supply chain Coca Cola
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coca cola supply chain...
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Supply Chain Management The Coca-Cola Company By
Zeeshan Ahmad Ch. (Reg. 152153105)
__________________________ Dr. Ishtiaq Ishaq (Project Supervisor)
A project submitted to the Department of Management Sciences, National college of Business Administration & Economics, East Canal Campus, Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.Sc. Management Sciences.
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES NATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION & ECONOMICS EAST CANAL CAMPUS LAHORE SEPTEMBER, 2017 -1-
Supply Chain Management The Coca-Cola Company By
Zeeshan Ahmad Ch. (Reg. 152153105)
__________________________ Dr. Ishtiaq Ishaq (Project Supervisor)
__________________________ Mr. Ghazanfar Ali Shahzad (Head, Faculty of Management Sciences)
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES NATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION & ECONOMICS EAST CANAL CAMPUS LAHORE September, 2017
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of “Allah”, the most beneficent and merciful, who gave me strength and knowledge to complete this report. This report is a mandatory part of my degree of MSc. This has proved to be a great experience. I would like to express my gratitude to my instructor, Sir Dr. Ishtiaq Ishaq, who gave me this opportunity to fulfill this report and guided me through every hindrance. I would also like to thank my colleagues/fellows/friends, who gave many valuable suggestions, which helped me a lot in preparing this report. Nothing valuable would have been possible without "The Gracious Allah", my instructor and friends. I thank you all for making me what I am today.
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Table of Contents
Sr Contents . N o 1 Executive Summary 2 Introduction of Organization 3 4 5 6 7
Organizational Structure What is the Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management Today Supply Chain Process Process view of the Supply Chain
8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9
Push-Pull view of Supply Chain Supply Chain Flows Decision Phases in a Supply Chain
5
5,6, 7 7,8 9, 9,10 11 11,1 2 12 13 14
Supply chain strategy or design
14,15, 16
Supply chain planning
14
Supply Chain Obstacles/Challenges
17
Supply Chain Drivers
17,18
Warehouse Management System
19,20
Achieving strategic fit in Supply Chain Management
20
Fit Between Competitive and Functional Strategies
20
The Bull Whip Effect
21,22
Supply Chain and IT
22,23
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Issues in Current Strategies
23 23,24
Proposed Recommendations
24
2 1 2 2
Pag e
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2 3
Conclusions
24
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The CocaCola Company is selected for this project because it has one of the largest supply chain systems in the world. The CocaCola Company is a beverage retailer, manufacturer and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. Coca Cola currently offers more than 3,500 beverages and 500 brands in over 200 countries or territories and serves 1.6 billion servings each day. The company is best known for its flagship product CocaCola. The CocaCola Company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia is the world's largest beverage company. Along with CocaCola, recognized as the world's most valuable brand, the Company markets four of the world's top five non alcoholic sparkling brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite, and a wide range of other beverages, including diet and light beverages, waters, juices and juice drinks, teas, coffees, energy and sports drinks. CocaCola is the bestselling soft drink in most countries. The Middle East is one of the only regions in the world where CocaCola is not the number one soda INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION: The CocaCola Company is the world's largest beverage company, largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world and is one of the largest corporations in the United States. The company is best known for its flagship product CocaCola, invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The CocaCola formula and brand was bought in 1889 by Asa Candler who incorporated The CocaCola Company in 1892. Besides its namesake CocaCola beverage, CocaCola currently offers nearly 500 brands in over 200 countries or territories and serves 1.6 billion servings each day. CocaCola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines internationally. The company operates a franchised distribution system dating from 1889 where The CocaCola Company only produces syrup concentrate which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold an exclusive territory. The CocaCola Company owns its anchor bottler in North America, CocaCola Refreshments. The CocaCola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of DJIA, S&P 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. Global business is organized into six geographical regions: Africa Pacific Europe Latin America
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North America Asia HISTORY OF COCACOLA COMPANY: CocaCola history began in 1886 when the curiosity of an Atlanta pharmacist, Dr. John S. Pemberton, led him to create a distinctive tasting soft drink that could be sold at soda fountains. He created a flavored syrup, took it to his neighborhood pharmacy, where it was mixed with carbonated water and deemed “excellent” by those who sampled it. Dr. Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper, Frank M. Robinson, is credited with naming the beverage “CocaCola” as well as designing the trademarked, distinct script, still used today. The first servings of CocaCola were sold for 5 cents per glass. During the first year, sales averaged a modest nine servings per day in Atlanta. Today, daily servings of Coca Cola beverages are estimated at 1.9 billion globally. Prior to his death in 1888, just two years after creating what was to become the world’s #1selling sparkling beverage, Dr. Pemberton sold portions of his business to various parties, with the majority of the interest sold to Atlanta businessman, Asa G. Candler. Under Mr. Candler’s leadership, distribution of CocaCola expanded to soda fountains beyond Atlanta. In 1894, impressed by the growing demand for CocaCola and the desire to make the beverage portable, Joseph Biedenharn installed bottling machinery in the rear of his Mississippi soda fountain, becoming the first to put CocaCola in bottles. Large scale bottling was made possible just five years later, when in 1899, three enterprising businessmen in Chattanooga, Tennessee secured exclusive rights to bottle and sell Coca Cola. The three entrepreneurs purchased the bottling rights from Asa Candler for just $1. Benjamin Thomas, Joseph Whitehead and John Lupton developed what became the CocaCola worldwide bottling system. EVOLUTION OF THE COCACOLA BOTTLE: Among the biggest challenges for early bottlers, were imitations of the beverage by competitors coupled with a lack of packaging consistency among the 1,000 bottling plants at the time. The bottlers agreed that a distinctive beverage needed a standard and distinctive bottle, and in 1916, the bottlers approved the unique contour bottle. The new CocaCola bottle was so distinctive it could be recognized in the dark and it effectively set the brand apart from competition. The contoured CocaCola bottle was trademarked in 1977. Over the years, the CocaCola bottle has been inspiration for artists across the globe a sampling of which can be viewed at World of CocaCola in Atlanta. The first marketing efforts in CocaCola history were executed through coupons promoting free samples of the beverage. Considered an innovative tactic back in 1887, couponing was followed by newspaper advertising and the distribution of promotional items bearing the CocaCola script to participating pharmacies.
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Fast forward to the 1970s when CocaCola’s advertising started to reflect a brand connected with fun, friends and good times. Many fondly remember the 1971 Hilltop Singers performing “I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke”, or the 1979 “Have a Coke and a Smile” commercial featuring a young fan giving Pittsburgh Steeler, “Mean Joe Greene”, a refreshing bottle of CocaCola. You can enjoy these and many more advertising campaigns from around the world in the Perfect Pauses Theater at World of CocaCola. The 1980s featured such memorable slogans as “Coke is It!”, “Catch the Wave” and “Can’t Beat the Feeling”. In 1993, CocaCola experimented with computer animation, and the popular “Always CocaCola” campaign was launched in a series of ads featuring animated polar bears. Each animated ad in the “Always CocaCola” series took 12 weeks to produce from beginning to end. The bears were, and still are, a huge hit with consumers because of their embodiment of characteristics like innocence, mischief and fun. A favorite feature at World of CocaCola is the ability to have your photo taken with the beloved 7′ tall CocaCola Polar Bear. One of the most famous advertising slogans in CocaCola history “The Pause That Refreshes” first appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in 1929. The theme of pausing with CocaCola refreshment is still echoed in today’s marketing.history."open happiness". In 2009, the “Open Happiness” campaign was unveiled globally. The central message of “Open Happiness” is an invitation to billions around the world to pause, refresh with a CocaCola, and continue to enjoy one of life’s simple pleasures. The “Open Happiness” message was seen in stores, on billboards, in TV spots and printed advertising along with digital and music components — including a single featuring Janelle Monae covering the 1980 song, “Are You Getting Enough Happiness?” The happiness theme continued with “Open the Games. Open Happiness” featured during the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, followed by a 2010 social media extension, “Expedition 206” — an initiative whereby three happiness ambassadors travel to 206 countries in 365 days with one mission: determining what makes people happy. The inspirational yearlong journey is being recorded and communicated via blog posts, tweets, videos and pictures. Experts have long believed in the connection between happiness and wellness, and Coca Cola is proud to have played a part in happy occasions around the globe.
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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF COCACOLA COMPANY:
WHAT IS THE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: Supply chain management (SCM) is the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies. It is said that the ultimate goal of any effective supply chain management system is to reduce inventory (with the assumption that products are available when needed). As a solution for successful supply chain management, sophisticated software systems with Web interfaces are competing with Webbased application service providers (ASP) who promise to provide part or all of the SCM service for companies who rent their service. Supply chain management flows can be divided into three main flows:
The Product Flow The Information Flow The Finances Flow
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The Product Flow: The product flow includes the movement of goods from a supplier to a customer, as well as any customer returns or service needs. The Information Flow: The information flow involves transmitting orders and updating the status of delivery. The Finances Flow: The financial flow consists of credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment and title ownership arrangements. There are two main types of SCM software:
Planning Applications:
Planning applications use advanced algorithms to determine the best way to fill an order.
Execution Applications:
Execution applications track the physical status of goods, the management of materials, and financial information involving all parties. Some SCM applications are based on open data models that support the sharing of data both inside and outside the enterprise (this is called the extended enterprise, and includes key suppliers, manufacturers, and end customers of a specific company). This shared data may reside in diverse database systems, or data warehouses, at several different sites and companies. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT TODAY: As companies increasingly use their supply chain to compete and gain market share, spending and activity in this area are notably on the upswing. Technology and process upgrades at forwardthinking companies clearly show that supply chain excellence is more widely accepted as an element of overall business strategy, and that increasing value to customers is not just management's, but everyone's, business. The shift in how companies view their supply chain is taking hold. Examine how your company views its supply chain and consider your answers to these basic questions. Does leadership view your supply chain as a strategic competitive advantage? If not, are you considering outsourcing your supply chain? - 10 -
Are the capacity strengths of your supply chain commonly known and understood by company leadership? If so, how do they manage impact growth, profitability and customer service?
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The following are six key trends causing significant impact and change to supply chain design and performance: Trend 1 Demand Planning Begins at the End of the Cycle: As sources and capacities for manufacturing have increased, more companies have moved away from focusing efforts on plantlevel production planning and are adopting more of a demanddriven focus of trying to influence and manage demand more efficiently. Rationalizing what your company is best at selling, making and delivering, and aligning the sales force with that mindset, is critical to adopting a demanddriven model. The demand driven approach can help a company create a more customerfocused mindset, without sacrificing operational efficiency. Ultimately, a demandfocused approach to planning can significantly improve demand planning and management efforts and help overall costs and customer service efforts. Trend 2 – Globalization: The right supply chain design is critical to managing the changes brought about by rapid globalization. A well thoughtout supply chain network design can optimize the supply chain network and the flow of materials through the network. In doing so, network design captures the costs of the supply chain with a "total landed cost" perspective and applies advanced mathematical technology to determine optimal answers to both strategic and tactical questions. The following are strategic questions answered by a well thoughtout network design: Where should facilities be located? How many facilities should I have, and what capabilities should they have? What kind of capacity should they have? Whose manufacturing and distribution orbit should they source? Trend 3 Increased Competition and Price Pressures: Cost improvements around inventory management, logistics operations, material management and manufacturing costs, including raw material and component acquisition can be found with: Sales and operations planning. Transportation/distribution management. Improved product lifecycle management. Improved strategic sourcing and procurement.
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Here are a number of ways suppliers can differentiate themselves and provide value and additional services and capabilities to their customers. Here are a few: Vendor managed inventory (VMI). Radio frequency identification (RFID). Labeling, packaging. Drop shipping. Collaboration. Trend 4 – Outsourcing: The optimally outsourced supply chain, either in its entirety or just a component, relies heavily on: Superior supply chain network design. Inclusion of that outsource partner in the information chain. Establishment of control mechanisms to proactively monitor the various components of the supply chain. Information systems to connect and coordinate the supply chain as seamlessly as possible. A failure to excel at any one of these components can result in breakdowns affecting the entire supply chain. Trend 5 Shortened and More Complex Product Life Cycles: Today many companies are under pressure to develop innovative products and bring them to market more rapidly while minimizing cannibalization of existing products, which are still in high demand. In order to meet the needs of both customers and consumers, companies need more efficient product lifecycle management processes. This includes heavy emphasis on managing new product introduction, product discontinuation, design for manufacturability and leveraging across their entire product and infrastructure characteristics. Trend 6 - Collaboration Between Stakeholders in the Extended Supply Chain. SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESS: Supply Chain Management process plays a huge significance in running key operations for almost every organization. Without a successful supply chain, processes could halt at the floor level and ultimately bring down the results. For so many decades, supply chains have gone through a journey of their own from being so simple to recently developed algorithm based ones. With everevolving supply chain concepts, supply chain management process has become a dedicated function. Supply chain managers are given the responsibility to ensure that supply chain, be it external or internal, is efficient and costeffective both. But another question that comes up is how they do it? The
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mechanism to be followed for effective supply chain management process involves five basic stages explained here:
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Plan:
Planning is the strategic part of supply chain management process, to find out a best possible blueprint of how to fulfill the end requirement. SCM managers should identify a list of key components like plant location & size, warehouse designing, delivery models, IT solutions’ selection etc. Not only this, supply chain management process would be incomplete if key matrices like transportation cost modeling, warehouse efficiency models etc. are not developed.
Source:
At this stage of supply chain management, the emphasis is on to ascertain the most reliable of suppliers for raw materials so that production process would never jeopardize. But challenging conditions do arise during operations, supply chain managers must ensure key pain points of supply cycle are always being tracked to keep the engine running. Holisol believes that contractual framework as well as selection of a capable supplier is one thing, but there should be a tangible system in place for the continuous development of suppliers which would boost their efficiency as well.
Execute:
This is the stage where well designed processes are implemented so that a perceivable shape is given to existing plans in the form of manufactured products which are ready for testing, packaging, and delivery. Not only this, results at this stage are quantified so that maximum possible efficiency is achieved. Holi sol’s specialists design cost effective IT solutions which enable customers in building excellence and improving efficiency at the execution stage of the supply chain management process.
Deliver:
Supply chain when reaches this stage, the managers have a task at hand to deliver the product/service in the right quantity, at the right place and right time by employing suitable carriers. Supply chain managers should be fully equipped with modern IT tools to keep a track on warehousing networks, inventory models as well as invoicing and payment receipts.
Return:
Returns’ handling is the last step of supply chain management process. It not only involves reviewing returned products for quality purposes but also managing their inventory. At the ground level, supply chain managers should deploy their resources supporting them with technology for faster pickups, quicker replacements etc. Returns management should be a value enhancement measure in the eyes of supply chain managers and they must ensure every desirable measure is taken for maximum possible efficiency. - 15 -
Cocacola adopts the same process. PROCESS VIEW OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN:
Cycle View of the Supply Chain:
Cycle view: processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interfaces between two successive supply chain stages. Each cycle occurs at the interface between two successive stages:
Customer order cycle (customerretailer) Replenishment cycle (retailerdistributor) Manufacturing cycle (distributormanufacturer) Procurement cycle (manufacturersupplier)
Cycle view clearly defines processes involved and the owners of each process. Specifies the roles and responsibilities of each member and the desired outcome of each process.
Push-Pull View of Supply Chain:
Push/Pull view of supply chain is very useful when considering strategic decisions relating to supply chain design. Pull Process depends on the customer demand whereas Push processes are the predictions, i.e. manufacturer produces gooods and services thinking that there will be demand or requirement for the product or service produced. Pull processes depend on the reactions of the customer. On the other hand push processes are not actual demand. Supply chain processes fall into one of two categories depending on the timing of their execution relative to customer demand.
Pull: execution is initiated in response to a customer order (reactive). Push: execution is initiated in anticipation of customer orders (speculative).
Push/pull boundary separates push processes from pull processes. Useful in considering strategic decisions relating to supply chain design – more global view of how supply chain processes relate to customer orders. Can combine the push/pull and cycle views. The relative proportion of push and pull processes can have an impact on supply chain performance. - 16 -
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PUSHPULL VIEW:
Customer Order Cycle Customer order arrives Repl & Mfrg Cycle
Procurement cycle
For CocaCola each distribution center is responsible for the implementing the "push strategy" in the supply chain. Each zone in the distribution channel has a zone head, who is responsible for the performance of his zone and to increase the per capita consumption of his zone. Each zone is further divided into different routes and each route has different territories assigned to each vehicle. SUPPLY CHAIN FLOWS: Following are the channel flows that occur throughout the supply chain from the suppliers to the manufacturing plants to the distributors to retailer and thus the final consumers.
Suppliers
Manufacturer
Distributor
Retailer
Consumer
Financing
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Financing, Risking physical possession and ownership transfer at each step of the chain. Order taking and payment travels backwards from consumer who demands the product from the retailer who places an order at the distributor. Information travels both ways where the Company disseminates information about the product to each entity in the supply chain and needs information in the form of feedback from the end consumer. DECISION PHASES IN SUPPLY CHAIN OF COCACOLA: Step 1: The Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty: a)
Identifying Customer Needs:
Coca Cola needs to understand the customer needs for each targeted segment and the uncertainty the supply chain faces in satisfying these needs. As they deal with beverages, which are a fastmoving consumer good, they know the requirements of consumers. CocaCola is considered as a drink, which is refreshing during summer, and taken regularly during winter, with demand hiking around festivals such as Eid and occasions such as weddings. CocaCola caters to both cities and rural areas. It understands the needs of both. As demand for beverages is seasonal, the quantity of product needed for each lot is taken care of with past demand in mind. Consumers generallyrequire a small response time, high service level, reasonable price and some variety (for example health conscious people favor diet versions of sodas). b)
Demand Uncertainty And Implied Demand Uncertainty:
Demand for CocaCola varies by product. For example there is a greater demand for “CocaCola” ascompared to “Fanta,” which is new. Hence, CocaCola has a low demand uncertainty ascompared to “Fanta.” The product “CocaCola” is approaching its maturity stage in the PLC, whereas “Fanta” is in the introductory stage. CocaCola’s implied demand uncertainty varies with the product type as well as the customer needs.
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Due to decreased lead time (the customer may purchase its competitor’s product, if Coca Cola is not available at that time), need for greater variety and higher level of service, implied demand uncertainty increases. This is true for cities where unmet demand by CocaCola is met by Pepsi, RC and other such competitors. Supply uncertainty is also affected by new products. New products have higher supply uncertainty. c)
Uncertainty For The Capabilities Of The Supply Chain:
After determining the demand uncertainty, it is important to take a look at the uncertainty resulting form the supply chain. “CocaCola” is not a new product and its market is going towards maturation. The company does not have many difficulties in delivering a product and has a fixed delivery schedule (on daily basis). “CocaCola ” hence has a predictable supply and somewhat uncertain demand depending on market conditions. Step 2: Understanding the Supply Chain Capabilities: The efficiency and responsiveness varies according to the consumer needs, implied demand uncertainty, product type and market segments. In remote areas the company focuses on being somewhat efficient as other modes of transportation could turn the product to be highly expensive. According to the company it does not deal with distributors, who do not have 20 to 25vehicles, therefore as the company has focus on cost reduction, uses slow and inexpensive modes of transportation, the demand is certain, and uses economies of scale in production, the product CocaCola is more inclined towards being somewhat efficient. In cities, the company focuses its attention on being highly responsive as CocaCola has to meet short lead time, meet a high service level, handle a large variety of products and respond to wide ranges of quantity demanded especially at the retail stage. Step 3: Achieving the Strategic Fit: Making one stage more responsive allows the other stage to focus on being more efficient. The CocaCola supply chain assigns different roles to its different stages, the company has to decide either "Highly eficient", "Highly Responsive", "Somewhat Efficient" "Somewhat Response" in towns? It follows the just in time concept, which is applicable in nonseasonal period and not applicable in the seasonal period.
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SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGY OR DESIGN: For years, researchers and practitioners have primarily investigated the various processes within manufacturing supply chains individually. Recently, however, there has been increasing attention placed on the performance, design, and analysis of the supply chain as a whole. This attention is largely a result of the rising costs of manufacturing, the shrinking resources of manufacturing bases, shortened product life cycles, the leveling of the playing field within manufacturing, and the globalization of market economies. This involves construction and evaluation of multistage supply chain modeling. Supply chain design is the process by which a company structures and manages the supply chain in order to identify the right balance between inventory, transportation, and manufacturing cost. Why Use Supply Chain Design? Supply Chain Design is being used to match the supply and demand under uncertainty by positioning and managing inventory effectively. In addition, uses resources effectively in a dynamic environment. How to Benefit from Supply Chain Design? A sophisticated design provides solutions and consulting for supply chain planning from strategic to operational level. Supply Chain Design solution delivers answers on various whatif scenario's at a strategic level, including the modeling of inbound flows, production and inventory and outbound delivery. The unique capability of the solution is the ability to model your strategic business decision making requirements. There are three separate steps while determining a Supply Chain Design:
The first step is the strategic network design to make decisions on the number of locations, size of plants, and geographical sourcing strategies.
The next step identifies inventory stocking points, which considers constraints such as demand and supply uncertainties, leadtimes, cost and other complex constraints.
Lastly is the resource allocation to identify when and how much to produce or purchase as well as where and when to stock inventory.
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What are the Results of Optimizing Supply Chain Design? Optimizing Supply Chain Design results in:
A strategic network design and decisions on the number of locations, size of plants, and geographical sourcing strategies.
Answers on various whatif scenario's at a strategic level.
The ability to model your strategic business decision making requirements.
COCACOLA SUPPLY CHAIN DESIGN: Syrup: The CocaCola Company headquartered in Atlanta manufactures the syrup and sells it to one of its bottling partners like CocaCola Enterprises (CCE) which is responsible for selling the product in North America and Canada. CocaCola Enterprises combines the product concentrate with other ingredients to manufacture and package the beverage and then markets its products to retail customers and consumers. The CocaCola Export Corporation (TCCEC) is the entity responsible for selling the concentrate to other bottlers around the globe. TCCEC along with its regional offices located throughout the globe establishes partnerships with local bottlers who manufacture the beverage using the syrup provided by CocaCola Company and then distribute it to their respective markets. One notable exception to this general relationship between TCCC and bottlers is fountain syrups in the United States, where TCCC bypasses bottlers and is responsible for the manufacture and sale of fountain syrups directly to authorized fountain wholesalers and some fountain retailers. Bottling: The CocaCola Company establishes the basic guidelines of operations for all of its bottling partners and suppliers so most of the operations are standardized and there is a certain degree of centralization to most of their strategic decisions. Each bottling partner services the assigned geographical area through a head office which controls most of the operations and it serves as the hub for different entities in the supply chain. The bottler's head office is working in close collaboration with a regional office which is under the direct supervision of The CocaCola Export Corporation. The bottler's
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head office links the production plant with different distribution and sales centers and multiple trade zones together to form a complete supply chain. After receiving the concentrate from The CocaCola Company (Atlanta) through one of the regional offices under the supervision of The CocaCola Export Corporation, the bottler ships it to one of its manufacturing facilities. The facility produces the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sweeteners, and then carbonating it before putting it in cans and bottles, which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants and food service distributors. Advantages of effective supply chain management.
Availability of the product.
Effective and efficient process.
Helps to build strong relations with consumer.
SUPPLY CHAIN PLANNING: As the above configurations have been set, planning must be done within the above stated constraints. The goal of planning is to maximize the supply chain surplus. Planning establishes parameters within which a supply chain will function over a period of time. Companies start the planning phase with a forecast for the coming year of demand. CocaCola carries out sales forecasting for local demand as well as for export purposes to countries such as Pakistan. The annual sales target is conveyed to the supply chain department. Planning is carried out on a monthly, weekly and daily basis at CocaCola. SUPPLY CHAIN OBSTACLES/CHALLENGES: CocaCoca executives face many challenges in routine, some of the major challenges are as described: Natural disasters. Government involvement. Rivalry with competitors. Need for more speed and agility. Deeper understanding of consumers. Radical change to innovation. Huge portfolio. To keep balance in whole organization spread over 200 countries, so that one decision made for one business unit does not humiliate or annoy the other. To make sure that necessary (Human Resources, Technical infrastructure, Time and Project Budget) are prioritized and dedicated to project.
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Accurate forecasts.
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SUPPLY CHAIN DRIVERS: Inventory: CocaCola has established a comprehensive plan to ensure the sufficient inventory levels to keep up with the market demand effectively. For this purpose the main inventory storage has been established within the main plant area. It has the storage capacity of 200,000 Sq Ft and the area is being utilized both horizontally and vertically. The shipping department is in charge for storage and subsequent displacement of the product orders. The inventory capacity is being utilized and maintained in coordination with the production department and is based on the term production estimates. Apart from the main storage house, CocaCola has established more than 30 storage facilities nearer to the market in Lahore and Karachi. Increasing inventory makes the supply more responsive to the customers. At CocaCola, managers bear a high inventory cost to ensure maximum levels of inventory and to reduce the production and transportation costs. Transportation: The CocaCola Company is the world’s largest beverage company, serving consumers in more than 200 countries. CocaCola’s Commercial Products Supply group processes more than 400 daily shipments and is responsible for millions of cases in addition to more than 1,000 points of delivery, 4,000 finished goods, and 5,000 ingredients and packaging materials worldwide. Transporting our product is one of the smallest elements of our value chain carbon footprint, accounting for seven percent of the total. However, we drive more than 106 million kilometers a year, which makes it important to continue to reduce our kilometers and find new, less carbonintensive ways of distributing our products. Our aim is to grow our business but not our carbon. Delivering products effectively and efficiently is central to how we operate and achieve this objective. MODES of TRANSPORTATION:
Smaller trucks and company cars.
Electric vehicles.
Rail.
Ships.
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Facilities: In order to ensure the responsive strategy implementation, the role of facilities is of prime importance in the supply chain of CocaCola. CocaCola has established a flexible and a productfocused production facility in order to respond effectively to the variability in demand. The storage facilities are designed in order to provide maximum possible capacity for the inventory. The large amount of excess capacity allows the facility to be very flexible and to respond to wide surges in demands placed on it. In alignment with the responsive supply chain strategy the facilities have been geographically located close to the market. Warehousing/Storage: Automation has provided an easier method of getting our products to our customers,” says Karen Mathews, senior program manager of warehouse automation at The Coca Cola Co.’s Grand Rapid, Mich. warehouse. “In an automated world, building a pallet is less demanding physically for the employees since they place products on a belt that is at the same height with every pick, eliminating the bending and reaching that a manual build requires. The automated system also uses an automated stretchwrapper that better secures the load to each pallet compared to an employee manually wrapping a pallet, ensuring our product is delivered securely to our customers.” Material Handling: A fleet of 35 Crown FC 4500 Series counterbalanced, fuel cellpowered forklifts were delivered to CocaCola Bottling Co. Consolidated, the nation’s largest independent bottler for CocaCola. The trucks were installed at the company’s Charlotte, N.C. production center. The Crown FC 4500 Series is designed to meet the demands of heavy duty applications, such as highvolume warehouse environments. The fuel cell model of the FC 4500 maintains the same features and benefits presented by the standard model. It is one of more than 20 models Crown has qualified to operate with various fuel cells as part of its fuel cell qualification program. Crown’s fuel cell initiative is a critical component of its commitment to environmental sustainability throughout its business. This commitment played an important role in the CocaCola bottler’s decision to deploy Crown lift trucks with fuel cells. Also to to revitalize its distribution processes, CocaCola Refreshments U.S.A. implemented a VoIPbased voice technology that enables 3,000 warehouse associates in 100 facilities.
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Packaging: For many years, CocaCola was produced in glass bottles. Because of the high cost of distributing bulky bottles, they had to be manufactured close to where the bottling took place. Today, this is no longer so important since new packaging methods have revolutionised the process. Advanced bottling and canning technology makes CocaCola cans and bottles very light but extremely strong. The Company has invested a lot of time and money in research and development to ensure the most effective life cycle impact of its packaging. By using the minimum quantities of materials in packaging, the cans and plastic bottles are simple to crush or to reprocess. Information:
Studying the information flow system of the company.
Detecting and identifying the problems and areas of improvement.
Ending up the final information flow system, which will be solution for our problem with numerical.
The information model deals with the integrat Ion of the supply chain members and concentrates on the flow of information among the supply chain members.
IT plays a vital role for increasing collaboration among supply chain members. From the information point of view, the effective supply chain management must provide the right amount of relevant information to the right person at the right time.
Information is a key to success of supply chain management because no product flows until information flows.
WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Inward & Outward Processing: CocaCola focuses its efforts on three key areas:
Driving fewer kilometers by optimizing their logistics network.
Working in collaboration with our customers and suppliers to remove road kilometers through techniques such as backhauling.
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Reducing the carbon emissions of every kilometer driven by improving vehicle efficiency and by encouraging the adoption of alternative technologies.
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Order Processing: In "CocaCola," system operates through multiple local channels. Company manufactures and sells concentrates, beverage bases and syrups to bottling operations, owns the brands and is responsible for consumer brand marketing initiatives. Bottling partners manufacture, package, merchandise and distribute the final branded beverages to customers and vending partners, who then sell CocaCola products to consumers. All bottling partners work closely with customers grocery stores, restaurants, street vendors, convenience stores, movie theaters and amusement parks, among many others to execute localized strategies developed in partnership with Company. Customers then sell CocaCola products to consumers at a rate of more than 1.9 billion servings a day. Order Fulfillment: Today, the CocaCola production and distribution network consists of 742 facilities, and more than 650 distribution centers. The company is still working to "clean up" the system so that individual units have more contiguous territory. Their guiding principle is the need for integrating demand and supply, as summed up by the acronym DOIP, for demand, operations and inventory planning. Demand involves daily interaction with marketing and sales. Operations focuses on the financial implications of optimizing production and distribution. Inventory planning assesses the impact of striking the right inventory levels. All three areas are synchronized through the company's sales and operations planning (S&OP) effort, the forum for making and sharing key decisions. Inventory Management:
ABC classification.
Studying the demand and finding the best methods for forecasting.
Studying the inventory problem.
Building the dynamic inventory model.
Determination of stock level.
Determination of safety stock.
Selecting the proper system of ordering for inventory.
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Ending up the final inventory model, which will be solution for our problem with numerical.
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Supplier Management: Under a unified procurement framework, we segment our supply base universe of around 35,000 suppliers into direct and indirect spend suppliers. Direct Spend Suppliers include ingredients and packaging suppliers. Indirect Spend Suppliers include categories such as IT, production equipment, spare parts, maintenance services, logistics providers, fleet vehicles, utilities, real estate, facilities management, professional and other consultancy services, personnel and temporary labor. CocaCola HBC also segments suppliers into three categories based on criticality and potential opportunities: Group Critical Suppliers are those that fulfil any of the following criteria: high percentage of spend, critical components (Sweeteners, Juices, Resin, Cans, Glass, Preforms, Closures, Aseptic Packaging), limited alternatives and partnership supporting our business strategies. Country Strategic Suppliers are those which have strategic importance at a local or regional level. Both Group Critical & Country Strategic suppliers are considered critical to the overall competitiveness and success of CocaCola HBC. Customer Support: Remarkable Service is Our Focus: "Stephanie Little" CocaCola find joy in paying attention to the smallest of details in regards to what its customers need; they appreciate that. Here at CocaCola Consolidated, giving remarkable customer service to our customers is their focus. Their commitment to delivering the best customer service experience has always been, and remains the standard. They have a proven mark of quality, with friendly and professional consultants all of whom are determined to meet the customer's need with a Coke and a smile!
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ACHIEVING STRATEGIC FIT IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: Coca Cola Supply Chain Strategic Fit: A strategic fit majorly deals with the coordination between a company matching its resources and capabilities with the opportunities and conditions externally. In the supply chain management, it is necessary for any company to match the supply chain capabilities with the customer demand characteristics. In below we will see into the strategic fit in supply chain in CocaCola with reference to the resources and capabilities of CocaCola with the opportunities and conditions externally. FIT BETWEEN COMPETITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES: Competitive Strategy: The long term plan of a particular company in order to gain competitive advantage over its competitors in the industry. It is aimed at creating defensive position in an industry and generating a superior ROI (Return on Investment). Functional Strategy: An area of operational management based on a specific department or discipline within an organization, such as human resources, finance or marketing. To say that a business has a functional level strategy for product development, for instance, means that the company has developed a strategy for selling its goods and services to customers. Functional business strategy is part of an organization's wider strategic plan. FIT BETWEEN COMPETITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES OF COCA COLA: Competitive Strategies:
Cocacola focus on aggressive marketing has been the cornerstone of the culture and strategy of its business.
Cocacola always made expansion efforts.
Cocacola not only produces soft drinks but also serves energy drinks, tea, juice drinks and water.
Acquisition for gaining competitive advantage.
The most important factor for the cocacola company is its employees.
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Cocacola is selling its products to the multinational organizations like McDonald’s, KFC, Subway, Dunkin Donuts, and also keeping local markets in focus.
Cocacola is focusing on people by charitable contributions.
It is operating through push strategy of supply chain worldwide in the beverages industry.
CocaCola Supply Chain Capabilities: The CocaCola has adopted a mix of distribution channel to expand the availability of the products to more customers, according to John Gattorna. CocaCola is using a mass market and brand focused corporate strategy which is known as omnipresent strategy to make sure that there is high availability of the products. The application of these supply chain strategies in the case of CocaCola will require the supply chain to be designed to run in high efficiency and effectiveness. And regarding the physical distribution problems, there are five major part of the distribution system: order processing, warehousing management, material flow, inventory control and transportation. The company has invested in the physical distribution system and software control system to ensure the efficiency and cost control of the supply chain. WHAT IS BULLWHIP EFFECT?: An unmanaged supply chain is not inherently stable. Demand variability increases as one moves up the supply chain away from the retail customer, and small changes in consumer demand can result in large variations in orders placed upstream. Eventually, the network can oscillate in very large swings as each organization in the supply chain seeks to solve the problem from its own perspective. This phenomenon is known as the bullwhip effect and has been observed across most industries, resulting in increased cost and poorer service. Causes of the Bullwhip Effect: Sources of variability can be demand variability, quality problems, strikes, plant fires, etc. Variability coupled with time delays in the transmission of information up the supply chain and time delays in manufacturing and shipping goods down the supply chain create the bullwhip effect. The following all can contribute to the bullwhip effect:
Overreaction to backlogs.
Neglecting to order in an attempt to reduce inventory.
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No communication up and down the supply chain.
No coordination up and down the supply chain.
Delay times for information and material flow.
Order batching: larger orders result in more variance. Order batching occurs in an effort to reduce ordering costs, to take advantage of transportation economics such as full truck load economies, and to benefit from sales incentives. Promotions often result in forward buying to benefit more from the lower prices.
Shortage gaming: customers order more than they need during a period of short supply, hoping that the partial shipments they receive will be sufficient.
Demand forecast inaccuracies: everybody in the chain adds a certain percentage to the demand estimates. The result is no visibility of true customer demand.
Free return policies.
How to Counteract the Bullwhip Effect?: While the bullwhip effect is a common problem, many leading companies have been able to apply countermeasures to overcome it. Here are some of these solutions:
Countermeasures to Order Batching High order cost is countered with Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and computer aided ordering (CAO). Full truck load economics are countered with thirdparty logistics and assorted truckloads. Random or correlated ordering is countered with regular delivery appointments. More frequent ordering results in smaller orders and smaller variance. However, when an entity orders more often, it will not see a reduction in its own demand variance the reduction is seen by the upstream entities. Also, when an entity orders more frequently, its required safety stock may increase or decrease; see the standard loss function in the Inventory Management section.
Countermeasures to Shortage Gaming Proportional rationing schemes are countered by allocating units based on past sales. Ignorance of supply chain conditions can be addressed by sharing capacity and supply information. Unrestricted ordering capability can be addressed by reducing the order size flexibility and implementing capacity reservations. For example, one can reserve a fixed quantity for a given year and specify the quantity of each order shortly before it is needed, as long as the sum of the order quantities equals to the reserved quantity.
Countermeasures to Fluctuating Prices Highlow pricing can be replaced with everyday low prices (EDLP). Special purchase contracts can be implemented in
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order to specify ordering at regular intervals to better synchronize delivery and purchase.
Countermeasures to Demand Forecast Inaccuracies Lack of demand visibility can be addressed by providing access to point of sale (POS) data. Single control of replenishment or Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) can overcome exaggerated demand forecasts. Long lead times should be reduced where economically advantageous.
Free Return Policies are not addressed easily. Often, such policies simply must be prohibited or limited.
How to Reduce the Bullwhip Effect?:
Improve the flow of information along the supply chain. Improving communication and forecasting enduser needs greatly assists in reducing the bullwhip effect, states Forio.com. In addition, look to daytoday operations along the supply chain to observe trends and better predict customer demands. Supply chain managers should develop a forecasting system consisting of customer demands and supplier inventory, in concert with market fluctuations. Reduce delays in the supply chain. It is recommended that small businesses use computer aided ordering to better track products along the supply chain. Cutting order to delivery time also greatly decreases fluctuations along with leasing inventory levels and operating costs. Pay closer attention to point of sale purchases made by customers. Using your point of sale system to create reports that track customer preferences and ordering behavior. This helps to identify future trends as well as bettering communication along the supply chain. Reduce your order sizes. In the retail industry, this refers to the economic order quantitywhat Investopedia calls the "optimum order quantity"meaning the purchaser of goods from a supplier gets a better price for ordering more of a particular product. While this provides a discounted price, it unnecessarily increases inventory levels and ties up more inventory purchase money. Ordering according to customer need instead of ordering for promotional discounts also assists in attenuating the bullwhip effect. Maintain price consistency. Another useful method for reducing the bullwhip effect is to maintain prices during market fluctuations to have an immediate impact on customer purchases. This goes to the very nature of the bullwhip effect causationwhen prices are lowered due to market conditions, customers order more. Maintaining a consistent price even during market fluctuations decreases the bullwhip effect.
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SUPPLY CHAIN AND IT: CocaCola is working with SAP to develop software to improve efficiency in the drinks firm's supply chain. Technology produced by the collaboration could be used across the beverage industry, analysts have predicted. The aim of the implementation is to give CocaCola more information at the store and account level to improve its retail customer relationships. Margaret Carton, CocaCola's chief information officer, said the new software should cut paperwork, ensure cash settlements are made properly and reduce wasted space in delivery lorries. CocaCola already runs various ERP and supply chain management applications, including SAP's R/3 material and production planning applications. However, these systems do not connect store deliveries with backend systems, Carton said. Tony Hart, managing analyst at research firm Datamonitor, said the agreement reflected the desire of manufacturers and retailers to improve supply chain visibility, allowing for improved planning and reducing the potential for unwanted deliveries. "The agreement between CocaCola and SAP will try to eliminate inefficiencies and automate more of the extended processes from manufacturer to retailer," Hart said. "There will be time and cost savings and the opportunity to drive revenues, for example, replacing soldout stock faster". Mobile integration in a project of this size will have its problems, but as CocaCola is headtotoe SAP, there is less potential for difficulties. The data integration issues the project will tackle include providing functionality to the mobile worker so that the data entered into the mobile device is either automatically transferred or synchronized to backend applications, said Hart. The new application should help improve vending machine management, with support for direct upload and download of sales information using a handheld device. This could be improved further with the use of electronic tracking technologies, such as radio frequency identification tagging, Hart said.
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BENEFITS of IT:
Higher visibility.
Reduce transportation cost.
Immediate availability of information.
Greater accuracy.
More economic.
Better customer service.
Higher productivity.
Reduced paper work.
Faster processing.
Increase ontime deliveries
Improved capacity utilization.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): ERP is business process management software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many back office functions related to technology, services and human resources. Enterprise Resource Management Software Used by the CocaCola Company: CocaCola Company uses proprietary software known as BASES and some specific modules of SAP to manage all their operations in the world. This software performs the functions of the entire ERP for the company and its worldwide operations. Information related to geographical sales, per capita consumption trends, response from new product introduction, sales forecasting, seasonal variations, customer relationship management data, fleet management data and all other related information is managed using this software. All entities affiliated with or doing business with the CocaCola Company use this software to communicate with the company. All query management and customer problems are handled using this software.
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EDI (Electronic Data Interchange): EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is the transfer of data from one computer system to another by standardized message formatting, without the need for human intervention. EDI permits multiple companies possibly in different countries to exchange documents electronically. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) Software Used by the CocaCola Company: There was a time when all of the building blocks of business, from product ordering to invoicing, were handled over the phone and with paper documents. But today's technology allows businesses to replace that cumbersome manual method with a sleeker, more efficient way: electrinic data interchange. EDI leverages digital processes to enable file exchanging, thereby reducing time, error and the need for most paper documents. Jeff Toeppner, director of eBusiness Solutions for "CocaCola" Consumer Business Solutions (CBS), explains that his group supports four main EDI processes: product ordering, delivery of product to customers, invoicing and billing. "Systems can process the data so that no person has to be involved with translating or keying in the data," Toeppner says. "An order sent via EDI in standard format goes to Coke nightly. We route it to the right bottler or company so they can process it and schedule delivery of the product. It's a much more efficient way to receive orders." "Don't waste time and money with tasks that can be easily automated." Jeff Toeppner. Standards Keep Efficiencies Rolling: All companies that use EDI send their data according to grocery industry standards. By keeping everyone on the same playing field, EDI is more efficient. Without standards, "everyone would be sending a different Excel spreadsheet, fax or making phone calls," Toeppner says. When it comes to deciding whether to leverage EDI, the biggest hurdle for our partners is cost."CocaCola" business partners have to decide how much money they want to invest in a system that will process or create the data needed. There are also EDI solution providers that enable EDI without having to implement systems. The larger the chain, the greater the efficiencies, but Toeppner says even a single store can benefit from EDI. Over time, EDI yields quantifiable savings, yet an industry average is hard to define. "Each customer's savings is based on what his/her current cost is," Toeppner says. "If you’ve got eight people processing invoices, with EDI, they could be doing other things to benefit the company in innovative ways."
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OnBoard With EDI: EDI enablement is a relatively simple task, and most customers who already have software packages for inventory and accounting can install additional software to make them EDI compliant, Toeppner says. For those vendors who are interested, CBS can provide recommendations and consult on the best practices with EDI at no charge to partners. "We want them to be efficient. We want to help them build their businesses," Toeppner says. "Don't waste time and money with tasks that can be easily automated." ISSUES IN CURRENT STRATEGIES:
Competition with Pepsi – Pepsi is a thorn in the flesh for Coca cola. Coca cola would have been the clear market leader had it not been for Pepsi. The competition in these two brands is immense and we don’t think Pepsi will give up so easily. Product Diversification is low – where Pepsi has made a smart move and diversified into the snacks segment with products like Lays and Kurkure, Coca cola is missing from that segment. The segment is also a good revenue driver for Pepsi and had CocaCola been present in this segment, these products would have been an additional revenue driver for the company. Absence in health beverages If you watch the news, you would know that obesity is a major problem affecting people nowadays. The business environment is changing and people are taking measures to ensure that they are not obese. Carbonated beverages are one of the major reasons for fat intake and CocaCola is the largest manufacturer of carbonated beverages. The inference is that the consumption of beverages in developed countries might go down as people will prefer a healthy alternative. Water management – CocaCola has faced flak in the past due to its water management issues. Several groups have raised lawsuits in the name of Coca Cola because of their vast consumption of water even in water scarce regions. At the same time, people have also blamed CocaCola for mixing pesticides in the water to clear contaminants. Thus water management needs to be better for Coca Cola.
PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS:
The issue that could affect CocaCola's capabilities or organizational structure is the everchanging realm of technology. Special consideration should be made in regards to keeping with the times and implementing all of the latest technologies so that they can continue to produce the products effectively. Communications is another area, where issues could arise. All of CocaCola departments need to maintain open lines of communications because for the Connect and Develop Strategy to function correctly, communications must always be established. - 39 -
Always plan accordingly for any risks that could occur. Developing a new business model is the best step for CocaCola in regards to the future of the company. The Connect and Develop Strategy will help to set them apart and launch them to the top of the industry. This is especially great for the future outlook, as sales and revenue will increase.
CONCLUSIONS: The CocaCola Company has one of the largest supply chain management systems in the world and due to its volume there are certain problems and improvement areas that need to be rectified. TCCC is taking necessary steps to constantly improve its ever growing supply chain by partnering with different suppliers and bottlers. Several integration efforts are under way to maximize TCCC supply chain efficiency. TCCC made considerable changes to their supply chain in 2004 by combining its three business units in North America in an attempt to consolidate them into one more efficiently integrated unit. An evidence of TCCC's continued efforts can be seen by their 2006 decision when TCCC decided to bypass most of its bottling partners and to deliver its products directly to WalMart to reduce lead times. By making this change and delivering directly to the warehouses, TCCC changed a 100 year old operational practice. Another recommendation that TCCC could use is that it could try and create some transparency in its bottling partners. Requiring transparency from its bottling partners could remove domain conflict problems that arise when one bottler tries to sell its merchandise it another bottler's territory to meet its sales quotas (this problem has been seen in CocaCola's Asia Pacific market).
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