superpower relations 1945 to 62 revision booklet
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EDEXCEL IGCSE History Revision Checklist: Paper 1: Superpower Relations: 1945-1962 Use this revision checklist to help you keep track of all the topics you need to revise for your exam. You need to have a confident grasp of the subject knowledge about each event. Try revising facts and key features about each event and recalling the key points and details on paper. Try to answer at least one exam question for each event. When you feel confident enough, progress onto the next event. Key Question 1
Topics Long-term Rivalries Differences during the Second World War
What were the causes of the Cold War?
You should be able to:
Describe the differences between Capitalism and Communism. Describe why Capitalist countries feared Communism. Describe why actions during the War led to mistrust between the Allies. Describe why the USSR controlled Eastern Europe immediately after WW2.
Yalta Conference Feb 1945
Describe the reasons why the conference was called. Describe who represented each nation at the conference. Describe what was agreed at the conference. Describe how the conference effected relations between the USA and USSR.
Potsdam Conference Jul-Aug 1945
Describe the reasons why the conference was called. Describe who represented each nation at the conference. Describe what was agreed at the conference. Describe how the conference affected relations between the USA and USSR.
The Long Telegram 1946
Describe what the Telegram said about the USSR. Describe what Novikov’s Telegram said about the USA. Describe how the two telegrams increased tensions between the Superpowers. Describe what Churchill said in his speech. Describe how Stalin reacted to the speech. Describe how the speech affected relations between the Superpowers.
Iron Curtain Speech Mar 1946
Check list
Exam Questions
C.) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and the Soviet Union broken down by the end of 1946? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Check list
B.) Describe one effect of the Yalta Conference on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
C.) Why did relations between the USA and USSR change in the period between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences? Explain your answer (8 marks). B.) Describe one effect of the Potsdam Conference on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks). C.) Why did the USA and USSR disagree at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945? Explain your answer.
C.) Why did Truman take a much tougher line with Stalin at Potsdam than Roosevelt had at Yalta? Explain your answer (8 marks).
B.) Describe one effect of Kennan’s Long Telegram on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks). B.) Describe one effect of Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks). C.) Why did Churchill give his ‘Iron Curtain’ speech in March 1946? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Key Question 2
How did the Cold War develop 1945-1949?
Topics
You should be able to:
The Truman Doctrine Mar 1947
The Marshall Plan Jun 1947
Creation of Satellite States 1947-1949
Describe the reasons for the Truman Doctrine. Describe what the Doctrine stated. Describe the effect of the Doctrine on Superpower relations. Describe why the USA launched the Marshall Plan. Describe what the Plan hoped to do. Describe the effect of the Plan on Superpower Relations.
Describe what a satellite state is. Describe how and why Stalin created satellite states in Eastern Europe.
COMINFORM Sep 1947
Describe why Stalin created COMINFORM. Describe how COMINFORM strengthened Stalin’s control of Eastern Europe. Describe why Stalin created COMECON. Describe how COMECON strengthened Stalin’s control of Eastern Europe. Describe the causes, events and effects of the Berlin Blockade. Describe how the Blockade effected Superpower Relations. Describe why NATO was created. Describe what NATO was designed to do. Describe how the creation of NATO effected relations between the USA and USSR.
COMECON Jan 1949
The Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1948-1949 NATO Apr 1949
Checklist
Exam Questions
Checklist
C.) Why was the Truman Doctrine announced in March 1947? Explain your answer (8 marks).
B.) Describe one effect of the Marshall Plan on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
C.) Why did Stalin create Satellite States in Eastern Europe in the years 1945-1949? Explain your answer (8 marks).
C.) Why did the USSR establish COMINFORM in September 1947? Explain your answer (8 marks).
C.) Why did Stalin launch COMECON in 1949? Explain your answer (8 marks).
C.) Why was there a crisis over Berlin in the years 1948-49? Explain your answer (8 marks).
C.) Why was the NATO alliance created in April 1949? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Key Question 3
Topics
You should be able to:
The Korean War 1950-1953
The Arms Race How did the Cold War develop in the 1950s?
Warsaw Pact May 1955 Peaceful Coexistence and DeStalinisation 1956
The Hungarian Uprising 1956
Key Question 4
How serious was the Berlin Crisis?
Topics
Describe the causes, events and effects of the Korean War. Describe the impact of the Korean War on Superpower Relations. Describe how the arms race started. Describe how the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 increased the arms race. Describe why the Warsaw Pact was created Describe who the members of the Pact were. Describe the impact of the Pact on Superpower Relations. Describe what peaceful co-existence means. Describe what de-Stalinisation means. Describe the impact of Khrushchev’s peaceful co-existence policy on Superpower Relations. Describe the causes, events and effects of the Hungarian Crisis. Describe the impact of the Hungarian Uprising on Superpower Relations.
You should be able to:
The Berlin Issue
Describe why there was a crisis in Berlin 1949-1960. Describe what talks were held to solve the issue in 1959.
The U2 Incident May 1960
Describe what happened during the U2 incident.
Describe how the U2 incident led to the Paris Summit walk-out by Khrushchev.
The Paris Summit Conference May 1960
Checklist
Exam Questions
Checklist
C.) Why was there a war over Korea in the years 1950-1953? Explain your answer (8 marks).
B.) Describe one effect of the Arms Race on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
C.) Why did the USSR establish the Warsaw Pact in May 1955? Explain your answer (8 marks).
C.) Why had Khrushchev’s Policy of Peaceful Co-Existence ended by 1961? Explain your answer (8 marks).
C.) Why did Warsaw Pact troops invade Hungary in November 1956? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Checklist
Exam Questions
Checklist
C.) Why was there a crisis over Berlin in the years 1949-1961? Explain your answer (8 marks).
B.) Describe one effect of the U2 Incident on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
C.) Why did Khrushchev walk out of the Paris Summit in May 1960? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Vienna Summit Conference Jun 1961 Construction of the Berlin Wall Aug 1961
Key Question 5
Topics The Cuban Revolution 1959
How serious was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Bay of Pigs Invasion Apr 1961
Key Events of the Crisis Oct 1962
Impact on East-West Relations
Describe what happened at the Vienna Conference.
Describe when, how and why the Berlin Wall was constructed. Describe the impact of the construction of the Berlin Wall on Superpower Relations.
B.) Describe one effect of the Vienna Summit Conference on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
C.) Why did the USSR build the Berlin Wall in 1961? Explain your answer (8 marks).
You should be able to:
Checklist
Describe the causes, events and effects of the Cuban Revolution.
Describe why the USA launched the Bay of Pigs invasion. Describe why the invasion failed. Describe how the invasion strengthened relations between Cuba and the USSR. Describe why the USSR agreed to station missiles on Cuba.
Exam Questions
C.) Why did the USA decide to launch the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Describe the key events of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Describe the deal that was made between Kennedy and Khrushchev
Describe the impact and effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis on Superpower Relations.
B.) Describe one effect of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks). C.) Why was there a crisis over missiles in Cuba in 1962? Explain your answer (8 marks). B.) Describe one effect of the Cuban Missile Crisis on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
Checklist
What is Communism and how is a communist nation organized both economically and politically?
What is capitalism and how is a capitalist nation organized both economically and politically?
Differences between communism and capitalism
What were the long term reasons for American distrust of the Soviet Union between 1917 and 1944?
What were the long term reasons for Russian distrust of the United States between 1917 and 1944?
When, where and who met at each of the two conferences at Yalta and Potsdam?
What did they agree upon and disagree upon at the Yalta Conference?
Potsdam and Yalta Conferences
What did they agree upon and disagree upon at the Potsdam Conferenc?
How did the relationship between the USA and the Soviet Union change during and after the two conferences?
Describe both the Long Telegram and the Iron Curtain speech and explain how they helped form the policy of containment.
What were Truman reasons for creating the Truman Doctrine and what did it state?
Policy of Containment
What were Truman reasons for creating the Marshall Plan and what did it state?
What was the long and short term results of the implementation of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plans?
Why did Stalin want to control Eastern Europe and explain what is meant by the term Buffer Zone.
Explain fully how Stalin was able put in place a puppet communist government in Poland after World War Two?
Salami Tactics
Explain fully how Stalin was able put in place a puppet communist government in Hungary after World War Two?
What were the objectives of both Cominfom and Comecon and explain why they were created.
Describe the situation in Berlin before Stalin decided to put the blockade in place, including explaining how it was divided.
What were the short term reasons behind Stalin’s decision to blockade Berlin?
The Berlin Blockade
What was Operation Vittles and was it successful?
How did the Berlin blockade impact on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union?
Why was the Warsaw Pact set up and what were its objectives?
Why was NATO set up and what were its objectives?
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
Name the important nations in both NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
What was the impact on American and Soviet Union relations after the formation of the two alliances?
Explain how the Korean Peninsula had come to be divided along the 38th Parallel and what were the names and leaders of each country?
What were the main causes of the outbreak of war in Korea and how did the United Nations come to be involved?
The Korean War
Describe the main events of the Cold War and explain how each side came to get the upper hand in the fighting.
What were the long and short term results of the Korean War for both Korea and the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union?
Explain the different stages of the atomic and nuclear arms race and how it threatened world peace.
Explain the race to put a satellite in orbit and why it was important for both the USA and the Soviet Union.
The Arms and Space Races
What is Mutually Assured Destruction and how did it affect Cold War relations?
Explain how both the Arms Race and the Space Race affects relations between the USA and the Soviet Union.
What were the results of Khruschev becoming Soviet premier including de-Stalinization and peaceful coexistence?
What were the reasons for the mass protests during the Hungarian revolution in 1956?
The Hungarian Revolution
What were the main events of the revolution including the reaction of Khruschev?
What were the results of the revolution for the Hungarian people, Khruschev and for America-Soviet relations?
Why did Khruschev and Eisenhower agree to meet in Paris in 1960 and what were their aims?
What happened during the U2 Spy plane incident and how it impact on peace negotiations?
Failure of Peace Talks
What happened during the Vienna peace summit of 1961?
Why did Khruschev agree to put up the Berlin Wall and how did the Americans respond to it?
What was the impact of the communist revolution in Cuba on America?
Describe the plan behind the Bay of Pigs invasion and why did Kennedy agree to it?
The Cuban Revolution and America
What happened during the Bay of Pigs invasion and how did it affect the American reputation globally?
What was Operation Mongoose and explain any of its successes or failures?
Why was there a crisis over the island of Cuba in 1962 and what were the options open to Kennedy?
Describe the 13 days of the crisis and the actions of both Kennedy and Khruschev during this time.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
How was the crisis finally resolved and who, if anyone, could be considered the winner?
What were the long term results of the crisis and how did it impact on American-Soviet relations in the Cold War?
A10: Superpower Relations 1945-1962: Key Events Knowing and understanding the key events from each topic is obviously essential. For Section A topics like Superpower Relations, you need to be able to describe or explain the causes, key features and consequences of each event. Make sure you study the following list of key events as part of your revision:
#
1.) The Yalta Conference – February 4th-11th 1945 Who?
Causes
What happened?
Consequences
War situation
Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan
The talk of ‘democracy’ and ‘free
had changed: Germany was close to defeat. USA led by President Roosevelt UK led by Prime Minister Winston
Discussions over the post-war world were needed. USA & UK wanted USSR to declare war
within three months of the defeat of Germany. Compromise over Poland. All agreed to form a Polish government pledged to hold ‘free elections’. Borders of Poland also changed – USSR gained land from Eastern Poland whilst Poland would gain land from East Germany. The ‘Declaration on Liberated Europe’. USA, USSR & UK commit to work for
Churchill
on Japan.
democracy in Europe.
USSR led
Needed to
Allies agree to form the United Nations.
by Joseph Stalin
agree a political solution for liberated countries, especially Germany and Poland.
Germany and Berlin to be divided into four zones of occupation between Britain, France, USA and USSR. Big Three restate their agreement that the USSR should have a ‘sphere of influence’ in Eastern Europe.
elections’ was interpreted differently by USA and USSR. American free speech vs. Stalin’s idea that communism represented the people so no opposition allowed. Yalta raised false expectations in the USA that Stalin would allow westernstyle governments in Eastern Europe. Stalin paid only lip service to idea of ‘free elections’ in Poland. In March, 16 leaders of the Polish resistance were arrested by Stalin and never seen again. Further talks over Poland achieved nothing. USSR refused to allow prowestern Poles into new government. Soviet troops had captured most of Eastern Europe. Stalin’s demand for a ‘sphere of influence’ had to be taken seriously.
2.) The Potsdam Conference – July 17th - Aug 2nd 1945 Who?
Causes
What happened? A compromise was reached over war
USA represented by President Harry S. Truman
reparations. Each ally would take
Nazi Germany was
reparations from the zone they
over. Hitler was
occupied. USSR was also given industrial
dead. The Allies
equipment from Western zones in
needed to decide
return for raw materials.
Europe. Both superpowers
Agreed to prosecute Nazi war
their half of Europe.
how to disarm and punish Germany.
had to be reached represented by Prime Minister Winston Churchill &
The conference ended
The war against
A political solution UK
Consequences
over the liberated countries. The Western Allies now occupied the whole of western Europe. The Soviet
criminals.
without agreement on what would happen to the newly liberated states across were determined to keep
Truman’s attempt to assert
Statement of aims of the occupation of
his authority by declaring a
Germany by the Allies: demilitarisation,
‘powerful new weapon’ at the
denazification, democratisation,
conference only made Stalin
decentralisation and decartelisation.
more determined to protect
Details of the German-Polish border were finally agreed.
the USSR. He saw this as a threat from the USA. He therefore wanted to create a
Red Army occupied
The communist dominated Polish
‘buffer zone’ in Eastern
the whole of
Provisional Government of National
Europe.
Clement
eastern Europe.
Unity was recognized by all three
Attlee
Roosevelt had
Prime Minister
powers.
The USA and UK became aware of their need to
died and Truman
Was confirmed that the Polish
confront communism in
was keen to meet
Provisional Government of National
Europe. Truman approved
USSR
Stalin. He wanted
Unity would hold ‘free and fair
Churchill’s 1946 ‘Iron Curtain’
represented
to be tougher with
elections’ as soon as possible.
speech, in which he said that
by Joseph
Stalin over issues
Stalin
like Poland.
The terms of the surrender of Japan were agreed. Japan had to agree unconditional surrender or face ‘prompt and utter destruction’.
countries in the West were free and countries in the East were under communist control behind an ‘Iron Curtain’.
3.) Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ Speech – March 1946 Who?
Causes
What happened?
By 1946 it became
Former UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill who lost power in the 1945 general election
clear that Europe
Churchill gave a speech in the
had been divided.
presence of President Truman at
From 1945-1948,
Westminster College, Fulton,
Stalin rigged
th
elections to establish communist governments in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, East Germany & Czechoslovakia.
Missouri on 5 March 1946: ‘From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an "Iron Curtain" has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade,
The West
Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous
responded to this
cities and the populations around
division with a war
them lie in what I must call the
of words, designed
Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in
to portray Stalin as a
one form or another, not only to
power-hungry
Soviet influence but to a very high
dictator. Truman had
and in some cases increasing measure
even compared Stalin
of control from Moscow.’
to Hitler.
Consequences The speech showed that both sides now clearly viewed each other as opponents. Stalin responded by saying: ‘…Mr Churchill now adopts the position of the warmonger, and in this Mr Churchill is not alone. He has friends not only in Britain but in the USA as well. A point to be noted in this respect is that Mr. Churchill and his friends bear a striking resemblance to Hitler and his friends.’ This war of words led to both sides initiating spying and assessment reports on each other to determine the thinking of their opponents. This resulted in the Long Telegram and Novikov’s Telegram.
4.) The Long Telegram & Novikov’s Telegram – 1946 Who?
Causes
What happened?
Consequences
Kennan responded to Truman with a telegram on 22nd
The telegrams made
February 1946 that reported: US ambassador to Moscow, George F. Kennan Soviet ambassador to Washington, Nikolai Novikov
Truman and Stalin were both keen to understand
There could be no peace with the USSR while it was opposed to capitalism.
intentions and they both
facing the imminent
capitalism.
each other’s threats so
feel that they were
The USSR perceived itself to be at war with
th
September that reported:
commissioned
reports to be written by
America wanted to dominate the world. The USA was no longer interested in cooperation.
embassy staff.
The American public was being prepared for war with the USSR by ‘capitalist elites’.
possibility of war. The USA now believed that the
The USSR was rebuilding its military.
Novikov responded to Stalin with a telegram on 27
both governments
USSR was planning world domination whilst the USSR believed the same about the USA. These fears led the USA to form the ‘Truman Doctrine’.
5.) The Truman Doctrine – March 1947 Who?
Causes
George Kennan advised Truman that the USA’s best hope was to ‘contain’ communism rather than
What happened? The Truman Doctrine stated that:
fight it on the battlefield. Much of Europe was devastated after the war and communism was President Truman of the USA
appealing. Truman was worried
neighbouring countries were next in line to be threatened. In Feb 1947 the UK announced it could no longer afford to pay for troops in Greece and Turkey. The US feared communism would spread to these countries.
because it suggested that America had the responsibility to protect the world, not the
democratic freedom.
UN which marked an end to
America had a responsibility to
USA’s traditional policy of
America would send troops and money help governments against communism.
The doctrine was significant
communist tyranny and
fight for liberty.
about the Domino Theory: if communism took over one country,
The world had choice between
Consequences
Communism should not be allowed to grow and spread and should be ‘contained’. Over the course of the Cold War,
the Truman doctrine provided arms and money to defend Greece, Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, Afghanistan and South America.
‘isolationism’. The doctrine assumed that Capitalism and Communism were incompatible = the unofficial start of the Cold War. Truman was now committed to a policy of ‘containment’. US military aid to Greece meant that the communists were defeated in the Greek Civil War in 1949.
6.) The Marshall Plan – June 1947 Who?
Causes Economic crisis in Europe: food shortages, unemployment, food rationing and
President
starvation. Communist
Truman of
party support was
the USA
growing, especially in
George C. Marshall, US
France and Italy where riots broke out.
Secretary
Truman knew that to
of State
weaken the attraction of communism, he needed to rebuild and encourage prosperity in Europe.
What happened?
The USA decided to offer economic aid to Europe, organised by US Secretary of State General George Marshall. Committed $13 billion USD to rebuild the ruined economies of Europe. Countries had to agree free trade agreements with the USA in order to receive money. This would benefit the American economy as the US would provide the money and goods needed to rebuild. American money was made available to eastern Europe and the USSR as well. Stalin ordered Poland & Czechoslovakia not to accept it.
Consequences European leaders met at the Paris Conference of 1948 to discuss Marshall Aid. The USSR walked out of the conference as they believed the US was trying to split Europe into two camps. Stalin claimed that Marshall Aid had tricked western Europe into an economic reliance on the US. Led to the creation of Soviet rivals: COMINFORM and COMECON. West European economies experienced an economic boom and had returned to prewar levels of growth when the plan ended in 1952. Divided Germany as the military governors of western Germany agreed to accept money. Divide in Europe was now economic, not just ideological.
7.) Creation of COMINFORM – Sep 1947 Who?
Causes
Stalin was concerned that eastern European countries would be tempted by the Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin
Marshall Plan. He wanted to prevent this by forcing Eastern European countries to become ‘satellite states’, controlled by the USSR. Stalin wanted satellite states on his European borders to trade with, and for military defence.
What happened?
Consequences
At an international conference, the USSR created the Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM) which represented Communist Parties across Europe and brought them under the control and manipulation of the USSR. COMINFORM encouraged Communist Parties in Western Europe to organise demonstrations and strikes in order to wreck the Marshall Plan. 2 million workers went on strike in France in 1947 calling for their government to reject Marshall Aid. COMINFORM was also used to stamp out opposition and ensure the loyalty of Eastern European governments. 5% of population was imprisoned in Hungary by 1953.
COMINFORM organised strikes in Western Europe did not work as growing prosperity weakened the attraction of communism. COMINFORM strengthened Stalin’s hold on Eastern Europe. He could use COMINFORM to investigate government ministers and employees, and remove or imprison those who were not loyal.
8.) Creation of COMECON - Jan 1949 Who?
Causes The failure of COMINFORM to destroy Marshall Plan through political
Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin
opposition forced the USSR to consider an economic rival. Stalin wanted to minimise the influence of the USA. Stalin wanted to prevent Eastern Europe from benefiting economical from the West.
What happened?
Consequences
The Council for Mutual
Was not very successful as the Soviet
Economic Aid (COMECON) was designed as a trading organisation of communist countries. Aims was to economically develop Eastern Europe and prevent trade
Union had little spare cash to inject into the economies of Eastern Europe. Meant that Eastern Europe did not develop as fast as Western Europe. The USSR used COMECON to help
with Western Europe.
rebuild itself first – not its satellite
USSR, Bulgaria,
encouraged COMECON members to
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania were all members in first year. Albania and Eastern Germany joined in 1950.
states. The USSR eventually specialise in different products. Stalin’s wish of a sphere of influence over Eastern Europe was now made an economic reality.
9.) The Berlin Blockade and Airlift – June 1948 Who?
Causes Stalin didn’t want a divided Germany. Germany’s main
Communist Party General Secretary of the USSR, Joseph Stalin US President Harry Truman
economic resources were in the west and he wanted to prevent the USA from having further influence in Germany. He feared they were rebuilding Germany as an ally against the USSR. He viewed the merging of the Allied zones of Germany in 1947, along with the introduction of the Deutschmark in June 1948 as an attempt to divide Germany. He expected the western powers to make a humiliating retreat.
What happened?
Consequences
Stalin set up a military blockade around West Berlin on 23
rd
June
1948. He planned to cut western Germany off from its capital: Berlin. This would prove that a divided Germany could not work. All roads and railways to Berlin were blocked by the Soviets. Stalin assumed the West would give in as 2 million Berliner’s were starving. Truman responded with the Berlin Airlift. It was the first major test of the Truman Doctrine. Allied planes would supply West Berlin from the air. The first flight was on the 26th and by Sep, a US aircraft was leaving every 3 minutes. 70 large cargo planes airlifted 600-700 tonnes of food and supplies every day. This increased to 1000 tonnes within weeks. At its height, the airlift provided over 170,000 tonnes of supplies, flying along 3 ‘air corridors’ during January 1949.
Stalin backed down on 12th May 1949. Stalin seemed like the aggressor as the attack on Berlin looked like the first step in a march westwards. This was a propaganda success for the USA. Blockade seemed to prove to the West that the USSR wanted to take over Europe. This led to the creation of the NATO alliance in April 1949 and the creation of West Germany (FDR) as an independent state in Sep 1949. This in turn forced the USSR to establish East Germany (GDR) as an independent nation one month later. Stalin ordered the speeding up of atomic testing as he realised that without an atomic bomb, he could not win confrontations with the USA. The USSR test their first atomic bomb in 1949, starting the arms race.
10.) Creation of NATO – April 1949 Who?
1949 – USA, UK, Canada, Iceland, France, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Denmark and Norway. 1952 – Greece and Turkey. 1955 – West Germany. 1982 – Spain.
Causes The Berlin Blockade raised the possibility of war in Europe as it was the first military confrontation of the Cold War. European countries were keen to establish a military alliance in order to ‘keep the USA in, the USSR out and the Germans down.’
What happened? The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was established as a military alliance between the USA and Western Europe. An attack on one member would be considered as an attack on all members. It was in effect a military alliance with the aim of defending the West against communism. It wasn’t just a promise either. Five divisions of US troops were based in Germany. West Germany joined NATO in 1955, adding millions more troops.
Consequences The creation of NATO significantly heightened tensions in the Cold War. The creation of NATO now added a clear military divide to Europe. The USSR felt threatened by the creation of NATO and especially when West German troops joined. The USSR responded by creating the Warsaw Pact in 1955 which was a military alliance of Eastern European countries. The build-up of military alliances turned into an arms race when the USSR tested its own nuclear bomb in 1949. But paradoxically, the threat of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) prevented war in Europe.
11.) The Korean War – June 1950 – July 1953 Who? North Korea, led by Kim Il Sung South Korea led by Syngman Rhee China led by Mao Zedong USA led by President Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 US/UN Forces led by General Douglas MacArthur
Causes Truman believed the Russians were behind the attack and it was a test of his policy of containment. China had become communists in 1949 providing further proof that containment was
What happened?
Korea was divided after the Second World War. On 25th June 1950, North Korea led by Kim Il Sung invaded the South in an attempt to re-unite the country by force.
in Korea. The Security Council approved the use of force to defeat the
In Sep 1949 the USSR
In Sep 1950, US troops led by
atomic bomb. Truman became convinced that communism wanted to take over the world. UN vote gave the USA greater ‘legitimacy’ to invade
in the world. Proved that containment could work to prevent the Domino Theory – would later
War led to rearmament throughout the western world. The Involvement of USSR and China persuaded the US to increase defence spending, up to 400% after
General Douglas MacArthur led a successful counter-attack and by 1st Oct, US troops had reached the 38
to containing communism anywhere
Vietnam.
Council to back the use of US troops
Northern invasion.
Demonstrated the US commitment
influence decision making in
Truman asked the UN Security
needed.
had developed an
Consequences
th
parallel. When MacArthur invaded North Korea, the Chinese intervened, pushing US led forces back to Seoul. For the rest of the war, stalemate ensued. Ceasefire was agreed on 27th July 1953. Korea remained divided.
the war. Marshall Aid money also was diverted to defence spending in Western Europe. Dangers of nuclear war, proposed by General MacArthur scared the world and put pressure on the superpowers to negotiate. After the death of Stalin in 1953, this led to a thaw in relations.
12.) Creation of the Warsaw Pact – May 1955 Who?
Causes
What happened?
Consequences
The USSR responded to NATO by creating the
USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Albania and East Germany.
The formation of NATO in 1949
Warsaw Pact which was a
altered the balance of power in
military alliance of
Europe in the West’s favour.
Eastern European
Stalin needed his own rival alliance
countries. The countries
to ensure parity with the west.
agreed to respect each
The addition of West Germany to NATO in 1955 along with over a million extra German soldiers
other’s independence and to defend each other in the event of war.
accelerated the need for the
Unlike NATO, the Warsaw
USSR to create a military alliance.
Pact countries were strictly dominated by the USSR.
The creation of a communist military alliance cemented the control of the USSR over Eastern Europe. It also contributed to the increasing competition of the arms race. The Warsaw Pact had poor technology and relied on conscription, therefore the USSR focused on developing nuclear weapons as a means of deterrence.
13.) The Hungarian Uprising – Feb-Nov 1956 Who?
Causes Hungarians were dissatisfied with Soviet rule. After 1949, COMINFORM imposed an oppressive regime on Hungary. Hungarian land was given to other countries, resources shipped to
Hungarian Dictator Matyas Rakosi Hungarian Leader Erno Gero Hungarian Leader Imre Nagy Hungarian Leader Janos Kadar USSR led by Nikita Khrushchev
Russia, political parties abolished and Matyas Rakosi was appointed dictator in Aug 1952. Rakosi’s reign was harsh – he used what he called ‘salami tactics’ to deal with opposition ‘one slice at a time’. He imprisoned over 387,000 people and was responsible for over 2000 deaths. The death of Stalin in 1953 led to the end of ‘Stalinism’ and the start of what Khrushchev called ‘peaceful co-existence’ with the west. This was taken to mean that Soviet rule was to be relaxed in Hungary. In June 1956, there were antiSoviet demonstrations in Poland. Khrushchev agreed to allow reforms there. This inspired many Hungarians to demonstrate and protest, hoping to gain reforms in their country.
What happened?
Consequences
After Khrushchev’s ‘secret speech’ in Feb 1956, many students began to riot in Budapest, attacking Soviet troops with petrol bombs and grenades. Police lost control and protests erupted in other cities. By the summer, Khrushchev realised that Rakosi was extremely unpopular & replaced him with Erno Gero in July 1956. This made little difference. On 24th Oct, Khrushchev agreed to calls for a more liberal leader and appointed Imre Nagy. He proposed leaving the Warsaw Pact, making Hungary a democracy with free election, communism should end and Hungary should ask the UN for help against the USSR. Khrushchev worried that to allow this greater freedom and let Hungary leave the Warsaw Pact would mean the end to Soviet control of Eastern Europe. He responded by sending 200,000 Soviet troops and 2500 tanks into Hungary to crush the government. They reached Budapest on 4
th
Nov.
20,000 Hungarians were killed and another 200,000 fled to Austria.
Nagy fled to the Yugoslavian embassy but was arrested by Soviet troops as soon as he left. He was accused of treason by Khrushchev and was hanged in June 1958. The west was accused of ‘abandoning’ the Hungarians. The USA had encouraged the uprising but didn’t want to risk nuclear war. May have actually improved relations as USSR had seen the USA as having no desire to interfere in its sphere of influence. The lack of military help from the USA discouraged other radicals in Eastern Europe from rising up. In that sense, Khrushchev’s show of force worked to strengthen his control on Eastern Europe. Janos Kadar was appointed as the new Hungarian leader who called for: re-establishing communist control and remaining in the Warsaw Pact.
14.) The Berlin Crisis & U2 Incident – 1958-1961 Who?
Causes
What happened?
Consequences
In Nov 1958, Khrushchev issued an Khrushchev was
ultimatum giving Western Powers six months
deeply concerned
to withdraw from Berlin. Eisenhower was
by the growing
unsure how to respond but agreed to hold
refugee problem.
talks on the issue.
Between 1949 and 1961, 2.7 million East Germans USSR led
escaped to West
by Nikita
Germany through
Khrushchev
Berlin. Many were
USA led by
highly skilled.
President
Khrushchev also
Truman
believed that West
and Dwight
Berlin was being
D.
used by the West
Eisenhower
as a base for
from 1953
spying and sabotage. The post-war recovery of West Berlin seemed to remind people of
from escaping to the West, ending the refugee crisis. Allowed the communists to consolidate their hold over East Germany.
Further talks are held in Geneva (May 1959) and at Camp David (Sep 1959) but both talks fail to achieve anything. Further talks are scheduled for 1960. On 1st May 1960, an American U2 spy plane is shot down over USSR. Khrushchev used this to expose the USA’s spying programme at the UN. The Paris Summit on 16th May 1960 breaks down as Khrushchev walks out. Eisenhower refuses to punish the leaders of the U2 programme. At the Vienna Conference on 4
The wall stopped East Germans
Allowed Khrushchev to avoid war with USA whilst appearing strong. Was propaganda victory for the USA as USSR had to ‘wall people in’ to make sure they didn’t run away from communism. Kennedy took advantage of this by touring West Berlin in 1963, saying in a speech: “All free men, wherever they live, are citizens of Berlin and therefore as a free man, I take pride in the words Ich bin ein Berliner.”
th
June 1961,
Khrushchev challenges Kennedy to withdraw US troops from Berlin within 6 months or to declare war. Kennedy refuses.
the benefits of
On morning of 13th Aug 1961, Berliner’s
capitalism. This
awake to find that a fence had been
worried Khrushchev.
erected around the whole of West Berlin. It was eventually reinforced.
86 Germans would die over the next 30 years in trying to cross the wall. Led to a period of calm in Europe as both sides accepted there was no immediate prospect of change so tension went down.
15.) The Cuban Missile Crisis – October 1962 Who?
Causes
What happened?
Consequences
In August 1961, Khrushchev agreed to defend Long-term The continuing arms race forced both sides to find
Cuba by stationing Russian nuclear missiles in Cuba. On 25th September 1962, Khrushchev sent 114 ships to Cuba carrying nuclear warheads and long range missiles.
ways in which to gain military supremacy. The
14th Oct – American U2 spy plane spots a nuclear
launch of Sputnik 1 in
site under construction in Cuba.
1957 had intensified the arms race. In early 1962, the US placed nuclear
16th Oct – Kennedy was shown the photographs proving the missiles were on Cuba. The ExComm committee is established and he spends 6 days
missiles in Turkey. The
secretly discussing how to respond.
USSR decided to retaliate by placing missiles in Cuba. This would allow the USSR to undermine American
20th Oct – Kennedy ignores pressure from ‘hawks’ and decides to impose a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent further missiles reaching Cuba.
nuclear superiority without having to develop expensive inter-continental USA led by President Kennedy USSR led by Nikita Krushchev Cuba led by Fidel Castro
ballistic missiles.
22
pro-US Batista
Khrushchev to recall his ships on route to Cuba. He promised to destroy any ships that passed the ‘quarantine line’. 23rd Oct – Khrushchev states that Soviet ships will break though the blockade.
government in Cuba with a communist government led by Fidel Castro in 1959 intensified fears of
24th Oct – Khrushchev issues a statement saying the USSR is prepared to respond with nuclear weapons if the USA goes to war.
communist expansion in Latin America. Cuba was only 90 miles from Florida. Castro nationalised US
– Kennedy gives a public address officially
declaring the blockade with 100 ships and calls on
Short-term The overthrow of the
nd
25
th
Oct – Kennedy writes a letter to Khrushchev
asking him to withdraw missiles from Cuba. Both armies told to prepare for war. Tension at highest point.
property in Cuba and the USA banned the import
26 Oct – Khrushchev’s first offer: he ignores calls
of Cuban sugar – their
for a nuclear war and responds, saying in a letter he
main export. This forced
will withdraw the missiles in return for a US
Cuba to turn to the USSR
guarantee not to invade Cuba.
for help. The USSR now gave economic aid to Cuba.
th
27th Oct – Khrushchev’s second offer: he sends a second letter now demanding that the US withdraws
The failed Bay of Pigs
its missiles from Turkey in return for the removal
invasion of Cuba in April
of Cuban missiles. Kennedy ignores this letter but
1961 by the CIA left
agrees to the first letter. Robert Kennedy then
Castro fearing another US
meets with Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin. He
invasion. He asked
agrees to Russian demands to withdraw missiles from
Khrushchev for military
Turkey but insists the deal must be kept secret.
help.
28th Oct – Khrushchev agrees to the secret deal and orders all ‘cargoes’ to return to the USSR.
Short-Term Kennedy and the USA appeared victorious as Khrushchev was seen by the world as the one to publically back down. This propaganda defeat contributed to Khrushchev resigning in 1964. Kennedy had agreed to pull US missiles out of Turkey. In reality, the event did end in compromise. European allies of the US were shocked at how little they were consulted throughout the crisis. French leader Charles de Gaulle pulls France out of NATO in response. NATO is weakened. The Chinese were not impressed with the performance of the USSR so began to pursue a more independent foreign policy. World communism was also weakened. This led to the creation of a ‘hotline’ in June 1963 between Washington and Moscow in order to avoid future ‘misunderstandings’. The Limited Test Ban Treaty was agreed in August 1963. Both sides agreed to ban nuclear testing in space, in the sea and above ground. Long-term Both sides recognised the dangers of direct conflict. The USA and USSR began to search for meaningful ‘peaceful co-existence’ as they realised how close they came to nuclear war. This led to a policy called ‘détente’ – a relaxing of tension in the Cold War which dominated superpower relations in the 1970s.
A10: Superpower Relations 1945-1962: Exam Questions The following exam questions are taken from the 2011 and 2012 exams as well as some rewritten questions from previous years’ exams. Refer to the marking criteria and grade boundaries at the bottom of this document to mark your work. Good luck!
Exam Questions – Question A (3 marks) – Write these events in the correct chronological sequence: 1. The beginning of peaceful co-existence, The Cuban Missile Crisis, The Setting up of the Federal Republic of Germany, The Marshall Plan, The ‘Iron Curtain’ speech 2. The beginning of the Korean War, The Truman Doctrine, The Setting up of the Warsaw Pact, The Berlin Blockade, The Potsdam Conference 3. The Hungarian Uprising, The setting-up the Warsaw Pact, The building of the Berlin Wall, The Marshall Plan, The setting-up of NATO 4. The Yalta Conference, The Bay of Pigs Invasion, The Berlin Blockade, The Setting up of the Warsaw Pact, The beginning of Peaceful Co-Existence. 5. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, The building of the Berlin Wall, The Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR), The Cuban Missile Crisis, The Hungarian Crisis 6. The creation of COMECON, The start of the Korean War, U2 Incident, The building of the Berlin Wall, The Potsdam Conference 7. The Hungarian Uprising, The Potsdam Conference, The Berlin Blockade, The Yalta Conference, The Truman Doctrine 8. The Marshall Plan, The Hungarian Crisis, The Death of Stalin, The U2 Incident, Novikov’s Telegram. 9. Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR), Creation of COMINFORM, The Setting up of the Warsaw Pact, Kennan’s Long Telegram, Bay of Pigs Invasion. 10. Cuban Missile Crisis, creation of COMECON, The setting-up of NATO, Novikov’s Telegram, The Building of the Berlin Wall.
11. The Berlin Blockade, Death of Stalin, The Hungarian Crisis, the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) joining NATO, The Cuban Missile Crisis. 12. The Berlin Blockade, The Potsdam Conference, The Hungarian Uprising, The Truman Doctrine, The Yalta Conference. 13. The U2 Incident, The Hungarian Uprising, The Potsdam Conference, The Marshall Plan, The Korean War
Exam Questions – Question B (4 marks / Consequence) 1. Choose either The Cuban Missile Crisis or The Marshall Plan. Describe one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 2. Choose either The Truman Doctrine or The Berlin Blockade. Describe one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
3. Choose either the Building of the Berlin Wall or The setting-up of NATO. Describe one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 4. Choose either the Warsaw Pact or Khruschev’s policy of Peaceful Co-existence. Describe one effect that it had on relations between East and West. (2007 Foundation) 5. Choose either the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) or Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ Speech. Describe one effect on the relation between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 6. Choose either the Korean War or the U2 incident. Describe one effect on the relation between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 7. Choose either the Yalta Conference or the Potsdam Conference. Describe one effect on the relation between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 8. Choose either the Hungarian Crisis or the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Describe one effect on the relation between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 9. Choose either the creation of COMINFORM or Kennan’s Long Telegram. Describe one effect on the relation between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
10. Choose either the creation of COMECON or Novikov’s Telegram. Describe one effect on the relation between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 11. Choose either the Death of Stalin or the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) joining NATO. Describe one effect on the relation between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 12. Choose either the U2 incident or The Potsdam Conference. Describe one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. 13. Choose either the U2 incident or The Arms Race. Describe one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
Exam Questions – Question C (8 marks / Causation) 1. Why was there a crisis over Berlin in the years 1948-1949? Explain your answer. 2. Why did the USSR build the Berlin Wall in 1961? Explain your answer. 3. Why had the USA and the Soviet Union become rivals by 1947? Explain your answer. 4. Why did Warsaw Pact troops invade Hungary in November 1956? Explain your answer. 5. Why was the Truman Doctrine announced in March 1947? Explain your answer. 6. Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and the Soviet Union broken down by the end of 1946? Explain your answer. 7. Why was the Marshall Plan created in June 1947? Explain your answer.
8. Why was there a crisis over missiles in Cuba in 1962? Explain your answer. 9. Why was there a war over Korea in the years 1950-1953? Explain your answer. 10. Why was the NATO alliance created in April 1949? Explain your answer. 11. Why did the USSR establish the Warsaw Pact in May 1955? Explain your answer. 12. Why did the USSR establish COMINFORM in September 1947? Explain your answer.
13. Why did Stalin launch COMECON in 1949? Explain your answer. 14. Why had Germany become divided by 1949? Explain your answer. 15. Why did the USA and USSR disagree at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945? Explain your answer. 16. Why did the Wartime Allies decide to meet at Yalta in February 1945? Explain your answer. 17. Why did the USA decide to launch the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961? Explain your answer. 18. Why did Churchill give his ‘Iron Curtain’ speech in March 1946? Explain your answer. 19. Why had Khruschev’s Policy of Peaceful Co-Existence ended by 1961? Explain your answer. 20. Why did Khruschev walk out of the Paris Summit in May 1960? Explain your answer. 21. Why did Truman take a much tougher line with Stalin at Potsdam than Roosevelt had at Yalta? Explain your answer. 22. Why did Khrushchev adopt the policy of ‘peaceful co-existence’? Explain your answer. 23. Why had differences between the Allies appeared by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945? Explain your answer. 24. Why did relations between the USA and the USSR change in the period between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences? Explain your answer.
Exam Questions – Question D (10 marks / Cause, Effect or Change) 1. Use the source and your own knowledge, to explain why relations between the USA and the Soviet Union changed in the years 1955-1961. “In 1955, the Soviet Union set up the Warsaw Pact to strengthen its control of Eastern Europe. In the following year, Soviet forces crushed the Hungarian Uprising. The U2 Crisis and the construction of the Berlin Wall worsened relations between the USA and the Soviet Union.” Source: from a modern textbook.
2. Use the source and your own knowledge, to explain why the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956. “In June 1956, a group within the Hungarian Communist Party opposed Rakosi. The Soviet Union allowed a new government to be formed under Imre Nagy. Nagy introduced a series of reforms including free elections and private ownership of farmland.” Source: from a modern textbook. 3. Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was a crisis over missiles in Cuba in 1962. “On 14 October 1962 a US spy plane took photographs which showed Soviet missile bases being built in Cuba. This meant that all US missile defence systems were now useless. From 16 October Kennedy spent one week asking his defence chiefs for possible reactions and considering alternatives.” Source: from a modern textbook. 4. Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the Cold War developed in the years 1949-1953. “Tension between the West and the Soviet Union continued to increase throughout the Berlin Airlift. The hopes that Germany would be re-united began to disappear and in 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany was created from the British, French and US zones. Later that year, the Soviet Union created the German Democratic Republic from its zone.” Source: from a modern textbook.
5. Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the Cuban Missile Crisis was ended peacefully. “At first in the Cuban Missile Crisis neither Kennedy nor Khrushchev would back down. Kennedy set up the naval blockade and Khrushchev ordered Soviet ships to continue supplying Cuba. On 24th October, some Soviet ships turned away from Cuba and some slowed down. The two leaders exchanged letters and Kennedy agreed to Khrushchev’s suggestions.” Source: from a modern textbook 6. Use the source and your own knowledge to explain why the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. “Kruschev thought he would be able to force the Allies out of West Berlin. He knew the limits to which President Eisenhower would go. Khruschev knew that he had to stop the flow of refugees. West Berlin remained a loophole in the Iron Curtain. The 1948 crisis had made it clear that the Western powers were not going to leave West Berlin of their own free will.
Following the election of the inexperienced John F. Kennedy, Khrushchev felt very confident that he could solve the problem of Berlin once and for all.” Source: from a modern textbook 7. Use the source and your own knowledge to explain how the creation of NATO changed relations between East and West. “The Berlin Blockade had serious consequences for international relations. The West decided that Stalin was not going to co-operate and so Truman took the decision that the USA would have to keep forces in Europe on a permanent basis. In 1949, NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) was set up. It was a sign that relations between the Superpowers were now so bad that some form of military alliance was necessary.” Source: from a modern textbook 8. Use the source and your own knowledge to explain how Stalin tried to force the Allies out of West Berlin in the years 1948-1949. “Stalin had wanted to deal with West Berlin for some time. He did not like the fact that it gave the West access to Europe beyond the Iron Curtain. It also gave the people of the East an idea of what life was like in the West. As Marshall Aid began to reach Europe, life in the West seemed more and more attractive. Stalin decided to try to force the Western Allies out.” Source: from a modern textbook 9. Use the source and your own knowledge to explain why Stalin was forced to end the blockade of West Berlin in May 1949. “In June 1948, the western allies decided that they had to respond to Stalin’s actions. They agreed that West Berlin had to be saved at all costs. So began the Berlin Airlift, which lasted more than fourteen months, until September 1949, four months after the blockade ended. Everything that the people of West Berlin needed had to be brought in by plane.” Source: from a modern textbook. 10. Use the source and your own knowledge to explain the changes to relations between the USA and the Soviet Union brought about by the Berlin Blockade of 1948-49? “The Berlin Blockade was a propaganda success for the Americans and a failure for the Soviet Union. In May 1949, Stalin called off the blockade. In September 1949, West Germany was officially created as an independent state, followed one month later by East Germany. In addition, the USA set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.” Source: from a modern textbook.
11. Use the source and your own knowledge to explain why there was a war in Korea from 1950-53. “America’s first response to the invasion of South Korea was to rush military supplies to South Korea. Then, on 27th June the United States proposed a resolution in the United Nations calling for military action against North Korea. The resolution was passed and three days later Truman ordered American troops into Korea.” Source: from a modern textbook. 12. Use the source and your own knowledge to explain the effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. “After the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy worked with Khrushchev to set up a hot line. This would allow the Kremlin and the White House to be in direct contact. The aim of the hotline was to ensure that the two leaders could discuss their differences and therefore avoid war.” Source: from a modern textbook.
A10: Superpower Relations 1945-1962: Mark Scheme A rough estimation of the grade boundaries would mean that students would need to achieve the following mark for each of the four units: A* = 21/25, A = 18/25, B = 15/25, C = 12/25, D = 9/25, E = 7/25, F = 5/25, G = 3/25, U = 0+
(a) Target: Recall of Knowledge (AO1) - 3 marks 2 in correct sequence 3 in correct sequence 4/5 in correct sequence
1 mark 2 marks 3 marks
(b) Target: Consequence/Recall of knowledge (AO1) – 4 marks Level
Descriptor
Simple or generalised statements of consequence – The candidate makes statements which lack any supporting Level 1 contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations. e.g. This was when the USA and other countries signed an alliance. Developed statements of consequence – The candidate supports their statements with relevant contextual knowledge. Level 2 e.g. Berlin wall worsened relations. USA annoyed, lack of movement between East and West. Attempts to escape over wall.
Mar k
1-2
3-4
(c) Target: Causation/Recall of Knowledge (A01) – 8 marks Level
Descriptor Simple or generalised statements of causation – The candidate makes statements which lack any Level 1 supporting contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations. e.g. because of capitalism and communism.
Mark 1-2 1 mark for one simple statement 2 marks for two or more 3-5 Developed statements of causation – The 3 marks for one candidate supports their statement with relevant developed Level 2 contextual knowledge. statement e.g. Differences at Yalta and Potsdam, ideological 4/5 marks for two differences, attitude of Truman or more 6-8 Developed explanation of causation – An 6/7 marks for two explanation of more than one factor supported by or more explained selected knowledge. One explained factor should factors Level 3 be marked at the top of Level 2. 8 marks for e.g. As Level 2. Shows how US use of atom bomb, answers which show Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan worsened links between relations. factors (d) Target: Recall of Knowledge/Comprehension of Source (AO1/AO2) – 10 marks Level
Descriptor
Level 1
Simple or generalised statements using the source supported by some own knowledge – The candidate makes statements which lack any supporting contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations. e.g. because the Soviet Union had missiles on Cuba.
Developed Statements using the source and relevant own knowledge – The candidate supports their statement with relevant contextual Level 2 knowledge. e.g. Krushchev and missiles, US spy plane and missile sites, attitude of Kennedy
Mark 1-3 1 marks for one simple statement 2/3 marks for two or more Max 3 marks for only using the source 4-7 4/5 marks for one developed statement 6/7 marks for two or more
8-10 Developed explanation using the source and 8-9 marks for two precise own knowledge – An explanation of more or more explained than one factor supported by selected knowledge. factors Level 3 One explained factor should be marked at the top 10 marks for of Level 2. answers which show e.g. As Level 2 – Shows how Kennedy’s and links between Khrushchev’s policies v Cuba precipitated crisis factors
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