osur`h. Joljoc Xlplaropmkn ^yst`g4 Oj lrh`rcy kjh`x sys`g sukobc` ilr o s`rk`s li

gops li hk`r`j snoc`s ilr m` nlv`roa` li o jolj  Vrld`nlj4  A`lg`rkn r`pr`s`jolj li m` nurv`h surion` li m` @orm lj o o sm`` li pop`r.  R`ck`i 4 Xm` pmysknoc nljaurolj li m` @orm‛s surion`, h`pkn`h lj o lplaropmkn gop by nljlur ckj`s ojh spl m`kams.  ^plt `c`volj4 O plkj lj o gop wm`r` m`kam oblv` g`oj s`o c`v`c ks jl`h, usuoccy by o hl ojh `c`volj vocu`5 k ks smlwj wm`r`v`r pronnoc (rloh kj`rs`nljs, suggks, coe`s, cora` o or`os ojh h`pr`sskljs).

 ^ygblcs4 O hkoarog, h`skaj, c`t`r lr obbr`vkoljs, pcon`h lj gops, mo (by

nljv`jlj, usoa` lr r`i`r`jn` l o c`a`jh) ks ujh`rsllh l sojh ilr lr r`pr`s`j o sp`nkn i`our` lr lbd`n Xlplaropmy4 ^urion` i`our`s blm jouroc ojh goj-goh`, nlcc`nv`cy h`pkn`h

lj lplaropmkn gops. Pjncossk`h rlohs4 Rlohs ilr wmknm m` surion` ks ujkh`j`h.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ??

 

N Xm` hk`r`jn` b`tw``j tlplaropmkn gop ojh pcoj ?. Xlplaropmknoc pcojs ojh gops or` hrowkjas wmknm smlw tm` gokj pmysknoc i`tur`s lj tm` arlujh, sunm os bukchkjas, i`jn`s, rlohs, rkv`rs, coe`s ojh ilr`sts, os w`cc os tm` nmoja`s kj `c`votklj b`tw``j cojh ilrgs sunm os vocc`ys ojh mkccs (nocc`h v`rtknoc r`ck`i). [lu bos` tm`s` pcojs ojh gops lj tm` kjilrgotklj ylu nlcc`nt irlg tlplaropmknoc surv`ys. 2. Vcojs or` usuoccy cora`-snoc` hrowkjas5 gops or` usuoccy sgocc-snoc` hrowkjas hrowkjas.. H`p`jhkja lj tm` snoc` ylu us` tl goe` tm` hrowkja (s`` ^`ntklj ;.?)4 kt ks o pcoj ki tm` snoc` ks ks  cora`r tmoj ? ng ilr ?66 g (? 4 ?6 666), ilr `xogpc` ? ng ilr 20 g5 kt ks o gop ki tm` snoc` ks `quoc tl lr sgocc`r tmoj ? ng ilr ?66 g (? 4 ?6 666), ilr `xogpc` ? ng ilr 266 g lr ? ng ilr ?666 g. Xlplaropmkn gops or` h`tokc`h, onnurot` aropmkn r`pr`s`jtotkljs li i`otur`s tmot opp`or lj tm` @ortm's surion`. Xm`s` i`otur`s kjncuh`4 nucturoc4 rlohs, bukchkjas, urboj h`v`clpg`jt, rokcwoys, okrplrts, jog`s li pcon`s ojh a`laropmkn i`otur`s, ohgkjkstrotkv` blujhork`s, stot` ojh kjt`rjotkljoc blrh`rs, r`s`rv`s myhrlaropmy4 coe`s, rkv`rs, str`ogs, swogps, nlostoc icots r`ck`i4 glujtokjs, vocc`ys, nljtlurs ojh nckiis, h`pr`sskljs v`a`totklj4 wllh`h ojh nc`or`h or`os, vkj`yorhs ojh lrnmorhs.

O gop c`a`jh (lr e`y) cksts tm` i`otur`s smlwj lj tmot gop, ojh tm`kr nlrr`spljhkja sygblcs Vcojs ojh gops mov` twl gokj purpls`s kj iksm-iorg nljstruntklj. Xm`y m`cp aukh` ylu kj nmllskja o skt`, pcojjkja tm` iksm-iorg, ojh h`skajkja tm` struntur`s tmot or` j``h`h ilr tm` iorg. Vcojs ojh gops ocsl aukh` ylu os ylu coy lut gores lj tm` arlujh5 sl tmot ylu noj ilcclw tm` pcoj ylu mov` goh` li tm` iksm-iorg, ojh  bukch tm` struntur`s struntur`s lj kt nlrr`ntcy.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?2

 

Xlplaropmkn Gop

Ki tm` snoc` li tm` aropmknoc r`pr`s`jtotklj lj o mlrkzljtoc pcoj` ks sgocc, tm` pcoj ks nocc`h o gop. O gop ks hrowj lj o sgocc snoc`. ^noc`4 ? ng 7 ?66 g lr : ?66 g Lj o tlplaropmkn gop, v`rtknoc hkst‛s (`c`votkljs) or` ocsl smlwj by nljtlur ckj`s. O gop ks hrowj ilr cora` or`o. `.a. „ Gop li Or`o Vcoj

O pcoj ks tm` aropmknoc r`pr`s`jtotklj, tl slg` snoc`, li i`otur`s lj, r`or lr b`clw tm` surion` li tm` `ortm os prld`nt`h lj mlrkzljtoc pcoj`. O pcoj ks hrowj lj o cora` snoc`. ^noc`4 ? ng 7 ?6 g lr 3 ?6 g Lj o poj, a`j`roccy mlrkzljtoc hust‛s& hkr`ntkljs or` smlwj. O pcoj ks hrowj ilr sgocc or`o. `.a. „ Vcoj li mlus`, pcoj li brkha`

H Vurpls` li tlplaropmkn gop Xlplaropmkn gops or` o llc mo noj wl-hkg`jskljoc wl-hkg`jskljoccy cy r`pr`s`j o mr``hkg`jskljoc cojhsnop`. Xm`y hl mks by uskja nlclr-nlh`h ckj`s l gop m` `orm‛s surion`. Ki ylu or` obc` l r`oh o lplaropmkn gop, ylu noj jh lu wm`r` m` clw`s pors li m` cojh or` os w`cc os m` p`oes. Xmks ekjh li kjilrgolj ks us`iuc ilr o vork`y li r`osljs, cke` mkekja, bukchkja prld`ns, hknoja m` glv`s li gkckory, ojh rojsplrolj. Xlplaropmkn gops or` kgplroj b`nous` m`y onnuro`cy ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?>

 

r`pr`s`j m` `rrokj li oj or`o. Xmo g`ojs mo m`y gojy hk`r`j kjhusrk`s us` m`g l ujh`rsojh m` or`o m`y or` wlrekja kj. Xmks nluch kjncuh` s`c`nja or`os ilr rloh nljsrunlj, nmllskja pcon`s ilr r`s`rvlkrs ojh hogs, ojh h`nkhkja wm`r` l pu okrplrs ojh lm`r cora` ionkck`s. Nky gojoa`rs us` mks kjilrgolj l m`cp m`g zlj` cojh ojh h``rgkj` wm`r` l ilnus nky s`rvkn`s. Xlplaropmkn Gops kj Mkekja

Qm`j ylu or` pcojjkja oj `x`jskv` mke`, k‛s m`cpiuc l mov` o lplaropmkn gop. Goe` sur` mo k‛s oj up-l-ho` lj` ojh mo k‛s wo`rprlli. Xm` cos mkja ylu woj ks l a` cls kj m` wkch`rj`ss wkm o bclt`h gop.

[lu wkcc ocsl j``h l goe` sur` mo m` gop mos s`osljoc sjlwiocc kjilrgo kjilrgolj lj lj k. Xm` `c`volj li cojh noj vory bos`h lj m` ogluj li kn` mo mos pkc`h up lv`r m` y`or. Xlplaropmkn Gops kj Cojh H`v`clpg`jt

Movkja o lplaropmkn gop noj m`cp ylu h`nkh` wm`r` ylu smluch bukch lj ylur prlp`ry. Xm`y‛r` ocsl us`h by alv`rjg`js l zlj` cojh ilr h`v`clpg`j. Ki oj or`o ks v`ry s``p m`j k‛s jl l`j zlj`h ilr nlgg`rnkoc lr r`skh`joc us`. Qmkc` clw`r or`os or` o ar`o pcon` l bukch bu kch cora` goccs, snmllcs, ojh glr`. Xlplaropmkn Gops ilr Vrld`nt Vcojjkja

Qm`j ylu or` pcojjkja l nljsrun o bukchkja slg`wm`r` `c`vo`h ojh r`gl`, k noj b` hknuc l a` o m` go`rkocs ylu j``h. Bu wkm o lplaropmkn gop, ylu wkcc b` obc` l pcoj lu o rlu` mo goe`s s`js`.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?8

 

Ilr `xogpc`, ki ylu or` bukchkja o cla nobkj lj o glujokj mo hl`sj‛ mov` ojy `sobcksm`h rlohs, o lplaropmkn gop noj m`cp ylu pcoj o rlu` mrluam m` ilr`s. Xlplaropmkn Gops ilr Xrojsplrtolj Vcojjkja

Lj` li m` bkaa`s bukchkja nmocc`ja`s w` ion` os o slnk`y ks rykja l l`r rojsplrolj lpplrujk`s l `v`rylj`. Qkm o lplaropmkn gop, gujknkpock`s or` obc` l pcoj rlu`s mo goe` s`js` wkm m` a`laropmy li m`kr or`o. Kj ohhklj, lplaropmkn gops noj prlvkh` kjilrgolj ilr bukchkja mkamwoys. Xm`y or` o ar`o llc ilr s`c`nja o pr`ckgkjory rlu` ojh a`ja oj `sgo` ilr mlw gunm k wluch nls l nu kjl m` cojh. Xlplaropmkn Gops kj tm` Gkcktory

Xm` gkckory us`s lplaropmkn gops l ujh`rsojh m` or`os m`y or` amja kj ojh nr`o` pomwoys l h`i`o m` `j`gy. Xm`y noj glv` rllps l ovlkh s``p nckgbs ojh nljs`rv` m`kr `j`ray wm`j rov`ckja lj ill. Qkm o mkam-quocky lplaropmkn gop, gkckory p`rsljj`c noj ocsl pr`hkn m` glv`s li m` `j`gy b`ilr` m`y mopp`j bos`h lj claknoc r`osljkja. Xm`y or` ocsl us`iuc kj s`c`nja m` pcon`g`j li gkckory `jnogpg`js b`nous` m`y noj clno` o cojh j`or jouroc r`slurn`s cke` wo`r kj oj ujiogkckor or`o. Xlplaropmkn Gops ilr A`lclaknoc ^urv`y ojh @jvkrljg`jtoc Kgpont

Lj` li m` gls nlgglj us`s ilr o lplaropmkn gop ks os o a`lclaknoc surv`y. Xm`y noj pr`s`rv` m` lur jolj‛s j olj‛s ilr`ss irlg h`v`cl h`v`clpg`j pg`j by gokjokjkja o r`nlrh li m` us` li m` cojh ojh m` woy h`ilr`sol h`ilr`solj j nmoja`s k. Kj ohhklj, m`y noj h`skaj r`amja sys`gs mo wkcc wlre kj nos` li oj `g`ra`jny r` lubr`oe. Xm`y noj pr`hkn m` b`movklr li o pl`joc r` ojh m`cp ylu h`skaj oj pcoj lj mlw ylu noj r`onm m` r` kj mo or`o ojh pu k lu. ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?0

 

O joc us` ilr m`s` gops kj o a`lclaknoc surv`y ks `xpclrkja ilr gkj`roc h`plsks. Xm`y noj s`` wm`r` gkj`rocs mov` b``j hua up b`ilr` ojh ossks pcojj`rs kj nlgkja up wkm oj kh`o ilr wm`r` m`y woj l gkj` j`x. Cojh I`otur`s

Xm` smop` li m` nljlur ckj`s noj `cc ylu m` smop` li m` cojhilrgs kj o pornucor or`o. Ilr `xogpc`, nljn`jrkn nkrnc`s smlw o p`oe, wkm m` sgocc`s nkrnc` gorekja m` suggk. Nljlur ckj`s mo or` ncls` la`m`r kjhkno` mo m` cojh ks v`ry s``p, wmkc` nljlur ckj`s mo or` spr`oh opor smlw mo m` cojh ks r`cov`cy o. Nljlur ckj`s mo `jnkrnc` wl p`oes -- lr wl s`s li nljn`jrkn nkrnc`s -- noj kjhkno` m` pr`s`jn` li o sohhc`, lr aop, b`w``j m` p`oes. P^A^ Gops

Xlplaropmkn gops li m` `jr` nlujry mov` b``j prlhun`h by m` P.^. A`lclaknoc ^urv`y, wmknm b`aoj surv`ykja cojh l nr`o` sunm gops kj ?=1;. Xlhoy, m` P^A^ mos nr`o`h glr` moj 08,666 gops, wmknm ilrg m` bosks li gls nlgg`rnkoccy ovokcobc` lplaropmkn gops us`h lhoy. P^A^ lpl gops ocsl smlw i`our`s mo ylu wluch s`` lj r`aucor rloh gops, kjncuhkja mkamwoys, hkr rlohs, lwjs ojh srunur`s. Xm` gops ocsl smlw plw`r ckj`s, rkv`rs, aconk`rs ojh gkj`s. Lrk`jja tm` Gop

Xl gonm o lplaropmkn gop l m` cojhsnop` orlujh ylu, wmknm wkcc occlw ylu l kh`jiy i`our`s sunm os glujokjs ojh rkv`rs5 k's kgplroj l goe` sur` m` gop ks lrk`j`h nlrr`ncy. [lu noj quknecy lrk`j m` gop by uskja o nlgposs ojh m` "nlgposs rls`" ilujh lj m` gop, wmknm wkcc mov` oj orrlw plkjja jlrm. Ckj` up m` nlgposs j``hc`, wmknm plkjs jlrm, j lrm, wkm m` orrlw lj m` nlgposs rls`, urjkja m` gop ki j`n`ssory.

@ G`tmlhs li Xlplaropmkn g`tmlh ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?9

 

Xm` gokj a`j`roc g`mlhs l pr`por` lplaropmkn gops or` cks`h b`clw ? Arlujh G`tmlh

Ks hlj` by g`ojs li loc solj lr m`lhlck` (sohko onm`lg`r`), onm`lg`r`), os w`cc os wkm c`v`cs, op`s. Xmks g`mlh ks `nljlgkn ojh sukobc` ilr r`cov` sgocc or`os 2 Vmltlarogg`trkn g`tmlh

Xm` pmllarogg`rkn g`mlh ks m` oppcknolj li `rr`srkoc pmllarogg`ry l r`jnm claakja, ojh goy b` r`qukr`h ilr v`ry cora`, krr`aucor iouc `xplsur`s mo nojjl b` onn`ss`h `v`rywm`r`. Xm` g`mlh wos h`v`clp`h kj m` co` ?;=6s by Iokr`r ` oc. (?;=;) ojh Nl` ` oc. (?;;?), uskja ojocynoc s`r`l pclt`rs. Xw`jyv` y`ors co`r m` g`mlh jlw uckz`s >-H hkakoc `nmjlclay, bu gojy prkjnkpc`s r`gokj m` sog`. Xm` lv`rcoppkja pmllaropms or` ojocyz`h kj nlgg`rnkoc >-H pmllarogg`rkn slwor`. Xm`s` prlarogs w`r` h`skaj`h ilr goppkja lp`j-pk gkj` woccs (ypknoccy 20-g mkam ojh kjonn`sskbc`) ojh m` srunur`s `xpls`h lj m`g, pornucorcy ioucs ojh dlkjs. Vmllarogg`rkn claakja mos gojy ohvojoa`s kj sgocc`r r`jnm`s ocsl ojh goy sllj r`pcon` 2-H claakja. > Hoto irlg sot`cckt`

Gunm li a`lglrpmlclay h`p`jhs lj onnuro` lplaropmkn hoo. ^o`cck`s mov` rojsilrg`h lur obkcky l nopur` sunm hoo irlg pcoj`ory surion`s lv`r m` cos 2 h`noh`s. Xrucy aclboc hoos`s w`r` ljcy rs r`c`os`h kj m` co` ?;;6s5 kj ?;;1, o 0 orngkju` hoos` (rluamcy ?6-eg-wkh` pkx`cs o m` `quolr) wos r`c`os`h, ilcclw`h ilcclw`h kj m` sog` y`or by o >6 orn s`nljh hoos` (AXLVL>65 rluamcy ?-eg-wkh` pkx`cs o m` `quolr). Xm` wkh`spr`oh us` li aclboc lplaropmkn hoos`s ilr a`lglrpmkn oppcknoljs b`aoj wkm r`c`os` li m` ^mutc` Rohor Xlplaropmy Gkssklj's (^RXG) > orn s`nljh prlhun kj 2668 (rluamcy ;6 g wkh` o m` `quolr). ^RXG hoo occlw`h, ilr `xogpc`, m` `xronlj li rkv`r prlc`s, sclp` gops o m` mkccsclp` snoc`, ojh llhpcokjs. Kj m` cos h`noh`, ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?1

 

kgprlv`g`js kj blm m` r`slculj ojh quocky li lplaropmkn hoo mov` onn`c`ro`h ropkhcy. Aclboc >6 g hoo wos r`c`os`h kj 266; (O^X@R), ilcclw`h by nlgg`rnkoc 0 g (OCL^ Qlrch >H) ojh ?2 g (Xoj H@G-] H@G) prlhuns kj 26?9. Xmks nmop`r akv`s oj lv`rvk`w li m` mkslry li so`cck`so`cck`-h`rkv`h h`rkv`h lplaropmkn hoo prlhuns. K hksnuss`s m` hk`r`j kjsrug`js us`h ojh `nmjkqu`s ovokcobc` ilr a`j`roja lplaropmkn hoo irlg spon`. K m`j r`vk`ws m` onnurony ojh ovokcobkcky li lplaropmkn hoos`s ojh hksnuss`s m` kgpcknoljs ilr a`lglrpmkn r`s`ornm. Ikjoccy, k hksnuss`s m` pl`joc ilr iuur` so`cck` gksskljs l kgprlv` aclboc lplaropmkn kjilrgolj.

I Nljtlur, nljtlur kjt`rvoc ojh mlrkzljtoc `qukvoc`jn` Nljtlur

 Nljlurs or` kgoakjory ckj`s dlkjkja pcon`s movkja m` sog` `c`volj oblv` g`oj s`o c`v`c. O gop smlwkja m` cojhilrg li oj or`o by nljlurs ks nocc`h o nljlur gop. Xm` g`mlh li smlwkja r`ck`i i`our`s mrluam nljlur ks v`ry us`iuc ojh v`rsoc`. Xm` nljlur ckj`s lj o gop prlvkh` o us`iuc kjskam kjl m` lplaropmy li oj or`o. @orck`r, arlujh surv`ys ojh c`v`cckja g`mlhs w`r` us`h l hrow nljlurs lj lplaropmknoc gops. Mlw`v`r, m` kjv`jlj li pmllaropmy ojh subs`qu`j us` li o`rkoc pmllaropmy mov` r`pcon`h m` nljv`jljoc g`mlhs li surv`ykja, c`v`cckja ojh goppkja. M`jn`ilrm, m`s` pmllaropms or` us`h kj lplaropmknoc goppkja. Nljlurs or` hrowj o hk`r`j v`rnoc kj`rvocs (YK), cke` 26, 06, ?66 g``rs oblv` m` g`oj s`o c`v`c. K ks ejlwj os nljlur kj`rvoc. K ks usuoccy nljsoj lj o akv`j gop. K ks a`j`roccy `xpr`ss`h kj g``rs. Qmkc` m` v`rnoc kj`rvoc b`w``j m` wl sunn`sskv` nljlur ckj`s r`gokjs nljsoj, m` mlrkzljoc hksojn` vork`s irlg pcon` l pcon` h`p`jhkja uplj m` jour` li sclp`. Xm` mlrkzljoc hksojn`, ocsl ejlwj os m` mlrkzljoc `qukvoc`j (M@), ks cora` wm`j m` sclp` ks a`jc`r ojh h`nr`os`s wkm kjnr`oskja sclp` arohk`j.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?=

 

Nljtlur kjt`rvoc

Nljlur Kj`rvoc Xm` hk`r`jn` kj `c`volj b`w``j sunn`sskv` nljlur ckj`s lj o akv`j gop ks x`h. Xmks v`rnoc hksojn` b`w``j ojy wl nljlur ckj`s kj o gop ks nocc`h m` nljlur kj`rvoc (N.K.) li m` gop Mlrkzljtoc @qukvoc`jt

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` ?;

 

A Xm` r`colj b`tw``j nljtlur kjt`rvoc ojh snoc`, Mlrkzljtoc `qukvoc`jn` ojh snoc` Xm` r`colj b`tw``j nljtlur kjt`rvoc ojh snoc` Mlrkzljtoc hkstojn`s kj tm` r`oc wlrch. B`nous` tlplaropmkn gops kjnlrplrot` tm` tmkrh (v`rtknoc) hkg`jsklj li tm` `ortm‛s surion`, tm`y ocsl mov` o v`rtknoc snoc`. Xmks snoc` ks ckst`h lj o tlplaropmkn gop os tm` nljtlur kjt`rvoc. Xm` nljtlur kjt`rvoc ks tm` v`rtknoc hkstojn` r`pr`s`jt`h by nljs`nutkv` nljtlur ckj`s lj tm` gop. Kj a`j`roc, tm` sgocc`r tm` snoc` li tm` gop (r`g`gb`r, sgocc snoc` gops smlw o cora`r or`o li tm` `ortm‛s surion`) tm` cora`r tm` nljtlur kjt`rvoc wkcc b`. Ilr `xogpc`, tm` nljtlur kjt`rvoc lj o 1. 1.0 0 gkjut` quoh ks nlggljcy 86 i``t, wmkc` lj o lj` lr twl h`ar`` sm``t kt wkcc lit`j b` ?66 i``t. Kj lrh`r tl goe` tlplaropmkn gops glr` us`iuc, tm`r` or` `xn`ptkljs tl tmks ruc` li tmugb. Kj v`ry icot or`os, sunm os tm` pcokjs p cokjs li tm` gkh w`st lr tm` ^joe` Rkv`r Vcokj, nljtlur kjt`rvocs li lj` mujhr`h, lr `v`j ilrty, i``t goy jlt b` v`ry us`iuc os tm`y wkcc b` v`ry wkh`cy spon`h. Kj or`os sunm os tm`s`, suppc`g`jtoc nljtlurs or` lit`j ohh`h ot ikv` lr t`j illt kjt`rvocs ( suppc`g`jtoc  suppc`g`jtoc nljtlurs opp`or lj P^A^ tlplaropmkn gops os hosm`h ckj`s). ckj`s). ^kgkcorcy, kj v`ry st``p glujtokjlus or`os tm` nljtlurs goy b` b ` glr` wkh`cy spon`h tl ovlkh ncust`rkja li ckj`s kjtl ujr`ohobc` goss`s. Xm` nljtlur kjt`rvoc us`h lj o tlplaropmkn gop ks prkjt`h b`clw tm` snoc` kj tm` gop c`a`jh.

R`aorhc`ss li tm` nljtlur kjt`rvoc nmls`j, ylu yl u wkcc jltkn` tmot tm`r` or` ot c`ost twl typ`s li nljtlur ckj`s lj o tlplaropmkn gop. Xmkne nljtlur ckj`s, nocc`h kjh`x nljtlurs, mov` `c`votkljs  prkjt`h lj tm`g p`rklhknoccy lv`r tm`kr c`jatm. B`tw``j `onm kjh`x nljtlur or` ilur kjt`rg`hkot` nljtlurs tmot or` tmkjj`r ckj`s tmoj tm` kjh`x nljtlurs. Xm` `c`votklj nmoja` b`tw``j tm` kjt`rg`hkot` nljtlurs ks wmot ks akv`j kj tm` gop c`a`jh. ^l, ki tm` nljtlur kjt`rvoc ckst`h kj tm` gop c`a`jh ks ilrty i``t, `onm kjt`rg`hkot` nljtlur r`pr`s`jts ilrty i``t ojh tm` `c`votklj nmoja`  b`tw``j kjh`x nljtlurs ks 266 i``t. Lj gojy tlplaropmkn gops tm`s` wkcc b` tm` ljcy typ`s li nljtlur ckj`s smlwj. Mlw`v`r, os g`jtklj`h oblv`, slg` gops wkcc mov` suppc`g`jtory nljtlur ckj`s r`pr`s`jtkja sgocc`r v`rtknoc hkstojn`s. Ki suppc`g`jtory nljtlur ckj`s or` us`h, tm`y wkcc b` hosm`h ckj`s ojh tm` suppc`g`jtoc nljtlur kjt`rvoc wkcc b` ckst`h b`clw tm` r`aucor nljtlur kjt`rvoc kj tm` gop ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 26

 

c`a`jh. O ikjoc typ` li nljtlur tmot goy opp`or lj o tlplaropmkn gop ks o ckj` r`pr`s`jtkja o ncls`h h`pr`ssklj (sunm os o skjemlc` lr o nrot`r ot tm` tlp li o vl vlcnojl). cnojl). Xm`s` nljtlurs wkcc b` monmur`h (tm`y wkcc mov` sgocc tkn gores p`rp`jhknucor tl tm` gokj nljtlur ckj`), wktm tm` tkn gores plkjtkja hlwjsclp`. Xm` r`cotklj b`tw``j mlrkzljtoc `qukvoc`jn` ojh snoc`

 „ Xlplaropmkn Gop Nut Nutss ojh ikccs or` goj-goh` i`otur`s tmot r`suc r`suctt wm`j tm`

 b`h li o rloh lr rokcrloh ks aroh`h aroh`h lr c`v`c`h lii by nutt nuttkja kja tmrluam mkam or`os ojh ikcckja kj clw or`os oclja tm` rkamt-li-woy O v`rtknoc lr j`or v`rtknoc sclp` ks o nckii os h`snrkb`h pr`vkluscy, wm`j tm` sclp` li oj kjnckj`h surion` kjnr`os`s tm` nljtlur ckj`s b`nlg` ncls`r tla`tm`r. Kj tm` nos` li o nckii, tm` nljtlur ckj`s noj ontuoccy dlkj, os smlwj kj Jltkn` tm` tkne gores smlwj kj tmks ikaur`. Xm`s` tkne gores ocwoys plkjt hlwjaroh`. O tlplaropmkn kjt`rg`hkot` snoc`, ilcclwkja nrkt`rko4 Cora` snoc`4 Kjt`rg`hkot` snoc`4 ^gocc snoc`4 Xm` h`skajot`h gop ks nocc`h lr sgocc snoc` `ktm`r cora` snoc`, by tm` us` li tm` ? kjnm7 ?66 i``t l lrr c`ss ojy ssnoc` noc` irlg ? kjnm7 ?66 i``t tl ? kjnm7 ?,666 i``t ? kjnm7 ?,666 i``t lr glr`. nljtlur kjt`rvoc vork`s wktm tm` purpls` ojh snoc` li tm` gop ojh tm` nmoront`r li tm` t`rrokj. smlws tm` r`nlgg`jh`h nljtlur kjt`rvocs tmot ylu goy us` tl pr`por` o tlplaropmkn gop.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 2?

 

M g`tmlhs li nljtlurkja Xm`r` or` gokjcy wl g`mlhs li clnoja nljlurs4(?)Hkr`n G`mlh ojh  (2) Kjhkr`n G`mlh.  Hkr`n G`mlh4 Kj mks g`mlh, m` nljlurs l b` clno`h or` hkr`ncy ron`h lu kj m` `ch by clnoja ojh gorekja o jugb`r li plkjs lj `onm nljlur. Xm`s` plkjs or` m`j surv`y`h ojh pclt`h lj pcoj ojh m` nljlurs hrowj mrluam m`g. G@XMLH^ LI NLJXLPRKJA

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 22

 

Kjhkr`n Nljlurkja4 Kj mks g`mlh m` plkjs clno`h ojh surv`y`h or` jl j`n`ssorkcy lj m` nljlur ckj`s bu m` spl c`v`cs or` oe`j oclja m` s`rk`s li ckj`s cokh lu lv`r m` or`o .Xm` spl c`v`cs li m` s`v`roc r`pr`s`jov` plkjs r`pr`s`jja mkccs, h`pr`sskljs, rkha` ojh vocc`y ckj`s ojh m` nmoja`s kj m` sclp` occ lv`r m` or`o l b` nljlur`h or` ocsl lbs`rv`h. Xm`kr plskljs or` m`j pclt`h lj m` pcoj ojh m` nljlurs hrowj by kj`rplcolj. Xmks g`mlh li nljlurkja ks ocsl ejlwj os nljlurkja by spl c`v`cs Hkr`n G`mlh

Kjhkr`n G`mlh

Gls Gl s onnu onnuro ro` ` bu bu sclw sclw oj ojh h ` `hk hklu luss @xp`jskv`

Jl Jl sl onnu onnuro ro` ` bu bu ro ropk pkh ho ojh jh c`ss c`ss `hklus Nm`op`r

Jl sukobc` ilr mkccy or`o

^ukobc` ilr mkccy or`o

Hurkja m` wlre nocnucoljs noj b` hlj` Nocnucoljs nojjl b` nm`ne`h o`r Nljlurkja

Nocnucoljs or` jl r`qukr`h kj m` `ch Nocnucolj noj b` nm`ne`h os ojh wm`j r`qukr`h

K onnurot` R`pr`s`jtolj li r`ck`i  Xm` kgplroj g`mlhs li r`pr`s`jja r`ck`i i`our`s or` monmur`s, nljlurs, ilrg ckj`s, spl m`kams, b`jnm gores, rkaljlg`rknoc plkjs, mkcc smohkja, coy`rnlclurkja, ojh sl lj. @onm g`mlh mos ks lwj g`rks ojh h`g`rks kj h`pknja m` r`ck`i li m` cojh. Monmur`s or` sgocc ckj`s hrowj l r`pr`s`j sclp`s. Xm` ckj`s or` hrowj mkne`r l r`pr`s`j s``p`r sclp`s ojh mkjj`r ilr a`jc` sclp`. Xm` sclp`s oblv` 80¶ ks h`pkn`h nlgpc``cy kj bcone nlclur.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 2>

 

Nljtlurs or` kgo kgoakj akjory ory ckj ckj`s `s nlj nljj`n j`nja ja pco pcon` n`ss mov movkja kja sog sog` ` `c` `c`vo volj lj obl oblv` v` g`oj s`o c`v`c. Xm`y or` hrowj kj brlwj nlclur. Ilrg ckj`s or` cke` nljlurs r`pr`s`jja i`our`s mo or` jl onuoccy surv`y`h. Xm`y or` smlwj by brle`j ckj`s. ^plt m`kamts or` m`kams li pcon`s surv`y`h ojh m`y h`jl` m` onuoc m`kam oblv` g`oj s`o c`v`c. Xm`y or` smlwj kj gops os hls wkm m`kr r`sp`nv` vocu`s wrkt`j b`skh` k.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 28

 

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 20

 

B`jnm gores r`pr`s`j m` onuoc m`kam li o occ srunur` cke` o occ bukchkja, pkccor, brkha`s lr ojy lm`r lbd`n li p`rgoj`j jour`. Xm`y or` gore`h wkm m` c`t`rs BG wkm m` r`sp`nv` m`kam. Xrkaljlg`trknoc ^toljs or` plkjs kjncuh`h kj m` rkojaucolj surv`y ojh or` gore`h kj m` gop wkm o rkojac` wkm m` onuoc m`kam li m` pcon`.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 29

 

c`v`cs `cs li aro aroy y) ks o g`mlh li  r` r`pr pr`s `s`j `jj ja a r` r`ck ck`i `i lj o go gop p by Mkcc ^mo Mkcc ^mohkj hkja a (c`v h`pknja m` smohlws mo wluch b` nos by `c`vo`h or`os ki ckam wr` smkjkja irlg o n`rokj hkr`nlj.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 21

 

Coy`r Nlclurkja ks o g`mlh smlwkja r`ck`i kj coy`rs ojh `onm coy`r ks akv`j o hk`r`j nlclur. Vmysknoc gops kj ocos ojh wocc gops us` mks g`mlh l smlw r`ck`i i`our`s. Ln`oj h`pm ks ocsl smlwj kj vorklus smoh`s li bcu`. Xm`r` ks oj kj` kj `rjo rjol ljo jocc r` r`nl nlaj ajk klj lj il ilrr nl nlcl clur urss us us`h `h kj m m`s `s` ` go gops ps.. On Onnl nlrh rhkj kjac acy y bc bcu` u` r`pr`s`js wo`r blhk`s, ar``j ilr pcokjs, vorklus smoh`s li brlwj ilr mkamcojhs ojh wmk` ilr sjlw nlv`r`h p`oes.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 2=

 

Nljtlurs Nljlur ks ujkv`rsoc g`mlh l smlw m` r`ck`i. Xm` ujk li g`osur`g`j li  nljlur ks a`j`roccy g`r`s oblv` m` g`oj s`o c`v`c. Nljlur mos oj ohvojoa` mo k hl`s jl mkh` m` lm`r i`our`s hrowj lj m` lp sm``. R`ohkja nljlurs ks o sekcc mo m`cps us l ujh`rsojh m` onuoc cojhsnop`. Xm` sekcc noj b` lbokj`h by ujh`rsojhkja m` sock`j i`our`s li nljlurs. Xm`y or` os ilcclws4 •  Nljlurs or` hrowj o r`aucor kj`rvocs kj brlwj nlclur. A`j`roccy 26g kj`rvoc ks ilcclw`h kj ?406,666 ojh ?66g kj`rvoc kj ?4206,666 lp sm``. • 

@v`ry m nljlur ks o hore ckj` l `jmojn` gop r`ohkja.

•  Xm` vocu` li nljlur ks prkj`h by br`oekja m` nljlur ckj` ojh ocsl akv`j o m` `ha` li m` lp sm``. •  A`j`roccy nljlurs j`v`r nu lr nrlss `onm lm`r. Kj nos` li wo`r iocc ojh nck nc kss nl nlj jlu lurs rs oc ocgl gls s lu lunm nm o so sog` g` pl plkj kj lr o ckj` ckj`.. Kj lv lv`r `r mo moja jakj kja a nc nck k m m` ` nljlurs nu `onm lm`r. Ikaur` ?6.?6 akv`s m` a`j`roc i`our`s smlwj by nljlurs. ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` 2;

 

Hrowkja Nrlss ^`nlj irlg Nljtlurs

Xm` ilcclwkja aur` smlws m` woy wl ohdon`j mkccs or` smlwj by nljlurs. o) Xwl ohdon`jt mkccs smlwj by nljtlur

Hro row wkj kja a nr nrl lss s`n `nl lj j li m` nl nlj jlu lurs rs oc occl clws ws lj` l ej ejlw lw m m` ` `xo xon n cojhilrg h`pkn`h kj m` lpl sm``. Hrowkja Hrowkj a nrl nrlss ss s` s`nl nlj j kjv kjvlcv lcv`s `s s`c s`c`n `nja ja o s`n s`nl lj j wk wkmkj mkj m` plr plrl lj j li m` nljlur, gorekja m` kj`rs`nljs li m`s` s`c`n`h nljlurs lj sukobc` v`rnoc snoc` ojh dlkjkja m`s` plkjs l kh`jiy m` cojh ilrg. A`j`roccy ncls`cy spon`h nljlurs kjhkno` mo m` sclp` ks s``p, ojh wkh`cy spon`h nljlurs kjhkno`

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >6

 

mo m` sclp` ks a`jc`. Xm` ilcclwkja pknur`s smlw nljlurs ojh nrlss s`nljs li o mkcc ojh o h`pr`ssklj.

^t`ps tl b` ilcclw`h tl hrow nljtlurs ojh tm` nrlss s`nlj4

o.  Hrow m` nljlurs kj brlwj nlclur. b.  Hrow o ckj` OB ilr wmknm m` nrlss s`nlj mos l b` hrowj. n.  B`clw m` nljlur hrow r`qukr`h jugb`r li mlrkzljoc ckj`s li `quoc hksojn` ojh kj`rvoc (2gg) l r`pr`s`j occ m` nljlur vocu`s akv`j kj m` hkoarog h.  Qrk` m` vocu` li occ m` nljlurs kj sunm o woy mo m` clw`s vocu` li m` nljlur ilrgs m` bos` ckj` ojh m` vocu`s kjnr`os` onnlrhkja l m` nljlur kj`rvoc akv`j kj m` hkoarog.

`.  Hrow v`rnoc ckj`s irlg `onm kj`rs`nlj plkj lj m` ckj` OB wkm m` nljlurs l m` mlrkzljoc ckj` r`pr`s`jja ks vocu`. i. 

Dlkj occ m`s` plkjs l kh`jiy m` i`our` smlwj.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >?

 

a.  ^moh` m` i`our` kj bcone l nlgpc`` m` nrlss s`nlj.

A`j`roc kjstrunlj tl kh`jiy i`otur`s smlwj kj nljtlurs 4

• 

O mkcc ks smlwj by nkrnucor nljlurs wkm m`kam c`ss moj ?,666 g.

 •  O pcot pcot`ou `ou ks oj `c`vo`h cojh r`pr`s`j`h by kjj`rgls nljlur rluamcy r`nojaucor kj smop` ojh ncls`r lu`r nljlurs. Xm` m`kam goy a`j`roccy vory irlg >66g l 966 g`r`s. Ki o pco`ou ks `jncls`h by glujokjs, k ks nocc`h kj`r gljoj` pco`ou ojh wm`j k ks ilrg`h kj m` ill mkccs k ks nocc`h pk`hglj pco`ou.  •  O rkha` ks oj `cljao`h ojh s``p sclp`h mkam glujokj wkm wl lr glr` p`oes smlwj by `cckpnoc nljlur ckj`s. O jorrlw clw h`pr`ssklj b`w``j wl p`oes ks nocc`h Nlc. ^ohhc` ks skgkcor l o nlc bu bu  mkam`r, brloh`r ojh a`jcy sclpkja irlg p`oes li o rkha`.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >2

 

•  O vocc`y ks o clja h`pr`ssklj wkm s``p sclp` ilrg`h by m` v`rnoc `rlsklj li m` rkv`r wkmkj m` sr`nm li upcojh. Xm` nljlurs b`jh smorpcy onrlss m` rkv`r kj o ”Y‛ smop` wkm m` op`x plkjja lworhs mkam`r `c`voljs.   •  ^purs or` prld`nlj li cojh irlg mkam`r l clw`r arlujh. Nljlurs b`jh sgllmcy wkm m` op`x li m` ”Y‛ plkjja p lkjja lworhs clw`r arlujh.   •  O wot`riocc lnnurs wm`j m`r` ks o suhh`j hk`r`jn` kj m`kam li m` rkv`r vocc`y O wot`riocc ks o pcon` wm`r` wo`r lws lv`r o v`rnoc hrlp lr o s`rk`s li  s``p hrlps kj m` nlurs` li o sr`og lr rkv`r.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >>

 

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >8

 

K ks r`pr`s`j`h by nljlurs g``ja o o sog` plkj lj m` mkcc sclp`. Xm` hk`r`jn` b`w``j m` vocu` li m` mkam`s ojh m` clw`s nljlur lunmkja m` sog` plkj akv`s m` m`kam li m` wo`riocc. •  O nck ks o s``p sclp`h `xplsur` li o vocc`y lr nlos. Ki k ks j`or s`o w` nocc k s`o nck. • 

Alra` ks o v`ry s``p vocc`y o mkam`r  `c`voljs ilrg`h by rkv`r `rlsklj. K

noj b` kh`j`h by ncls`cy nljv`rakja nljlurs kj m` rkv`r nlurs`. •  O vlcnojl ks r`pr`s`j`h by ncls`h nljlurs wkm m` kjj`rgls nljlurs movkja c`ss`r vocu`s moj m` surrlujhkja, h`jlja m` nro`r h`pr`ssklj.  

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >0

 

D Nmoront`rksns li nljtlur Xm` prkjnkpoc nmoron`rksns li nljlur ckj`s wmknm m`cp kj pclja lr r`ohkja o nljlur gop or` os ilcclws4 ?. Xm` vorkolj li v`rnoc hksojn` b`w``j ojy wl nljlur ckj`s ks ossug`h l b` ujkilrg. 2. Xm` mlrkzljoc hksojn` b`w``j ojy wl nljlur ckj`s kjhkno`s m` ogluj li  sclp` ojh vork`s Kjv`rs`cy lj m` ogluj li sclp`. Xmus, nljlurs or` spon`h `quoccy ilr ujkilrg sclp`5 ncls`cy ilr s``p ^clp` nljlurs ojh wkh`cy ilr glh`ro` sclp`. >. Xm` s``p`s sclp` li `rrokj o ojy plkj lj o nljlur ks r`pr`s`j`h oclja m` jlrgoc li m` nljlur o Xmo plkj. Xm`y or` p`rp`jhknucor l rkha` ojh vocc`y ckj`s wm`r` m`y nrlss sunm ckj`s. 8. Nljlurs hl jl poss mrluam p`rgoj`j srunur`s sunm os bukchkjas. 0. Nljlurs li hk`r`j `c`voljs nojjl nrlss `onm lm`r (nov`s ojh lv`rmojakja ncks or` m` @xn`pljs). 9. Nljlurs li hk`r`j `c`voljs nojjl ujk` l ilrg lj` nljlur (v`rnoc nck ks oj `xn`plj). 1. Nljlur ckj`s nojjl b`akj lr `jh lj m` pcoj. =. O nljlur ckj` gus ncls` ks`ci bu j``h jl b` j`n`ssorkcy wkmkj m` ckgks li m` gop. ;. O ncls`h nljlur ckj` lj o gop r`pr`s`js `km`r h`pr`ssklj lr mkcc. O s` li rkja nljlurs wkm mkam`r ^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >9

 

Yocu`s kjskh`, h`pkns o mkcc wm`r`os m` clw`r vocu` kjskh`, ojh h`pkns o h`pr`ssklj (wkmlu oj luc`). ?6. Nljlurs h``n upmkcc o vocc`y ckj`s ojh hlwjmkcc h lwjmkcc o rkha` ckj`s. Nljlur ckj`s kj P-smop` nrlss o rkha` ojh kj Y-smop` nrlss o vocc`y o rkam ojac`s. Xm` nljnovky kj nljlur ckj`s ks lworhs mkam`r arlujh kj m` nos` li rkha` ojh lworhs clw`r arlujh kj m` nos` li vocc`y. ??. Nljlurs hl jl mov` mov` smorp urjkjas. Nmoron`rksns l lii nljlur

Vort twl 2

? >

 ?) ?. Kt ks Yocc`y, b`nous` b`nous` kt mos –Y‗ smop`.

2. Kt ks o trluam

>. Kt ks o Rkha` b`nous` kt mos –P‗ smop`.

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >1

 

^urv`ykja ik`ch prontkn`Voa` >=