Superinteressante Ed 415 O Mundo Pós Coronavírus

 

H KUMRF  F_RRHCGLDH  F_  F dh ahtl tlu u a  ammdg dgö  ö fs i fs iff  pfss sslh lhss f  fa a :  : a  afs fsfs fs,, f tr hz  hz   dmëö  dm ëö fs ma map plrt rth hctf tfss ph phr  r h h O  Ol lvm vmii-8 8=. =.   R. R.  95

H omàcomh rfmchrè, hs jhnf cfws

L AVCIL Rß_

sfrïl fsah󰁫hihs, h 󰁲ldhrmzh󰃫ïl vhm imamcumr ‟ ahs sfrfals sfrfal s ahms vm󰁫mhils, f olctrldhils, il 󰁸uf cucoh. F fssf 󰁲rlofssl 󰁠è olaf󰃫lu. R. 52

R. ?2

R. ;2

R. :5

R. 97

YFUFAL_ H AHMLU UFOF__ÏL IH GM_YßUMH<

GFGFGFGFGF0 L_ 72 HCL_ IL RMOH󰀡RHV RMO H󰀡RHV..

OLAL L EHMWL OUMLV H AÐ_MOH RLR.

M_LDHAFCYL0 L AFUOHIL IF EVCNFU_.

 

OHUYH HL DFMYLU

  F I M Y L U M H D

Ohih ua ola l sfu Rdhcl Ahrsghdd Ahrsghdd

Jucihih fa 8=62

ZMOYLU OMZMYH (8=2;-8==2)

ULEFUYL OMZMYH (8=?:-528?)

Ruedmsgfr 0 Jèeml Ohrvhdgl

󰁇󰁨󰁣󰁬󰁺󰁦󰁵 󰃭 󰁶󰁡󰁨 󰁫󰁵󰁨󰃫󰁨, olal

quhdqufr omihif hdfaï. Ahs fa 8=96 frh imjfrfcf. L olahcihcf ermåcmol fcohrrfkhil if hiamcmshr h omihif hpÿs h _fkucih Kufrrh ifsorfvfu l imh h imh hdm olal uah olcshcf if —shqufs, ermkhs, fsprls, hsshssmchls‑. Va ifssfs shqufs jlm h uah dl`h if ahëhcfhs if plrh. —Hs pfsslhs oguhvha f ehha ola ehrrhs if jfrrl fa qufa vfssf rluehil ahms ahëhcfhs il quf fdhs‑, olclu l olrrfsplcifcf if kufrrh mckdàs Dflchri Alsdfy (8=8?-8==5). Yuil —cuah omihif fa quf afhif ihs plrhs cïl fxmsh ahms‑. H duz sÿ vldhrmh hl olccfcf ifplms il Rdhcl Ahrsghdd. Ola afil if quf uah Furlph hrrhshih hohehssf hdmhcil-sf â Vcmïl _lvmíoh fa loh if olamih, ls FVH ﬈chcomhrha ls klvfrcls if dè. H phrr if 8=97, phsshrha h mc`fhr emdgöfs if iÿdhrfs fa 86 phásfs. Frh uah aïl ch rlih. Chqufdf alafcl, ola h folclamh ehdfhih, prhohafcf sÿ l iÿdhr f l lurl frha hofmls fa hcshëöfs mcfrchomlchms, afsal quhcil l olaíroml frh fcf phásfs furlpfus. Ola h alfih jlrf il Rdhcl Ahrsghdd cl ohmxh, ohih ua olcsfkumu maplrhr ua pluol il quf prfomshvh phrh rfoldlohr h vmih cls

mdgls ‟ olamih, jfrdmzhcfs, olaeusávfd, ahqumcèrml phrh h mciðsmh. H ahmlr phrf vmcgh ils FVH afsal, quf cgha ahcil mchoh suh ohphomihif if prliuëïl. Ahs ls iÿdhrfs il Rdhcl haeía elaehrha h jlrëh prliuvhh ih Furlph. Ola ahms prliuv aèqumchs f mcsuals hkráoldhs, hkráoldhs, ohih phás pùif prliuzmr ahms f afdglr, f vfcifr fdfs afsals sfus prliuls. Cmssl, hs alfihs dlohms khcghrha jlrëh. Ls iÿdhrfs sf lrchrha afcls cfofssèrmls. F fa 8=65, ifplms if fr hcsjfrmil l fqumvhdfcf h V_$ 892 emdgöfs fa imcgfmrl if gl`f, l Rdhcl Ahrsghdd jfoglu hs lrcfmrhs. Ilms frëls il imcgfmrl cgh smil ihil if krhëh, `è quf l prlpÿsml hdm frh ahms pldáol il quf ﬈chcofmrl. L rfsl jlm ch jlrah if faprísals, ahs ola prfshëöfs h pfrifr if vmsh. Cïl í ﬈kurh if dmckuhkfa0 h Hdfahcgh qumlu suh ðdah phrofdh sÿ fa 8=;8. L Ufmcl Vcmil, fa 522:. Hklrh, quf l olrlchvárus ormlu uah smhëïl if pÿs-kufrrh sfa quf gluvfssf uah kufrrh, jhdh-sf ch cfofssmihif if ua —clvl Rdhcl Ahrsghdd‑. H imjfrfcëh í quf ohih phás frè if jhzfr l sfu. Jhdl slerf mssl ch rfplrhkfa ih pèkmch ?2, olal phrf ih clssh olefrrh h rfspfml ih rfhdmihif sle l olrlcholrlch várus, quf pfrafmh quhsf lih fsh fimëïl. H rfplrhkfa if ohph, olahcihih pfdl fimlr Erucl Khrhtlcm, vhm hdía, f alsh olal h rfhdmihif pÿs-Olvmi-8= fsè sfcil olcsuáih cfsf alafcl. Elh dfmrh. Elh slrf. F quf h vmih vldf dlkl h sfr uah krhëh.

Imrftlr if Ufihëïl0 Hdfxhcirf Zfrsmkchssm Fimtlr0  Erucl Khrhttlcm Fimtlr hssmstfctf0 Erucl Zhmhcl Ufpÿrtfrfs0  Kumdgfraf Fdfr, Ahrmh Odhrh Ulssmcm, Uhjhfd Ehtthkdmh Ifsmkcfr-ogfjf0  @udmhch Nrhuss Ifsmkcfrs0  Hcifrslc O._. if Jhrmh, Ohrdls Fiuhril Ghrh, Ahrmh Rhof Fsthkmèrmls0  Erucl Ohremchttl, Ohrldmch Jmlrhttm (tfxtl), Duohs @htleè (hrtf) Oldhelrhëïl0 Hdfxhcirf Ohrvhdgl (rfvmsïl) Htfcimafctl hl Dfmtlr0 [hdnmrmh Kmlrkmcl  Rlld Hiamcmstrhtmvl0 Ahrh Ormstmch Rmldh (ollrifchilrh).

www.supfrmctfrfsshc www.su pfrmctfrfsshctf.ola.er tf.ola.er / supfrdfmtlrBhe supfrdfmtlrBhermd.ola.er rmd.ola.er RVEDMOMIHIF F RUL@FYL_ F_RFOMHM_ Ahrols Khromh Dfhd

(Imrftlr if Ruedmomihif) (Hdmafctls, Efemihs, Efdfzh, Gmkmfcf, Alih, Malemdmèrml, Ifolrhëïl, Yurmsal, Zhrf`l, Fiuohëïl, Aáimh & Fctrftfcmafctl), Ahrofdl H defrtl Olgfc (Jmchcofmrl, Alemdmihif, Yfocldlkmh, Yfocldlkmh, Yfdfola, _hðif f _frvmëls), Hcirí Ahrmcm (Ufkmlchms f Klvfrcl). IMUFYLUMH IF AFUOHIL Ohrdls Clkufmrh OUMHËÏL F AHUNFYMCK AHUOH_  Hcirfh Hefddfmrh EUHCIFI OLCYFCY, FZFCYL_ F ZÁIFL _hcirl Jfrrfmrh Ulsh RULIVYL_ F RDHYHJLUAH_ Kumdgfraf Zhdfctf IFILO F HEUMDRUF__   Hdfsshcirh Olddhil HEUMD EMK IHYH (EMK IHYH + _FL + ANY IMKMYHD + HIZFUYM_MCK)  _írkml Ulsh

Ufihëïl f Olrrfsplciàcomh0 Hv. Lthvmhcl Hdvfs if Dmah, 9.922, Jrfkufsmh il ß, OFR 25=2=-=22, _ïl Rhudl, _R. Ruedmomihif _ïl Rhudl f mcjlrahëöfs slerf rfprfsfcthctfs if puedmomihif cl Erhsmd f cl Fxtfrmlr0   www.puedmhermd.ola.er, tfd. 88 ?2?;5657 / ?2?;-9;92 / ?2?;-?976. Dmofcomhafctl if olctfðil0 

phrh hiqumrmr ls imrfmtls if rfprliuëïl if tfxtls f mahkfcs olcthtf0 dmofcomhafctlifolctfuilBhermd.ola.er

_VRFUMCYFUF__HCYF   fimëïl c° 986 (M__C 2829-8;7-=), hcl ?9,

c°6, í uah puedmoh puedm ohëïl ëïl ih Fimtlrh Hermd 8=7; K+@ Fsphøh _.H. —Auy Mctfrfshctf‑ (—Aumtl Mctf Mctfrfs rfsshc shctf‑), tf‑), Fsph Fsphcgh. cgh. Fimëöfshctfrmlrfs0 Zfcih fxodusmvh fa ehcohs, pfdl prfël ih ðdtmah fimëïl fa ehcoh. _ldmomtf hl sfu `lrchdfmrl. Imstrmeuáih fa tlil l phás pfdh Imchp _.H. Imstrmeumilrh Chomlchd if Ruedmohëöfs, _ïl Rhudl. _VRFUMCYFUF__HCYF cïl hiamtf hiamtf puedmom puedm omih ihif if rfihoml rfihomlchd. chd.

Rhrh hssmchr h rfvmsth0 www.hssmcfhermd.ola.er Krhcif _R0 88 ??9;-5858 Ifahms dlohdmihifs0 2722-;;6 5757 If 5h h :h-jfmrh ihs 7g âs 55g Zfcihs Olrplrhtmvhs, prl`ftls fspfomhms f vfcihs fa dltf0 hssmchturholrplrhtmvhBhermd.ola.er   _frvmëls hl hssmchctf0 www.hermdsho.ola.er Krhcif _R0 88 627;-5885 Ifahms dlohdmihifs0 2722-;;6 5885 If 5h h :h-jfmrh ihs 7g âs 55g Rhrh ehmxhr suh rfvmsth imkmthd0 Hofssf www.rfvmsthsimkmthmshermd.ola.er MARUF__H CH F_IFZH MCIÐ_YUMH KUÈJMOH DYIH

Hv. Erhsmd, 8926, Rlël Umol, OFR0 ?:252-882, @umz if Jlrh - AK

 Hdfx hcirf Zfrsmk chs sm  Hdfxhcirf IMUFYLU IF UFIHËÏL HDFWHCIUF.ZFU_MKCH__M󰁂HE UMD.OLA.E U Jltl Ylaès Hrtguzzm

www.kruplhermd.ola.er

 

OHUIÈRML

A H M L I F 5 2 5 2

52 Oh󰁲h

L AVCIL Rß_󰀡 OLULCHZÁUV_ Ahms omàcomh, afcls jhnf cfws, glaf lof ehchdmzhil f vmkmdåcomh il klvfrcl0 vhals shmr ih phcifamh cua aucil imjfrfctf, afdglr fa hdkucs plctls, pmlr fa lutrls.

?2 Folclamh if 󰁸uhrfcfch Rlifals fctrhr ch ahmlr rfofssïl ifsif h ormsf if 8=5=. F hklrh<

?: Ormhilurl if várus Rlr quf l afrohil ogmcàs if hcmahms smdvfstrfs í uah elaeh-rfdÿk elaeh-rfdÿkml. ml.

95 Olal jlm h 󰁫rm󰁲f fs󰁲hcgldh Hs dmëöfs quf h phcifamh ahms dfthd il síoudl 52 ifmxlu phrh l olaehtf â Olvmi-8=.

69 Pfus í erhsmdfmrl L Erhsmd í rfolrimsth aucimhd if rhmls0 ohfa ;;,7 amdgöfs plr hcl. ?22 htmckfa pfsslhs.

:5 Ohsl 󰁫rhvf if mc󰁠ust󰃫h Cmckuía sf dfaerh il ehmxmsth ‟ ahs l ehmxl fdítrmol auilu h gmstÿrmh ih aðsmoh.

97  Fa ohsl if jma il aucil _ÿ cl Erhsmd, gè ifzfchs if eucnfrs suetfrråcfls faehmxl if ahcsöfs. Rlr U$ 86 amdgöfs, vloà plif tfr l sfu.

;2 —F dè vhals cÿs!‑ L Rmoh-Rhu ogfkh hls 72 hcls olal ua áolcf ih clsthdkmh chomlchd ‟ ahms plpudhr plr hqum il quf cls FVH.

85 󰁣󰃰󰁡󰁦󰁵󰁬󰁿 󰁺󰁿󰀣 󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁬󰁣󰁨

F __F CO M H D : 󰁶󰁡󰁨 󰁭󰁡󰁨󰁫󰁦󰁡󰀣󰀣󰀣

Hs smaudhëöfs ahtfaètmohs quf alvfa l olaehtf olctrh h Olvmi-8=.

󰁣󰃰󰁡󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁭󰁣󰁯󰁵󰃡󰁺󰁦󰁤

Msldhafctl slomhd fa ehrrhohs chs Jmdmpmchs.

LUÈOVDL

F _F...

;7 󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁪󰃡󰁯󰁭󰁬 󰁯󰃿󰁿󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁬

79 󰁨󰁩󰁦󰁶󰁿󰀤 󰁿󰃭󰁹󰁭󰁡󰁬 󰁿󰁦󰁤󰁬

Xuhd h imjfrfcëh fctrf eurhol cfkrl f eurhol if amcgloh<

F sf h Rfstf Cfkrh cucoh tmvfssf holctfomil<

8: 󰁨󰁲󰁬󰁯󰁨󰁤󰁭󰁲󰁿󰁦 󰁣󰁬󰁹󰁨 󰀸󰀲 7 ... 󰁶󰁡󰁨 󰁬󰁲󰁭󰁣󰁭󰃯󰁬

Ufcih aácmah0 uah elh mifmh haeía 󰁲hrh fa󰁲ls sfa 󰁲hcifamh.

Lrkhcmzhals dafs slerf l a il aucil fa ua krèol ‟ ils ahms vfrlssáafms hls ahms Amoghfd Ehy.

;= 󰁯󰁨󰁵󰁹󰃿󰁵󰁭󰁬 󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁿󰁯󰃿󰁲󰁭󰁯󰁬

Xufa iè claf hls várus<

87 󰁹󰁵󰁨󰁣󰁿󰁪󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁦󰁵 Rrltÿtmpl if ofdudhr ogmcàs tfa tfdh ilerèvfd quf oh il thahcgl if ua mRhi.

6? EVCNFU_ _VEYFUUÅCF

_VRFUCLZH_

85   󰁦󰁣󰁘󰁶󰁨󰁣󰁹󰁬 󰁭󰁿󰁿󰁬󰀣󰀣󰀣 89   󰀿 󰁣󰁬󰁹󰃡󰁯󰁭󰁨󰁿 󰁿󰁬󰁥󰁵󰁦

82  󰀶󰀶󰀶 󰁡󰁭󰁤󰁧󰃶󰁦󰁿 󰁩󰁦 󰁨󰁣󰁬󰁿

8:   󰁲󰃭󰁵󰁬󰁤󰁨󰁿 󰁩󰁬 󰁿󰁹󰁵󰁦󰁨󰁡󰁭󰁣󰁫

Olcgfëh l clssl hcofstrhd imrftl ahms hctmkl.

8= 󰁺󰁬󰁯󰃠 󰁩󰁦󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁦

Ohph | Mdustrhëïl Jfdmpf Ifd Uml Jmchdmzhëïl Ylaès Hrtguzzm

L_ RUMZHIL_ F_YÏL F_OLC IMIL_ _ß CL F_YHIL IF _ÏL RHVDL.

󰁲󰀣󰀶󰀵

7? 󰁘󰁶󰁨󰁣󰁩󰁬 󰁨 󰁯󰁵󰁭󰁿󰁦 󰁺󰁭󰁦󰁵 Ahcuhd0 olal jhzfr ua ourráoudl ofrtfmrl.

;=   󰁲󰃨 󰁲󰁶󰁡 78   󰁿󰃿 󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁦󰁩󰁭󰁹󰁬 󰁺󰁦󰁣󰁩󰁬 75   󰁲󰁦󰁣󰁿󰁨󰁣󰁩󰁬 󰁥󰁦󰁡󰀣󰀣󰀣 75   󰁤󰁬󰁿󰁹 󰁭󰁣 󰁹󰁵󰁨󰁣󰁿󰁤󰁨󰁹󰁭󰁬󰁣

ÐDYMAH RÈKMCH 7: 󰁤󰁬󰁣󰁫󰁬 󰁲󰁵󰁨󰁰󰁬 Xuhctls hcls ohih vhomch dfvlu phrh ohr prlcth<

 

F__FCOMHD

:   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

  V A H M A H K F A . . .

Jltl  Fzrh

Hohyhc / Kftty Mahkfs

 

ahml 5252

󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵   ;

 

F__FCOMHD

...VAH LRMCMÏL

Alrhilrfs if ruh if Ahcmdh, chs Jmdmpmchs, jhzfa sfu msldhafctl fa tfcihs maprlvmshihs pfdl klvfrcl cua kmcèsml ih omihif.H èrfh aftrlpldmthch ih ohpmthd dmpmch tfa ? amdgöfs if sfa-tftl, phrh uah plpudhëïl if 8? amdgöfs if ghemthctfs ‟ if ohih quhtrl omihiïls, ua cïl tfa lcif alrhr. F l dukhr fstè sle uah 󰁣󰁨 󰁲󰃨󰁫󰁭󰁣󰁨 󰁨󰁣󰁹󰁦󰁵󰁭󰁬󰁵󰀰

quhrfctfch sfvfrh. Htí l trhcsplrtf pðedmol jfoglu.

Ufcih aácmah0 elh mifmhuah thaeía 󰁲hrh tfa󰁲ls sfa 󰁲hcifamh

L ua olcofmtl if󰁲hrh 󰁲h󰁫hr shdèrml ohih omihiïl, ahms 󰁲ld󰁲uil 󰁲ld󰁲ui l 󰁸uf l Eldsh Jhaádmh, í vmstl ola elcs ldgls thctl 󰁲lr dmefrhms olal 󰁲lr slomhdmsths. F h ormsf if h󰁫lrh 󰁲lif sfr ua 󰁫htmdgl 󰁲hrh vmhemdmzhr h mifmh.

R L U R F I U L

AFCFPF_

 lm ua aàs mcfcsl ch vmih if Fiuhril _updmoy. Ahrth, suh fsplsh ch íploh, jlm fdfmth prfjfmth ih omihif if _ïl Rhudl cl imh 5=. Cïl lm l ðcmol holcfomafcl holcfomafcl ahrohcf ihqufdf aàs. Cls imhs : f ;, fa vmhkfa h Efrdma, _updmoy phsslu l ﬈a if sfahch olcvfrshcil olcvfrshcil ola Amdlc Jrmfiahc, ua ils folclamshs ahms mcſtufcfs ih gmsÿrmh. L fcolcl fcf l oljcihilr il RY f l phm il cfldmefrhdmsal cfldmefrhdmsal í hmcih ahms mcusmhil m cusmhil plrquf plrquf ls ilms LVYVEUL IF 󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀲

sfFshil rfucmrha phrhkhrhctr o lcolrihr. olcolrihr . Fa olaua, haels ifjfcimha l ifvfrmh uah rfcih aácmah h lils ls omihiïls. omihi quf ïls. —Gè pfsslhs quf tàa rfsmstàcomh â rfcih aácmah, imzfcil sf hhr if uah prlplsh cfldmefrhd, pfdl jhl if Amdlc Jrmfiahc fr olcmeuáil phrh olcofmthr f plpudhrmzhr ^h mifmhQ‑, fsorfvfu 7   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  5252

 

L FIMËÏL

_updmoy fa hrmkl slerf hqufdf fcolcrl. —_fr olcrh h rfcih aácmah sÿ plrquf Jrmfiahc h iffcifu í sfafdghcf h sfr olch l maplsl if rfcih sÿ plrquf phásfs ohpmhdmshs l hpdmoha‑, olapdflu.

H prlplsh ifjfcimih plr Jrmfiahc fvf lrmkfa cua hrkl if Kflrkf _kdfr, lul vfcofilr il Clefd, quf ifsorfvfu mcf﬈omàcomhs folcùamohs kfrhihs pfdl shdèrml aácmal. Ch olcodusïl, sfa aumh àcjhsf, _kdfr prlpùs luh pldáoh pðedmoh quf kfrhrmh l afsal fjfml, ahs sfa ls ifjfmls hplchils. H mifmh jlm ehzhih olal —maplsl if rfcih cfkhvl‑. cfkhvl‑. Jrmfiahc klslu f ifomimu hehdghr fa omah ifdh.

L maplsl if rfcih cfkhvl í l fxhl lplsl il MU olaua. H mifmh olcsmsf fa hcsfrmr imcgfmrl pðedmol phrh ls plerfs,, if alil quf cfcgua omihiïl plerfs fcgh rfcih hehmxl if ofrl vhdlr.

Rhrh dmefrhms, dmefrhms, fdh trhz ahms plifr if ifomsïl hls omihiïls. Rhrh slomhdmsths, í jcihafcthd phrh amckuhr h ifsmkuhdihif. ahms, fvmhcil h fchih prfolof cl afrohil if hehdgl.

_f imvfrsls krupls olcdmhcfs smaphzha ola h mifmh, plr quf fdh hmcih cïl í hpdmohih fa dhrkh fsohdh< L alvl í smapdfs0 oush ohrl. L Eldsh

Jhaádmh í ehrhl, ehrhl, ahs ua dhr if quhl pfsslhs ola rfcih afcshd if U$ 8.622 í olcsmifrhil rmol ifahms phrh fchr

cl prlkrhah. F, afsal phrh qufa í amsfrèvfd, l vhdlr rfphsshil im﬈omdafcf udhphssh U$ ?22. Hpfshr if

Yràs hcls hpÿs l fcolcrl if _updmoy f Jrmfiahc, l maplsl if rfcih cfkhvl mcspmrlu l Eldsh Jhaádmh. L folclamsh rfsplcsèvfd pfdl ifsfcgl il prlkrhah jlm Umohril Rhfs if Ehrrls, fx-hducl if Jrmfiahc. L RY R Y prlfslu. Ahrmh ih Olcofmëïl Yhvhrfs, folclamsh gmsÿrmoh il pfsal, hhvh l prlkrhah olal jrul if uah mc﬈dhëïl il Ehcol

khrhcr quf cfcgua erhsmdfmrl fcgh

Aucimhd fa sfu phril.

smkdh VEM, quf olcsmsf cua phkhafcl

If dè phrh oè, h ucmïl fcf dmefrhms f slomhdmshs fa ifjfsh ih rfcih aácmah ﬈olu ahms lrf. Yrhh-sf if uah ihs

ifschil h lils ls omihiïls. Lu sf`h,

ðcmohs pldáohs iffcimihs plr iuhs

﬈xl, smapdfsafcf plr fxmsr.

mels mifldÿkmohs quf cïl sf emoha.

Rlr ua dhil, aumls dmefrhms hrkuafcha quf h rfcih aácmah í ua prlkrhah slomhd fxfahafcf f﬈omfcf. Olal l klvfrcl sf dmamh h rfphsshr imcgfmrl phrh l omihiïl, ls ousls ola eurlorhomh sïl pfqufcls f í l mcimvá-

iul qufa fsoldgf olal khshr l vhdlr rfofemil, fa vfz if ifmxhr h ifomsïl chs aïls il Fshil Fshil..

Ih afsah jlrah, aumls cl ohapl ih fsqufrih fcxfrkha h rfcih aácmah olal uah frrhafch fmohz cl olaehf â plerfzh f â ifsmkuhdihif.

 H D F W H C I U F Z F U _ M K C H _ _ M

rfcih hamdmhr hehmxl if ofrl dmamf, l Eldsh Jhaádmh fa pluol imcgfmrl f

hckf pluohs pfsslhs, fa rfdhëïl hl lhd ih plpudhëïl.

Rlr mssl, aumls ifjfcslrfs ih rfcih aácmah prlpöfa uah vfrsïl hmcih ahms rhimohd f ouslsh0 h rfcih eèsmoh ucmv ucmvfrfrshd, olcgfomih mcfrchomlchdafcf pfdh

emdmlcèrmls f amsfrèvfms, ormhcëhs f milsls, lils rfofefrmha l afsal vhdlr Fcquhcl l aucil imsouf fssh mifmh haemomlsh, l Olckrfssl Chomlchd `è hprlvlu uah pldáoh if rfcih eèsmoh ucmvfrshd. H dfm, hprfsfchih plr Fiuhril _updmoy, fxmsf ifsif 5229, ahs cucoh jlm mapdfafc mapdfafchih. hih. L alv alvl l í h suh mcvmhemdmihif prèoh. L prl`fl fshefdfof quf l efcfáoml phkl ifvf sfr —su﬈omfcf phrh hfcifr âs ifspfshs aácmahs if ohih pfsslh ola hdmafchëïl, fiuohëïl f shðif‑.

Mssl cïl smkcm﬈oh quf ifvfals ifsohrhr h rfcih aácmah olal uah mifmh mcvmèvfd. H fxphcsïl if ua prlkrhah

olal l Eldsh Jhaádmh í plssávfd. F l fspárml ih prlplsh lrmkmchd if Kflrkf _kdfr afrfof sfr dfaerhil0 vhdf h pfch suestmr pldáohs pðedmohs afcls f﬈omfcfs plr uah rfcih aácmah ahms hapdh f rleush. Afsal ls dmefrhms, oíols ola rf-

dhëïl h quhdqufr huafcl il Fshil, prfomsha dfvhr h mifmh h sírml. Xuhcl afclr l cðafrl if omihiïls sfa olcimëöfs eèsmohs if hdmafchëï hdmafchëïl lf alrhimh, ahmlr plif sfr l fsphël il dmvrf afrohil. _f lils vfrfa uah khrhch aácmah if slerfvmvàcomh, slerfvmvàcomh, cïl prfomshals fafr hcl l hvhcël ih focldlkmh f h suestmëïl if faprfkls, plr fxfapdl.

H rfcih aácmah í plssávfd f vmèvfd, ahs phrh ogfkhr h fdh prfomshals rfmcvfchr l Fshil. Fssf í l ifsh﬈l quf aumls pldáols himhrha plr hcls. Ahs h slomfihif omvmd fa prfssmlchil ‟ h Vcmvfrsmihif _hclri hí hermu ua ofcl if fstils ifimohil fxodusmvhafcf h fssh mifmh.

Aumls ifjfcslrfs ih rfcih aácmah fspfrhvha quf l prl`fl olccuhssf hvhil cuah dlckh duh, hí quf vfml

h phcifamh. Olcjlraf l clv clvl l olrlchvárus sf fsphdgh f mapfif hs pfsslhs if hehdghr, imvfrsls phásfs ifomimrha mapdfafchr khrhchs if rfcih fa dhrkh fsohdh, mcodumcil Erhsmd f FVH.

Ohsl l klvfrcl ifomimssf phkhr afcshdafcf ua shdèrml aácmal phrh afcshdafcf ohih erhsmdfmrl hiudl ‟ U$ 8.296, vhdlr

Fsshs pldáohs sïl faplrèrmhs, odhrl, ahs l smapdfs hl if frfa smil hpdmohihs `è huafch h vmhemdmihif if clvls prlkrhahs if rfcih aácmah cl

Xuhcil l hehdghilr fa h khrhch if quf rfofefrè hdkua imcgfmrl hl ﬈a il aàs, fdf fa ahms plifr hl cfklomhr ola l phïl. Yhaeía Yhaeía huafcha ls

quf aumls phrh ouaprmr ls `udkhrmha rfqumsmlsmcsu﬈omfcf ih dfm ‟, l ousl lhd supfrhrmh U$ 8,6 mdgïl. Cïl iè, plms mssl fqumvhdf hl lhd ils khsls

jtrl, ahms herhckfcfs. Zmcf hcls ifplms il fcolcl fcf Jrmfiahc f _updmoy,, cucoh fsvfals _updmoy f svfals ïl prÿxmals if vfr hs mifmhs ifdfs ifdfs sf hcsjlrahrfa

mcofcvls mcofc vls phrh fstihr hdkucs hcls h

jfifrhms gl`f.

fa rfhdmihif, plr lil l pdhcfh. _ ahml 5252 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  

=

 

_VRFUCLZH_ FIMËÏL0 KVMDGFUAF

FDFU

IF_MKC0 OHUDL_

FIVHUIL GHUH

Clssl 󰁲hrfcf ahms hct󰁫l 󰁬󰁿 󰁲󰁵󰁭󰁡󰁦󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁿 󰁿󰁦󰁵󰁦󰁿

pdurmofdudhrfs (fmls if ahms if uah oídudh) h phssfhr pfdh Yfrrh, olal hdkhs f fsplc`hs, cgha jlrahls auml mrrfkudhrfs. Mssl, fvlduvhafcf jhdhcil, í ua prledfah0 smkcm﬈oh uah im﬈-

fvmiàcomhs il sfr vmvl ahms hckl h lsfchr fssh ohrhofrásoh. Ehzhil Mnhrm  Mnhrmh h wh whrmll rmllth th, fdf vmvfu vmvfu gè 666 66 6 amdgöfs if hcls cl jcil if lofhcls, cgh l hahcgl if ua krïl if hrrlz f sf phrfomh ola uah fspíomf if vfra vfraff

oudihif ahmlr if dlolalëïl f if lrkhcmzhr fsutrhs mcfrchs. Ahs hdkl pframu quf h vmih ifssf ua shdl0 h smafmh emdhfrhd ‟ fr ua olrpl imvmsávfd fa iuhs phrtfs mkuhms. Hklrh, omfcshs fcolchrha ch Husèdmh

rfoglcogu rfoglcoguil il ‟ olal vloà và homah. Fssh jlrah if imvmimr l olrpl jlm mcolrplrhih plr lihs hs fspíomfs hcmahms quf vmfrha hpÿs fdf. L quf smkcm﬈oh imzfr quf l M. whrm whrmllth llth í clssl hcofsthd ahms hckl `è ifsolefrl. 8

 

82 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 ahml 5252

 

sc.

JHYL_

87,:% 󰁁󰁨󰁭󰁬󰁵. Í l quhctl

olstuah sfr h fxpfothtmvh if vmih if jàafhs fa olaphrhëïl â if ahogls ih afsah fspíomf, sfkucil ua fstuil furlpfu quf hchdmslu 828 ahaájfrls imjfrfctfs.

H ehotírmh quf olaf pdèstmol tÿxmol 󰁁󰁨󰁹󰃭󰁵󰁭󰁨󰀡󰁲󰁵󰁭󰁁󰁨 󰁲󰁨󰁵󰁨 fsplc`hs if

olzmcgh, sldhs if tàcms f ehcols if ohrrl, l pldmurfthcl í ua pdèstmol imjáomd if rfomodhr, plms dmefrh sueståcomhs

5

XVHUFCYFCH IMAMCVM RLDVMËÏL IL HU HL UFILU IL AVCIL L clvl olrlchvárus puxlu l jrfml if htvmihifs guahchs. Xufa hkrhifof í l haemfcf haemfcf.. 󰁒󰁬󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁿 󰁺󰁬󰁬󰁿, 󰁡󰁦󰁣󰁬󰁿 󰁯󰁨󰁵󰁵󰁬󰁿 omroudhcil, mc-

iðstmhs prliuzmcil afcls. Ola l pdhcfh jlohil fa olaehfr h phcifamh if Olvmi-8 Olvmi-8=, =, h pldumëïl il hr ohmu ohm u olcsmifrhvfdafcf. olcsmifrhvfdafcf.   Fa Clvh ]lrn, l tèjfkl imamcum imamcumu u ?6%

Rlr dè, h qufih jlm if 92% ‟ h imjfrfcëh í ïl krhcif quf iè phrh vfr h ahcogh if pldumëïl imamcumcil fa mahkfcs if fdfsoÿpml. L afsal holcfofu fa phásfs olal Ufmcl Vcmil, Hdfahcgh f Gldhcih. L Erhsmd cïl ﬈olu if

tÿxmohs hl sfr ifkrhihil. Ahs omfctmsths ifsolermrha uah clvh ehotírmh ohphz if sf hdmafcthr ifsshs tlxmchs. L thd amorÿeml í il kàcfrl Rsfuilalchs  f jlm fcolctrhil cua htfrrl shcmtèrml. H mifmh í ushr sfu hpftmtf phrh imamcumr l rhstrl if pdèstmol quf guahcls ifmxha

ifsif h ogfkhih il clvl olrlchvárus. Mssl jlrh0 sfkucil h Offse, gluvf qufih if 62% olrlu hs famssöfs if alcÿxmil if ohrelcl ch pldumëïl il hr ch omihif if _ïl Rhudl uah plr hulaÿvfms hulaÿvfms pfdh afhif, fa olaphrhëïl h sfahch hpÿs l mcáoml ih quhrfcfch. 528=. Ch Ogmch, fpmofcl mcmomhd ih phcifamh,   H aè cláomh í quf hs rfiuëöfs plifa sfr hs famssöfs if OL5 ohárha 56% fa hpfchs faplr faplrèrmhs. èrmhs. Hpÿs l ﬈a ih ormsf ﬈chcofmrh if iuhs sfahchs, l quf, sfkucil fstahtvhs, pl- 5227, plr fxfapdl, hs famssöfs suemrha 6% if rfsudhr cuah rfiuëïl if 8% fa 5252. rfpfctchafcf, olal rfsudhil ils fsáaudls L lhd if CL5 ch halsjfrh haeía ﬈olu ﬈chcofmrls hl sflr if olaeusávfms. L rfofml afclr if jlrah rfpfcch cl clrf ih Mèdmh, í quf ls fsjlrëls phrh rfoupfrhr h folclamh ua ils phásfs ahms hjfhils pfdh phcifamh.  `lkufa ls khcgls hthms pfdl pfdl rhdl. rhdl. EO

ch chturfzh ‟ ?22

󰁊󰁬󰁭 󰁨 󰁯󰁬󰁣󰁯󰁤󰁶󰁿󰃯󰁬 󰁩󰁦 󰁶󰁁 󰁦󰁿󰁹󰁶󰁩󰁬

amdgöfs if tlcfdhihs sïl prliuzmihs tlils ls hcls. Erucl

h shðif Krhcifhiqumrmil Ehrrfmrh if Olrhd ih Hustrèdmh, l ahmlr rfomjf if olrhms il aucil. Fstmah-sfquf qufhchdmslu :2% ils olrhmsih tfcgha hspfotl fserhcqumëhil fa hdkua krhu. Í h ahmlr èrfh `è hjfthih ch gmstÿrmh. g mstÿrmh. Xufa iè olr hls olrhms sïl hdkhs quf vmvfa prfshs h fdfs. _f h tfapfrhturh huafcth aumtl, hs hdkhs sïl fxpudshs ‟ l quf plif sfr dfthd, `è quf fdhs sïl suh prmcomphd jlctf if hdmafctl. Yrhth-sf Yrhth-sf il tfrofmrl fpmsÿiml if erhcqufhafctl e rhcqufhafctl fa ahssh ch rfkmïl fa omcol hcls.

Ohremchttl

—Ls olrhms fstïl erhcols olal cucoh‑

Mdustrhëöfs  Hdfxfy Zldtldmcl ( Ifcms Jrfmths

aml 55 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  88

 

sc.

JHYL_

H mctfrcft jlm ilamchih plr dmvfs if jhalsls.

FCXVHCYL M__L... Rlr Ohrldmch Jmlrhttm f Ohrdls Fiuhril Ghrh

Clvhs alrtfs plr feldh cl Olckl mapfimrha quf h LA_ iforfthssf ljomhdafctf l ja ih fpmifamh cl phás. 

AHYFAÈYMOH AHYFAÈ YMOH H _FUZMËL _FUZM ËL IL OLAEHYF O LAEHYF HL OLULCHZÁUV_ Omfctmsths ifsolermrha quf dudhs if Guaeldit ermdgha cl fsourl phrh sf olaucmohr iurhctf h ohëh. 

Hrqufÿdlkls fcolctrhrha pmcturh if ifush fkápomh ifctrl il ohmxïl if uah aðamh if ? amd hcls. hcls. 

Rfsqumshilrfs ifsolermrha quf fxmstmha lrfsths trlpmohms ch Hctèrtmih gè =2 amdgöfs if hcls. ( Jlctfs  LA_  Vcmvfrsmihif _thcjlri  Rfrtg Ausfua hci Hrt Khddfry  Chturf

_maudhëöfs plifa h`uihr omihifs h sf prfphrhr afdglr phrh h phcifamh. iurhcf uah phcifamh í olaplrhr ua krhcif cðafrl if phomfcfs cls glspmhms f VYMs smaudhcfhafcf. Rfcshcil cmssl, l ah-

hl dlckl il hcl, olal uah krmpf, l smsfah if shðif olcsfkumrmh ihr olch. Xuhcil olafëlu h ormsf, _ïl @lsí ils Ohapls sÿ cgh ua dfml imsplcávfd,

faèol Lsahr Cfl, quf vmvf fa _ïl  @lsí ils ils Ohapls (_R), mcvfs mcvfsff ch ormhëïl ormhëïl if alifdls ahfaèmols quf fcha prfvfr l hvhcël ih Olvmi-8= cl Erhsmd.

plrquf ifmxha if fxmsr eusohacïl ls glspmhms plr luthspfsslhs rhzöfs.quf _f cïl gluvfr dfml su﬈omfcf phrh oumihr if lil aucil, h alrhdmihif orfsof auml.

Olal ls alifdls jucomlcha sÿ jlrcfofrïl h mcjrhfsurh phrh quf fdf lolrrh). H Uðssmh haeía fsè ch omrhcih. @è olafëlu h ifsfcvldvfr ua hpdmohtvl, if usl lermkhÿrml, quf ushrè ua XU olif phrh hrahzfchr ihils slerf sfus omihiïls. Hdfahcgh f Mèdmh fsïl ushcil ihils jlrcfomils pfdhs lpfrhilrhs if ofdudhr, quf pframfa shefr lcif ohih pfsslh fsfvf. F l klvfrcl erhsmdfmrl hcucomlu quf hilhrè ua smsfah smamdhr, alcmlrhcil 552 amdgöfs if ofdudhrfs. _fkucil l _mcimYf _mcimYfdferhsmd, dferhsmd, krupl quf rfðcf hs lpfrhilrhs, ls ihils sfrïl hclcmamzhils f jlrcfomi jlrcfomils ls ola 59 glrhs if hhsl, lu sf`h, cïl rfvfdhrïl rfvf dhrïl h mifctihif ihs pfsslhs pf sslhs cfa suh dlohdmzhëïl fa fapl rfhd. H mifmh í utdmzhr hs mcjlrahëöfs phrh fcfcifr afdglr olal h plpudhëïl, if alil kfrhd, fsè sf ifsdlohcil. Fa Msrhfd, l alcmlrhafcl if of-

fa clif olaehf â phcifamh. Ahssmil í uafjmohz phirïl vmkmdåcomh mcíiml, f quf cïl sfrè —ifsmcvfchil‑ quhcil

dudhrfs hohelu ihcil L ahrkfa h afimihs ahms hkrfssmvhs. prmafmrl-amcmsl Efc`hamc Cfhcyhgu hcucomlu

 59   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

Cua juturl plssávfd, mcjlrahëöfs quf gl`f sïl prmvhihs, olal quhms ilfcëhs vloà tfvf iurhctf h vmih, plifa fsthr htí fa hpdmohtmvls if fcolctrl.

l alcmlrhafcl ih dlohdmzhëïl ils omihiïls. Fa sfkumih, jfoglu lils ls

meuchms il phás f phsslu h klv klvfrchr frchr plr iforfl. —L olrlchvárus ahlu h

ifalorhomh fa Msrhfd‑, fsorfvfu l gmslrmhilr msrhfdfcsf ]uvhd Clhg Ghrhrm. Fdf fsè holsahil h dmihr ola l fah. Fa sfu dmvrl 58 Dmëöfs Dmëöfs phrh phrh l _íoudl _íoudl 58,

dhcëhil fa 5287, ifimolu ua ohpádl mcfmrl hl quf oghalu if imhiurhs imkmhms. —Chs aïls if ua klvfrcl efcmkcl, hdklrmals if vmkmdåcomh plifa sfr h afdglr olmsh quf `è holcf holcfofu ofu hl kàcfrl guahcl. Ahs haeía plifa ihr plifr h ua jurl Krhcif Mraïl‑, fsorfvf. Rhrh Ghrhrm, í auml prlvèvfd quf ls phdfstcls `è fsf`ha sfcil alcmlrhils pfdls msrhfdfcsfs.

fa alafcls if _ma. ormsf,Ílsolaua phásfs hprlvf hquf, prlvfa a dfms huafchcil l plifr il Fshil. L prledfah, olal imssfals, í quf hdkuahs ifsshs afimihs plifa sf lrchr ffrchs. Jlm

l quf holcfofu cls FVH hpÿs l 88 if

_ffaerl, fa 5228. Â íploh, l Olckrfssl hprlvlu h Rhml Ho, uah dfm quf hulrmzh l klvfrcl h fspmlchr quhdqufr omihiïl hafrmohcl. Lrmkmchdafcf,

fdh frmh vhdmihif hí 5226 ‟ ahs fsè

fa vmklr, ola pfqufchs hdfrhëöfs, hí gl`f. F l olrlchvárus `è prlvlolu uah

clvh phcohih il Fshil cls imrfmls omvms. Fa ahrël, l Ifphrhafcl if @ustëh (IL@) prlourlu dmifrhcëhs il

Olckrfssl ils FVH, sukfrmcil ua pholf ola hëöfs irèstohs. Hs afimihs, quf hmcih cïl jlrha hprlvhihs, pframfa â pldáomh prfcifr quhdqufr pfsslh plr fapl mcifframchil, sfa imrfml h `udkhafcl. Ch Guckrmh, l prmafmrl-

amcmsl Zmnlr Lrehc lefvf plifr hesldul0 hklrh, fdf plif ormhr f fxtckumr dfms, sfa phsshr pfdl Olckrfssl. L Rhrdhafcl ermåcmol hprlvlu ua

pholf if dfms, ola chih afcls il quf ?5; pèkmchs, quf huafch rhimohdafcf

l plifr pldmomhd f `uráimol il Fshil. Hs afimihs jlrha hpfdmihihs, pf`lrhtvhafcf,, if —plifrfs tvhafcf — plifrfs if Gfcrmquf 7 l‑

‟síoudl rfjfràcomh h fssf rfm mckdàs, q uf cl quf 8: klvfrclu l phás plr iforfl, sfkumcil hpfchs hs prÿprmhs ifomsöfs.

ahml 5252  

 

Cua hrkl fsorml ]uvhd fsor ml fa ahrël, ]uvhd Ghrhrm hjmrah quf h Olvmi-8= plif sf

rfvfdhr ua imvmslr if èkuhs ch gmsÿrmh ih vmkmdåcomh. Rrmafmrl, plr clrahdmzhr sfu usl fa phásfs ifalorèols, olal vmals hqum. _fkucil _fkucil,, plr rfprfsfc rfprfsfchr hr uah hcsmëïl irhaèoh ih vmkmdåcomh  slerf h pfdf phrh uah vmkmdåcomh sle h pfdf.

L olrlchvárus vhm phsshr, ahs l huah

quf fdf ifmxh cïl> plr auml fapl, h slomfihif olcvmvfrè ola l afil if clvls várus. F mssl plifrè sfr ushil phrh himomlchr uah clvh ohahih if alcmlrhafcl. Cl jutrl, plifrfals sfr olcv olcvfcfcomils h ushr uah pudsfmrmcgh imkmhd, lu ua sahrwhog, quf afimrè clssh fapfrhurh fapfr hurh olrplrhd f eh mafc mafcls ls ohriáhols f fcvmhrè mcjlrahëöfs phrh l klvfrcl, quffsshs hs udmzhrè phrh hchdmshr qufa fsè lu cïl ilfcf. ilfcf. Mssl fa ua dhil auml plsmvl0 h`uih

afsal h olcfr fvfcthms fpmifamhs. H Ehemdùcmh, hthd Mrhquf, plr vldh il ahmlrmh ihs pfsslhs fcifrmh h hofmhr, mkclrhcil l dhil smcmsl ih olmsh ‟ sf

síoudl = h.O. Ahs, iurhcf h ahmlr phrf ih gmsÿrmh, fssf frh ua kfsl

olcsfkuf shefr quhms cláomhs f fxls ifmxha vloà hcqumdl lu mrrmhil. F h phrr ihá plif mcjfrmr, fa ofrl krhu, slerf l quf vloà pfcsh. Fssh ohphomihif,

ahih). Hpfrhr hs aïls aïl s if lil aucil, olal ouaprmafcl ucmvfrshd cl imh h imh, surkmu ola ls Xuhnfrs Xuhnfrs,, ua krupl

rhrl, ushil fa smthëöfs l klvfrcl alcmlrh ls sfus ehafcls rfdhvhafcf rhrl, ohriáhols f h suh chvfkhëïl ch mcfrcf, fspfoájmohs (olal jfoghr ua cfkÿoml

olaemchih ola ls smsfahs if plcthëïl slomhd, ihrmh hls klvfrcls ua plifr rfhdafcff lrwfddmhcl slerf ls omihiïls. rfhdafc Fssf ofcèrml, quf gl`f slh afml fxhkfrhil, plif sf lrchr ïl olaua quhc-

lu ogfohr sf h luh pfsslh fshvh hr-

rfdmkmlsl prlfshcf, ch Mckdhfrrh il síoudl 8;. Rhrh fdfs, l hpfrl if aïl

smaeldmzhvh h mkuhdihif fcf hs pfsslhs, mcifpfcifcfafcf mcifpfcifcfafcf ih odhssf slomhd. slomh d. H alih jlm phrhr cls dmvrls d mvrls if fqufh

l ushr aèsohrhs phrh mr hl supfrafr- il pfrálil vmlrmhcl, f hohelu hilhohil ‟ olmsh quf cmckuía jhzmh afsal ih pfdh ahmlrmh ihs pfsslhs. Ahs cfa quhcil l várus `è cgh olafëhil h lihs. Cl @hpïl f ch Ogmch, hs pfsslhs omroudhr, f vmrlu clrah. shðiha uahs âs luhs ourvhcil dfvfHs krhcifs ohèsljfs àa l plifr afc afcff l lcol. Ch Ácimh f ch Yhmdåcimh, if hofdfrhr h gmsÿrmh f lrchr olrrmqufm- jhzfa ua afcfml if ohefëh ola hs rhs olmshs quf hcfs phrfomha mcmah- aïls slerf l pfml. kmcèvfms. Ahs, ch frh pÿs-olrlchvárus, L hpfrl if aïls cïl í ïl ucmvfrshd h slomfihif cïl mrè auihr hpfchs —if quhcl sf mahkmch. F quhcil h phcomah phrh ehmxl‑. Fdh haeía sfrè ifamh jlr supfrhih, hdvfz sf`h hmcih hcsjlrahih fa lul pdhcl0 olal afcls. —@è í hssma fa luhs oudtrhs. cls rfdhomlchals ucs ola ls luls. L olrlchvárus fcif h rfjlrëhr mssl‑, imz l psmohchdmsh Ogrmshc Iucnfr, Iucnfr, prlGhcis L hpfrl lfl  if aïls í ua gèeml amdfchr0

ls rfkmsls ahms hckls rfalcha â

jfsslr ih V_R. f hulr if H Ufmcvfcëïl Ufmcvfcëïl ih Mctamihif Yhaeía plif sfr quf, phsshih h

󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  56   56

 5:   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

L GLAF LJJMOF CÏL _FUÈ ZM_YL OLAL RUM󰀡 ZMDÍKML, AH_ OLAL VA ALIFDL IF YUHEHDGL.  Hctfs ih phcifamh, 󰀹󰀶󰀦 ihs faprfshs erhsmdfmrhs `è pframtmha hdkua krhu if glaf l﬏of. Mssl sÿ ifvfrè orfsofr 󲀟 f, plssmvfdafctf, sf tlrchr l clvl clrahd.

phcifamh, lil aucil vldf h hpfrhr hs aïls f prlcl (jlm l quf holcfofu hpÿs h krmpf fsphcgldh if 8=87, hjmchd).

Ahs h vmih cïl vldhrè hl clrahd ïl

ofil,, plms imjmomdafc ofil imjmomdafcff hdkuía shmrè il msldhafcl ola h shðif afchd mchoh. H qufsïl í quf l sfr guahcl fvldumu phrh sfr mcfcshafcf slomhd, plms mssl frh (f í) uah qufsïl if slerfvmvàcomh. L olcjmchafcl í uah surrh imèrmh quf

ihals cfssf mcscl. F h afcf cïl

klsh if hphcghr lil imh. Cl olafël if ahrël, omfcshs ih

Vcmvfrsmihif if Whckhm puedmohrha l prmafmrl krhcif fsil slerf l maphol psmoldÿkmol il olrlchvárus. Fctfvmshrha 65 amd ogmcfsfs, if ?: prlvácomhs

f omihifs. Chih afcls il quf ?6% hprfsfchrha thcslrcls psmoldÿkmols olal hcsmfihif, ifprfssïl, olapudsöfs

f jlemhs (mcodumcil hklrhjlemh, afil if fsphëls hefrls). Í auml homah ih aíimh odèssmoh, quf jmoh fctf 6% f 82%. Fspfomhdmshs àa prfvmsl uah

fxpdlsïl chs hxhs if ilfcëhs psáqumohs iurhcf h phcifamh. F ifplms. Zhals shmr ifssh efa imjfrfcfs il quf fcthals. Ahs cïl hpfchs phrh ph rh pmlr.

H 󰁲ÿs-afctrh

Fa 528:, l Imomlcèrml Lxjlriil fdfkfu —pÿs-vfrihif‑ olal h phdhvrh hcl. Cucoh sf afcu hcl, slerf til. Hs

ahml 5252  

󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  5;   5;

 

H AÍIML RUHPL, H_ FDFMËÖF_ _FUÏL LCDMCF 󲀟 AH_ M__L RLIFUÈ EHCHDMPÈ󰀡DH_. ifvfrè ifv frè sfr lutl fmxl il aucil pÿsolrlchvárus. Fa olcimëöfs clrahms, uah ifomsïl lu pldámoh fqumvlohih plif dfvhr iíohihs hí alsrhr sfu ffml cfkhvl. Hklrh, cïl í hssma0 h olch ogfkh rèpmil, rèpmil, f plif sfr hdássmah. —H ormsf plif rfprfsfchr uah ifrrlh h qufa sf oldloh olal hchklcmsh ih omàcomh f ihs ucmvfrsmihifs‑, imz Lrfddhil.

Fssh auihcëh rfiuzmr lutlh fdfafcl ofcthdplifrè ih ðdah iíohih0 alvl smapdfs0 fdhs jcomlcha. —Hs pldhrmzhëïl mifldÿkmoh. Í l quf horfimh pfsslhs sf mifcmmoha ola hqufdh l psmoÿdlkl Rffr Oldfahc, prlfsslr mclrahëïl, afsal sfa jcihafcl. ih Vcmvfrsmihif Olduaemh f fspfomhÍ quhsf uah lromih lromih‑,‑, imz Imlkl Uhms, dmsh fa rfslduëïl if olcdmls. Fdf sf prlfsslr ih Vcmvfrsmihif Ahonfczmf f ehsfmh fa iuhs prfamsshs. H prmafmrh jcihilr il Mcsl Dmefrihif Imkmhd. í gmsÿrmoh0 pfdh prmafmrh vfz fa ofa H phcifamh vfa fcil sfu qumcgïl if hcls, ifsif h krmpf fsphcgldh, h gucláomhs hdshs, ahs gè smchms if quf h ahcmihif fa ua mcmamkl olaua ‟ l lcih fsè olafëhcil h vmrhr. Hs rfifs olrlchvárus, olcth l quhd lils sïl slomhms ifrha l prmafmrl phssl. Fa mkuhms. H luth í fshásoh0 fshá soh0 cðafrls ahrël, Ywmfr, Ywmfr, Jhofelln f Mcshkrha Mcsh krha alstha quf fvfcls krhvfs fcifa h fxoduárha plss quf olccgha afc- ucmr ls plvls. Vah hcèdmsf fmh pfdh rhs slerf l olrlchvárus ‟ mcodumcil Vcmvfrsmihif if Amogmkhc, quf hchdmslu afcshkfcs puedmohihs plr ogffs if 762 olcdmls pldáols lolrrmils fctf Fshil, olal ls prfsmifcfs @hmr Eld- 878: f 8==5, olcshlu quf ;6% hohehslchrl f Cmoldès Ahiurl, f l fx-prffml rha hpÿs l surkmafcl if ua krhcif if Clvh ]lrn, Uuildpg Kmudmhcm. Fssh oglquf. Oldfahc omh olal fxfapdl ofcsurh ihs rfifs slomhms, afsal ola h pldáoh hafrmohch hpÿs h Rrmafmrh mcfcëïl prlfvh, herf ua prfofifcf Kufrrh Aucimhd (8=87), quf fshefdfofu hrrmsohil. —Olal slomfihif, hofmhals uah olcvmvàcomh ahms phoámoh fctf

cfws mcjfshrha l aucil plr ua  jhnf cfws

fssf olctldf, ihih h krhvmihif ih sms m- ifalorhhs f rfpuedmohcls hí 8=72.

hëïl. Ahs plif sfr ua ohamcgl sfa Hs fdfmëöfs vïl auihr, hí ch lrah0 vldh‑,‑, imz Rhedl Lrfddhil, vldh L rfddhil, prlfsslr if h aíiml prhzl, àa krhcif oghcof if kfsïl pðedmoh ih V_R. Yhaeía gè lutl holcfofr lcdmcf. Fdfmëöfs pfdh mcfrcf hlr fcvldvmil0 uah ofrh —prfssïl fvl- fxmkmrmha ua pfrálil ahmlr if vlhduvh‑.. Ls mcimváiuls duvh‑ m cimváiuls quf horfimhrfa ëïl, if uah sfahch lu hí ua aàs0 í fa afcrhs, f cïl sf s f prlfkfrfa olcth h ðcmoh lrah if fvmhr quf hdh if l _HU_-OlZ-5, _HU_-OlZ-5, olrrfrïl ahmlr rmsol r msol if fcfrkmh fdítmoh, olckfslchafcls fr Olvmi-8= ‟ f ls smclahs pfshils ch rfif (fdfmëöfs lcdmcf cïl sïl olal ih prÿprmh ilfcëh pfdf, plifrïl lrëè-dlsomfcá﬈ohs. h hofmhr, vlhëïl Emk Erlgfr, ifahciha ch hs vfrihifs smsfahsil phrruils if sfkurhcëh) lu

H prmahzmh ih omàcomh, plr smchd, lutls prledfahs íocmols mapfëha

 Hs vlthëöfs il Olckrfssl Chomlchd `è fstïl sfcil jfmths pfdh mctfrcft 󲀟 f mssl plif sfr ua prmafmrl phssl phrh l usl ih rfif chs fdfmëöfs kfrhms.

 57   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

phromp hr. Zlhr hs pfsslhs if phromphr. Zlhr sfa shmr if ohsh plifrmh ehchdmzhr hs fdfmëöfs f kfrhr pldàamoh, `è quf cïl gè olal rfolchr ls vlls. H slduëïl plif fshr fa focldlkmhs olal l Edlonoghmc, ua ehcol if ihils prhohafcf maplssávfdd if jrhuihr. Fdf `è jlm ushil phrh sávf quf amdmhrfs hafrmohcls quf fshvha jlrh ils FVH vlhssfa chs fdfmëöfs if 5287. H Fsùcmh, ua pfqufcl phás il Dfsf Furlpfu, hilh l vll lcdmcf ifsif 522;. 522;. Cl Erhsmd, l prmafmrl phssl cfssh imrfëïl vfml il Olckrfssl Chomlchd, quf q uf fa vlhil rfalhafcf iurhcf h phcifamh. Clssls ifpuhils f sfchilrfs fsïl fa glaf ljjmof. Fdfs ahms sfms fa ohih ifz erhsmdfmrls. Fssh í h ahssh quf fshvh hehdghcil if ohsh if faalcmlrhafcl ahrël, if holril ola h faprfsh Gmelu. F aumls olccuhrïl hssma. Fa 528=, 96% ihs faprfshs `è pframha hdkuah fspíomf fspío mf if glaf ljjmof, sfkucil h _lomfihif Erhsmdfmrh if Yf Yfdfthehdgl. dfthehdgl. Ahs mssl frh vmsl olal ua prmvmdíkml. —Hklrh, phsshrè h sfr olcsmifrhil olcsmifrhil ua alifdl if hehdgl‑, hehdgl‑, imz Dflchril Efrl, ih olcsudlrmh if UG Ulefr Ghdj. Hs faprfshs mrïl rfpfcshr h cfofssmihif if ahcfr fsormÿrmls krhcifs f ohrls ‟ l quf ifvf imamcumr l åcsml, h pldumëïl f l olcsual if fcfrkmh. Ahs l hehdgl cïl sfrè lhdafcf rfall. Fcolcls f jfmrhs if cfkÿomls frïl hmcih ahms jlrëh. —_frïl lplrtcmihifs phrh h ormhëïl ihs rfifs if rfdhomlchafcl, hdkl quf l aucil vmrthd cïl ljfrfof ih afsah ahcfmrh‑, hjmrah Efrl. Zhals shmr ih phcifamh ahoguohils, ahs haeía fvlduáils. F l pfrálil if msldhafcl fxfal, phrhilxhdafcf, plif hohehr fcil l fjfml olcèrml0 rfjlrëhr h olaucgïl slomhd. Jlm l quf holcfofu ch Ogmch, prmafmrl phás h olcfr h ormsf. Fa 9 if hermd, prmafmrl imh sfa quhrfcfch, audiöfs dlhrha ls phrqufs, plcls trásols f fsphëls pðedmols ihs omihifs. Hs pfsslhs fshvha ifsfspfrhihs phrh shmr if ohsh. Ahs haeía ofdferhr, cuah hplflsf oldfvh, l ðcmol ifsjfogl hofmèvfd0 h vmÿrmh ih guahcmihif slerf l várus. _

 5=  5=

ahml 5252   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  

 

EUH_MD

Yfxtl Hdfxhcirf Yfxtl  Hdfxhcirf Zfrsm Zfrsmkchssm kchssm

Mdustrhëïl Ifcms Mdustrhëïl  Ifcms Jrfmths

 Ifsmkc Duohs  Ifsmkc  Duohs @htleè

_ÿ tfa `fmtl tl if fvmthr quf qu f h Olvmi-8= Olvmi-8= ohusf h tf a ua `fm Krhcif Ifprfssïl il síoudl 580 580 l klvfrcl dmkhr dmkh r hs maprfsslrhs if imcgfmrl f fcolctrhr uah jlrah f﬈omfctf if jhzfr h krhch ogfkhr hlcif fdh ifvf. Fctfcih olal l `lkl folcùamol folcù amol jucomlch ju comlch. . F vf`h ls ohamcgls oh amcgls plssávf plssávfms ms. .

 

L olcgfomil olal Krhcif Ifprfssïl olcsmsmu cuah qufih if 5:% cl RME ils FVH fctf 8=5= f 8=??. L Kldiahc _hogs, ua ehcol hafrmohcl, prfvà

󰁬 󰁦󰁲󰁭󰁿󰃿󰁩󰁭󰁬

olrlchvárus olafëlu h jfoghr l Rhás. Ahs hs prf-

vmsöfs frha jfmhs ‟ uah

suemih ils 88% if jfvfrfmrl phrh ahms if 8:%.

Cls FVH, mifa0 h ahmlr folclamh il aucil vmu

ua ehquf if 59% plr dè

8: amdgöfs if vhkhs fvh-

sÿ cfsf tmafstf (quf vhm if hermd h `ucgl). L VE_, ua ehcol suáël, mahkmch hdkl ch afsah dmcgh phrh l Erhsmd0 lael

plrhrfa fa tàs sfahchs. 82% ih jlrëh if thehdgl ifdfs jlm phrh h ruh ih

if 52% cl RME. Í mssl. H qufih hklrh ifvf olcofcthr fa tàs

clmf phrh l imh.

  Ihclu-sf, fcïl< Ohdah. H Krhcif Ifprfssïl sÿ vmrlu l quf vmrlu plrquf l klvfrcl ils FVH jfz l jhvlr if

afsfs ls quhtl hcls ih ahmlr ormsf folcùamoh quf l aucil `è vmu fa fapls if phz. Hí l

Hqufdh ormsf olafëlu ola l Orhsg if 8=5=,

jfoghafc jfoghafcl ifsholcorffimëïl, cïl ghvmhl ihils ls slerf l huafcl cl ifsfaprfkl cl Erhsmd fa ahrël, l aàs fa quf l

uahfa qufih heruph if 5?% ilms imhs cl vhdlr ihs hëöfs ahms cfklomhihs ch Eldsh if Clvh ]lrn (l jucil il plël

jmohr if erhëls oruzhils.

 ?8  ?8

ahml 5252   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  

 

sÿ vmrmh fa 8=?5, ola uah qufih houaudhih if 7=%). H qufih cïl fvf uah rhzïl. Cïl ghvmh kufrrh, phcifamh cfa chih phrfomil â fsprfmh. Jlm ehsmohafcf ua lael jlrf il afrohil ifplms if hcls if suemih mcofsshcf. Holcfof Holcfof.. Fssf ehquf mcmomhd,

jhzfa cl imh h imh í olcldhr l vldua vlduaff if alfih quf omroudh pfdh folclamh. _f ls ácimofs if mcjdhëïl olafëha h suemr, smkcmjmoh quf fa imcgfmrl ifahms ch prhëh. Cl ohsl, ahms imcgfmrl fa omroudhëïl il quf olmshs quf fxmsfa phrh olaprhr ola fssf imcgfmrl. Fcïl ls prfëls slefa. Mcjdhëïl. F há qufa pfrif l vhdlr í l imcgfmrl. Va Ehcol Ofchd (EO) fxms fxmsff phrh ahcf ahcfrr phrh fvmhr h qufih. H `usjmohvh frh l vhdlr ih alfih. quhsf rfdmkmlsh0 cïl ghvfrmh h`uih il Rhrh fvmhr hd pfrih if vhdlr, l Fshil plrquf h mifmh frh `ushafcf Ehcol Ofcthd hkf phrh rhr imcgfmrl jhzfr uah —jhxmch‑. Ymrhr il `lkl ls ih folclamh. Fcïl fdf ogfkh chs mcs—fspfoudhilrfs‑. —fspfoudhilrfs ‑. —Mssl fxpurkhrè l sms- tmëöfs jmchcofmrhs, lu sf`h, cls ehcols fah, quf fsè plirf‑, imssf Hcirfw clrahms, pfimcil imcgfmrl faprfshil. Afddlc, fcïl sforfèrml il Yfslurl Cïl quf fdf prfomsf (fdf fa l plifr

plría, ormlu ua fjfml ilamcÿ. Ehcols quf cgha imcgfmrl ifahms mcvfsil fa hëöfs jhdmrha. Ola afcls afcls ehcols, aumhs faprfshs jmohrha sfa fr olal lahr imcgfmrl faprfshil phrh hs ifspfshs il imh h imh. Xuferhrha. Ola afcls faprfshs, olafëlu h jhdhr faprfkl. _fa faprfkl, l olcsual ehmxlu. F ahms faprfshs quferhrha, rftlhdmafchcil l oároudl vmomlsl. H ormsf sf fsphdghrmh pfdl aucil,, plms `è ghvmh uah aucil folclamh kdlehd ‟ f ls FVH `è frha l `lkhilr prmcomphd hdm. L klvfrcl if dè plifrmh fr ihil uah jlrëh. L Fshil fa l plifr if ormhr alfih. If maprmamr imcgfmrl. F quhcil jhdh imcgfmrl fa omroudhëïl omroudhëïl,, l klvfrcl fcif h ahfrmhdmzhr fssf imcgfmrl aèkmol, phrh fvmhr quf sfus omihiïls hohefa

(fqumvhdfc (fqumvhdfcf f h phiröfs amcmstlif i hvmih ih Jhzfcih) ils FVH. —Ls sfrïl rfiuzmils. Hs pfsslhs hehdghrïl ahms, dfvhrïl uah vmih ahms if holril ola h alrhdmihif. Ls vhdlrfs sf h`ushrïl, f ls faprffcifilrfs rfoldgfrïl ls ifsrlëls ils afcls olapffcfs.‑ Ifu ruma. H folclamh phrlu if ohmr fa 8=?9, ahs l ifsfaprfkl olccuhrmh olccuhrmh rlëhcil ch ohsh ils 52% plr vèrmls hcls.  —L quf rfhdafcf pùs ua jma ch Krhcif Ifprfssïl jlm ua prlkrhah ahssmvl if lerhs pðedmohs oghahil _fkucih Kufrrh Aucimhd‑, imssf ofrh vfz l Clefd if folclamh Rhud Nrukahc. If jhl. H prliuëïl if hvmöfs, chvmls if olaehf f h dlkásoh eruhd ihs lpfrhëöfs if kufrrh ch Furlph f cl Rhoájmol ormhrha uah smthëïl if pdfcl faprfkl cls FVH FVH ‟ ola l ácimof if pfsslhs sfa hehdgl ohmcil phrh aásfrls 8,5% fa 8=99, cl hukf h ukf il olcjdml. Fssf ella ch prliuëïl jfz l RME hafrmohcl orfsofr sfvfrhafcf iurhcf h Kufrrh ‟ fcf 8=98 f 8=9?, hiamrèvfms 86% hl hcl. Ahs if lcif vmcgh h krhch phrh phkhr l pfsslhd quf jhzmh ls hvmöfs, ls fcolurhëhils, h olamih f l omkhrrl ils sldihils< Zmcgh Zmcgh ih krhcif ohsh if phpfd hafrmohch0 l Jfifrhd Ufsfrvf (Jfi), (Jfi),

sf ruh fshpfhcil cl afml ih plr ahëhcfhs if plrh lu plr olamih. Ahs cïl. L klvf klvfrcl rcl ils FVH cïl jfz chih

qufEhcols í l Ehcol Ofcthd L quf lsuah klvfrcls klv frcls jhzfa, fcïl, ofchms àa lifdfs. plifr if maprm- fshefdfofr afh if mcjdhëïl phrhí amr imcgfmrl, f jhzfa phrf il klv klvfrcl. frcl. l hcl. Cl Erhsmd, fdh fsè fa 9% phrh Ahs sfu phpfd chs folclamhs cïl í 5252 5252.. F mssl smkcm smkcmjmoh jmoh l sfkumcf0 sf ls ls phkhr ls khsls il klvfrcl. L quf fdfs ácimofs if mcjdhëïl fsvfrfa hehmxl if

if alfih il ils chih,ehcols hjmchd).phrh Fdf sÿ jhermohr pfkh faprfshil quf ls ehcols cïl plssha faprfshr fssf imcgfmrl phrh l pðedmol, phrh cÿs. Rhrh quf ls ehcols lpfa faprfshr, fdf ljfrfof `urls ahms klrimcgls. Xuhcil vloà và cl clomèrml quf —ls  `urls suemrha suemrha‑, ‑, í mssl quf quf holcfofu. holcfofu. Ahs fa ua lul dhil cfssh alfih. _f ls ácimofs if mcjdhëïl fsïl ohmcil, l quf holcfof< L EO jmoh dè phrhil fslurhcil oghaphcgf phrh olafalrhr h vhdlrmzhëïl ih alfih< Cïl. Mcjdhëïl í ruma. Ahs ifjdhëïl, qufih kfcfrhdmzhih cls prfëls, í pmlr. _mkcmjmoh quf h folclamh fsè ifmxhcil if jucomlchr, quf cmckuía ahms fsè olaprhcil chih. Cls FVH ih Krhcif Ifprfssïl, ls prfëls oháha oháh a 86% hl hcl, hcl, plr purh jhdh if ifahcih. Cl aucil pÿs-olrlchvárus, vhdf himhchr, í l quf  `è fsè holcfofc holcfofcil. il. Fcïl l quf í l mifhd< Vah mcjdhëïl heslduhafcf zfrl< Yhaeía Yhaeía cïl. _f _f cfcgua prfël `hahms slef, smkcmjmoh quf h folclamh olckfdlu. olckfdlu. Rrfëls fa dmkfmrh hdh, cua sflr fspfoájmol, sïl ua ela smchd. _f l prfël ih pmzzh cl sfu ehmrrl fsè suemcil, mssl plif smkcmjmohr quf gè fsphël phrh vloà ormhr uah pmzzhrmh. F mssl í ela.

 

 ??  ??

ahml 5252   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  

 

9%, l Ehcol Ofchd fa h lermkhëïl if maprmamr imcgfmrl ‟ ahms fxhhafcf, if ormhr alfih fdfùcmoh, `è quf cmckuía ahms ush imcgfmrl if phpfd. Fcïl fdf ormh fssh alfih f jhz l quà< Ifplsmh ch clssh olch< Mcjfdmzafcf cïl. Fdf pfkh f iè faprfshil, h `urls ehmxmcgls, if phm phrh jmdgl, phrh ls ehcols. Xuhcil vloà và cl clomèrml quf —ls  `urls ohárha‑, ohárha‑, jlm mssl quf quf holcfofu. holcfofu. Ola ahms imcgfmrl ch aïl, a ïl, ls ehcols fcifa h faprfshr ahms. Í hssma cl aucil mcfmrl. mcfmrl. L claf ifsshs `lkh`lkh ihs fcf l Ehcol Ofchd if ua phás f ls ehcols clrahms quf lpfrha hdm í —pldáoh folcùamoh‑. Í fdh quf ifframch l vhdlr il imcgfmrl f iè jlrëhs phrh h folclamh orfsofr quhcil fssf imcgfmrl fsè ifvmihafcf vhdlrmzhil. Cl Erhsmd, l EO sÿ plif maprmamr imcgfmrl phrh jhzfr h hd pldáoh folcùamoh. H Dfm if Ufsplcshemdmihif Jmsohd, fimhih cl hcl h cl 5222, fa ua plcl

olaprh cfa prfomsh sfr imrfl il klvfrcl. _f ua ehcol fa uah lcf lcfdhih dhih if áudls pðedmols fa sfu plifr (f lils àa), l EO vhm dè, maprmaf imcgfmrl f olaprh. Cmssl, l klvfrcl khcgh uah jldkh0 ifmxh if fr iávmih ola l ehcol. L imcgfmrl quf l Fshil ushrmh phrh rldhr fssh iávmih jmoh dmvrf phrh fdf khshr olal efa fcfcifr. Ch prèmoh, í fxhhafcf olal sf l EO mvfssf maprmamil l imcgfmrl f

maplrhcássmal0 prláef hlmaprfssïl if imcgfmrl phrh jmchcomhr Fshil. Mssl í ÿal, `è quf q uf cls dmvrlu if quhdqufr clvh hafhëh if gmpfrmcjdhëïl. Rhrh sfaprf. _f l klvfrcl qumsfr olcsumr fsèiml, gmirfdímoh lu glspmhd, vhm fr if hrrhc`hr l imcgfmrl plr olch prÿprmh. Xuf sf vmrf olerhcil ahms maplsls lu pfkhcil faprfshil faprfshil ch ruh. F í l quf fdf jhz afsal. Fdf pfif faprfshil —ch ruh‑ dhcëhcil átdls pðedmols. Va átdl pðedmol pðedmol í olal sf jlssf ua vhdf quf imz —Lermkhil plr faprfshr U$ 8.222 hl sfu ahrhvmdglsl ahrhvmdgls l klvfrcl. klvfrcl. Rrlaffals phkhr U$ 8.822 if vldh ihqum h às hcls‑. Há l klvfrcl klvfrcl phkh lu ola l imcgfmrl quf fchr if maplsls dè ch jrfcf lu jhzfcil uah iávmih clvh, ola luh pfsslh, phrh cïl f ihr ua ohdlf. Uldh h iávmih. L claf il alchcf quf l klvfrcl ifvf í —iávmih —iáv mih pðedmoh‑. H il Erhsmd, olal h if quhdqufr lul phás, vfa sfcil rldhih ifsif l Rrí-Ohaermhcl.. Fsè gl`f fa quhsf Rrí-Ohaermhcl U$ : mdgöfs (lu 72% il RME, quf q uf í olal ls íocmols afifa hs iávmihs if ohih phás). L rfsl í mkuhd ch suh vmih0 quhcl ahmlr h iávmih, ahmlr l rmsol if ohdlf, fcïl l klvfrcl prfomsh phkhr  `urls ahmlrfs ahmlrfs phrh olccuhr olccuhr rldhcil. rldhcil.

ihil ls oljrfsifihprfsfcf Vcmïl. Hphrh Dfm if Ufsplcshemdmihif Jmsohd, fcïl, cïl pframf quf l EO olaprf átdls ‟ h cïl sfr phrh jhzfr h hd pldáoh folcùamoh. Cls FVH í imjfrfcf. Cïl fxmsf uah dfm hssma. L Jfi plif ormhr imcgfmrl phrh olaprhr áudls pðedmols. Yfa dmofcëh phrh maprmamr imcgfmrl. F hklrh l Erhsmd sfkuf pfdl afsal ohamcgl. H RFO il —Lrëhafcl if Kufrrh‑, hprlvhih fa hermd pfdl Olckrfssl, pframf h olaprh if átdls pðedmols ola imcgfmrl clvl, pfdl afcls fcquhcl vmklrhr l fshil if ohdhamihif pðedmoh. Mssl iè plifr if jlkl hl klvfrcl phrh ehcohr afimihs hcmormsf, olal hqufdh h`uih if U$ :22 plr às afsfs f hs dmefrhëöfs if sfkurlifsfaprfkl h qufa vfr

_f l Ehcol puifssf maprmamr imcgfmrl phrhOfchd olaprhr átdls pðedmols, fshrmh jmchcomhcil l klvfrcl plr ahkmh. Í mssl quf h clssh Dfm if Ufsplcshemdmihif Jmsohd prláef. F h

lsuspfcsl. shdèrml rfiuzmil lu F cïl afcls maplrhcf0 vhm ifmxhr ls ehcols ola auml ahms imcgfmrl phrh faprfshr.

 ?9   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

 

ahml 5252

 

prfvmsöfs sïl if uah rflahih jmraf `è cl frofmrl mafsf (`udglsffaerl), ola suemihs if ahms if 86% cl RME, sf`h hqum, sf`h dè jlrh. L hapdl f ehrhl, prmcomphdhcl jfoghrmh hmcih cuah afcf phrh ls pfqufcls rfofssïl erhvh, ahs olaíromls. _f cïl smkcmhiamcmsrèvfd0 if 6% cfkhtvls.ch ohsh

Afsal hssma, l Jfi rhimohdmzlu. Ifomimu jhzfr fdf afsal ofrls faprístals, phrh cïl fr if sf h`lfdghr phrh ls ehcols. L EO ils FVH ormlu ua prlkrhah if rfskhf h pfqufchs f aíimhs faprfshs. Fdfs maprmafa ls iÿdhrfs f faprfsha phrh vloà, faprfsèrml. Ls `urls sïl if 8% hl hcl.

F fa ua pdlt twmst Hdía imssl, h RFO pframf quf l EO há0 sf vloà prlvhr quf olaprf átdls prmvhils fa plifr ils khslu ;6% ola phkhafcll if shdèrmls, f ls ehcols. Lu sf`h0 sf h Rflerhs ifvf ifvf U$ afc 8 emdgïl phrh l Erhifsol, l EO plif ihr luls 56% fa hdukufd, fssf emdgïl hl Erhifsol, f há hssuaf èkuh, duz, fdfs pfrilha phrh sm l rmsol if h Rflerhs cïl phkhr. h iávmih. Jmoh plr mssl Í l quf ls FVH fsïl jhzfcil haeía. afsal. Cïl í `url zfrl. H mifmh prmcomphd í fcogfr ls ehcols Í halrmzhëïl zfrl. if imcgfmrl clvl f pfimr pfdl halr if Imcgfmrl if krhëh phrh Ifus phrh quf fdfs faprfsfa ahms, f h phkhr shdèrml. Mssl vhm  `urlss af  `url afclr clrfs. fs. _f fssf fssfss át átdls dls prm prmvhi vhils ls olermr afhif ih jlrëh jlrfa if olaphcgmhs afclrfs, afdglr if hehdgl ils FVH. hmcih. Zloà ahh ilms olfdgls0 fcogf Cl Erhsmd, hs jmoghs l ohmxh ils ehcols f ifshjlkh h rldh- fsïl ola ls ehcols. kfa if iávmihs ihs pfqufchs faprfshs Hs olaprhs if áudls

‟rfsplcif hmcih ahms dfvhcil fa olch fdhs rfsplcifa a plr 69% ihs vhkhs quf jlrahms cl Erhsmd.

H jí if quf fssf mpl if afimih ià rfsudhil í krhcif. Yhcl quf hs

pðedmols f prmvhils EO oldlohrè ahms ifpfdl U$

jmohr, uah mc`fëïl if imcgfmrl clvl,, â imrfh clvl dh Jfi, sfrè urkfcf.

Afimihs hssma, if quhdqufr jlrah, fcifa h kfrhr mcjdhëïl. Ghvfrè ahms imcgfmrl ch prhëh il quf h ohphomihif quf fals if prliuzmr olmshs phrh sfrfa olaprhihs ola fssf imcgfmrl. Xuhcil ls ácimofs if mcjdhëïl suemrfa, ls klvfrcls frïl if irfchr alfih ihs folclamhs ‟ huafchcil ls `urls. Há quf h plroh lrof l rhel. Huafcl Huafc l if `urls ahcía l vhdlr ih alfih, ahs rfiuz h hmvmihif folcùamoh. F cïl plifals cls ihr h fssf duxl cls prÿxmals afsfs, sle pfch if fchrals cuah Krhcif Ifprfssïl.

H afdglr jlrah if hkmr, fcïl, í ushr hs maprfsslrhs, ahs ola alifrhëïl.

Ola quf krhu if alifrhëïl< Cmckuía shef. _frè ch fchtvh f frrl.

Rlrquf hí sfr hh folclamh ahms fxhhplif ihs 8 rmdgïl cl oldl ifdfs. omàcomhs guahchs, ahs Fspfrh-sf, fcïl, quf haeía í h ahms guahch mssl smkcmjmquf oríiml ihs omàcomhs fxhhs. _

 ?6  ?6

ahml 5252   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  

 

AVCIL

 

[F Y

AHUNFY_  Yfxtl Kumdgfraf Fdfr 

Mdustrhëïl _hpl Dfcièrml 

 Ifsmkc Ahrmh Rhof 

Fimëïl Erucl Zhmhcl

H ormhëïl f vfcih if hcmahms fxÿtmols faprfkha 89 amdgöfs if pfsslhs ch Ogmch. Fctfcih plr quf fssf gèemtl í uah u ah elaehela eh-rfdÿkml rfdÿkml if phcifamhs ‟ f l quf l phás tfa jfmtl phrh mapfim-dl.

 

F

󰁆󰁣󰁙󰁕󰁆 8=67 󰁆 8=:8, lih h hkrmoudrh f

pfouèrmh ih Ogmch jlrha —oldfvmzhihs‑ —oldfvmzhihs‑ pfdh imhiurh olaucmsh if Ahl YsíYuck. H prlprmfihif prmvhih sf lrclu mdfkhd. Rfqufchs f krhcifs jhzfcihs sf lrchrha fshhms> h prliuëïl if krïls frh rfoldgmih plr hkfcfs il klvfrcl f fcïl rfimstmeuáih. Hdía if pfrifr h plssf if suhs frrhs, ls ohaplcfsfs rfofemha fa rloh il rhehdgl uah phrofdh amcðsoudh ih prliuëïl prliuëïl.. Ola ls prliulrfs rurhms olapdfhafcf ifsalvhils ifsalvhils h mcv m cvfsr fsr phrh hs shjrhs jurhs, h prliuëïl ohmu. Ahs ljmomhms jhdsmjmohvha ls ihils phrh ihr h maprfssïl if quf ghvmh ahms krïls ‟ f jmohr efa ch jmh ola l plifr ofcthd. Krhcifs quhcihifs if hdmafcl frha rfafihs âs omihifs. Ls ohaplcfsfs quf prliuzmrha fssf hdmafcl phkhvha l phl f jmohvha ola olhs hmcih afclrfs quf hs clrahms (lu olh cfcguah). Himomlcf h fssf ofcèrml hdkucs ifshstfs chrhms, cfcguah maprfcsh phrh jhzfr ifcðcomhs f lprfssïl vmldfch, f l rfsudhil jlm h jlaf. Ils =22 amdgöfs if ghemhcfs quf h Ogmch cgh ch íploh, 92 amdgöfs alrrfrha if mchcmëïl. Fa 8=;7, fvf mcáoml ua prlofssl if rfjlrah hkrèrmh f hs frrhs vldhrha vldhrha h sfr prmvhihs.. Dlkl if ohrh, hs ormhëöfs prmvhihs o rmhëöfs ahms thimomlchms (plrols, jrhckls f elms) hohehrha olcofcthihs chs aïls if krhcifs prlprmfèrmls. Ola h fxphcsïl ih

IH JLAF Â RF_YF

Klvfrcl if Ahl Ysí-

KUMRF IF GLCK NLCK 󰀧8=:7󰀭

UFIM_YUMEVMËÏL IH_ YFUUH_ 󰀧8=;7󰀭

folclamh f faprfsèrmls ofcthdmzhcil h prliuëïl, hs prlprmfihifs jhamdmhrfs pfrifrha fsphël. Ls prfëls ohárha f ls prliulrfs if suesmsàcomh `è cïl olcsfkumha ahms olapfr.

Yuck phssh h olctrldhr tfrrhs ils hkrmoudtlrfs. Fctrf 󰀸󰀽󰀶󰀷 f 󰀸󰀽󰀺󰀸, 󰀹󰀲 amdgöfs alrrfa if mchcmëïl ch Ogmch.

Krmpf G󰀿C󰀵 sljrf authëïl fa hvfs (thdvfz ch Ogmch, thdvfz fa Glck Nlck, cïl sf shef).

Ufjlrah hkrèrmh  rfimstrmeum hs tfrrhs. Rfqufcls prliutlrfs phssha h ormhr hcmahms fxÿtmols phrh vfcih.

L olcsual if hcmahms sfdvhkfcs ch Ogmch, quf surkmu fa tfapls if fsohssfz, gl`f í smchd if sthtus ‟ f jlctf if várus pfrmklsls phrh h guahcmihif.

KUHCIF JLAF 󰀧8=67󰀭

Jltls0 Kftty Mahkfs

 

Aumls, fcïl, phsshrha h hplshr ch ormhëïl if hcmahms fxÿmols. If mcáoml, l klvfrcl ogmcàs jfz vmsh krlssh â prèoh. Hpfshr if sfr ua ifshsf haemfchd f shcmèrml, h ormhëïl ifssfs emogls fa ohmvfmrl khrhcmh faprfkls faprfk ls f jhzmh kmrhr h

if pfsslhs thehdgfa fa

if, ohushrmh prledfahs if

uah dfm fxÿols quf olcsmifrhvh V_$pfdh 8;,:vfcih emdgöfs hcmahms rfoursls Luls sïl kfrhils if chtrhms ‟ ou`h fxpdlrhëïl, ohrcfs fxÿmohs. Uípfms plrhcl, frh hulrmzhih. sïl l pl prfjfrmil0 alCfkÿomls if jucil if vmafcha V_$ = emdgöfs qumchd sf fxphcimrha hl hcl. Rlr jma, V_$ ;22 f vmrhrha vfrihifmrhs amdgöfs sïl kfrhils pfdh dmcghs if prliuëïl if ormhëïl if hcmahms pfdh le-

phÿkf phÿkfcls cls quf guahcls, :8%mcjfoha àa lrmkfa fa luhs fspíomfs. Í plr mssl quf l olcsual if ohrcfs fxÿohs í ïl hrrmsohil0 sf hcmahms

folclamh, fvmhcil luh

ormsf if jlaf. Zf`h efa0 hs fspíomfs sfdvhkfcs cïl

frha jlcf if hdmafcl

phrh ls plerfs, f sma jlc jlcff

if rfcih. Fdhs frha vfc-

imihs h pfsslhs ola ahms imcgfmrl ‟ olal holcfof ola hs ormhëöfs if dhklsh cl Clrifsf erhsmdfmrl.

Vah iíohih ifplms, fa

8=77, l klvfrcl ifu eàc-

ëïl â prèmoh, ehmxhcil

92

AM DGÖ F_

if ogmcfsfs alrrfr alrrfrha ha if jlaf fsthtmzhëïl ifkrhëhs tfrrhsâpfdl klvfrcl fctrf 8=67 f 8=:8.

if fspíomfs fxÿohs, hdku- gèeml ‟ olal vfrfa vfrfals ls ahs olaucs cls afroh- himhcf). ils, cïl sïl afcomlchihs. L maphol plsmmvl ch Fsah-sf quf 89 amdgöfs folclamh, hcls ahms hr-

olerhs, hrhrukhs, phvöfs

hmvmihifs dmkhihs h hcm- shðif pðedmoh fa fsohdh ahms fxÿmmcfrchomlols ch Ogmchd. Hjmchd, ch. Fa 528:, imvfrsls  H OUMHËÏL IF ua rfdhÿrml várus quf HCMAHM_ FWßYM󰀡 hjfha guih Hohifamh Ogmcfsh if ahcls jhOL_ KFUH V_$ Fckfcghrmh zfa h jfsh ;2 EM HCVHM_. ohdoudlu l haeía fa vhdlr ifssh hcmahms. mciðsrmh Rlrols plfa V_$ ;?,? emdgöfs. H ifa rhcsammr feldh, ifahcih plr olurl f gfphmf f krmpf. Elms f pfdhkfa, prmcomphdafcf vhohs jlrha ls prmafmrls if ilcmcghs, rhplshs f glspfifmrls il várus il kuhxmcmcs, olrrfsplcif â shrhapl. F h Afrs ogfklu ahmlr plrofchkfa ifs- hls guahcls if ohrlch sf vhdlr (V_$ 66 emdgöfs). fa ohafdls. Ils 8.986

fcëïl if ahírmhs-prmahs

fo. Fssh dfm, ifsif fcïl, fcïl, olcsmifrhihs frhpàuohs jlm rfvmshih quhtl vfzfs. lu fsaudhcfs sfxuhms Híí 528=, 922 fspíomfs H fspíomf s if pfdh amdfchr afimomch hcmahms frha prlfkm prlfkmihs. ihs. ogmcfsh, olal emdf if urCïl plimha sfr ohëhihs sl f fsohahs if phckldma. phckldma. lu vfcimihs. Ahs luhs Olcsuamr fssfs prliu8.972 fspíomfs hmcih frha ls sf lrclu sáaeldl if dfkhdmzhihs, ifsif quf ls shts h phrr ih iíohih prliulrfs sfkumssfa if 8==2 (hmcih quf, gl`f, ofrhs clrahs. F ofcfchs pluoh kfcf ahcfcgh l

quf olcvmvfa olcvmvfa olclsol gè gè amdàcmls `è ohrrfkha sur-

prfshs, mahkmcf quf pl if amorÿeml cls hkuhrih

fa fspíomfs quf cïl jhzfa phrf il olimhcl. Ls wft ahr ahrnft nfts s

Cïl prfomsh mahkmchr. Mssl  `è holc holcfofu. fofu. Chs omih omihifs ifs

ogmcfshs, fxmsf uah iurhilurh himëïl if afrohiöfs ola imcåamoh if jfmrh dmvrf ‟ smamdhrfs hls

quf vfcifa jruhs, dfku-

afs f ohrcfs fa quhdqufr omihif il aucil. _ïl ls oghahils wft ahrnfts.  smkcmjmoh —aldghil‑ [ft  smkcmjmoh

DFM IF RULYFËÏL Â ZMIH _FDZHKFA 󰀧8=77󰀭

Ch prètmoh, jfz l olctrèrml il olctrèrml  il quf imz0 hutlrmzlu h ormhëïl if hcmahms fxÿtmols.

_HU_ 󰀧5󰀲󰀲5󰀭

Rß_󰀡_HU_ 󰀧5󰀲󰀲?󰀭

OLZMI󰀡8= 󰀧5󰀲5󰀲󰀭

L olrlchvárus _hrs-

Afrohils if ohrcfs

L _hrs-OlZ-󰀵, _hrs-OlZ-󰀵, clvl

OlZ, trhcsamtmil plr OlZ, omvfths 󲀟 vfcimihs cls wft ahrnfts 󲀟, mcjfoth ahms if 󰀷 amd pfsslhs pfdl aucil.

fxÿtmohs, jfoghils plr ohush ih _hrs, sïl rfhefrtls. 󰀶󰀹 hcmahms vldtha h sfr vfcimils, mcodusmvf hs omvfths.

olrlchvárus, mcjfoth amdgöfs. Olaíroml if hcmahms fxÿtmols í prlmemil 󲀟 htí hklrh, tfaplrhrmhafctf.

hl pí ih dfrh. Ch prèmoh, h phdhvrh sf rfjfrf h prliuls pfrfoávfms, fa lplsmëïl hls cïl pfrfoávfms, oghahils iry kllis (ls —sfols‑). Hckhafc-

f, frhmvfssfa olaua quf hrahzícs ch plrh pdhohs ola h fxprfssïl —sfols f aldghils‑ ‟ ihá l claf ih ehcih if Cfy

 ahml 5252

 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 ?=    ?=

 

Ahlkrlssl ch iíohih if 8=;2.

Ahs gè hdkuahs imjfrfcëhs imjfrfcëhs.. Hdía if

ihs prmafmrhs 98 pfsslhs h hprfsfchr smclahs ih Olvmi-8= frmha vmsmhil

Horfimh-sf, sfa cfcgua

wft ahrnft. Va fstil ih

faehshafcl omfcájm- rfvmsh  Chturf alsrlu ohrcf if plrol, jrhckl, pfmxf f jruls ol, quf h qufrhmch ihs quf l oÿimkl kfcítol il il ahr, hdkucs afrohils plpudhrfs lu hehdghil cl afrohil fsohahs sfrmh elh phrh olrlchvárus quf mcjfoh ogmcfsfs ofchdmzha h cfklomhëïl if if jruls il ahr Guhchc, prledfahs omroudhÿrmls f guahcls í =:% sfafhcmahms fxÿols. Fa aumch omihif if hrmf. Fa 5289, ua qumdl dghcf âs vhrmfihifs quf ls ohsls, fdfs sïl vfc vfcimils imils [ughc. il ahfrmhd `è sháh plr U$ omroudha fa oldùcmhs if vmvls ‟ lu sïl alrls ch L ` l r c h d 5,6 amd. Cïl â lh, sf lr- alrofkls ih Ogmch. _lutg Ogm- chrha hdvl il èjmol f fs- Cïl sfrmh h prmafmrh vfz glrh, ch jrfcf il olcsuam:2 IL_ 522  ZÁUV_ IF ALU󰀡 ilr (uah prèoh fcfcimih ch Alrcmck ïl fa rmsol if fxcëïl. quf ls alrofkls àa olal khrhch if quhdmih R l s t , i f H vfrsïl il olrlchvárus oudph cl ohrÿrml. Cmphg, OFKL_ HAFH󰀡 if). Hs olcimëöfs if gmkmfGlck Nlck, fcolchih fa phckldmcs Gfcirh, Ahreurk, Feldh ËHA GVAHCL_. rfprliuzmu h olaphrdgh hí =5% if f h `è afcomlchih _hrs0 cf vhrmha if afrohil phrh afrohil,, í odhrl. Ch aíimh, afrohil jll if uah sfu ahfrmhd kfcíol ola lils fssfs várus sf fsplría, h dmapfzh ih sfëïl pdhoh ola h h dmcghkfa guahch. Rh- phdghrha ola h`uih ifdfs if emogls sfdvhkfcs ifmxh h ifsf`hr. sfdfëïl if hcmahms vfc- rfof auml, ahs h sfaf- (kfrhdafcf plr mcfraíCfssfs dlohms, hcmahms quf imjmomdafcf imils hdm. Rhvö emogl).). FsRhvöfs fs vmvls dghcëh prfomshrmh sfr hmcih iml if lul emogl sf fcolchrmha ch chtrfzh, jlrcfom- sháha pfdl fqumvhdfcf h ahmlr phrh olcjmrahr quf ah-sf quf pfdl afcls :2 ils plr pfqufcls prliulrfs if lih U$ ?;2 ‟ alrls, plr U$ l várus vfml ifdfs. ifdfs. Lu sf- ils 522 várus `è mifcjmh Ogmch, hoheha fapmdghils fa khml- 5:2. Frh plssávf phckldmc ldmcss hmcih sïl ohils fa alrofkls àa plssávfdd olaprhr  `h0 ls phck dhs vmzmcghs. L haemfcf ehrudgfcl f jmdglfs if dlel f ofrvls hpfchs suspfmls, f sus- plfcomhd phrh mcjfohr l

(U$ 9,6 amd) vmvls, hdía if imamcum h maucmihif ils emogls, l quf phrfs if emogls ‟ olal

pfmls pluol prlvèvfms.

 Glall shpmfcs  Gla shpmfcs.

H hplsh huhd í quf h

Fssh heuciåcomh lih

ífsïl krhvf uah smthëïl fafquf fdfs fafa olchl ola jfzfs shckuf

fxpdmohcls plralrofkls, ohush il auhëïl _hrs-OlZ-5 quf sf fsè ohushcil h phcifamh sfkumcf0

olcjmchil huafch huafch l fsfssf ‟ f mssl

dáckuh if orlolimdl 56) f pàcms if ofrvl (U$ (U$ ucs ils luls. Rhrh ls várus, mssl í ua ?22). Cïl ghvmh cfcgua

rfkmsl plr dè, cl fchcl, â vlchif f plifa sljrfr auhëöfs kf- if ua hcmahd suspfml if cíohs. _f uah ifsshs auhëöfs lrchr hcsamtr h Olvmi-8= phua várus quhdqufr ohphz if mcjfohr gu- rh cÿs0 l phckldma. phrquf if imvfrsöfs. imvfrsöfs. Fdfs sf fsphdgha

ahcls, fshals fa ahus dfcëÿms.

Rhckldmcs sïl ls ðcmols

L várus ih _hrs _hr s (_ácirlaf (_ácirlaf Ufspmrhÿrmh ahaájfrls ola fsohahs

Hkuih Krhvf), quf haeía í ua ol- il aucil ‟ l quf dgfs rlchvárus f ohuslu uah fpmifamh fa iè h hphràcomh if uah 5225, jlm hcsamil h cÿs plr afml if hdohogljrh ola phhs.

omvfhs, ua pfqufcl ahaájfrl il sud ih omvfhs, Èsmh olcsmifrhil mkuhrmh fa afrohils ogmcfsfs. H omvfh, plr suh vfz, ghvmh pfkl l várus if alrofkls, quf sïl krhcifs imsmeumilrfs imsmeumilr fs if ilfcëhs fcf hcmahms.

fcgh surkmil fa alrof- uah prlfách oghahih kls. Ls alrofkls, fcïl, CDUR?, quf ifsfcohi ifsfcohifmh fmh hcsamrha hcsamrh a l várus (plr rfhëöfs mcjdhahÿrmhs, í afml if jfzfs lu uah afcls hvh. _mchd if quf

alrimih, ohsl pfrfcëha vèrmls várus plifa fchr h uah ihs rhrhs fspíomfs

(f alrhr) cl hcmahd sfa quf efefa shckuf) h ua sljrfr uah rfhëïl eruhd clvl glspfifmrl mcfraf- il smsfah maucldÿ maucldÿkmol. kmol. imèrml, quf fcïl phsslu Fssh ldfråcomh ola ls l várus phrh cÿs fa ua amorÿemls fa fxpdmohëïl.

Rfdl afcls 7 amd pfsslhs jlrha mcjfo-

hihs f ;;9 alrrfrha ih ilfcëh. Hs fvmiàcomhs hplcha quf hdkl phrfomil fvmiàcomhs holcfofu ola l clvl olrlchvárus. 5;

*Ihils htí 󰀸󰀹 if hermd if 󰀵󰀲󰀵󰀲. Jlctfs0 OIO, LA_, JHL.

 

OLZMI󰀡8= 󰀧5󰀲8=󰀡HYÍ HKLUH󰀭

858 AMD ALUYF_*

KUMRF HZMÈUMH 󰀡 G6C8 󰀧5󰀲󰀲?󰀡HYÍ HKLUH󰀭

966 96 6 ALUYF_

KUMRF H_MÈYMOH 󰀡 G5C5 󰀧8=6;󰀡8=67󰀭

8,8,88

KUMRF IF GLCK NLCK 󰀡 G?C5 󰀧8=:7󰀡8=:=󰀭

AM DGÏL IF ALUYF_

8

AM DGÏL IF ALUYF_

_HU_ 󰀧5󰀲󰀲5󰀡5󰀲󰀲9󰀭

;99 ALUYF_

Ifsif jfvfrfmrl, ola h Olvmi-8=, Olvmi-8 =, h ormhëïl or mhëïl f vfcih if hcmahms fxÿmols fsïl prlmemihs ch Ogmch. Amdghrfs if jhzfcihs ifimohihs h hcmahms smdvfsfs jlrha jfoghihs.

ls wft ahrnfts sïl maplrhcfs phrh l hehsfomafcl. Va fstil if 5286 alstlu quf, ch ohpmhd Efm`mck, ofroh if ?2% ils ghemhcfs rfolrrfa h fdfs phrh olaprhr olamih jrfsoh (h krhcif ahmlrmh cïl olcslaf omvfhs lu phvöfs, ahs ohrcfs f pfmxfs olaucs). o laucs). Fa omihifs ahms plerfs lu chs pfrmjfrmhs, l cðafrl í ahmlr. Ola l clvl olrlchvárus, h fxpfohvh í quf hs afimihs if olcfcëïl iurfa ahms f sf`ha ahms fjmohzfs il quf cl ohsl ih _hrs. Fa hermd if 5252, l Amcmsírml ih Hkrmoudtrh ogmcàs smchdmzlu ua clvl prl`fl prl`fl if dfm phrh ifjmcmr ifjmc mr quhms fspíomfs plifa sfr ormhihs cl phás. Ahms rfsmh quf h if 522?, h rfdhëïl sÿ olcía plrols, elms, elm s, lvfdghs lvfdghs f lutls emogls ilaísols. Ils fxÿols, sÿ ofrvls f hvfs if ohëh sfkufa dmefrhils ‟ rhplshs f ilcmcghs sÿ plifrïl sfrvmr phrh h prliuëïl if pfdl. Hdkl quf h fxpfrmàcomh ola h _hrs imamcumu, plría, jlm l hpfdl fcrf olcsuamilrfs. Vah pfsqumsh if 522: quf fctfvmslu 59 amd pfsslhs fa 8: omihifs alstlu quf ;5% ihs pfsslhs cïl cgha olcsuamil ohrcfs fxÿohs cl hcl hcfrmlr. Fa 8===, hcfs ih _hrs, fssf lhd frh if 68%. Ufsh shefr sf, ola h prfssïl impdlaèoh f l afil

Cl mcáoml if ahrël, l klvfrcl ogmcàs `è cgh olcjmsohil quhsf 92 amd emogls f gmkmfcmzhil ahms if ?62 amd afrohils f

if quf h gmsÿrmh sf rfpmh cl jutrl, h clvh phcifamh frè l afsal fjfml. Yrhimëöfs, hjmchd, sïl maplrhcfs. Ahs cïl plifa sf lrchr ua prledfah if shðif pðedmoh kdlehd. _

KUMRF HZMÈUMHHKLUH󰀭 󰀡 G;C= 󰀧5󰀲8?󰀡HYÍ

FRMIFAMH_ AHIF MC OGMCH

_fms vmrlsfs sf fsphdghrha h phrtmr ih Ogmch cls ðdtmals ;2 hcls. Cl krè﬈ol homah, olcgfëh tlihs ‟ quhctl ahmlr h eldh, ahms vátmahs.

Htuhdafctf, pfqufcls prliutlrfs sf ifimoha h ormhr phvöfs, olerhs, omvfths f lutrls hcmahms fa dhrkh fsohdh.

rfshurhcfs. 892 amd hcðcomls lcdmcf, quf ljfrfomha if ohrcf h rfaíimls jfmls ola ls emogls, jlrha rfalvmils. Faprfshs if fctfkh jlrha mcstuáihs h fxhamchr fcolafcihs, olal jlrah if khrhcr quf h olaprh f vfcih if hcmahms if ohëh cïl holcfëha plr ifehmxl ils phcls. Fssfs fsjlrëls cïl sïl mcíimls. Hpÿs h fpmifamh if _hrs, fa 5225, h Ogmch haeía ehcmu l rhal ils emogls sfdvhkfcs.. Ch íploh, ahms if 722 amd sfdvhkfcs a md fspíomafs jlrha olcjmsohils fa afrohils sÿ ch omihif if Kuhckzglu, cl sud il phás. phá s. Afsfs ifplms, cl fchcl, l Fshil dhcëlu uah rfdhëïl if 69 fspíomfs ou`h ormhëïl vldlu h sfr hulrmzhih ‟ hí hs omvfhs, quf, horfimh-sf, plifa fr cls phsshil l várus, vldhrha â dmsh. Jfoghr ls afrohils mcfmrls sÿ plr ohush ih sfëïl if hcmahms fxÿols ‟ hdkl quf holcfofu iurhcf h fpmifamh if _hrs ‟ cïl iè ofrl, plrquf

:8: ALUYF_ L khsl if ohdlrmhs phrh vlhr ola h vfdlomihif if ua alrofkl í hdl. Yïl hdl quf kfrh sueprliuls afheÿdmols ÿxmols, quf ihcmjmoha l ICH ifdfs. _f l smsfah maucldÿkmol ils alrofkls jlssf hmvl ifahms, hohehrmh olcjucimcil fssfs ihcls ola hhqufs vmrhms, f h rfhëïl ahhrmh l emogmcgl. L alrofkl, plrhcl plrh cl,, ahcía l fsdl if vmih vlhilr fa iftmafcl if suh maucmihif.

L klvfrcl hkf

 

 ahml 5252 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

 

GM_YßUMH

Mssl cïl í ua rfspmrhilr. Í uah aèsohrh quf suplsthafctf ﬈dtrhvh l hr phrh ehrrhr l várus. Mcÿoul, `è quf h eloh ﬈ohvh if plrths hefrths phrh l mcſtufczh .

 98

95   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

  󰁨󰁿 󰁤󰁭󰃫󰃶󰁦󰁿 󰁩󰁨   K W t j _

 KUMRF KUMRF F_R F_RHCG HCGLDH LDH Yfxtl Yfxtl Hdfxhcirf  Hdfxhcirf Oh rvhd rvhdgl gl  Ifsmkc Duohs  Ifsmkc  Duohs @htleè Fimëïl Hdfxhcirf Fimëïl  Hdfxhcirf Zfrsm Zfrsmkchssm kchssm

Gè 822 hcls, fdh oldhpslu smstfahs if shðif, ahtlu 62 amdgöfs if pfsslhs f ifu lrmkfa â ohmpmrmcgh. Yhaeía ifmxlu fcsmchafctls slerf olal dmihr ola várus ifsolcgfomils. Dfaerè-dls Dfaerè-dls hklrh í uah qufstïl if vmih lu alrtf.

 

L

Krmpf

hafrmohch

L várus surkmu cls FVH f ahtlu ahms hafrmohcls quf hs iuhs Kufrrhs  Aucimhms,  Aucim hms, h Kufrrh ih Olrfmh f h il Zmftcï `ucths.

󰁬 󰁲󰁦󰁩󰁵󰁦󰁭󰁵󰁬 󰁠󰁬󰃯󰁬 󰁥󰁦󰁰󰁰󰁨󰁣󰁨 prfomslu

mcfrrlapfr l sfrvmël ‟ uah lerh ch mcfrrlapfr Uuh Ermkhifmrl Dumz Hcùcml ‟ quhcil olafëlu h oglvfr fa _ïl Rhudl. @è frh l afml ih hrif, fdf fshvh aldghil f ifomimu quf l afdglr frh mr dlkl phrh ohsh. Lu phrh l ehr. Rhrlu cua elfol ih Uuh Hukush f efefu hí ohmr. Dmfrhdafcf. If vldh â ruh, ùpfkl, jlm holaftil plr ua hhquf fpmdítol f sf fsphrrhalu ch ohdëhih, fcf olchëöfs ausoudhrfs, hí jmohr ifsholrihil. Jlm Jlm quhcil phsslu plr hdm ua vfáoudl ohih vfz ahms olaua chqufdfs imhs, clvfaerl if 8=870 ua oldflr if ohièvfrfs. Xuhcil vmrha Efzzhch mcolcsomfc mcolcsomfcff

cl ogïl, l allrmsh f sfu h`uihcf

mahkmchrha quf jlssf ahms ua fcf ls hcls alrls quf hs jhaádmhs jhaád mhs dfvhvha

phrh h vmh pðedmoh, ola afil if quf

olchamchssfa, fa ohsh, ls quf hmcih

slerfvmvmha â phcifamh. L pfirfmrl

jlm rfoldgmil hprfsshihafcf f `lkhil

ch ohëhaeh, cl hdl if uah pmdgh if olrpls, phrh sfr dfvhil hl Ofamírml il Hrhëè. Glrhs ifplms, `è rfjfml ih olcvudsïl olcvu dsïl f ih efefifmrh, @lïl Efzzhch

hermu ls ldgls. Ahs fcïl supùs quf fsvfssf hmcih sle fjfml il èdolld0 vmu-sf ifmhil cua ohmxïl, hl dhil il

pfsslhs. Gè qufa jhdf cl ilerl. Rhrh vloà fr uah mifmh ih jðrmh ifssf hkfcf

mcjfoomlsl, fdf ahlu fa 59 sfahchs mcjfoomlsl, ahms kfcf il quf h hmis dfvlu fa 59

quf sfrmh suh sfpudtrh if mcimkfcf. hcls. Ch gmsÿrmh ihs prhkhs, sÿ h vhráldh

Hphvlrhil, Hphv lrhil, shmu olrrfcil f pudlu l au- (?22 amdgöfs hl dlckl il síoudl 52) f rl il ofamírml quf ihvh phrh h hthd h Rfsf Cfkrh (522 amdgöfs cl sío. 89) Hvfcmih Ir. Hrchdil ‟ hsslaerhcil ls prlvlohrha ahms alrfs. Ahs haehs olvfmrls olvf mrls quf hkuhrihvha uah íkuh prfomshrha if hcls f hcls phrh ahhr ih oguvh phrh fcfrrè-dl. hcl. H krmpf fsphcgldh jlm ahms judL fpmsÿiml holcfofu fxhhafcf cl amchcf0 jfz ehsmohafcf lil l sfu èpmof ih krmpf fsphcgldh ‟ quf iurlu fshkl fa ua ðcmol sfafsf. Hs fsilms hcls, ahs olcofclu o lcofclu suhs alrfs tahtvhs sïl if quf ?% ils mcjfohils fa 8=87, 8=87, ðdtal hcl ih Rrmafmrh Kufrrh alrrmha. Í h afsah hxh quf h LA_ Aucimhd. Fssh krmpf, hcsamtih pfdl

olcsmifrh phrh h Olvmi-8=.

várus mcjdufczh H il suepl G8C8 ‟ Hcfs ih alrf lu ih ourh vmcgha l afsal quf hssuslu l pdhcfh fa ilr if ohefëh hkuih, jferf hdh, ohdhjrmls, 522= ‟, mcjfolu ua frël ih plpudhëïl lssf sfoh, ilrfs cl olrpl, imhrrfmh f kdlehd f trlu h vmih if 62 amdgöfs if ua ohcshël mcvfcoávfd. _ma, phrfomil

ola ls smclahs il clvl olrlchvárus. Xufa olcsfkumh phrhr cfssfs mcoùalils plimh sf olcsmifrhr ua su`fml if

slrf. Cls ifahms, hs olapdmohëöfs fcvldvmha pcfualcmh, mcsujmomàcomh rfspmrhÿrmh sfvfrh sfvfrh f omhclsf, quhcil l rlsl jmoh hzudhil f ls pís fsourfofa

plr jhdh if lxmkfchëïl. Fcjfrafmrls Fcjfrafmrls

ih íploh, slerfohrrfkhils, cfa oumih-

vha if qufa hphrfofssf ola ls pís

fsourls0 shemha quf frh uah sfcfcëh

if alrf. Cmckuía cfssf fsèkml ih

ilfcëh fsohphvh. Cïl quf ls aíimols sluefssfa ourhr

ls ohsls ahms erhcils. Ufaíiml Ufaíiml, , cïl ghvmh. Hí plrquf plrquf, , ch íploh, cfa sf shemh imrfml l quf frh ua várus ‟ ls amorlsoÿpmls cïl cgha focldlkmh phrh iffoè-dls. Afsal l ohushilr ih

99   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

KWtj_

 

Hrqumimlofshcl, fa _ïl Rhudl0 fa 󰀸󰀽󰀸󰀷, l oldíkml suspfcifu hs hudhs f olcvfrtfu-sf fa glspmthd if ohaphcgh, ola 󰀹󰀲󰀲 dfmtls.

krmpf olaua sÿ sfrmh msldhil fa dhel- hls chvmls quf ogfkhvha il fxfrmlr0 v átahs il mcjdufczh. rhÿrml fa 8=??. Ufshvh hls glspmhms 85 amd vátahs hdmvmhr ls smclahs, quhcil ihvh. Lul amsírml quf ifshjmhvh h afimomch frh h hxh if alrhdmihif fa rfdhëïl â jhmxh fèrmh. Fdh Fd h frh fspfomhdafcf dfhd ch ohsh ils 52 hls ?2 hcls ‟ quf pfdh dÿkmoh ifvfrmh sfr ahms rfsmsfcf. H fxpdmohëïl í quf h ofph if 8=87 8=87 ifsfcohifhvh uah rfsplsh fxhkfrhihafcf mcfcsh il smsfah maucldÿkmol, prlvlohcil rèpmih dmefrhëïl if oídudhs maucfs. Xuhcil fssh rfhëïl í fxhofrehih, fcif h ghvfr slerfohrkh il lrkhcmsal, dfvhcil h mcjdhahëöfs krhvfs f hoðaudl if dáqumil cls pudaöfs. Ch íploh, fcïl, qufa cgh smsfahs maucldÿkmols jlrfs ‟ `ushafcf ls ahms  `lvfcs  `lvf cs f shuièvfms ‟ hohehvh hohehvh sujlohil pfdhs prÿprmhs ifjfshs il lrkhcmsal. F laehvh ahms rèpmil. Cl Erhsmd, ls prmafmrls ohsls ih krmpf fsphcgldh jlrha rfkmshils fa hklsl, quhcil quhcil l várus ifsfaehrolu il chvml Ifafrhrh, quf vmcgh if Rlrtkhd f jfz imvfrshs phrhihs hl dlckl ih clssh olsh. Hí ifzfaerl, quhcil h krmpf ifshphrfofu il Rhás, ?6 amd erhsmdfmrls suouaemrha â ilfcëh, cl aácmal ‟ mahkmcf olal ifvfrmh sfr h suecljmohëïl ua síoudl hès. Fa _ïl Rhudl, h aíimh if alrfs ch omihif suemu if ?? ÿemls plr imh fa 8=8;,

Cl ohls hesldul, l quhsf-sfpudhafcl il pfirfmrl @lïl Efzzhch cïl frh ua fpmsÿiml fxhlrimcèrml. Fsah-sf quf aumh kfcf fcgh smil fcfrrhih vmvh cl Rhás, plrquf h krhvmihif ils ohsls jrfqufc jrfqufcfafc fafcf f olcjucimh ls aíimols, quf cgha imjmoudihif if imstckumr l vmvl il alrl ‟ fshals jhdhcil if prljmssmlc prljmssmlchms hms fxfcuhils, f aumhs vfzfs ilfcfs. Yhaeía Yhaeía jhdhjhd hvha olvfmrls fxpfrmfcfs0 aumls alrrfrha pfdl olchl ola ls ohièvfrfs ‟ h plcl if hs prfjfmtrhs olcvlohrfa prfsmimèrmls phrh jhzfr ls fcf fcfrrls. rrls. F,

hcfs ih phcifamh, phrh 562 fa 8=87. Cl lhd, jlrha ahms if 6.?22 alrfs plr krmpf fsphcgldh ch ohpmhd phudmsh. F h olch jlm pmlr phrh ls ohrmlohs ‟ quf vmvfa cl dmlrhd, fa olchl prÿxmal

alrtls cl Erhsmd, jlrh h suecltm﬈ohëïl.

?6 AMD  AMD 

FVH, 󰀸󰀽󰀸󰀽0 tfcthtmvh hrtfshchd if ifsmcjfoëïl.

 

jmchdafcf, jhdhvh ofamírml phrh lil aucil ‟ cfssfs dlohms, l quhirl frh if olrpls mcsfpudls cls olrrfilrfs. Ls plerfs, olal gl`f, frha ls quf ahms sljrmha, ahs l várus frh ifalorèol. Cl Erhsmd, alrrfrha if krmpf fsphcgldh l plfh Ldhvl Emdho f hí l prfsmifcf Ulirmkufs Hdvfs. Cl fxfrmlr, l várus dfvlu l slomÿdlkl Ahx [fefr, l pmclr smaeldmsh Kushv Ndma, uah ihs jmdghs jm dghs if _mkauci Jrfui f hí l hvù if Ilchdi Yruap. Hcofshd ih ormsf il olrlchvárus, h phcifamh if 8=87 ifmxlu ua ahcuhd il quf jhzfr f cïl jhzfr imhcf if ua várus glamomih f ifsolcgfomil. F hdkucs dfkhils haeía. Hqum, plr ohush ih krmpf, jlm fsutrhil ua Ifphrhafcl Chomlchd if _hðif Rðedmoh, quf sfrmh sfafcf il jutrl Amcmsírml ih _hðif. Luh gfrhcëh fsè cls ehrfs. H plpudhëïl erhsmdfmrh fa pfsl rfolrrfu h uah amstrh if pmckh (—èdolld ahh

Fsphcgh, quf, cfuh cl olcjdml, cïl cgh alvl phrh ofcsurhr ls rfdhÿrmls ihs hulrmihifs if shðif. Olal ls  `lrchms  `lrc hms sÿ hzm hzmha ha cl cláom áomhs hs if fsphc fsphcgÿm gÿmss krmphils, ifu h fcfcifr quf h ilfcëh surkmu plr dè. Ahs cïl. Faelrh gh`h flrmhs imvfrshs slerf sfu efrël, h ahms hofmh í if quf h prhkh fcgh olafëhil cfsf dhil il H Hdåcol0 dåcol0 cls Fshils Vcmils. F fctf ls amdmhrfs. Ls prmafmrls ohsls cls FVH holcfofrha fa quhríms quf fmchvha rforuhs hafrmohcls phrh h kufrrh, hmcih cl mcáoml if 8=87. L várus dlkl udhphsslu hs jrlcfmrhs ils hohaphafcls f phsslu h hehfr omvms if clrf h sud il phás. Fcïl pfklu ohrlch cls chvmls if olaehf f jlm phrhr chs tmcogfmrhs ih Krhcif Kufrrh. H phcifamh fchvh fa oursl. Gluvf surls cl aucil lil, fa qufsïl if sfahchs. Ch Uðssmh slvmíoh, h ilfcëh cgh lul hpfdmil0 jferf

ls kfrafs‑), afd f dmaïl. _fkucil l Mcstl Erhsmdfmrl ih Ohoghëh, jlm fssh olaemchëïl suplshafcf frhpàuoh, cl pfrálil ih krmpf fsphcgldh, quf ifu lrmkfa â ohmpmrmcgh.

smefrmhch. Ch _meírmh, frh h jferf ogmcfsh. Ch Fsphcgh ‟ quf qufrmh sf dmvrhr ih

Elrc mc tgf V_H

H Fsphcgh cïl afrfomh h puedmomihif cfkhvh. H krmpf jlm oghahih if —fsphcgldh‑ plrquf, quhcil fdh olafëlu h ahhr sldihils ils ilms dhils ih Rrmafmrh Kufrrh Aucimhd, cfcgua phás imvudkhvh l hvhcël ils olcèkmls. Rlimh sfr ua kldpf ch alvhëïl ils sldihils ‟ hdía if uah mcjlrahëïl fshíkmoh ohphz if hcmahr l mcmamkl. Cl afml ifssf iufdl if ifsmcjlrahëïl fshvh h

?% frh h thxh if dfthdmihif. _fafdghctf â ih Olvmi-8=.

Ohapus ucmvfrsmtèrml cl Oldlrhil, FVH, olcvfrtmil fa glspmthd.

Zlductèrmhs ih Oruz Zfrafdgh, cls FVH, fa 󰀸󰀽󰀸󰀷.

 

KWt Chs omihifs quhrfctfchihs h ilfcëh ahtlu efa afcls. —hulrmh‑ ih fcjframihi —hulrmh‑ fcjframihiff ‟, jmolu olal jferf russh. Cl Hdhsoh, hs plpudhëöfs mcum horfimhvha fshr sfcil hckmihs plr ua —fspárml erhcol‑. Ch slomfihif omvmd, gluvf mcorávfms mcorávfms

sfafdghcëhs if olaplrhafcls f

(aès) ifomsöfs pldáohs ola l quf fsè

holcfofcil gl`f. Klvfrcls quf if-

alrhrha h rfolcgfofr h hkrfssmvmihif

L @hpïl tfvf 󰀹󰀷󰀲 amd alrtls pfdh krmpf.

il várus ‟ plr jhdh if mcjlrahëïl lu phrh prfsfrvhr h mciðsmh f l olaíroml

‟ vfrha ahms alrfs fa olaphrhëïl h dukhrfs quf dlkl lahrha uah

htif jmraf, ahs maplpudhr. Zhdf h pfch lesfrvhr l quf holcfofu fa iuhs omihifs hafrmohchs, lplshs cl alil if dmihr ola h ormsf0 Jmdhiídjmh

haeía. Ufsudhil0 fcquhcl h Jmdhiídjmh sf hcsjlralu fa uah ihs omihifs

f _hmc Dlums. L várus olafëlu h sf fsphdghr pfdh

Dlums cïl phsslu if ;22 alrfs.

Jmdhiídjmh h phrr if 8= if sffaerl, quhcil, fa pluols imhs, :22 ahrmcgfmrls sf hprfsfchrha hls glspmhms, mcjfohils. Cuah ifomsïl quf ouslu amdghrfs if vmihs, h prfjfmtrh

ifomimu hhr hqufdh mcjdufczh olal

hafrmohchs ahms hckmihs pfdh krmpf fsphcgldh, ola 8: amd alrls, _hmc Fcf ls hofrls, fsfvf l fsáaudl

hl usl if aèsohrhs. H prlfëïl ihs vmhs

hírfhs jlm hilhih herhckfcfafcf ‟ hmcih quf, plr uah qufsïl if ifsolcgfomafcl, hdkucs alifdls if aèsohrh cgfomafcl, aèsoh rh prlfkfssfa prlfk fssfa sÿ l chrmz, ifmxhci ifmxhcil l h eloh olal plrh phrh l G8C8.

—uah krmpfzmcgh‑. kr mpfzmcgh‑. Ahcfvf, Ahcfvf, plr fxfapdl, ua krhcimlsl ifsjmdf h oíu hefrl quf cgh le`fvl if prlalvfr ls átdls il klvfrcl phrh phlomchr h phromphëïl ch kufrrh. Ofroh if 522 amd pfsslhs sf hkdlafrhrha phrh holaphcghr holaph cghr l fvfc-

L pfrálil ahms frráv frrávfd fd ih krmpf fsphcgldh framclu fa ifzfaerl

Ahs frh hrif. Fcquhcl h Jmdhiídjmh

shef ‟ hdía if sfus jhamdmhrfs f hamkls. Hls 828 hcls, —_fcglr R.‑, olal ls aíimols l oghahrha, fcjrfclu

if 8=87, 8=87, ïl rèpmil quhcl q uhcl olafëlu ‟ faelrh hmcih gluvfssf ohsls fsphrsls hí 8=52. 8=52. Hohelu olal lih phcifamh p hcifamh hssma hoheh0 krhcif phrf ih plpudhëïl l, quf hssma sf lrclu ua fpmofcl  `è cgh smil smil olchamchih. Ylrclu-sf Ylrclu-sf if imssfamchëïl il várus. Olcjlraf ls maucf, f l várus pfrfofu plr jhdh if ohsls sf audpdmohrha, fvldumci fvldumcil l phrh clvls olrpls hefrls phrh uah mcvholdhpsl il smsfah if shðif f alrfs sïl. Cïl jlm l ohsl if ua mhdmhcl quf fa ahssh, h prfjfmtrh sf hrrfpfcifu f chsofu iurhcf hqufdh phcifamh. _fu phsslu h hilhr afimihs if olcfcëïl. claf, hklrh, sÿ ua glspmhd if Umamcm dfvlu iuhs sfahchs phrh olafëhr h hkmr

olch l várus, _hmc Dlums ifalrlu sÿ ilms imhs fcf surkmafcllils surkmafcl prmafmrls ohsls f llolcjmchafc olcjmchafcl ih plpudhëïl. H omihif mafimhhafcf m afimhhafcf jfoglu fsoldhs, emedmlfohs, rfshurhcfs, fhls, ohshs if sglws... f mkrf`hs Jltls Kftty

Mahkfs

hklrh l olrlchvárus. Í ua ohsl rhrl

if supfrmilsl, ofcfcèrml, quf sf ourlu pdfchafcff ih Olvmi-8 pdfchafc Olvmi-8=. =. Va gmkgdhcgmkgd hcifr quf vfcofu iuhs phcifamhs ‟ f quf cls fcogf if fspfrhcëh. _

KWtj_

ahml 5252

 

_LOMFIHIF

M_LDHAFCYL FWYUFAL

Olal sïl, lcif ﬈oha f 󰁸uhctl oustha ls eucnfrs.

Yfxtl Ahrmh Odhrh Ulssmcm   Mdustrhëïl Jfdmpf Ifd Uml   Ifsmkc @udmhch Nrhuss  Fimëïl Erucl Khrhttlcm

Jmohr fa ohsh plr olcth il olrlchvárus cïl í chih pfrtl Jmohr ih jlrah ahms rhimohd if olc﬈chafctl0 ls eucnfrs. Fsshs olcstruëöfs hctmelaeh surkmrha ch Rrmafmrh Kufrrh, Kufrrh, ahs thaeía thaeí a sf trhcsjlrahrha fa rfjðkmls rfjð kmls if duxl duxl, ola tlils ls olcjlrtls if uah ahcsïl ‟ f ogfkha h ousthr U_ 92 amdgöfs.

 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 9;

97  󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 ahml 5252  

EHYFUMH Hs afclrfs tàa ohphohphomihif phrh ahctfr ahc tfr l eucnfr plr pfdl afcls ;5 glrhs.

OHMWH I”ÈKVH Rlif kuhrihr if 8 amd h 822 amd dmtrls if èkuh.

UF_RMUL 󰁬󰁿 󰁊󰁭󰁤󰁹󰁵󰁬󰁿

, cfofssèrmls fa quhdqufr eucnfr, rfpfdfa h pldumëïl. Ls ahms sljstmsljstmohils jdtrha htí h rhimhëïl if elaehs cuodfhrfs. 󰁩󰁦 󰁨󰁵

   

Rrètols f Rrètols sf󰁫urls, ahs efa eèsmols

Â

󰃂󰁿 7󰁧9: 󰁩󰁨 󰁡󰁨󰁣󰁧󰃯, 󰁶󰁡 󰁅󰁬󰁦󰁭󰁣󰁫 ;:; ih Hafrmohc

Hmrdmcfs, ola =5 phsshkfmrls, fxpdlimu hl ehfr ch lrrf clrf il [lrdi Yrhif Ofcfr, fa Clvh ]lrn. Rhrfomh ua homifcf mcsÿdml, mcsÿdml, ahs fssh

maprfssïl dlkl sf ifsjfz0 âs =g2?, l sfkucil hvmïl,

_FAM󰀡

fa sfkrfil pfdls FVH0 shef-sf, hpfchs, quf fdf

HYFUUHIL 󰁬󰁿 󰁲󰁵󰁭󰁡󰁦󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁿 󰁥󰁶󰁃󰁮󰁦󰁵󰁿

jmoh sle h hdh dfsf ih Ohsh

Erhcoh, plssum prlfëïl olcrh hhqufs cuodfhrfs f emldÿkmols ‟ f fa suprmafcls phrh quf l prfsmifcf f suh fqumpf slerfvmvha plr ua dlckl, f mcifframchil,

cïl frha tlthdafctf fctfrrhils ‟ phrtf johvh phrh jlrh ih tfrrh.

lurl Elfmck ;:;, hofr- pfrálil. Í ua ils eucnf-

lu h lrrf sud il [YO. Cmckuía shemh qufa frha ls mcmamkls, ahs jmolu odhrl quf ls FVH fshvha sfcil hhohils. L prfsmifcf Kflrkf [.

rs ahms sfkurls quf fxmsfa> hdvfz hdvfz l ahms sfkurl. Ahs fsè dlckf if sfr l ðcmol0 fsmahsf quf fxmsha amdghrfs if eucnfrs phroudhrfs Eusg, quf phrtomphvh if fsphdghils pfdl aucil, ua fvfcl fvfcl cuah fsoldm- mcodusmvf cl Erhsmd ‟ sf cgh ch Jdÿrmih, jlm dfvhil vloà alrh fa _ïl Rhudl, phrh l Hmr Jlrof Jlrof Lcf, quf f `è phsslu ch jrfcf if

ifoldlu phrh [hsgmck [hsgmcklc. lc. ahcsöfs il Alruaem lu ils @hrimcs, plif fr phs-

L vmof-prfsmifcf, Imon Ogfcfy,, mafimhhafcf Ogfcfy ifsofu phrh ua eucnfr

cl suesldl ih Ohsh Erhcoh, if lcif olahcilu h rfsplsh hls hfchils (f âs 82g82 ifu h lrifa, quf fcrhrmh phrh h gmsÿrmh, phrh h Jlrëh Hírfh

shil imhcf if eucnfrs,

sfa cfa suspfmhr imssl. Va eucnfr plif sfr ua olapdfxl ogfml if focldlkmhs if plch, prfphrhil phrh lils ls

ofcèrmls plssávfms> lu ua haemfcf ruimafchr, fsifrruehr l vll Vcmfi =?, ohssl, ápmol if ohapl if

quf rhcsplrhvh ?; omihiïls hafrmohcls ‟ f hohelu ohmcil slzmcgl).   L eucnfr, quf sf oghah Rrfsmifcmhd Fafr-

kufrrh. Ls eucnfrs fxms-

focldÿkmol0 ls hvmöfs.

Fdfs pframtha hhohr, il

hdl, quhdqufr fsutrh fa sldl. H rfsplsh ils amdmhrfs jlm h ahms prhk-

aètoh plssávfd0 ifsofr. H Hdfahcgh jlm l prmafmrl

phás h olcsrumr jlrfs ifehmxl ih frrh, phrh sf prlfkfr ih Jlrëh Hírfh mckdfsh. Dlkl if ohrh, ls hermkls jlrha ehzhils if —eucnfrs‑. H lrmkfa il fral í mcofrh, ahs horfimh-sf quf fdf sf `hh if rm vh il il s uf ol  ` eucnf (èrfh prlfkmih if ua chvml). Ls prmafmrls eucnfrs frha hpfchs phromhdafcf hfrrhils hfrrhils,, plms uah phrf ih fimjmohëïl jmohvh phrh jlrh ih frrh. _uh olcstuëïl

fa gè ahms if ofa hcls, f cïl sïl phpl if olcspmrhomlcmshs quf horfimha olcsmsth ehsmohafcf fa cl jma il aucil. Fdfs ohvhr ua eurhol cl ogïl

kfcoy Lpfrhtlcs Ofcfr olafëhrha olal jlr- f olcorfhr l fsphël. Ls (RFLO), jlm olcsuáil jmohëöfs amdmhrfs hí sf eucnfrs plimha jmohr cl iurhcf h _fkucih Kufr- rhcsjlrahrfa fa ua jrlc kuhrihcil ahcrh Aucimhd, phrh hermkhr l afrohil amdmlcèrml. afcls, olamih f hrfcïl prfsmifcf Jrhcndmc ahs> lu ahms hjhshils, Ullsfvfd fa ohsl if ua Yfa󰁲ls if 󰁫ufrrh hermkhcil glspmhms phrh hhquf chzmsh olcrh H R r m a f m r h K u f r r h oumihr ils jfrmils. Frha [hsgmcklc. H ahmlrmh [hsgmcklc. ils ifhdgfs í ahcih

Aucimhd jlm ahrohih plr ua krhcif hvhcël

ehshcf ðfms, f rhpmihafcf jlrha hilhils

_V_YFCYHËÏL 󰁃󰃯󰁬 󰁦󰁵󰁨 󰁲󰁵󰁦󰁯󰁭󰁿󰁬 󰁡󰁶󰁭󰁹󰁬 phrh

h olcstruëïl. Ehsthvha olcorftl f pmdhstrhs phrh sustfcthr h fstruturh.

󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

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 62   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 am 5252

 

Ch Rrmafmrh Kufrrh Aucimhd, ls eucnfrs frha ushils olal hrahzfchafctl f fsolcifrm`l. Cïl tmcgha cfcguah sl﬈stmohëïl ‟ frha pluol ahms il quf eurhols fsohvhils cl ogïl.

F_YLOHKFA 󰁿󰁦󰁵󰁺󰁭󰁨󰁡 󰁯󰁬󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁦󰁲󰃿󰁿󰁭󰁹󰁬

if hrahs, olamih f rfaíimls.

haeía pfdh Mckdhfrrh. Ch _fkucih Kufrrh Aucimhd, h olcsruëïl if eucnfrs vmrlu pldáoh if Fshil. Mssl plrquf ls hhqufs, quf hcfs fshvha rfstmls hls ohapls if ehhdgh, ogfkhrha âs omihifs, oldlohcil h plpudhëïl omvmd f sfus dáifrfs fa rmsol. —L hdohcof

Dlcirfs, fxmsf hí gl`f f sf lrclu ua ausfu slerf h _fkucih Kufrrh. L  Jô  Jôgrf grfreucnf reucnfr  r , quf jmolu il dhil ifrrlhil ih gmsÿrmh, fsè sle ua fshomlchafcl fa Efrdma. Cïl frha sÿ ls ogfjfs if fshil quf prfomshvha if prlfëïl. H vmdh if Dlrmfc, ch Jrhcëh, jlm uah

fdfs àa gl`f, ch vfrihif, jlm uah quf cïl holcfofu0 holc fofu0 h Kufrrh Jrmh. H hafhëh if ua olcjrlcl cuodfhr fctf FVH f VU__ auilu olapdfhafcff ls eucnfrs, quf sf afc lrchrha ohih vfz ahms fqumphils ‟ f ahms prljucils. Cïl ehshvh uah jlrjmohëïl if olcorfl

ih _fkucih Kufrrh í ahmlr. Va elaehrifml plifrmh shmr if Efrdma f hckmr Dlcirfs lu Alsolu, f vmof-vfrsh‑, imz Dflchril Jfrrfmrh, prljfsslr if gmsÿrmh amdmhr ih Fsoldh Chvhd ih Ahrmcgh il Erhsmd. Gmdfr f Ogurogmdd ifomimrha l rual ih kufrrh ifctl ils eucnfrs ahms faedfaèmols ih gmsÿrmh. L  Jôgrfreu cnfr , il imhilr hdfaïl, cgh 8: oùalils, mcodumcil rfjfmÿrml, shdh if rfucmïl f ilms quhrls phrh Gmdfr f suh fsplsh ‟ quf ilramha sfphrhils. Hs _hdhs if Kufrrh if Ogurogmdd, h uah quhirh if suh ohsh, olchvha ola uah ofcthd if fdfjlcmh phrh dmkhëöfs thcshdåcohs, ua oùalil fa quf l dáifr jhzmh thcsamssöfs slerf h kufrrh phrh h rèiml EEO, hdía if ua ils prmafmrls msqufmrls fdítmols ih gmsÿrmh (ph-

ihs aumhs elaehrifhihs iurhcf hhqufs hírfls. =6% ih omihif jlm ifstuáih. _ÿ slerhrha sff príimls if pí ‟ ahs quhsf lih h plpudhëïl slerfvmvfu. Hcfs il elaehrifml, ls omihiïls jlrha fvhouhils phrh hermkls suefrråcfls. Ahs h kufrrh quf ifu hls eucnfrs h ohrh quf

phrh suplrhr l maphol ihs elaehs. Ls eucnfrs prfomshrmha rfsmsr hl quf vmrmh ifplms if ua hhquf cuodfhr. Rhsshrha h fr jmdtls if hr f èkuh phrh olcfr h rhimhëïl, f ifpÿsmls kfcfrlsls l ehshcf phrh khrhcr olamih iurhcf afsfs, lu hcls. Yuil mssl fa ua fsphël quf plimh fshr hí ?2 a sle h frrh. Hl dlckl ih Kufrrh Jrmh, surkmu lurl jfcùafcl0 l ils eucnfrs prmvhils.. Fdfs olafëhprmvhils rha h sfr olcsruáils ifehmxl il qumchd, ola fslquf if olamih, ohah f fqumphafcls if slerfvmvàcomh. H prèmoh jlm mcofcmvhih pfdl prfsmifcf @lgc Nfccfiy fa ua imsoursl jfml fa 8=:8 (vf`h ua tfogl hqum hl dhil). Faprfshs if olamihs fcdhhihs dlhvha hs prhfdfmrhs ils supfrafrohils hcucomhcil-sf olal h —ol-

rh khrhcmr l jlkl ils mcframcèvfms oghruls il prmafmrl-amcmstl). L eucnfr if Ogurogmdd, fa

—H cfofssmihif 󰁲lr fssf t󰁲l if 󰁲rlf󰃫ïl í clvh 󰁲hrh cÿs. Ahs h glrh if olaf󰃫hr í h󰁫lrh.‑ @lgc Nfccfiy, fa hpfdl â olcstruëïl if eucnfrs omvms.

amih il jma il aucil‑. L klvfrcl hafrmohcl hí jmchcomlu pfsqumshs phrh ormhr ua hdmafc hdmafcl l quf

ahml 5252

 

jlssf iurèvfd, cumvl pfdh olcsruëïl if 67 jlrah, hpfchs l rfsplcf puifssf sfr prliuzmil ifdfs. H ahmlr olcofch- sèvf sèvfdd olcgfof lils ls olcsuëïl.. fa ahssh phrh jmohr cls ëïl fsè chs ahcsöfs ils ifhdgfs ih olcsuëïl eucnfrs ‟ l rfsudhil ehmrrls rmols ih ohpmhd0 L prlofssl plif ifalrhr jlm l  Hdd-Ru rpls rplsff _urv _urvmm- Alruaem, @hrimcs f Hdl if 7 h 89 afsfs, ifpfcvhd Orhonfr , uah eldhogh if Rmcgfmrls. H faprfsh ifcil ih lerh. fcdhhih quf iurhvh ahms vmsmh ls eucnfrs uah vfz H fcrhih il hermkl if omcol hcls sfa sljrfr plr aàs, phrh jhzfr ah- suefrråcfl jmoh ohauquhdqufr hdfrhëïl. cufcëïl. Ola smkmdl he- jdhih plr uah phrfif _lerfvmvfr lu cïl sldul sldul.. —_ÿ uah pfsslh if jhdsh lu hès if ua odlphrfomh smapdfsafcf aumh olcjmhcëh jmoh sh- sf. H fsohih quf dfvh hl uah qufsïl il quïl efcil ih olcsuëïl ils eucnfr í prlfkmih plr prfphrhil vloà fshvh eucnfrs, f kfrhdafcf fs- uah plrh edmcihih, cl phrh suplrhr uah kufrrh sh pfsslh slu fu‑, imz l phirïl if oljrf if ehccuodfhr. Ls eucnfrs, fc- fckfcgfmrl Umohril Ogm- ol, f dè ifcl fa til ïl, vmrhrha ua hrmkl dfddm, ilcl ih UOM Jmrs. H quf uah pfsslh prfomsh il afrohil malemdmèrml faprfsh hfcif odmfcfs phrh slerf s lerfvmvfr0 vmvfr0 ehcgfm‟ hmcih quf fxÿol. F ms- auml rmols ‟ f, olcjlraf rl, ohah, afimohafcls, sl cïl holcfofu sÿ cls hs cfofssmihifs if ohih nm if prmafmrls slolrFVH. Fdfs ogfkhrha hl ua, prlvmifcomh h edmcih- rls, aèsohrh f omdmcirl Erhsmd haeía. kfa if plrhs, h olcsu- if lxmkàcml, ehrrhs if ëïl if —quhrls il påcmol‑ ofrfhms, eldhoghs, khrrhL afrohil il afil Xuhdqufr pfsslh plif if eucnfrs. olcsrumr ua eucnfr  Rlif phrfofr dluourh ‟ ifehmxl if ohsh> ehsh f, âs vfzfs, í afsal. —Cïl

jhs èkuh f hdmafcls cïlif pfrfoávfms. Rhrh ls quf eusoha sf prlfkfr cïl sÿ if hsshdls, ahs fr imcgfmrl. Cl Erhsmd, h jhz sfcil olcsumr ua if uah fvfcuhd ohèsfaprfmhih plif oushr eucnfr ch omihif if _ïl ljf, ls mcsuals plifa if U$ ;62 amd hí U$ 86 Rhudl, lcif h pldáomh fsè iurhr if uah sfahch amdgöfs. L vhdlr vhrmh if h omcol amculs if ims- hí afsfs ‟ ifpfcif holril ola l cðafrl if åcomh. If lils quf fu il quf jlm olaemchil pfsslhs quf sfrïl hermkh- olcsuá, sÿ rfolafcifm cl olcrhl if olcsihs, ls rfoursls focldÿ- l eucnfr phrh uahs omcol ruëïl. F, phrh khrhcmr kmols mcshdhils f l fa- pfsslhs. Rhrh ls luls, quf cmckuía jmquf pl cfofssèrml if hermkl. ehshvh ua quhrl il sujlohil, l eucnfr fa (oùalils (oùal ils jlrjmohils) lu

Olcilaácml if duxl ‟ sle l ogïl Fsth í uah rfprfsfcthëïl il Olcil,

_urvmvhd

ua príiml if

hphrthafctls ifehmxl ih tfrrh, fa olcstruëïl cls FVH, quf sfrvf olal eucnfr. Fdf ogfkh h :2 a if prljucimihif.

Cl mcáoml ils hcls 5222, påcmol‑, imz Ogmdfddm. Ahs pfdl afcls às lahihs fr ua rfjðkml ifcrl qufa fa imcgfmrl f af- if hr ch supfrjáomf. olcsulrh fspfomhdmzhif ohsh frh olcsmifrhil il fa krhcifs quhctihih cfssf pl if lerh, h jmohr fssfcomhd hls ahkchhs ifs cïl qufr folclamzhr. fa_fohsh `èif ièquhrfcfch odhusljl- fdfmëïl if Ilchdi Yruap

erhsmdfmrls. Fcrf 5228 L ahmlr eucnfr if _ïl f 522:, l afrohil if Rhudl fa 852 afrls eucnfrs orfsomh 52% hl quhirhils, hahcgl if hcl cl Rhás. H imjfrfcëh ua ela hphrhafcl. í quf fdfs cïl fshvha L ilcl qufrmh sf sfcr prflouphils ola uah fa ohsh, fcïl ifolrlu kufrrh cuodfhr f auml l haemfcf ola lerhs afcls ola l jma il if hrf, aÿvfms aÿvfms hssmchils hssmc hils aucil. L quf elhvh plr ifsmkcfrs rfclahi rfclahils, ls, afil frha hs mcvhsöfs plrofdhch maplrhih. ilamomdmhrfs f sfqufsls. Olcsumr uah fsuHthdafcf horfimh-sf

trh ifsshs cïl í smapdfs.

quf fxmsha :? eucnfrs Rhrh ahcfr l smkmdl, ohih fa jucomlchafcl cl fhph ih lerh í rfhdmzhih Erhsmd, sfcil 6? ifdfs cl

plr uah fqumpf imjfrfcf imjfrfcf,,

Fshil if _ïl Rhudl. H ifsif h phrf gmirèudmoh f fstahtvh í ih faprfsh if vfcdhëïl hí l smsfUOM Jmrs, rfsplcsèvfd ah if sfkurhcëh. Ifssh

emh fa hdkucs, mahkmcf phsshr afsfs fcfrrhil

fa ua haemfcf jfoghil. jfoghil.

Í plr mssl quf hdkuahs pfsslhs pfifa —`hcfdhs‑ ifcrl il eucnfr. _ïl fdfvmsöfs fdf vmsöfs if DFI quf alsrha mahkfcs if ua haemfcf fxfrcl f

rmpdmolu h vfcih if

eucnfrs (plssmvfdafcf ( plssmvfdafcf,,

plrquf hs pfsslhs fshvha prflouphihs ola uah plssávfd kufrrh hl dlckl il ahcihl). Ls eucnfrs ljfrfomils pfdh

faprfsh vhrmha if U$

8;6 amd h U$ 92 amdgöfs

auiha if imh phrh clm clmff ‟ fsf ðdal, ola ohphif holril ola l glrèrml glrèrml.. omihif phrh 99 pfsslhs,

mcodum khrhkfa, pmsh if eldmogf, shdïl if `lkls, hohifamh f pmsh if rl jferf ils eucnfrs, ahs hl hdvl. Yhaeía fxmscls FVH fdfs olcmcu- fa —olcilaácmls‑ if ha elaehcil. _fkuc- eucnfrs, fa quf ls alil h Umsmck Um smck _ Olaphcy, rhilrfs plifa olaprhr _ÿs, ahs cfa thctl L Erhsmd cïl vmvf ahms h

󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 68   68

 65   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

GHEMYHËÖF_ 󰁬 󰁲󰁵󰃭󰁩󰁭󰁬󰀡

tfrè hphrthafctls if olcjlrtèvfms 8:= a5, â vfcih plr U$ 8: amdgöfs. Jhdf `è ola l sfu olrrftlr! 󰁥󰁶󰁣󰁮󰁦󰁵

GLUYH GMIULRÙCMOH

ÈUFH IF OLCZÁZML

󰁺󰁦󰁫󰁦󰁹󰁨󰁭󰁿 sïl

󰁬󰁿 󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁨󰀡

oudtmvhils ifehmxl ih tfrrh, fa ua fsphël ola duz udtrhvmldfth.

󰁩󰁬󰁵󰁦󰁿 tfrïl

ua fsphël if dhzfr ola pmsomch f omcfah. _ÿ jhdth ogurrhsqufmrh.

hphrhafcls suefrrå-

slerfvmvfcfs‑ slerfvmv fcfs‑,, fa quf ls

Wplmc, cfls. Í lquf ohsl ljfrfof ih Zmvls 6;6 hdl`hafcls suefrr suefrråcfåcf-

alrhilrfs mcfrh- H kmr f vmsmhr plifa èrfhs olaucs, vfcihs _urvmvhd quhirupdmohrha. Olcils rfs-

ls, olcstuáils sle uah

hcmkh ehsf amdmhr ch Ihnlh il _ud. @è l _urvmvhd Olcil, cl Fshil il Nhcshs (vf`h mdusthëïl homah), í ua hctkl smdl if aássfms quf vmrlu ua

—príiml suefrråcfl‑ if :2 a if prljucimihif. Yhaeía gè l Lppmiua, ch Ufpðedmoh Yogfoh, quf sf hprfsfch olal l —ahmlr eucnfr emdmlcèrml il aucil‑.

Ls hcðcomls ils olc-

ilaácmls vfcifa h mifmh if uah —olaucmihif if

86 amdgöfs if rfhms í l oustl if ua eucnfr if duxl cl Erhsmd.

olal pmsomchs, omcfahs f rfshurhcfs. Rhrh suplrhr dlckls pfrálils ifehmxl ih frrh, hdkucs

olapdfxls suefrråcfls haeía plssufa glrhs gmirlpùcmohs quf jucomlcha ola duz udhvmldfh. H _urvmvhd Olcil hjmrah

ih faprfsh imz quf hs shdh, fa sfu smf0 —_ma, clssls jmdrls rfpfdfa l olrlchvárus‑. H Zmvls

haeía rfdhlu ua pmol if vfcihs.

  Rhrh qufa cïl fa

imcgfmrl (cfa phrhclmh) phrh sf hvfc hvfctrhr trhr fa ua

eucnfr, jmohr fa ohsh `è fr fsruurh phrh quf í ahms il quf sujmomfcsfus alrhilrfs phssfa f. Cl jmchd ihs olchs, h hí omcol hcls cl eucnfr. supfrjáomf haeía fa Fa afml â ormsf il suhs vhchkfcs ‟ cïl olrlchvárus, olrlchváru s, h Umsmck _ iè phrh pfkhr sld ch vhOlaphcy fsè prliuzmc- rhcih f auml afcls il eucnfrs phrh prlch- ohchr ch `hcfdh quhcil -fcfkh fa quhdqufr du- sf fsè h aftls ifehmxl khr il aucil ‟ l OFL ih frrh. _

   6?  22 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 6?

 

OMÀCOMH

_lals rfolrimsths aucimhms if ifsohrkhs fdítrmohs0 sïl ;;,7 amdgöfs tlils ls hcls. ?22 htmckfa pfsslhs. Olcgfëh hs gmstÿrmhs if qufa slerfvmvfu. F shmeh olal sf prltfkfr afdglr.

Yfxtl Kumdgfraf

Fdfr

 Ifsmkc Ohrdls

Fiuhril Ghrh

Fimëïl Erucl

Zhmhcl

 69   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

Uhml htmckf l Olrolvhil, cl Uml if @hcfmrl.

ahml 5252  

 

󰁖󰁡 󰁵󰁨󰁭󰁬 󰁣󰃯󰁬 󰁯󰁨󰁭 󰁩󰁖󰁨󰁿 󰁺󰁦󰁰󰁦󰁿 cl afs-

al dukhr, imz l imhil. Afcrh. Fdfs cïl sÿ rfpffa dukhrfs (l Ormsl Ufifclr Ufifclr í hckmil fa aíimh sfms vfzfs plr hcl) olal rfpffa pfsslhs. Cfmif Ahrmh Ohrilsl,, 67, quf l imkh. H faprfsèrmh, Ohrilsl quf vmvf fa Rmrhquhrh, cls hrrfilrfs if Ourmeh (RU), jlm hckmih iuhs vfzfs. F slerfvmvfu h haehs. Ch prmafmrh, fa 8=:;, cgh ; hcls if mihif. —Frh uah quhrh ifplms il hdalël, amcgh aïf rhvh h afsh, amcghs mraïs dhvhvha h dluëh f fu dmh ua dmvrl cl sljè. Fshvh auml ohdlr f olafëlu h oglvfr. If rfpfcf, ua odhrïl hhvfsslu h ohsh. Ifplms, luvm ua fslcil fcsurifofilr.‑ Cfmif fshvh prÿxmah â phrfif, ola h ohefëh ch hdtrh if uah lahih. H ifsohrkh fdímoh il rhml fclu plr hdm f ifrrffu l pdukuf, hckmcil sfu luvmil imrfml. Fdh fa prledfahs if huimëïl pfrah-

Fdh haeía fvf uah pfrih if afaÿrmh phromhd, quf iurlu hl afcls às afsfs. F l huah jmolu. —Ymvf quf jhzfr frhpmh plr hcls.‑ ;;,7 amdgöfs if ifsohrkhs fdímohs ifspfcoha lils ls hcls cl Erhsmd. _lals ohapföfs aucimhms cl qufsml. Vah olcsfquàcomh ih dlohdmzhëïl f il hahcgl if clssl frrmÿrml. L Erhsmd

cfcfs plr ohush fpmsÿiml. L sfkucil rhmlilohmu ch víspfr víspfrhh il Ohrchvhd if 522=. Cfmif lrkhcmzhvh uah jfsh phrh ua krupl if hamkls fa ua khdpïl. —Jhzmh auml ohdlr f l fapl fsourfofu. Frha ? ih hrif f phrfomh clmf. Ahs chih if oguvh.‑ L pdhcl frh framchr ls prfphrhvls f vldhr phrh ohsh, quf jmoh h ;22 aftls il khdpïl, hcfs ih èkuh olafëhr h ohmr. Cïl ifu fapl. —_fc ua slol chs olshs f ohá cl ogïl. Zm amcghs aïls fafcil f sfc afu olrpl prfsl hl pmsl. Ifcl ih eloh, sfc afus ifcfs quferhrfa. Luvm l lvïl f pfcsfm0 í ua rhml, f fslu alrrfcil.‑ L rhml ifmxlu qufmahiurhs quf sf fsfcimha ihs olshs hls ohdohcghrfs. _fus ogmcfdls ifrrffrha, f suhs letrhëöfs if jhl sf sldhrha ils ifcfs.

ítÿpmols l ahmlràa phásltlpmohd il pdhcfh, f lsh odmah ahms susofávfd fapfshifs. Cl aácmal ?22 erhsmdfmrls sïl hckmils lils ls hcls. Va fa ohih tàs homifcfs í jhhd0 fctf 5222 f 528=, rhmls jlrha rfsplcsèvfms rfs plcsèvfms plr 882 alrfs plr hcl, fa aíimh. Jlrha 5.8=9 ÿemls fa iuhs iíohihs. Ls cðafrls sïl phrf if ua rfdhÿrml jfml pfdl Krupl if Fdfmomihif Halsjírmoh (Fdh) il Mcstl Chomlchd if Rfsqumshs Fsphomhms (Mcpf), ofimil ola fxodusmvmihif â _VRFU. Yrhh-sf if uah ihs pfsqumshs ahms fxfcshs `è jfmhs slerf alrfs plr rhmls cl aucil. —H kfcf ogfklu h ua cávf c ávfdd if ifhdghafcl quf sÿ fxmsf cls Fshils Vcmils. Hdía if cÿs, fdfs sïl l ðcmol phás quf olch ola ua dfvhchafcl ïl olapdfl‑, imz Lsahr Rmcl @r., ollrifchilr il Fdh. L dfvhchafc dfvhchafcl l rfðcf

H ohih 󰀶󰀲 alrtfs plr rhmls cl aucil, uah holctfof cl Erhsmd.

󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 66   66

 6:  󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 ahml 5252  

ALUYF_ OGLOHCYF_ L cðafrl if vátmahs if rhmls ohmu cls ðdtmals 󰀵󰀲 hcls0 jlrha 󰀸󰀹󰀲 cl hcl 󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀲 f sÿ 󰀺󰀽 fa 󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀽. H aíimh í 󰀸󰀸󰀲.

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀲   󰀸󰀹󰀲

󰀸󰀽󰀿

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀵   󰀸󰀿󰀻

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀿   󰀸󰀲󰀺

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀹   󰀽󰀿

󰀸󰀸󰀿

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀶

󰀸󰀵󰀶

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀺

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀻   󰀸󰀵󰀶

󰀸󰀺󰀸

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀽   󰀸󰀸󰀽

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀲   󰀽󰀲

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀸   󰀷󰀵

mcjlrahëöfs oldfhihs pfdh Ifjfsh Omvmd f pfdl Amcmsírml ih _hðif, hdía if oho hsls imvudkhils ch maprfcsh lu leils pfdl prÿprml Fdh cls ðdals 52 hcls.

L fsil rfvfdlu quf h ahmlr phrf ihs váahs if rhmls sïl glafcs (75% ils ohsls) fctf 52 f 5= hcls. Fssh í h

jhmxh fèrmh if 5:% ils ÿemls. Va fa ohih quhtl homifcfs ola rhmls fcvldvf pfsslhs ch zlch rurhd thehdghcil h oíu

hefrll fa hdkuah hvmihif dmkhih hl hefr

hkrlcfkÿoml ‟ olal h ahmlr phrf ifssh hkrlcfkÿoml jlrëh if thehdgl í jlrahih plr glafcs  `lvf  `l vfcs cs,, fd fdfs fs sïl l krh krhci ciff —kru —krupl pl if rmso rmsol‑ l‑.. L sfkucil dlohd ahms prlpáoml phrh alrrfr hckmil plr ua rhml í ifctl if ohsh0 hs váahs fshvha fa sfus dhrfs fa 58% ihs ih s vfzfs (cl Clrf f cl Clr-

ifsf,, imkh-sf, hs váahs fa ohsh sïl ifsf

ahms cuafrlshs quf ls alrls iurhcf

l thehdgl ch dhvlurh). Cfssfs ohsls, ls

rhmls ohfa prÿxmals âs rfsmiàcomhs f

󰀸󰀸󰀹

ogfkha hl mcfrmlr ils oùalils hthvís ih rfif fdítmoh lu fdfjùcmoh, olal holcfofu ola Cfmif fa 8=:;. Ylih vfz vfz quf ua rhml ohm prÿxmal â rfif fdítmoh, fdf iè uah rfjlrëhih eruhd ch olrrfcf quf `è phssh pfdl jml. Olal olrrfcf, vloà plif fcfcifr uah krhcif quhcihif if fdítlcs jdumcil fa jmdh mcimhch pfdl jml. H olrrfcf fxth

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀿   󰀸󰀲󰀸

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀹   󰀽󰀽

󰀸󰀲󰀻

ohushih plr ua rhml pfrolrrf h jmhëïl

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀺   󰀻󰀵

hí hckmr ua phrh-rhmls, lcif í rfimrfomlchih hl sldl sfa ohushr fsthkls â jmhëïl ih ohsh. Yhd hrjáoml mapfif quf h ilsf if fdftmomihif fxhkfrhih fxhkfrhih ogfkuf âs lahihs ‟ f, plr hefdh, hl olrpl ils

󰀻󰀽

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀷   󰀻󰀸

alrhilrfs. alrhil rfs. Í olal ifsvmhr h èkuh èk uh if

ua rml phrh fdf cïl thcselrihr. L prledfah í quf phrh-rhmls f luths

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀵

↕

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀽   󰀺󰀽

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀻

󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀶

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀷

󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀸

ahml 5252

Jltls Ilukdhs Olsth if Rhudl (pèkmch hctfrmlr), Fiaucil _hgi (homah).

 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 6;   6;

 

fsurhs if prlfëïl cfa sfaprf fsïl imsplcávfms, prmcomphdafcf prmcomphdafcf fa rfkmöfs

ahms plerfs lu hjhshihs ils ofcls urehcls ‟ lcif hs rfifs fdímohs f fdfjùcmohs olsaha sfr afcls sfkurhs. Dfáomh Alrfmrh, ?;, quf vmvf ch zlch rurhd if _hch Umh il _hpuohá (AK), ( AK), cïl

Uhmls holctfofa quhcil cuvfcs ohrrfkhihs fdftrmohafctf dmefrha h tfcsïl rual â supfrjáomf ih Yfrrh. Fctfcih l jfcùafcl.

prfomslu shmr if ohsh phrh sfr htckmih

iuhs vfzfs. L prmafmrl homifcf, hmcih

fa 8==7, holcfofu fcquhcl fshvh cfkhmvhafcf, msl í0 jmoh ogfmh if ushcil l fdfjlcf jmxl ‟ afsal vmvfcil fdílcs phrh ihr (fdílcs, cl èlal, fa uah rfsmiàcomh fqumphih ola phrh-rhmls. —Jum hrrfafsshih pfdl maphol f sÿ holrifm sfkucils ifplms, ola l luvmil qufmahil f l olrhëïl imsphrhil.‑

sïl hs phráoudhs if ohrkh cfkhtvh). Ls lplsls sf hhfa, f ls mkuhms sf hjhsha0 hs phráoudhs cfkhtvhs quf fsïl

Lczf hcls ifplms, ua clvl homifcf.

cl ogïl sf sfcfa rfpfdmihs rfpfdmihs plr suhs mkuhms dè ch cuvfa. Fdhs vïl faelrh,

Ifssh vfz, fdh lesfrvhvh h oguvh jlrf quf oháh ih `hcfdh ih olzmcgh, ifsohdëh f

f l ogïl jmoh limcgl plsmtvl. Mssl í ua prle prledfah. dfah. Hjmchd, lil fdí-

fcolshih cl jlkïl. Vah ifsohrkh fdí-

lc quf fsè ch cuvfa í ua sldfmrl

moh mcvhimu h jmhëïl ih ohsh f ifsofu

pfdl le`fl, le`fl, quf fshvh dmkhil â lahih, lahih , ohushcil qufmahiurhs krhv krhvfs. fs.

8

Cuvfcs sïl jfmths if kltáoudhs if èkuh f ormsthms if kfdl. L vfctl dè ifctrl í mctfcsl f ls ormsthms sf ogloha. L htrmtl jhz ola quf fdfs khcgfa ohrkh fdítrmoh.

cfkhtvl fa eusoh if uah ohrh-afhif cfkhtvl plsmtvh phrh fqumdmerè-dl. —+‑ f —-‑ sïl olal ymc f yhck. H cuvfa qufr dmefrhr uah ohrhvhch if fdílcs rual hl

Il oíu hl ogïl

ogïl phrh fxhvhshr h fcsïl, plrquf

Vah cuvfa í jfmh ehsmohafcf if èkuh.

dè faehmxl gè ua alcf if plsmtvls.

if G5L f ormshms if kfdl suspfcsls ch halsjfrh. Vah cuvfa il tpl ouaudlcmaeus ‟ fsshs fclrafs f fsourhs, quf ohusha faplrhms if vfrïl ‟ fa ahms if 82 na if hdrh ih ehsf hí l lpl. Lu

fssh cïl fa jml phrh kumhr sfu ohamcgl. Rhssh pfdl oíu, afsal.

ahms qufcf f prÿxmah ogïl, fssh èkuh jmoh fa fshil dáqumil.hl Cl lpl, lcif í

of l msldhafcl. sf dmefrh, l jduxl ifXuhcil fdílcsjmchdafcf ifspfcoh if hí 52 na if hdrh fa ua ofcísmal

Zmsh if pfrl, hqufdh ahssh erhcoh f F mssl í uah olrrfcf fdímoh. Mkuhd â jfdpuih í ua fclraf olc`ucl if klhs quf omroudh cl jml ih suh ohsh. _ÿ quf

sf`h0 í aumh èkuh. Ch ehsf ih cuvfa, ahms jrml, h èkuh olckfdh. Fms l lquf jmchd0 l hr qufcf qufr suemr plrquf í

L hr cïl í ua afml olciulr ïl ela quhcl ua jml f, fa kfrhd, msldh fssh vlchif lih if sldhr uah jhásoh. Ahs sf h fcsïl jlr auml jlrf, fdh vfcvfc-

if sfkucil. Ahs pfrahcfof mcvmsávfd

afcls ifcsl. ifcsl. F l hr h r jrml dè cl hdl fcif

h uah imsåcomh if hí 822 a il sldl. Mssl í plrquf, phrh quf l rhml if jhl

ifsofa olsaha dfvhr olcsmkl ohrkhs fdímohs cfkhtvhs.

sf fxphcif rhpmihafcf. Mssl ohush ua ehrudgl hdássmal (pfdl afsal altvl quf ua jlkïl fshdh quhcil fsqufch,

h ifsofr. Hssma, l mcfrmlr ih ouaudlcmaeus vmrh uah dhvh dhap kmkhcf. H sf jlraf, hmcih í cfofssèrml quf ua èkuh quf fsè faehmxl slef f olckfdh le`fl ch supfrjáomf ‟ olal uah èrvlolcshcfafcf. olcshcfafc f. Hl olckfdhr, vldh h ohmr. rf ‟ oldhelrf f jfogf l omrouml. Ola Ls ormshms if kfdl efa pfqufcls, l h`fl cuvfa-èrvlrf olcfohil, ls quf sf jlraha plr olckfdhafcl fdílc fdílcss phssha h jdumr ih cuvfa phrh h olcjlraf h èkuh slef, oldmifa ola l èrvlrf. Fms l rhml. Fssh olrrfcf olr rfcf fdímoh krhcmzl klrimcgl quf `è fsè ifsofcil. hqufof l hr h fapfrhrhs ih fsohdh Fssf hml jhz ola quf l kfdl jmquf ils ?2 amd ²O. Í sÿ cfssf alafcl ohrrfkhil fdfrmohafcf. Ls jásmols quf vloà và l odhrïl. hmcih cïl shefa fxhhafcf plr quà, F cïl sÿ ua odhrïl0 olal rfsudhil ahs, hpÿs hs oldmsöfs, hs phráoudhs quf il ohdlr mcfcsl, l hr hl rfilr il rhml Rlr ohush imssl, h ehsf ih cuvfa, ahms prÿxmah il sldl, jmoh ohrrfkhih ahs ola uah mcfcsmihif efa ahms ↕

Ifsouerh lcif fsthvha f l quf jhzmha hs vátmahs if rhmls cl Erhsmd.

 67  󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 ahml 5252  

5 H phrtf ih cuvfa ahms prÿxmah il ogïl ﬈oh ola hs ohrkhs cfkhtmvhs. F fsshs ohrkhs

󰀡󰀡 󰀡󰀡

󰀡󰀡

qufrfa phrhhl ogïl if mr alil sf ohcofdhr ola sfus lplstls, hs ohrkhs plsmtmvhs.

? Va ſtuxl if fdítrlcs, hs phrtáoudhs cfkhtmvhs, quferh l msldhafctl il hr f ruah phrh ehmxl fa eusoh il dukhr ahms jèomd 󲀟 lu sf`h, ahms hdtl 󲀟 phrh sf olcfothr ola l ogïl.

󰀮

󰀮

󰀮

󰀮 9 L le`ftl cl ogïl, olal uah èrvlrf, jfogh l omroumtl ola h cuvfa. Zfcil l ohamcgl dmvrf, ls fdítrlcs ifsheha il oíu. Fssf í l rhml.

??%

ÈUFH UVUHD/ IF_OHARHIH

58%

IFCYUL IF OH_H

=%

CH ÈKVH LV RUßWMAL

6 H ifsohrkh fdítrmoh htmckf 󰀿󰀲 amd ²O. F olmshs qufctfs, vloà shef, imdhtha. L hr imdhth tïl rèpmil quf famtf ua ruáil hdtássmal 󲀟 l trlvïl.

=%

FAEHMWL IF ÈUZLUF_

󰀶󰀵󰀦 Yrhehdghcil 󰀶󰀵󰀦  Yrhehdghcil ola hkrlpfouèrmh h oíu hefrtl.

󰀸󰀵󰀦 Rrÿxmal 󰀸󰀵󰀦  Rrÿxmal if (lu fcolsthil fa) `hcfdhs f plrths.

󰀿󰀻󰀦 Ch 󰀿󰀻󰀦  Ch hrfmh ih prhmh, fa ua ohdëhiïl lu ch

󰀶󰀶󰀦 _f 󰀶󰀶󰀦  _f fsolcifcil ih oguvh.

󰀸󰀷󰀦 @lkhcil jutfeld. 󰀸󰀷󰀦 @lkhcil 󰀿󰀲󰀦 Lutrls 󰀿󰀲󰀦  Lutrls (tfrrfcl ehdiml, htfrrl shcmtèrml, ofamtírml, fto.).

󰀸󰀲󰀦 Hl tfdfjlcf. 󰀸󰀲󰀦 Hl   󰀶󰀦 󰀶󰀦 Rrÿxmal  Rrÿxmal if (lu fcolsthil fa) hphrfdgls olcfothils â fcfrkmh. 󰀻󰀿󰀦 Ufhdmzhcil 󰀻󰀿󰀦  Ufhdmzhcil htmvmihif cïl mifctm﬈ohih.

ahrkfa if ua rml. 󰀵󰀻󰀦 Rfsohcil. 󰀵󰀻󰀦 Rfsohcil. 󰀸󰀺󰀦 Chvfkhcil. 󰀸󰀺󰀦  Chvfkhcil. 󰀸󰀲󰀦 Ifctrl 󰀸󰀲󰀦  Ifctrl il ahr.   󰀽󰀦 󰀽󰀦 Ifctrl  Ifctrl if rml, rfprfsh, ohoglfmrh, pmsomch, fto.

  󰀽󰀦 󰀽󰀦 Oldgfcil  Oldgfcil jruths. 󰀿󰀺󰀦 Ohamcghcil 󰀿󰀺󰀦  Ohamcghcil fa èrfh h oíu hefrtl ola èrvlrfs (prhëh,  `hrima, fto.).

ahml 5252

Mahkfa alcthkfa/Kftty Mahkfs Jlctf Krupl if Fdftrmomihif Htalsjírmoh (FDHY) il Mcstmtutl Chomlchd if Rfsqumshs Fsphomhms (MCRF).

 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 6=   6=

 

7%

ÈUFH OLEFUYH

:%

AFML_ IF YUHC_RLUYF

󰀵󰀶󰀦 Zhrhcih. 󰀵󰀶󰀦  Zhrhcih.

󰀺󰀸󰀦 Cl 󰀺󰀸󰀦  Cl vfáoudl (altl,

  󰀻󰀦 󰀻󰀦 Khdpïl.  Khdpïl. 󰀺󰀷󰀦 Lutrls 󰀺󰀷󰀦  Lutrls tmpls if èrfh olefrth.

emomodfth, ohrrl olcvfrsávfd, ohëhaeh if ohamcgïl lu pmohpf, fto.). 󰀿󰀽󰀦 If 󰀿󰀽󰀦  If pí, prÿxmal h ua vfáoudl.

9%

F_YUHIH_ LV UVH_

󰀸󰀲󰀲󰀦 Rfsslhs (sfa afml if trhcsplrtf) ohamcghcil lu phrhihs hl hr dmvrf fa fstrhihs lu ruhs.

fslcilsh). Hl ehrudgl il hr, ihals l claf if tlvïl. Olal h duz í ahms rèpmih quf l sla, vfals prmafmrl l odhrïl, f sÿ ifplms vfa l ruáil. =% ihs alrfs plr rhml cl Erhsmd,

jmohr cuah èrfh ifsohaphih iurhc iurhcff afmh glrh sle ua faplrhd olaua, l cðafrl slef phrh 8 fa 82 amd. Fa fapfshifs ahms mcfcshs, h rfdhëïl plif sfr if hí 8 phrh amd.

hdmès, holcfofa faehmxl if èrvlrfs. L rhml ohm cfdh mcmomhdafcf plrquf và hdm ua ohamcgl ahms ourl hí l ogïl (quhcl ahms hdl l le`fl, ahmlr l pfrmkl if fdf sfr htckmil). Ahs sf, hpÿs pfcfrhr ch èrvlrf, h olrrfcf fdímoh fcolchr fcolchr ua lul ohamcgl hí l ogïl ‟ imkhals, vloà, quf fsè dè faehmxl phrh sf prlfkfr ‟ fdh vhm pfrolrrfr sfu olrpl haeía. Afsal uah fcxhih lu jhoïl, le`fls olaucs chs aïls if hkrmoudlrfs, hhfa fdí-

Aumhs vátahs fshvha fa ohapls if jufeld. Í l ohsl if Hdfxhcirf Gha-

lcs ‟ efa olal uah ofroh if hrhaf

afrsogdhk, 5;, fmchilr if kldfmrls fa Dlcirmch (RU). Htckmil plr ua

rhml fa clvfaerl if 528;, Hdfxhcirf sljrfu iuhs phrhihs ohriáhohs olcsfoutvhs. _fu áaphcl jlm pfrjurhil pfdl ehrudgl il lvïl f fdf sljrfu qufmahiurhs pfdl p fdl olrpl. Jfdmzafcf, Jfdmzafcf, l rhml ohmu h hdkucs afls il dlohd fa quf fdf fshvh, f cïl imrfhafcf

ch suh ohefëh. H olrrfcf pfrolrrfu l

‟, plms sïl jfmls if afhd, quf jhomdmh h phsshkfa ih olrrfcf.

ogïl fcoghrohil f fclu pfdls sfus pís. —Ifpfcifcil ih mcfcsmihif il rhml, jmohr h hí 62 afls plifrmh sfr

Vah fa ua amdgïl

olciuz aumtl jhhd. fdftmomihif Ch èkuh il Qahr fssh^quf imsåcomh plif ahms

H oghcof if slerfvmvfr hpÿs sfr hckmil imrfhafcf plr ua rhml í prht-

sfr if hí 8 qumdùafl‑, imz Lsahr Rmcl, il Fdh. Rrhmhs il _uifsf àa l ahmlr pfrofcthd if alrfs ch èkuh il ahr

ohrimlrrfspmrhÿrmh, h olrrfcf quf ohm il oíu ohush qufmahiurhs quf cïl sf dmamha â pfdf f htckfa haeía ls ÿrkïls mcfrcls. _hef-sf quf ls rhmls ahms jrhols àa olrrfcf fdímoh fdímoh quf hckf 5 amd hapírfs ‟ pfdl afcls 72 vfzfs h if ua oguvfmrl fdímol. Ahs

ch Rrhmh Krhcif, dmlrhd if _ïl Rhudl, lml pfsslhs jlrha htckmihs if uah vfz. Xuhl alrrfrha. Hermkhr-sf fa dlohms quf prlfkfa ih oguvh, ahs cïl ils rhmls, olal kuhrih-sÿms, cïl í rfolafcihil.

9%

OFUOH_ F _MAMDHUF_

󰀻󰀿󰀦 Rrÿxmal 󰀻󰀿󰀦  Rrÿxmal h ofroh, hrhaf jhrphil, fto. 󰀿󰀹󰀦 Rrÿxmal h vhrhd. 󰀿󰀹󰀦 Rrÿxmal   󰀿󰀦 󰀿󰀦 Rrÿxmal  Rrÿxmal h lutrls le`ftls aftèdmols (ohcls, fto.).

CH IL AHU, VAÈKVH UHML XVF OHM H HYÍ 8 NA IF ZLOÀ HMCIH RLIF _FU DFYHD.

ohafcf cudh (lils ls ohsls chrrhils ch ahírmh jlrha mcimrfls, mcimrfls, lu sf`h, lu l quf f lrch afcls hpftlsl phrh l sfo l fvmh quf h fdfmrhml ogfklu vmh lahih lu ohmu prÿxmal (:2%) lu ch hrfmh (68%), `è quf rfofefa rhml ‟, f l ogïl sfol â pfsslh). Hdía if prlvlohr uah phrhih ahms ehcgmshs. Fa ifzfaerl if 5289, omihif f hdohcof plr ehmxl, pfdh èkuh.

Cfssfs ohsls, l afdglr h jhzfr í shmr l gè rhmls ou`h olrrfcf í hí 7 amd vfzfs ahms rèpmil plssávfd, eusohcil hermkl h if ua oguvfmrl, ogfkhcil â ohsh ils fa ua ohrrl jfoghil lu cl mcfrmlr 522 amd hapírfs. if uah rfsmiàcomh. Ohsl cïl gh`h phrh If holril ola l Fdh, h oghcof if lcif olrrfr, h afdglr jlrah if sf prlhdkuía sfr htckmil imrfhafcf plr ua fkfr í jmohr hkhoghil fa ua fogl if rhml í if uah fa 8 amdgïl. Ahs sf vloà ogïl sfol. Mssl imamcum suh hdtrh ‟ l

Olcthcil Olcthci l rhmls

L Fdh lpfrh uah rfif if 882 sfcslrfs fsphdghils pfdl Rhás, ohphzfs if ah-

pfhr h mcomiàcomh if ifsohrkhs fdímohs ola ahrkfa if frrl if 8 na. Iè phrh shefr fa quf phrf if uah omihif lolrrfa ahms rhmls ‟ f h mcfcsmihif

ihs ifsohrkhs. H phrtr ifsf hcl, hcl, fssfs ihils sf lrchrïl ahms prfomsls krhëhs h sfcslrfs h elril if ilms shídmfs. Ola fssfs oldhelrhilrfs fa ÿremh, Lsahr Rmcl @r. f suh fqumpf plifrïl

:2   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

􀀸󰀿󰀿

􀀸󰀺􀀵 􀀸􀀲󰀻

:%

󰁒󰁈

󰁈󰁡

󰁡󰁈

  LVYUL_

󰁡󰁹 􀀸􀀵󰀺

󰀸󰀺󰀦 Dlohms hdtls (tfrrhëls, alcthcghs, fto.).   󰀶󰀦 _fkurhcil kuhrih-oguvh. 󰀻󰀽󰀦 Lutrls 󰀻󰀽󰀦  Lutrls (fapmchcil pmph, prÿxmal h hctfhctfchs, jhdhcil hl ofdudhr ch ruh, fto.). fto.).

󰁫󰁬 󰁡󰁿

􀀸󰀿󰀷

Ihils if 󰀵󰀲󰀲󰀲 h 󰀵󰀲󰀸󰀽

􀀸󰀹󰀻

􀀸􀀵󰀿 󰁡󰁫

󰁿󰁒

􀀸󰀻󰀶

󰁒󰁵 󰁵󰁿

󰀿􀀵󰀻 􀀸􀀸󰀹

ahpfhr ahms if =2% ils rhmls quf ohfa cl Erhsmd. Ifsif 5286, l Fdh phsslu h alcmlrhr haeía hs ifsohrkhs fdímohs cl mcfrmlr ihs cuvfcs (hjmchd, h cuvfa haeía fa ua pldl plsmvl pl smvl f ua cfkhvl, f plif dmefrhr h prÿprmh fcsïl ola uah jhásoh ifcl if sm afsah, sfa hpfdhr phrh l ogïl). Mssl pframf shefr ola hí 86 amculs if hcfofiàcomh sf ua rhml vhm ohmr ‟ lu, pfdl afcls, afcls, sf gè uah krhcif oghcof if quf mssl holcfëh. Cl jutrl, hdvfz sf`h plssávfd plssávfd fcvmhr ua hdfrh hdfr h phrh qufa fsè fa èrfhs if rmsol hdl. Mssl fvmhrmh cïl sÿ alrfs olal aumls fqumphafcls fdfùcmols lrrhils. Ola h h`uih if alifdls ahfaèols, í plssávfd jhzfr haeía prfvmsöfs h dlckl prhzl, ch fsohdh if iíohihs. Fsshs sfr maplrhcfs l hvhcëlifvfrïl ihs auihcëhs odmaèohs.ola Ola l huafcl chs fapfrhtrhs aíimhs f h mcfcsmjmohëïl ih urehcmzhëïl ‟ quf jlrah mdghs if ohdlr chs omihifs ‟, h fciàcomh fciàc omh í if ua huafcl cl cðafrl if fapfshifs (f, plr olcsfquàcomh, if rhmls). Hjmchd, sf l fapl fsè ahms qufcf, ahms èkuh fvhplrh f ahms cuvfcs sf jlraha. Ihils il Mcpf if 5225 ihvha olch if quf 66 amdgöfs if rhmls oháha cl Erhsmd plr hcl ‟ ?2% afcls il quf ls ;;,7 amdgöfs hthms. Fsah-sf quf ghvfrè 82% ahms rhmls ohih vfz quf h fapfrhtrh kdlehd il pdhcfh huafchr 8 ²O. F mssl, phrh h guahcmihif, smkcmjmoh ahms ihcls h fsutrhs f rfifs fdímohs, ahms mcoàcimls chtrhms fa jdlrfshs, f uah oghcof ahmlr if sfr hckmil plr rhml ‟ hdvfz ahms if uah vfz. _

ahml 5252  

Jltl Dfl Jdlrfs

 

AÐ_MOH

L mcsuafcl mc`ustëhil L ehmxmsth í h jucihëïl fa quf tlih ehcih sf hplmh, ahs thaeía l afaerl ahms fsqufomil. Fctfcih h gmstÿrmh f h omàcomh ils slcs krhvfs 󲀟 f plr quf, sfa fdfs, h aðsmoh alifrch cïl fxmstmrmh. Yfxtl Erucl Zhmhcl  Mdustrhëïl Ofzhr Efr`f   Ifsmkc @udmhch @udmhch Nrhuss  Fimëïl Hdfxhcirf Zfrsmkchssm

󰁿󰁶󰁒󰁦󰁵  :8

:5   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

F

F󰁡 8==6, 󰁬 󰁥󰁨󰁭󰁷󰁭󰁿󰁹󰁨 

Ilrsfy, h audgfr plr @lgc Rhud @lcfs suemu ès ils krhvfs if Ihvmi cl phdol il duxulsl gl- Elwmf f Dfccy Nrhvmz,

F plr quf í ïl imáomd,

às lu ahms clhs loh-

phrh qufa cïl í aðsmol,

ihs smaudhcfhafcf. Ls holrifs fsïl phrh h af-

fd [hdilr Hslrmh, fa rfsuamu efa0 pfsslhs —Fu frh uah ihqufdhs Clvh ]lrn, phrh ]lrn, ims ourshr imsourshr

kumhrrh ola olrihs krlsshs f dlckhs<

dlimh olal l jucil fsè phrh uah jll. _f vloà và uah alëh if vfstil prf-

ch ofrmaùcmh if mcodusïl

il Dfi Pfppfdmc cl ghdd

ih jhah il rlon hci rldd. Fdf jlm erfvf0 —Hkrhifël

vloàs, afus hamkls‑, imssf, fspmhcil h rfhëïl il rfsl ih ehcih, —plr mchdafcf dfaerhrfa afu fdfjlcf‑.

Ls ehmxmshs sïl ls kldfmrls ih aðsmoh. Va Klrilc Ehcns lu ua Cfufr plifa hí sf ifshohr. Ahs, ch ahmlr phrf il fapl, fssfs aðsmols sfkurha hs plchs ih ehcih sfa fspfrhr uah krhcif hah fa rloh. Khmd Hcc

quf lohvha luh olmsh, ahs quf pfkhrha l ehmxl phrh olcsfkumr hehdgl hehdgl‑. ‑.

L mcsruafcl í ua hvlrml ils aðsmols ifsfaprfkhils plrquf, chtrhdafcf, lih ehcih prfomsh if ua ehmxms-

h. Í ahms èomd fxpdmohr ola uah afèlrh0 sf h kumhrrh jlssf l oghctddy

f h ehfrmh, h ehcif`h, l ehmxl sfrmh h ahssh il

fcfcifr h jcëïl ifssh

EHMWM_YH_ _ÏL L_ KL󰀡 DFMUL_ IH AÐ_MOH. _FKVUHA H_ RLCYH_ _FA KDßUMH.

H omàcomh il krhvf Vah ohcëïl quhdqufr fa ràs olaplcfcfs eèsmols. L prmafmrl f ahms ÿevml í h afdlimh  ‟ h phrf quf l vlohdmsh ohch f kruih ch suh

l fa uah ehdhih f ua

ohefëh. L sfkucil, ahms

plif slhr msf lu jfdmz> hkrhièvfd lu imsslchcf. L holrif quf fsè faehmxl if uah clh ifjmcf olal vloà vhm mcfrprf mcfrprfè-dh. è-dh.

sumd, í h ghralcmh. Va fxfapdl fxfap dl jhamdmhr if ghr-

alcmh í l quf l vmldïl hz ch rlih fcquhcl hs

vfdÿrml, hs iuhs mahkfcs vïl hcsamtr mifmhs rh-

imohdafcf imfrfcfs. i mfrfcfs. If lrah phrfomih, uah afsah clh ohchih sl-

erf holrifs imfrfcfs i mfrfcfs

pfsslhs ohcha. Fdf fsè

Vah ihs ucëöfs il

ua eldl. Hmchd, l quf lrch fssf mcsuafcl

dè phrh ormhr uah fspíomf if ohah if sla fa quf h vlz sf hplmh. Fssh ohah í fmh if holrifs.

ehmxl ch ehcih í lohr h clh ahms krhvf il holrif. _usfchr _usfchr h ghralcmh.

fsqufomil ïl fssfcomhd<

Holrifs sïl olc`ucls if

plifr sforfl. _f h ehcih

eldl. Cmckuía olafch h ahssh, ahs, sfa h ahssh, cïl fxmsf prlprmhafcf

Mssl iè hl ehmxmsh ua

:9  󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 ahml 5252  

GM_YßUMH IL KUHZF Ch dmcgh il tfapl hehmxl, quf olctmcuh htí l ﬈a ih ahtírmh, holaphcgf h gmstÿrmh ils mcstruafctls krhvfs 󲀟 f olal h jucëïl ifdfs fvldumu.

ALCLOßUIML Ahkch Kríomh, 󰀶󰀶󰀲 h.O. Ola ua mcstruafctl if uah olrih sÿ, Rmtèklrhs ifsvfcih hs rfdhëöfs ahtfaètmohs fctrf clths ausmohms.

fsè lohcil ua holrif

ola afdlimh f ghral- Âs vfzfs, ua ils hpmls cmh. L alafcl fa quf ‟ l krhvf lu l hkuil ‟

msf. Xuhcil gè vèrmhs auihcëhs if holrifs sf-

l ohih clh, l ehmxmsh cðafrlloh if vfzfs quf

kumihs, l ehmxmsh plif sfdfomlchr ola oumihil

sfquàcomh if hpmls krh-

vfs f hkuils, rfprliuzmils fa ua rmal rfkudhr.

slhvh amdmssfkucils jlrh ih62 ehtih. L oírferl fdf rfpff fssh clh f l jmoh mcolalihil ola l fapl quf fdf ifmxh h cl-

frrl f l krèjmol il fdfl-

Rlr quà< Hpfrf ls omcls, h fx-

il holrif, ahs haeía

if oudrhs, í ua mcsuafcl if ehmxh jrfquàcomh quf sfkurh l ehdhcël, fcquhcl l mcstuafcl

Xuhcil uah lcih slclrh

fdfafcl if uah ohcëïl,

zfa h afdlimh plr omah. Gè uah ehsf emldÿkmoh plr tès il jfcùafcl. H

h clh quf vhm lohr faehmxl if ohih holrif ih

sfquàcomh if ahcfmrh h jhzfr h aðsmoh suemr, ifsofr lu jmohr phrhih cl dukhr. Í olal ua  `lkl if dmkhr dmkh r ls plcls fxthimjáomd, fa quf vl-

oà plif ifsfcghr jmkurhs

imjfrfcfs sf lphr plr dmkhr plcls imjfrfcfs.

L ehmxl í maplrhcf cïl sÿ plrquf loh h clh ahms maplrhcf

IULCF_ CL LUMFCYF H phrtmr il síoudl 󰀽   Ch aðsmoh èrhef f mcimhch, mcstruafctls krhvfs tloha uah dlckh clth hl jucil (l irlcf) fcquhctl ls hkuils jhzfa h afdlimh fa omah.

krupl if vlducèrmls fcquhcl fdfs luvmha uah

jfdmz f l ehmxmsh lohr uah ofrh clh quf cïl jhz phrf ifssf holrif, fdf auih l smkcmjmohil ihs clhs quf fsïl fa omah f lrch l holrif

plrquf fsoldgf fa quf rmal loè-dh. F l rmtal í `ushafcf l frofmrl quf olapdfh h ráhif

h iurhr (il mssl jfml, fcofjhdlkrhah fxmef ua í odhrl, fa phrofrmh ola pmol oghahil amsahtog h ehfrmh) ifomifa fa cfkhtvmy (AAC). krhcif phrf sf uah aðYrhmclr pfrofefu quf smoh vhm jhzfr vloà ihcëhr, fssf pmol í auml ahms pudhr lu jmohr ch ehi. mcfcsl quhcil í l hpmH qufsïl í0 plr quf l krhvf quf slh jlrh if sïl hs clhs krhvfs quf olaphssl. H olcodusïl í susfcha ls holrifs quf l Glal shpmfcs vfa f iïl l rmal rmal lurhs, l if uah

fsutrh oghahih afaerhch ehsmdhr , quf í rákmih

ahs sf lrch prlkrfssmvhafcf afc f ahms dhrkh f jrluxh hl dlckl il olaprmafcl

vfz, vf z, h clh ahms hkuih

dls ahmlrfs. L sla ahms krhvf quf plifals luvmr fa 52 Gz, lu sf`h, 52 lsomdhëöfs plr sfkucil. Mssl smkcmjmoh quf jmoha 8; a if fsphël fcf ls pudsls if fcfrkmh olcjlraf fdfs

Holcfof quf, ola lih lcih, vàa if ermcif ls ghraùcmols. Í plssávfd olaprffcifr ghraùcmols ola l huxádml if pfëhs if Dfkl. Mahkmcf uah

pfëh olaprmih, ola 8: eldmcghs. Cl fsphël fa

quf vloà fcohmxh fssh pfëh, haeía iè phrh

ZMLDH IH KHAEH Ufchsomafctl, síoudl 󰀸󰀺 Hs vmldhs ih khaeh, ahms hctmkhs quf vmldmcls, tmcgha vfrsöfs krhvfs 󲀟 ola h﬈chëïl phrfomih ola h if ua ehmxl. OLCYUHEHMWL HOÐ_YMOL H phrtmr il síoudl 󰀸󰀻 L kmkhctf ih jhaádmh il vmldmcl, ola 󰀸,󰀷 a, í ushil ch lrqufstrh fa krupls if sfms.

fcohmxhr iuhs pfëhs if

lml eldmcghs. Xuhrl pfëhs if quhrl eldm-

cghs. Lu hí 8: pfëhs if uah eldmcgh. Ih afsah

jlrah, fa uah olrih fa quf sf jlrah uah

LOYLEH__ Jrhcëh, 󰀸󰀷󰀹󰀽  󰀸󰀷󰀹󰀽  L ehmxl clrahd ehtf 󰀹󰀸 Gz, fstf í ahms krhvf0 hdohcëh 󰀿󰀵 Gz. Rhrh mssl, tfa 󰀿,󰀹󰀷 aftrls f í lpfrhil plr hdhvhcohs. Zf`h l krè﬈ol.

󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 :6

::   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 ahml

5252

 

lcih krhvf if ua ihil olaprmafcl, jlrahasf mcolcèvfms lcihs efeàs ahms hkuihs, ola sueimvmsöfs ifssf olaprmafcl. Auml prhzfr0 fssfs sïl ls ghraùcmols. Hklrh quf olcgfofals ls ghraùcmols, vldfals hl luvmil. Yrhmclr pfrofefu quf, quhcil ua sla krhvf krhvf hdohcëh h oÿodfh, fdf jhz h afaerhch ehsmdhr vmerhr limcgh, ch phrf krhvf f ch hkuih haeía. H phrf krhvf ih afaerhch vmerh plr ohush ih lcih fa sm, quf haeía í krhvf. @è h phrf hkuih vmerh ola ls ghraùcmols. Rlr lutl dhil, quhcil ua sla hkuil hdohcëh h oÿodfh, h

L OÍUFEUL _F MCOL󰀡 ALIH AHM_ XVHCIL VA _LA KUHZF _HM IL UMYAL.

CL @HPP, L EHMWL HOÐ_YMOL Í YLOHIL _FA HUOL, OLA L_ IFIL_.

afaerhch vmerh sÿ ch rfkmïl hkuih, plrquf ls ghraùcmols ih clh hkuih sïl ahms hkuils hmcih. H rfkmïl krhvf jmoh lomlsh. Mssl fxpdmoh plr quf,

rfkmshil olal frrhil fa lihs hs jrfquàcomhs, cïl sÿ h krhvf. Rlr lutl dhil, quhcil í h clh hkuih quf fch ofil ifahms, há h clh krhvf í ohphz if shdvhr l

rfkf l jucomlchafcl if ohih kumhrrh, ehmxl lu ohvhqumcgl if gl`f ^fctfcih ch pèk. :6 Q. Q. Hs olrihs, plría, prhtohafcf suamrmha il ahph ih Furlph hpÿs l jma il

cl fxpfrmafcl, l ifsolcjlrl il oírferl í ahmlr quhcil l ehmxl shm il olaphssl. Xuhcil l hpml krhvf k rhvf fch jlrh il rmal, ahms ofil, fdf prffcogff lihs hs jrfprffcog quàcomhs. L hpml hkuil quf fcrh cl fapl ofrl, pluol ifplms, cïl jhz imjfrfcëh, plrquf h jhmxh if jrfquàc jrfquàcomh omh ahms hkuih `è jlm prffcogmih pfdls ghraùcmols il sla ahms krhvf. Lu sf`h0 phrh l oírferl, l rmal `è jlm

imh0 himomlch jrfquàcomhs fdh clvhs, cl rmal hifquhil. Fssh amsrh if jrfquàcomhs ‟ hdkuahs cl rmal frrhil, luhs cl ofrl ‟, lrch h smhëïl haeákuh phrh l oírferl. Há l frrl í mcfrprfhil olal hdkl ahms sutd.

Mapírml Ulahcl. Hl dlckl ih Mihif Aíimh, h aðsmoh ormsï jlm quhsf lih vlohd f alcljùcmoh ‟ msl í, ola uah afdlimh sÿ, olal uah pfsslh ohchcil slzmcgh cl oguvfmrl. L ohcl krfklrmhcl, cl olafël, frh hssma0 l olrhd lil jhzmh ls afsals alvmafcls smaudhcfhafcf. _ÿ cl síoudl 85 surkmrmh hdkl oghahil ohctus jmraus. Cfdf, uah vlz krhvf f dfch ormh l hdmofrof phrh

H gmstÿrmh il krhvf Fa 662 h.O., Rmèklrhs ormlu ua mcsruafcl if olrihs ruimafchr, l alcloÿriml , f ola fdf ifsolermu l prmcoápml quf

 

l príiml if clhs ahms rèpmihs quf sf olcslfa fa omah. Chs phdhvrhs il olaplsmlr @lsí Amkufd [mscmn, —sïl clhs dlckhafcf susfchihs quf sfrvfa if hplml, olal sf jlssfa ohah sldfcf, phrh ls uah ifsfcgls if vlz hkuih‑. Fms ls ehmxmshs. Fcquhcl mssl, ls èrhefs ahcmvfrha ls mcsruafcls if olrih vmvls. Fdfs cïl cgha aðsmoh ola vèrmhs vlzfs. Ahs ushvha ua rfoursl ehzhil if irlcf  (fa mckdàs, —zuaemil‑). — zuaemil‑). L irlcf haeía í uah fspíomf if hvù il ehmxl0 uah ðcmoh clh krhvf quf jmoh hl jucil ih aðsmoh lih, sfa mcfrrupëïl.

—JLM L EHMWL FDÍYUMOL XVF DFZLV L ULON H VAH CLZH IMAFC_ÏL.‑

EMDD EDHON, IH EHCIH IF FDZM_, JLM L RUMAFMUL AÐ_MOL JHAL_L H HIL󰀡 YHU VA EHMWL FDÍYUMOL.

Hí gl`f luvmals irlcfs plr há, olal cl olafël if —@uap‑, il Zhc Zhc Ghdfc. Ghdfc . Ls èrhefs louphrha plr ;72 hcls ls frrmÿrmls quf gl`f olrrfsplcifa h Rlrukhd f

lohihs ola hrol. Cfssh íploh, surkmu h prèoh il ehmxl lstchl ‟ —leschil‑0 uah dmcgh if ehmxl rfpfvh f oáodmoh quf sf ifsfcrldh cl jucil ih pfëh. Gl`f mssl oghah rmjj

Fsphcgh. Krhëhs h fdfs, ls furlpfus olcgfofrha l hd lui, quf vmrlu —hdhðif‑. F l rfehe, quf vmrlu —rhefoh‑. Ilms mcstuafcls if olrih ola erhël0 ua lohil ola ls ifils, lutl ola l hrol. H mifmh sf fsphdglu pfdh Furlph hpÿs l Ufchsomafcl, f surkmrha vèrmls mcstuafcls if olrihs. Hí l síoudl 8:, prfilamchvha hs vmldhs ih khaeh, quf mcgha vfrsöfs krhvfs f hkuihs,

if , olal —Vc-  @fhc-Ehpsf Fa 879=, l f Zumddhuaf jrhcoàs ifrehmxl Rrfssurf‑ Rrfssurf‑, , ilfa Xuffc,  @fhc-Ehps Zumddhuaf f —Alcfy‑, il Rmcn Jdlyi. olcstumu l lotlehss0 ua Ifplms, vmfrha ls ehmxl ola ?,97 afls if vmldmcls f suh jhaádmh. hdtrh f sÿ às olrihs. H L vmldmcl ahms krhvf f ahms krhvf ehh ?5 Gz, rftaehcf if lils, l hpfchs 85 Gz homah il olcrhehmxl hoðsmol, í sla ahms krhvf huiávfd huiávfd hqufdf ápmol if ifsf- pfdl sfr guahcl. Cïl frh cgl hcmahil, ola 8,72 plssávfd hdohcëhr l erhël afl if hdtrh ‟ hí gl`f il mcsruafcl ola h ushil cl `hzz, ahs sfa aïl fsqufrih. Rlr mssl, hrol. Ls `hzzmshs efdms- ua smsfah if hdhvhcohs oha (fa mhdmhcl, pmzzm- faeumil cl lolehss ohtl) suhs olrihs ola ls homlchvh ifils hrjmomhms ifils. Fssf kmkhcf í l ^fctfcih ch pèk. ::Q.

ehmxl plr fxofdàcomh, quf jfz ls krhvfs if Alzhr, Effglvfc f Ghyic fcf ls síoudls 87 f 8=. Xuhcil l hssucl sïl lcihs, ahmlr í ahms krhvf. F horfimf0 jmoh ahmlr. dugmfr

 

Huafcth l vlduaf Ylil áaï quf sf alvf prÿxmal h ua ﬈l kfrh uah [HDNMCK EH__

FVH, h phrtmr if 󰀸󰀽󰀸󰀲 Cl `hzz, h dmcgh if ehmxl slef f ifsof fa vldth ils holrifs. Ormh uah phmshkfa slclrh htrès il rfstl ih ehcih. OHRYHILU

FVH, 󰀸󰀽󰀵󰀿 H mcvfcëïl if pfëhs oghahihs ohpthilrfs pframtmu hapdm﬈ohr l sla ils mcstruafctls if olrihs.

olrrfctf fdítrmoh cfdf. Cl ehmxl, h vmerhëïl ih olrih ahkcftmzhih í olcvfrtmih fa uah olrrfctf, quf vhm phrh l hapdm﬈ohilr.

󰀵

󰀿 󰀸 󰀸. Áaïs omdácirmols ahkcftmzha hs olrihs.

󰀵. H olrih ahkcftmzhih lsomdh, ormhcil uah olrrfctf fdítrmoh quf vhm phrh jrfctf f phrh très.

󰀿. H jrfquàcomh ola quf h olrrfctf sf hdtfrch olrrfsplcif â jrfquàcomh ih clth.

sla rfilcil f qumohcf il ehmxl hoðsol. Hdía imssl, frh lohil ch gl-

HVIMLZLW ALIFDL ;?:

FVH, 󰀸󰀽󰀿󰀺 L prmafmrl ehmxl fdítrmol, ola jlrahtl hctmquhil, frh ohrl 󲀟 U󰀩 󰀻 amd fa vhdlrfs htuhdmzhils 󲀟 f cïl pfklu.

JFCIFU RUFOM_MLC EH__

FVH, 󰀸󰀽󰀶󰀸 L ehmxl ahms plpudhr ih gmstÿrmh í jhermohil htí gl`f, quhsf ola h afsah ohrh.

L _MCYFYMPHILU ALLK

FVH, 󰀸󰀽󰀺󰀹 Yfodhils ola krhvfs rleÿtmols f pudshctfs sf tlrchrïl plpudhrfs cls hcls 󰀸󰀽󰀷󰀲. Chsof h aðsmoh fdftrùcmoh.

rmzlchd, f ls ehmxmshs fshvha holsuahils L prfsfctf il krhvf ola ua mcsruafcl Ola l `hzz, h phrmr if vfrmohd. Fa rfsual0 8=22, ls holrifs ogm- frh hdkl juurmsh. Fdf quírrmals ih rhimëïl mcgh plfcomhd phrh ausmohd furlpfmh sf uah fsíoh quf hmcih amsurhrha hl rmal cïl fxmsh. pudshcf f âs fsohdhs L ehmxl fdítmol sÿ pfpfchùcmohs (ushihs klu afsal fa 8=68, ola cls sldls if edufs) quf l dhcëhafcl il alifdl vmfrha ih Èjrmoh. Hs Jfcifr Rrfomsmlc Ehss (f

l jma ils hcls 8=:2, frh orfimhil olal —ehmxmsh if Jfcifr‑ Jfcifr‑ ‟ afsal quf ushssf luth ahroh.

L rlon pudsh plr ifjmcmëïl ( rlon  smkcmjmoh —shouimr‑), f hapdmjmohr l krhvf í fssfcomhd phrh jhzfr l pðedmol ihcëhr. Vah pfsqumsh rfhdmzhih fa 5285 ifalcstlu quf

h hapdmif ils pudsls krhvfs fammils pfdl

prmafmrhs ehcihs if `hzz ushvha ehmxls hoðsols,

suh plsfrmlr hilëïl plr

ehs f vmldöfs, ahs phfrh mcvmèvfd lohr sglws rh pðedmols krhcifs, plms frh maplssávfd luvm-dls. H mcvfcëïl il ohphilr, o hphilr, fa 8=5? ^vf`h cl krèjmol homahQ pframmu ormhr kumhrrhs f ehmxls fdítmols. If mcáoml, plría, sÿ hs kumhrrhs vmckhrha. Ls ehmxmshs ifalrhrha phrh khcghr (f hilhr) sfus fqumvhdfcfs. L

í prlplromlchd Fdvms Rrfsdfy). L Jfcifr sf lrclu plpudhr plr- suewlljfr hl hcl quf hs pfsslhs quf jlrcfofu ua krhvf alvfa l olrpl hl ihcëhr huiávfd h ua kàcfrl cl- ch ehdhih. L krhvf kfrh vl quf prfomshvh if uah l ehquf jásmol cl pfml phrfif sÿdmih if sla0 l quf l hkuil cïl olcsf-

Emdd Edhon, ih ehcih if

rlon. —Jlm l ehmxl fdítmol

quf dfvlu l rlon h uah

kuf. Lu sf`h0 h phrfif if sla jlrcfomih pfdl ehmxl

fdítmol fsè ch ehsf ih l fclausmoÿdlkl Ifc- ahcfmrh olal olcsucms [hrmck. —Fdf jlrcfofu amals aðsmoh gl`f0 fa clvh imafcsïl‑, fsorfvf

hdkl quf gl`f ihals plr ofrl, ahs quf cucoh ghvmh smil luvmil hí fcïl0 ua krhvf hdl f cáil.‑ L

prmafmrl ehmxl fdítmol jlm dhcëhil fa 8=?:, sÿ quhtl hcls hpÿs h prm- Rrfomsmlc sf lrclu ïl afmrh kumhrrh. Ahs jlm lcmprfsfcf quf qufa ua jrhohssl. Frh ohrl lohvh ehmxl fdítmol, hí ‟ U$ ;,8 amd fa vhdlrfs huhdmzhils ‟ f mcgh ua aerf imjfrfcf il

fsèimls fclrafs lu ehdhihs, sfaprf fa krupls

krhcifs, ola uah hprfomhëïl jásmoh il sla.

Ih prÿxmah vfz quf

jlr luvmr aðsmoh, fcïl, huafcf l krhvf cls jl-

cfs if luvmil f prfsf

hfcëïl dè htès. L ehmxl afrfof l sfu rfspfml. _

ahml 5252

 

OVDYVUH

󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 :=

 

L pèsshrl psmoÿtmol if [hdtfr Dhctz phsslu plr vèrmhs fcohrchëöfs fcohrchëöfs,, f jf jfz z ahms suofssl cl Erhsmd il quf dè jlrh. Olcgfëh h lrmkfa il pfrslchkfa, quf jhz 72 hcls fa 5252, f h trh`ftÿrmh il sfu ormhilr.

 H    Yfxtl Uhjhfd Ehtthkdmh  Mdustrhëïl Nmc Clmsf   Ifsm kc  Ahrmh Rhof

  Fimëïl Hdfxhcirf Zfrsmkchssm 

󰁈󰁣󰁭󰁡󰁈󰃫󰃯󰁬 󰁿󰁦󰁡󰁲󰁵󰁦 󰁪󰁬󰁭 󰁶󰁡 󰁣󰁦󰁫󰃿󰁯󰁭󰁬 󰁯󰁈󰁵󰁬. Xufa hehdghvh cl rhal chs

prmafmrhs iíohihs il síoudl 52 fshvh sfaprf fa eusoh if clvhs íocmohs phrh ehrhfhr h prliuëïl ‟ hcl h cl quf, sf l ifsfcgmsh [hdfr Dhcz vfssf ua pluol ahms ah ms if imcgfmrl, í prlvèvfd prlvèvfd quf l Rmoh-Rhu cïl fxmsssf (lu, pfdl afcls, cïl olal l olcgfofals). L pèsshrl hzud f vfrafdgl chsofu if ua maprlvmsl phrh pluphr krhch. Fa 8=92,, Dhcz f suh fqumpf if rlfmrmshs 8=92 f ohrtcmshs hehdghvha fa ahms ua fpmsÿiml if Hciy Rhcih ‟ ch íploh, l ahmlr suofssl il sfu fsðiml. Ch gmsÿrmh, l fdghil ih ohsh ih jhaádmh if Hciy olafëhrmh h klf`hr plr olch if uah fapfshif, ahs [hdfr hoglu quf hcmahr hdkl hssma shmrmh ohrl, f hoglu afdglr afdg lr suestmr h oguvh plr hdkl quf mcolalihssf hmcih ahms0 ua pmoh-phu

emohcil ilif dhil ifvfrsïl jlrh. phrh h lrmkfa Gè ahms uah il Rmoh-Rhu, quf fa 5252 olapdfh 72 hcls. Cïl sf prfloupf0 jhdhrfals slerf lihs fdhs. Ahs, hcfs if olchr h gmsÿrmh ih ormhtrh, í prfomsl rfjhzfr ls phssls il sfu ormhilr. Rfkuf h suh Ifdáomh Kfdhih, alcf ch vhsslurh ih Eruxh —f dè vhals cÿs‑. F dè vhals cÿs

F dè vhals cÿs. [hdfr Dhcz chsofu fa 87==, fa Cfw Ulogfddf, Ulogfddf, uah fspíomf fsp íomf if Kuhrudgls Kuhrud gls if Clvh ]lrn, ]lrn, dlkl hl clrf il Erlcx. Hls 86 hcls, auilu-sf phrh Ahcghhc phrh thehdghr olal o lal afcshkfmrl f fctfkhilr fa ua ils `lrchms if [mddmha Uhcildpg Uhcildpg Gfhrs ‟ l ahkchh quf olctldhvh elh phrf ih maprfcsh, f quf mcspmrhrmh Lrslc [fddfs [fddfs h ormhr sfu Omihiïl Nhcf (8=98).

 

L Rmoh-Rhu chsof ifctrl if lutrl l ifsfcgl0 Hciy Rhcih. Fcquhcl rhehdghvh cl `lrchd, Dhctz jlm hpfr-

jfmëlhcil suhs íocmohs if ifsfcgl. Ilms hcls ifplms, suemu ch vmih0

phsslu h sfr hcmahilr fa

uah imvmsïl quf Gfhrs tcgh ormhil phrh ifsfcvldvfr hcmahëöfs ola ls vldvfr pfrslchkfcs ihs rmcghs ils sfus `lrchms.

Yuil frh clvmihif. L omcfah tcgh smil mcvfchil vfc hil sÿ iuhs iíohihs hcfs, ola ls mraïls Duamçrf. H hcmahëïl vmrmh ua pluol ifplms, fa 8=27 ‟ jlm quhcil l jrhcoàs Íamdf Olgd dhcëlu  Jhct  Jhcths hsah ahklr klr mf , olcsmifrhil l prmafmrl ifsfcgl hcmahil ih gmsÿrmh. Xufa hssmsf hl jmdaf gl`f hdvfz cïl sf maprfssmlcf ola :2 sfkucils if thëls f alvmafcls smapdfs. Cl mcá-

oml il síoudl 52, plría, phrfomh aèkmoh.

Gfhrs frh ahms ua ils quf fchvha surjhr cfssh clvmihif. Va pluol hcfs, fa 8=89, l ifsfcgmsh @lgc Erhy mchukurlu fa Clvh ]lrn ]lrn ua fstðiml 822% jlohil fa hcmahëöfs. Fdf mclvlu

hl hermr aïl ih ahcfmrh hrfshchd if ifsfcvldvfr ifsfcgls hcmahils phrh

hilthr uah prliuëïl fa dmcgh if alchkfa, olal Gfcry Jlri fshvh jhzfc-

il ch afsah íploh phrh jhermohr sfu Alifdl Y.

;5   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵

ahml 5252

 

 Fsphkcldd, if Olgd, hzmh  Fsphkcl

ifmxhrha if sfr prliu-

uah mcfrhëïl ruimafchr ola l rlsl hcmahil if uah Duh. Ylil aucil

zmihs ‟ pfdl olcèrml. H

mciðsrmh il fcrf fcrffcmfcmafcl olcculu hvh. Hjmchd, frh uah vèdvudh if fsohpf phrh uah plpudh-

jhzmh mssl0 l prÿprml [hd [hd

Imscfy, hdkucs hcls hcImscfy, fs if ormhr l Amonfy, jfz

ëïl sfvfrhafcf ehdfhih

suofssl ola  Hdmof Olafimfs , fah sírmf quf  Hdmo uahf

pfdh ormsf folcùamoh. Aumls ifsfcgls, fc-

khrlcgh dmvf-holc olchofchvh ola l aucil hcmahil if Hdmof cl Rhás Rhás

ïl, fchvha hcsamr afcshkfcs plsmmvhs, f Lswhdil jlm ua ifdfs. Cua ils ourhs imrmkmils

ihs Ahrhvmdghs.

Dhcz olcmcuh rhehdghcil ola Erhy hí 8=5;, quhcil sf auih phrh h Ohdmjÿrcmh. Fcf ua emol f lul, olafëh h fsorfvfr rlfmrls phrh Erhy jlm l prmafmrl l omcfhsh Ahon _fccf, h udmzhr jldghs if hof- olcgfomil olal l —rfm ih hl. Cfssf prlofssl, ls olaíimh‑, plr h`uihr ch hrtshs sÿ prfomshvha sf

prflouphr fa hcmahr ls pfrslchkfcs, quf frha slerfplsls cl ofcèrml fsèol, quf cïl sf afxmh. Hcfs imssl, phrh sf ormhr ua clvl quhirl, frh cfofssèrml ifsfcghr til il zfrl ‟ l quf ifalrhvh ua hesuril. —Í ola fdf quf chsof h mciðsmh if hcmahëïl hafrmohch‑ hafrmohch‑,, imz Fdmsfu Dlpfs Jmdgl,

plpudhrmzhëïl if jmdafs il kàcfrl.

Fa 8=57, Dhcz í olcrhhil pfdl prliulr Oghrdfs Amcz phrh ormhr ifsfcgls il Lswhdil, l Olfdgl _lruil, quf fdf prliuzmh phrh ls fsðimls ih Vcmvf Vcmvfrshd rshd ‟ dfaerf-sf0 cïl ghvmh YZ.. Ls ifsfcgls phsshYZ phssh vha cl omcfah. Amcz, hdmès, mcgh olaprhil ls

jmkurh ih Alrf ‟ ua sfr

fcohpuzhil pfrhaeudhcil pfdl aucil. Rhrh

fcjrfchr fssf prledfah,

DHCYP OLAFËH HCM󰀡 AHCIL YMUH_ IF @LUCHD, FA 8=8:.

l olfdgl vhm hí h Ohsh Erhcoh, lcif fcolch l rfoía-fdfml prfsmifcf Jrhcndmc I. Ullsfvfd, quf alsrh h fdf olal l phás vldhrmh â clrahdmihif0 ola —olcjmhcëh‑ (olcjmifcof , fa mckdàs) ch

ogfkhih if imhs afdglrfs (quhdqufr sfafdghcëh fcf h íploh ih Krhcif Ifprfssïl f h if gl`f, ih

phcifamh, cïl í olmcomiàcomh, vf`h ch pèkmch ?2). H fsrhíkmh jucoml-

imrfmls slerf fssf pfr-

clu. F ola l suofssl il

quf DhczÂqufdh vhm rhehdghr fa 8=55. hdtrh, l fsðiml `è ilamchv ilamchvhh l afrohil if hcmahëöfs ils FVH. Ogfkhcil dè,

ICH il olfdgl í cámil0 rhh-sf ehsmohafcf if ua Amonfy ola

 `fls ifcl ifcl fsðiml fsðiml. Fa 8=?2, fdfil ormlu uah. hefrtrhh hcmahih phrh l hefrtr jmdaf dmvf-holc Nmck lj lj  @hzz , quf jmolu ahrohih olal h prmafmrh hcmah-

Dhcz ormh l pfrslchkfa

ifsfcgls hl jmchd if lil fpmsÿiml.

8=??, h Krhcif Ifprfssïl hphrfof rfprfsfchih ch

ollrifchilr il oursl if Hcmahëïl ih JHHR.

slchkfa imrfl if sfu Í ch Erhy Rrliuolcs ormhilr, [hd [hd Imscfy ‟ l

Dhcz hssmchvh sfus

plr Dhcz, Olcjmifcof, if

lrfdghs plcuihs.

_ÿ fvf ua prledfah0 Ohrd Dhfaadf, l ogfjïl ih

Imcny Illidf, ua khrl- Vcmvfrshd, cïl klslu il cgl quf hcihvh sfaprf rfsudhil jmchd, f olrlu holaphcghil il sfu oh- h phrofrmh ola h faprfsh oglrrl, f olafëh uah sí- if Amcz. Dhcz, Dh cz, olctil, olctil, rmf if ifsfcgls hcmahils mcgh dèemh, f frh jmkurh ola fdf. ohrmaehih cls `lkls if Cfssf ifsfcgl, Dhcz pùqufr il hdl fsohdïl fsorfvmh, imrmkmh ‟ f ht- il fsðiml. Fdf olcsfkumu hvh. Fdf ifsfcvldvfu ua olcvf olcvfcofr cofr Ohrd h olccuaílil phrh olaemchr hr ola ls ifsfcgls. F ls hcmahëïl f ua ofcèrml ourhs il Lswhdil sfkumrfhd, ola hlrfs if ohrcf

rha jmrafs.

f lssl. Cïl quf fdf fDlkl vmrmh h Krhcif cgh smil l prmafmrl. Fa Ifprfssïl. Afsal hs8=2=, l ourh Odhmr if Ducf sma, hs hcmahëöfs cïl

Lswhdil, Dhcz jlm olcLswhdil, vlohil phrh luls prl-

ëïl jfmh fa Yfogcmoldlr

‟ ua prlofssl if oldl-

rmzhëïl quf ihrmh lrmkfa hls jmdafs fa olrfs. —Kufss wgl wgl h

frh vfrsèd, f faprfslu h suh vlz phrh quhsf lils ls pfrslchkfcs ils Dllcfy Yucfs, plr fxfapdl. Cïl plr hohsl, jmolu olcgfomil olal —l glafa ihs amd vlzfs‑.

cïl phsshvha omcfah olal hrhëïl cl prmcomphd. Frha sÿ l fsqufc fsqufch h phrh hcfs il jmdaf (hs sfssöfs haeía hprfsfchvha luls jlrahls quf ifplms amkrhrmha phrh h YZ, olal ilouafcèrmls f prlkrhahs `lrchdástols). Frh chtrhd, fcïl, quf

AKA tcgh l Yla f @frry f ls ifsfcgls ih Imscfy frha fxmemils pfdh UNL UNL.. H Vcmvfrshd, hklrh, cgh l Rmoh-Rhu.

Hpÿs quhlua fpmsÿimls, Edhco hssmclu olchl if fxodusmvmihif ola h [hrcfr Erls f phrlu if mcfrprfè-dl.. Ahs ifmxlu mcfrprfè-dl sfu dfkhil0 fdf í l ormhilr ih rmshih il Rmoh-Rhu. L iuedhilr hihplu h rmshih quf tcgh mcvfchil phrh l pfrslchkfa Ghppy Uheem, quf vmrmh h sf lrchr l Rfrchdlckh. L ifsmkc il Rmoh-Rhu emruh iurlu hí 8=99, quhcil ls hcmahilrfs ifomimrha quf frh glrh if lrchr l sfu vmsuhd ahms hamkèvfd. _fu hahcgl imamcumu, l rlsl khcglu uah ofrh jljurh, hs pfrchs khcghrha pfchs hzums, h ehrrmkh jmolu erhcoh f fdf phsslu h ushr

Chsof uah fstfdh

L prmafmrl h iuedhr l Rmoh-Rhu jlm Afd Edhco, uah dfcih ih èrfh. Edhco

L vmsuhd hehmxl sÿ jlm ushil ch hefrturh if ua prlkrhah if YZ ih Vcmvfrshd, ola fpmsÿimls hctmkls quf frha rfprmshils. 8=7; 󰀡 8==7

L Rmoh-Rhu vldtlu cls hcls 8==2 ola ua vmsuhd mcspmrhil chs prmafmrhs vfrsöfs, ahs sfa l afsal fspármtl hcèrqumol. 8=== 󰀡 5󰀲󰀲5

duvhs ifssh olr ‟ ifssh jlrah, l pèsshrl phsshvh h ohrrfkhr hs às olrfs ih ehcifmrh ils FVH, hd olal l _upfrahc. H fsfmh ifssh vfrsïl ahms mrrfv mr rfvffrfcf il quf psmoÿtoh jlm

H UM_HIH L fa 8=99, cl ifsfcgl  Ehrefm efmrl rl if _fv _fvmdgh mdgh ‟ hqufIL  Ehr df fa quf l Rmoh-Rhu cïl ohchr —Jááákhrl!‑. RMOH󰀡RHV phrhLifourh m clvlu mclv lu efa. @hafs OudghZFML IF Lcf,imrflr, quf ghvmh hehdghil VAH fa jmdafs olal Erhcoh if Cfvf f Rmcÿ  Rmcÿquml quml, luxf ZFU_ÏL clvhs íocmohs if hcmahëïl phrh l ifsfcgl il RmHCYMKH oh-Rhu, olal uah fimëïl jrfcítoh f olrfs f hcIL smëöfs herupls. Jlm ïl efa-suofimil quf, cls RFUCH󰀡 hcls 8==2, ua krupl if hcmahilrfs odhssmjmolu 󰀡DLCKH. L Ehrefmrl if _fvmdgh olal ua ils 62 ifsfcgls ahms maplrhcfs if lils ls fapls. L Rmoh-Rhu ahcfvf fssh ohrh pfdl rfshcf ih iíohih, pfrálil quf hdkucs oghaha if —frh if lurl‑ il ifsfcgl. Luls pfrslchkfcs rfolrrfcfs chsofrha cfssh íploh0 Dfùcoml, fa 8=9:, f Pfoh Vrueu, fa 8=97 ‟ í cfssf hcl, mcodusmvf, quf l Rmoh-Rhu suhcl ohcëïl-fah.khcgh Ehsfhih rmsl dluol il Rmoh-Rhu, fdh ogfklu h sfr mcimohih hl Lsohr (olafof h hsslvmhr

 55   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  ;6  

hklrh f vf`h quf vhm vmr il ch suh ohefëh). Fa 8=9=, Dhcz dhcëlu l fpmsÿiml If  Ifdáo dáomh mh Kfd Kfdhih hih. Jlmm l ðdtal ih jhsf iluJl rhih. Cl jma ils hcls 8=92, prledfahs ola h

(f ls prhzls) phrh ohih ua cïl frha krhcifs. _fcil hssma, f olal haeía ghvmh imvfrsls hcmahilrfs fcvldvmils, l ifsmkc il Rmoh-Rhu, vfz lu lurh, auihvh

auihr ‟ ghvmh auml ahms ofcsurhs â vmldàcomh, f l pðedmol mcjhcd frh efa ahmlr. Ifssh jlrah, hcl l vmsuhd quhcl h pfrslchdmihif il Rmoh-Rhu jlrha sf lrchcil ohih vfz ahms

clvh imstmeumilrh (h Vcmfi Hrtss) f ua prlofssl alvmil plr Afd Edhco pfdl usl ih rmshih jmzfrha ola quf Dhcz prfomshssf jfoghr l fsðiml. [hdfr sÿ rfhermrmh h faprfsh ilms hcls ifplms, fa 8=68, ola uah h`uih jmchcofmrh ih Vcmvfrshd, quf phsslu h phkhr phrh fxmemr ifsfcgls hcmkls il Rmoh-Rhu. Hklrh, ola uah clvh fqumpf if hcmahilrfs. L pfrslchkfa, fcïl, khcglu ahms ua  jhofdmjt , f uah clvh vlz0 h if Krhof Dhcz, fsplsh if [hdfr. Ifu ofrl. L pfrslchkfa rfchsomh ola h afsah jlrëh if hcfs. F h Vcmvfrshd fcolafcilu ifzfchs if fpmsÿimls il pfrslchkfa. Ahs l lrëhafcl

ua pluol0 gè ifsfcgls fa quf fdf fsè ola duvhs hahrfdhs, f fa lurls, sfus ldgls f slerhcofdghs fsïl imjfrfcfs.   Ihs tfdlchs 󰁲hrh h

suhvfs, aumls fpmsÿimls hcklsfprfomshrha sfr rffimhils. Fdf olccuhv olccuhvhh pfrurehcil pfrurehci l ls pfrslchkfcs sfoucièrmls, ahs hklrh cïl ahms if jlrah krhmh. —Fdf í hkrfssmvl, ahs sÿ hkrmif qufa l prlvloh‑, fsorfvfu h psmoÿdlkh f pfsqumshilrh Fdzh Imhs Rhogfol, fa ua hrmkl slerf l fah. Rmoh-Rhu olcmculu jmraf ch fdfvmsïl plr ahms uah iíohih, ahs, cls hcls 8=;2, vfml l lohsl. Dhcz `è fshvh ola ahms if ;2 hcls f l jlrahl ils ifsfcgls `è phrfomh rfpfttvl. Dhcz haeía cïl sluef dfvhr l pfrslchkfa phrh vlls ahms hdls ‟ olal [hd Imscfy mcgh jfml, hl prliuzmr dlckhs if hcmahëïl ifsif h iíohih if

tfdmcgh

Ghvmh lurh auihcëh krhcif holcfofcil ch iíohih if 8=620 h fdf fdfvmvmsïl. L hphrfdgl khcghvh ohih vfz ahms plpudhrmihif, f jmolu odhrl quf l dukhr ils ifsfcgls hcmahils frh hdm. Fa 8=6;, fcïl, l Rmoh-Rhu fstflu ua prlkrhah sfahchd cl ohchd HEO ‟ iurhcf afmh glrh, fxmemha tàs ifsfcgls, sfaprf hprfsfchils pfdl prÿprml Dhcz, quf mcfrhkmh ola pfrslchkfcs hcmahils. Vah vfz ch YZ, l la ih olaíimh prfomslu

8=92 f alchr ua mapírml cls quhirmcgls, f olal Ahuráoml if _luzh jhz gl`f, hl ahcfr h Yurah ih Aùcmoh fa hdh ch mcfrcf (ola h Aùcmoh Yly, quf fa huimàcomhs

H OFC_VUH IH YZ IFMWLV L RMOH󰀡RHV AFCL_ ZMLDFCYL.

eruhms ]luYuef). F fa 8=;5cl h sírmf il Rmoh-Rhu jlm fcofrrhih. Fa 8=;=, [hdfr khcglu ua Lsohr glclrèrml plr suhs olctmeumëöfs. Chih ahms `usl0 fdf `è ghvmh smil mcimohil ifz vfzfs vfzfs hl pràaml. _fu _f u hzhr frh quf ls tljíus sfaprf mha phrh Imscfy, hí gl`f l rfolrimsh if vmÿrmhs (55). Fa 8=7:, Dhcz jlm glafchkfhil glafchkfh il ola uah fsrfdh ch Ohdëhih ih Jhah, fa Glddywlli. H suh ormhëïl vfml dlkl ifplms0 fa 8==2, l Rmoh-Rhu khcglu h suh ‟ ua ils

Rhrh htmvhr htmvhr h clsthdkmh Vah sfdfëïl if fpmsÿimls ola ofchs f jrhsfs tïl ahrohctfs quf vmrhrha afaf ‟ tlils fstïl imsplcávfms cl ]luYuef.

L HJHCHILU I F K H _L D MC H

L F_RMÏL F _R MH I L

H ZH__LVUH IH EUVWH

VA YF_LVUL I MJ ÁO MD

󰀡 8=9? 󰀡

󰀡 8=69 󰀡

󰀡 8=66 󰀡

󰀡 8=66 󰀡

Va pldmomhd tfcth fvmthr quf l Rmoh-Rhu (quf imz sfr ua —imhel cfofssèrml‑) rluef khsldmch.

H jÿraudh if ua tùcmol jlm rluehih plr ua ormamclsl, f ohef hl Rmoh-Rhu iftà-dl.

H eruxh quferh suh  vhsslurh, ahs cïl olcsfkuf lutrh. _f tmvfssf

 Rmoh-Rhu ohm cua kldpf. —_f fdf tmvfssf oghahil h pldáomh, mssl cïl tfrmh holctfomil.‑

phkl ls 62 ofcthvls...

;:  󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 am 55  

prmafmrls pfrslchkfcs h rfofefr mssl.   Cl jma ih iíohih, h Vcmvfrshd ifomif jhzfr uah clvh dfvh if fpmsÿimls mcíimls il Rmoh-Rhu Rmoh-R hu ola Ygf Cfw

ch prlkrhahëïl. _ÿ quf, cïl rhrl, ihvha pmols ch huimàcomh (fsdl Oghvfs) ‟ hcl quf, fa 522;, uah rfplrhkfa il Fshil if _. Rhudl hpfdmilu l jfcùafcl if —fjfml — fjfml Rmoh-Rhu‑. Rmoh-Rhu‑.

[lliy [llipfonfr [llipfonfr , quf (—L Clvl Rmoh-Rhu‑)_glw Rmoh-Rhu‑), iurh if 8=== hí 5225. Dhcz, olctil, cïl vmu chih imssl0 alrrfrh fa 8==9, hls =9 hcls.

—Fu ifsolerm ls ‗plifrfs” il Rmoh-Rhu quhcil fcfm cl _EY‑, olclu hl `lrchd l imrflr if prlkrhahëïl Gídml Zhrkhs. Zhrkhs. Xuhcil Xu hcil fdf vmu quf l olchl il _EY ola h Vcmvfrshd mh vfcofr, thlu if mcmomhr hs cfklomhëöfs phrh hzfr l ifsfcgl phrh h famsslrh fa quf hehdghvh0 h Ufolri. Gl`f l ifsfcgl fsè jlrh il hr, ahs h Ufolri rfclvlu ls imrfmls if fxmemëïl ‟ cucoh sf shef, hjmchd, quhcil fdf sfrè ðd clvhafcf clvhafcf.. Gl`f, l Rmoh-Rhu í prhohafcff ua omihiïl glohafc clrèrml il Rhás, Fa F a 528;, h Vcmvfrshd prliuzmu ua dmvf-homlc il pfrslchkfa phrh l omcfah, fa quf uah vfrsïl hcmahih ifdf mcolalih uah jhaádmh if hlrfs rfhms. Hdía if fr oghahil uah hmz erhsmdfmrh (Yghmdh Hyhdh), l fsðiml prlalvfu h fsrfmh aucimhd cls omcfahs ihqum afsal. L

L vfrihifmrl dhr

L Rmoh-Rhu jlm l prmafmrl ifsfcgl h sfr fxmemil ch fdf fdfvmsïl vmsïl erhsmdfmrh. Fsrflu ua imh hpÿs h mchukurhëïl ih YZ Yupm, fa sffaerl if 8=62. Cl mcáoml, cïl ghvmh iuedhkfa0 ls ourhs frha fxmemils fa mckdàs afsal, ola dfkfcihs. Ola l phsshr il fapl, l Rmoh-Rhu khcglu hch plpudhrmihif quf, gl`f, í prhmohafcf uah jmkurh il jldodlrf cïl ljmomhd il erhsmdfmrl. Ufprmshils â fxhusïl, prmcomphdafcf pfdl _EY, ls fpmsÿimls jlrha mcolrplrhils hl mahkmcèrml plpudhr ola ahms jlrëh il quf ls pfrslchkfcs ih Imscfy lu ls Dllcfy Yucfs.jucomlchHs rfprmsfs vha phrh hphr erfoghs

ZHAL_ Â_ OHYHUHYH_

ZMZFCIL CVA EVUHOL

RMOH󰀡RHV, L HKFCYF _FOUFYL

󰀡 8=6: 󰀡

󰀡 8=:5 󰀡

󰀡 8=:; 󰀡

Va kuhrih tfcth mapfimr l Rmoh-Rhu if ifsofr hs Ohthrhths il Cmèkhrh cua ehrrmd. —Ahrogf!‑

—Fa tlils fssfs hcls cfssh mciðstrmh vmthd, fssh í h prmafmrh vfz quf mssl af holctfof.‑

Ola h —h`uih il rfpdhy mcsthctåcfl‑, Rmoh-Rhu duth olctrh Duás, l Fsphdgh Dmxl.

prledfah quf l jmdaf frh jrhol. Clsí FVH, fdf cfa ogfklu â fdlch ‟ jlm imrfl phrh l IZI. F hohelu phsshcil ifspfrofemil cl Erhsmd haeía. Cfa prfomsh hssmsr0 afdglr jmohr ola ls ifsfcgls afsal. F plr jhdhr cfdfs cfdfs,, ifsif 5287 h Vcmvfrshd prliuz clvls ifsfcgls il pfrslchkfa ‟ lils imsplcávfms cl ohchd —Rmoh-Rhu fa plrtkuàs‑, plr tkuàs‑, cl ]luYuef. Ofrh vfz, pfrkuchrha phrh [hdfr Dhcz slerf h dlckfvmihif il Rmoh-Rhu. —Fu rfhdafcf horfiml quf fdf vhm iurhr phrh sfaprf‑, rfsplcifu.

Fshvh ofrl. _  5252   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  ;;  

82 󰁡󰁭󰁤󰁧󰃶󰁦󰁿 󰁩󰁦 󰁯󰃿󰁲󰁭󰁨󰁿 if Vah

Erfvf Gmstÿrmh il Yfapl ‟ fa quf _tfpgfc Ghwnmck fxpdmoh eurhols cfkrls ‟, jlrha vfcimihs fa 52 hcls.

M D V _ Y U H Ë Ö F _  B E U F F P F _ R H O F K M U D F I M Ë Ï L   E U V C L Z H M H C L I F _ M K C   D V O H _ @ H Y L E È

XVHD Í H IMJFUFCËH FCYUF EVUHOL

 í ua le`fl oÿsamol ou`h hthëïl krhvmhomlchd í ïl mcfcsh quf chih quf pfcfth fa sfu 󰁥󰁶󰁵󰁨󰁯󰁬 󰁣󰁦󰁫󰁵󰁬

pfráaftl ‟ cfa h duz ‟ plif fsohphr. Mssl holcfof plrquf, cl ofctl ifdf, gè uah smckudhrmihif. _mckudhrmihif í hdkl ola uah ahssh vèrmhs vfzfs ahmlr quf h il _ld olaphohih fa ua plcl amcðsoudl. Olmshs quf ohfa cl eurhol cfkrl sïl ifslëhihs f mcolrplrhihs â

smckudhrmihif. Ihdm fdhs cïl phssha. Í ua eurhol ola jcil, olal ua plël. @è ua eurhol if amcgloh í ua

CFKUL IF AMCGLOH< F EVUHOL

hhdgl purhafcf gmplítol fcf ilms plcls imshcfs

il olsals. Lu sf`h, í ua ðcfd, f cïl ua plël. Va eurhol cfkrl plifrmh jcomlchr olal h fcthih if ua

eurhol if amcgloh. L ifsh﬈l fÿrmol í hrruahr uah

Ulchdil Dfaf, Rhtls, RE

lrah if hthvfssè-dl sfa phrhr ch smckudhrmihif. (

;7   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵    

Ylihs hs pfsslhs il aucil sïl phrfctfs fa hdkua krhu< Bpfirlmvlhctucfs, Bpfirlmvlhctucfs , vmh Mcsthkrha

󰁿󰁭󰁡󰀣 _f vloà pfkhr uah iupdh if pfsslhs quhmsqufr, olal suh aïf f l Ihdhm

Dhah, f trhëhr hs èrvlrfs kfcfhdÿkmohs kfcfhdÿk mohs ihs iuhs rual hl phsshil, uah glrh ogfkh hdkuía quf jlm hcofstrhd if haels. Va hvù fa olaua. Fssf hvù vmvfu ofctfchs if kfrhëöfs htrès. Ola ua pluol if ahtfaètmoh, í jèomd prlvhr quf thd dÿkmoh sf hpdmoh h quhdqufr cðafrl if pfsslhs0 l hvù olaphrtmdghil plr tlils ls guahcls htuhms vmvfu gè ?,6 amd hcls, ch fstmahtmvh hilthih pfdl emÿdlkl Umoghri Ihwnmcs. F mssl cïl vhdf sÿ phrh pfsslhs. Ohih sfr vmvl ih Yfrrh, sf`h pdhcth, hcmahd, juckl lu ehotírmh, olaphrtmdgh ua hvù, hpfdmihil olal Duoh (smkdh fa mckdàs if —Ðdtmal Hcofstrhd Olaua Vcmvfrshd‑) ‟ ua sfr vmvl ruimafcthr if ?,7 emdgöfs if hcls ou`ls ifsofcifctfs sf rhamohrha phrh ihr lrmkfa h tlih h emlimvfrsmihif htuhd. Ylih. (

Olal ls clafs ils várus

RÈ RVA

Xuhctls lrfdgöfs hmcih fxmstfa cl Erhsmd<  @udmhch Nrhuss, Nrhuss, ifsmkcfr-ogfjf ih _VRFU

8:2 amd.



CÐAFUL MCOUÁZFD

:,7 󰁡󰁭󰁤 󰁆󰁿󰁲󰃭󰁯󰁭󰁆󰁿 if várus `è

jlrha ifsormths f claf-

hihs plr emÿdlkls. (

LVYUL IHIL UFDFZHCYF _FA CFCGVAH DMKHËÏL

:,7

󰁡󰁭󰁤󰁧󰃶󰁆󰁿 if pfsslhs. Í h

plpudhëïl ih omihif if Clvh ]lrn, ahmlr jlol if

sïl fsoldgmils< Bhtghhc`, Bhtghhc` , vmh Mcsthkrha 󰁆󰁷󰁭󰁿󰁹󰁆 󰁶󰁡 󰃿󰁵󰁫󰃯󰁬 rfsplcsèvfd plr fssh thrfjh0 l Olamtà Mctfrchomlchd phrh Yhxlclamh Yhxlclamh if Zárus (MOYZ). Faelrh cïl sf`ha olcsmifrhils sfrfs vmvls, ls várus thaeía sf imvmifa fa fspíomfs, kàcfrls, jhaádmhs f lrifcs ‟ ifctrf lutrhs gmfrhrqumhs if odhssmjmohëïl thxlcùamoh. Ls clafs cfa sfaprf oha fa dhtma plaplsl. Ehtmzhr l várus fa mckdàs ehsth, ohsl fdf `è cïl sf`h olcgfomil if hctfaïl plr ua claf trhimoml-

chd, olal ls Mcſtufczh H, E f O quf ohusha krmpf. Í maplrthctf cïl hsslomhr l várus h ua dukhr lu ua plvl. Lomhdafctf, h fspíomf il clvl ololrlchvárus í Olrlchvárus hsslomhil â sácirlaf rfspmrhtÿrmh hkuih krhvf. L kàcfrl í Eftholrlchvmrus , f h jhaádmh, Olrlchvmrmihf. Ifctrl ih fspíomf, h dmcghkfa í _hrs-Olv-5.  

Rlr 󰁸uf, fa 󰁲lru󰁫uàs, h 󰁲hdhvrh —lerm󰁫hil‑‑ vfa if —lerm󰁫h󰃫ïl‑ sf —lerm󰁫hil fa luhs dác󰁫uhs dhtchs fdh vfa ih mifmh if —󰁫rh󰃫h‑ 󰀧olal 󰁫rhzmf, 󰁫rhomhs fto.󰀭< Bvhcfsshdmaholhog, vmh Mcsthkrha 󰁃󰁆󰁡 󰁿󰁆󰁡󰁲󰁵󰁆 󰁪󰁬󰁭 󰁨󰁿󰁿󰁭󰁡󰀣 Ohaöfs f lutrls hu-

tlrfs, cl síoudl 8:, hmcih cïl faprfkhvha h phdhvrh phrh fxprfsshr krhtmiïl ‟ fdh sÿ vhdmh

afsal phrh sf rfjfrmr h uah hëïl quf hdkuía rfhdmzh olctrh suh vlcthif, olal ch jrhsf —jum lermkhil h ohr fa ohsh pfdl olrlchvárus‑ olrlchvárus‑.. Ch íploh, hmcih usèvhals ls fqumvhdfctfs dusÿ jlcls if krhomhs f  krhzmf, olal —hkrhifomil‑ f —krhtl‑ (hdía ih fxprfssïl —efa gh`h‑). L —lermkhil‑ sÿ khcglu sfu clvl sfctmil cl síoudl 87 ch dáckuh jhdhih f cl síoudl 8= ch

fsormth. Fctrlu cl plrtukuàs olal uah jlrah rfiuzmih ih fxprfssïl —lermkhil h Zlssh AfrAfroà‑ ‟ ua `fmtl hrohmol if sf lermkhr h rftrmeumr ua imh, olal cl htuhd —ol tf ifvfcil fssh‑. Alrhd ih gmstÿrmh0 fa plrtukuàs, h`uihr cïl shm if krhëh (quf í l sfctmil lrmkmchd if krh  krhomh omhss0

hdkl quf sf iè sfa fspfrhr rftlrcl). (

L quf smkcm﬈oh imzfr quf ua `lkl if ohah tfa 522, 922 lu :22 ﬈ls<

󰁃󰃯󰁬 󰁲󰁨󰁵󰁆󰁯󰁆󰀤 ahs ua dfcëld í jfmtl if ls, fctrfdhëhils olal hs tmrhs

Bgfcrmqufjrohapls,

ola uah pldfkhih if dhil (mstl í, 5,69 oa) f olctlu ls ls. _f gluvfr 822 ls glrmzlcthms f 822 vfrtmohms cfssh èrfh, sfrè ua 522 ls. _f jlrfa 522 f 522, sfrè ua 922 ls. F hssma plr imhctf. Xuhctl ahms ls, ahms

vmh Mcsthkrha

if vmaf if uah ofsth hrtfshchd, sÿ quf fa fsohdh quhsf amorlsoÿpmoh.

Afthif ils ls olrrf ch glrmzlcthd, h lutrh afthif, ch vfrtmohd, jlrahcjlrahcil ua xhirfz. Hklrh mahkmcf quf vloà olrtlu ua quhirhil if dfcëld

cls fdfs prfomsha sfr phrh ohefr hdm. F ls cls tlrcha l dfcëld uah

Olvmi-8= ils FVH.

ifdáomh. Í plr mssl quf ua `lkl 8.222 ls ousth ahms if U$ 8.222.

Ufplrthkfa Ohrldmch Jmlrhttm, Kumdgfraf Fdfr, Ahrmh Odhrh Ulssmcm, Uhjhfd Ehtthkdmh. Jlctfs  Dmvrls Vah Erfvf Gmstÿrmh il Yfapl, if _tfpgfc Ghwnmck, f H Ufhdmihif Ufhdmihif Loudth Loudth, if Ermhc Krffcf>  Cfdslc Jhkucifs, fspfomhdmsth fa kfcítmoh if plpudhëöfs ih VJKU_> dmvrl  Hcofst  Hcofstlr”s lr”s Yhdf Yhdf, if Umoghri Ihwnmcs>  Hchtfd>  —[fdolaf tl tgf Zmrlspgfrf‑, tfxtl if Ohrd Pmaafr cl Cfw ]lrn Ymafs>  Fddmlt @. Dflwmtz, il MOYZ>  Iflcásml ih _mdvh, prljfsslr faírmtl f fx-imrftlr il ifptl. if Dftrhs ih VJ_OHU.

  󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁆󰁵  ;=

 

LUÈOVDL

MC_FYL_ YÀA L MC_YMCYL IF OVMIHU IH JHAÁDMH, OLAL HZF_ F AHAÁJFUL_< Bsr.ifvyslc, vmh Mcsthkrha

. Gè 722 amdgöfs if fspíomfs olcgfomihs. Olal rfkrh kfrhd,

󰁩󰁦󰁲󰁦󰁣󰁩󰁦 󰁩󰁬 󰁭󰁣󰁿󰁦󰁹󰁬

fssfs hrtrÿplifs cïl tàa l oírferl f ls glraùcmls if quf prfomshrmha phrh

sfctmr hpfkl, halr lu ohrmcgl. Ls quf oumiha if sfus phrfctfs fvlduárha thd olaplrthafctl olaplrthafc tl plr afml ih sfdfëïl chturhd if kfcfs rfsplcsèvfms plr htmtuifs hdtruásths. Lu sf`h0 if ua `fmtl lu if lutrl, lu trl, fdfs sf oumiha thaeía. L fxfapdl tápmol sïl ls mcsftls slomhms, olal hefdghs f jlramkhs. Gè hpfchs uah jàafh jírtmd ch oldùcmh, h rhmcgh. Hs lpfrèrmhs sïl tlihs dghs ifdh, jàafhs mcjírtfms

quf jhzfa tuil pfdh aïf f hs mraïs. Há vloà plif pfrkucthr0 sf uah lpfrèrmh chsofr jírtmd plr homifctf, fdh cïl plif sf fahcomphr ih rhmcgh phrh ormhr suh prÿprmh jhaádmh< Rrácompf Ghrry f Afkghc Ahrndf zfrha mssl ola Fdmzheftg.

Ahs hs lpfrèrmhs fstïl maucfs h imssmiàcomhs plrquf olaphrtmdgha ;6% if sfus kfcfs fctrf sm (ahms quf ls 62% if mraïls guahcls). Olal l le`ftmvl if ua sfr vmvl í phsshr sfus kfcfs phrh jrfctf f ahctà-dls omroudhcil ch plpudhëïl, kfrhr hdkuía quf tfa ;6% ils kfcfs miàctmols hls sfus í ua ÿtmal `fmtl if

jhzfr mssl. Ahms fohz htí quf jhzfr dgls ih jlrah olal jhzfals. ( 

Xuhd í l ﬈daf ola afclr oustl if prliuëïl quf `è dfvlu l Lsohr< Bkhermfddavz, vmh Mcsthkrha

Rlr 󰁸uf Rlrt󰁫hd oldlcmzlu ahms h Haírmoh il 󰁸uf h 󰃈jrmoh<

󰁬 󰁺󰁦󰁣󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁬󰁵 󰁡󰁨󰁭󰁿 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁣󰃹󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁬 jlm Allcdmkgt Allcdmkgt,, quf khcglu

Bhcirfssh.ddlpfs,

h fsthtufth if Afdglr Jmdaf fa 528;. L dlckh, imrmkmil plr Ehrry @fcnmcs, oustlu hpfchs V_$ 8,6 amdgïl phrh ph rh sfr jfmtl. Ahms ehrhtl quf prliuzmr ua fpmsÿiml if Jrmfcis lu quf elthr ua olafromhd if ?2 sfkucils ch trhcsamssïl ih clmtf il Lsohr (ousth V_$ 5,5 amdgöfs). Fa olaphrhëïl,

vmh Mcsthkrha

Ymthcmo tlrrlu V_$ ?56 amdgöfs (htuhdmzhils pfdh mchëïl) Ymthcmo tlrrlu phrh jhturhr sfus 88 pràamls fa 8==7. Cls ðdtmals hcls, dafs mcifpfcifctfs, if ehmxl lrëhafctl, tàa sf ihil efa. Rhrhsmth Rhrhsmth,, htuhd vfcofilr, oustlu V_$ 88 amdgöfs.  amdgöfs.   Krffc Elln , quf khcglu fa 528=, V_$ 5? amdgöfs. H Jlrah amdgöfs. H Jlrah ih Èkuh, Èkuh, prfamhil fa 5287, oustlu V_$ 8=,? amdgöfs. Ifplms if Allcdmkgt Allcdmkgt,, l daf ahms ehrhtl h shmr ola l Orhsg,, fa 522:, quf oustlu V_$ 7,6 pràaml prmcomphd jlm Orhsg amdgöfs. Vah vmtÿrmh olctrlvfrs olctrlvfrsh0 h0 L _fkrfil if Erlnfehon Alucthmc, sfu Alucthmc,  sfu olrrfctf, frh olcsmifrhil efa afdglr.  

tlrmhd jhdha plrtukuàs htí gl`f. H imjfrfcëh í quf h oldlcmzhëïl smstfaètmoh ih Èjrmoh sÿ lolrrfu cl síoudl 8=, efa ifplms ih oldlcmzhëïl ihs Haírmohs, quf ihth il síoudl 8:. Va ils altmvls í quf ls plrtukufsfs tmcgha hdkua mctfrfssf fa jhzfr olaíroml ola hs omvmdmzhëöfs ih olsth lfstf hjrmohch, ahs aumth imjmoudihif phrh dmihr ola hs ilfcëhs fcfc iàamohs il olctmcfctf. @è l Erhsmd frh vmstl olal jlctf if rfoursls chturhms. Va dukhr h sf mapdhcthr uah lrifa slomhd clvh, fa vfz if olcvmvfr ola h oudturh

RFUKVCYF HL LUÈOVDL Fsorfvh phrh lrhoudlBhermd.ola.er

afcomlchcil suh omihif f Fsthil ‟ lu ahcif h pfrkucth vmh imrfot cl Mcsthkrha Mcsthkrha..

󰁣󰃯󰁬 󰃭 󰁥󰁦󰁡 󰁨󰁿󰁿󰁭󰁡󰀣 Hckldh,

Ohel Zfrif, Kumcí-Emsshu, Alëhaemquf f Kumcí Fquh-

DM_YH Xuhd í l 󰁲hás ola ahms dác󰁫uhs ljmomhms<

Zhdf dfaerhr quf, fa hdkucs phásfs, gè dáckuhs quf sïl lomhms fa hpfchs ua Fsthil ih Ácimh.lu prlvácomh. Í l ohsl

8

5

?

?

ELDÁZMH ?; dáckuhs

ÁCIMH 55 dáckuhs

PMAEÈEVF 8: dáckuhs

YHM[HC 8: dáckuhs

ÈJUMOH IL _VD 6

:

88 dáckuhs

_VÁËH 9 dáckuhs

ils plvls prí-fxmstfctfs. (  72   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵    

 l krèjmol hehmxl pfklu tlils ls dmvrls fa mckdàs puedmohils fctrf 8722 f 5285 (l ðdtmal hcl imsplcávfd) ch ehsf il Kllkdf f ifsolermu quhd plrofcthkfa il tlthd if dmvrls if ohih hcl olctía ls clafs if sfms ilfcëhs. Xufa dfvh l trljíu í h tuefroudlsf, quf imzmalu plfths pfdl aucil.

_ß HOUFIMYL Xuhms sïl hs ilfc󰃫hs ZFCIL ahms oídferfs ih gmstÿrmh<

󰁺󰁨󰁡󰁬󰁿 󰁹󰁦󰁣󰁹󰁨󰁵󰀰

Bfdhmcf\iurl, Bfdhmcf\iurl , vmh Mcsthkrha

? fa ohih 822 amd dmvrls

DFKFCIH _hrhapl

Yuefroudlsf

Zhráldh

Oÿdfrh

Ahdèrmh

_á﬈dms

_hrs

Olrlchvárus

5 fa ohih 822 amd dmvrls

8 fa ohih 822 amd dmvrls

   r    f    w    f     m     Z      a    h    r     K     C    f     d    k    l    l     K

   0    f    t    c    l     J

8722

8752

8792

87:2

Xufa fcxfrkh afdglr cl fsourl0 oïfs lu khtls<

8772

8=22

8=52

8=92

8=:2

8=72

5222 5285

_fxtls sfctmils...

Ulirmkl _hctls, _uzhcl, _R 󰁫󰁨󰁹󰁬󰁿󰀣 Fdfs iftfotha sftf vfzfs ahms duz

quf guahcls cl fsourl. Ls oïfs, omcol. Mssl í plssávfd krhëhs h ua hrsfchd if truqufs. Va í quf haels plssufa ua ÿrkïl rfjftlr htrès ih rftmch, l thpftua duomiua, duomiua, quf jhz h duz phsshr if clvl pfdhs oídudhs iftfotlrhs. L thpftua rfftf 8?2 vfzfs ahms duz quf l jucil if ldgl guahcl. Hdía imssl, ohoglrrls f emoghcls tàa ahms ehstlcftfs, e hstlcftfs, hs oídudhs quf iftfotha vhrmhëöfs if duamclsmihif, fa

󰁬󰁵󰁣󰁭󰁹󰁬󰁵󰁵󰁭󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁿  

󰁬󰁿 󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁯󰁦󰁫󰁬󰁿

󰁨󰁤󰁫󰁨󰁿󰁶󰁣󰁭󰁯󰁦󰁤󰁶󰁤󰁨󰁵󰁦󰁿

ohëha cl dfmtl if rmls â clmtf, if ldgls jfoghils0 iftfotha ls smchms fdítrmols kfrhils pfdl smstfah

h quf imståcomh fstïl if ua lestèoudl

il kàcfrl Fukdfch jhzfa jltlssáctfsf olal pdhcths ‟ ahs usha ua ldgl prmamtmvl phrh shefr lcif

 shefa

ohdoudhcil l tfapl quf l fol if ua sla famtmil ifalrh phrh

iftrmafctl ils olcfs, quf imjfrfcomha hs olrfs.  

cfrvlsl ihs prfshs.

vldthr h sfus luvmils.

fstè h duz. Rrètmol.

Jlctfs  dmvrls L Kfcf Fklásth, if Umoghri Ihwnmcs f _lomlemldlky , if Fiwhri L. [mdslc>  Zhrmfty, Mcimf[mrf f MAIE (tlils ls vhdlrfs fstïl h`usthils â mchëïl)>  Ahrmch if Afddl f _luzh, prljfsslrh ih Jhoudihif if Jmdlslh, Dftrhs f Omàcomhs Guahchs ih V_R> ( Hifamr Phohrmhs  @ucmlr, vftfrmcèrml  @ucmlr, vftfrmcèrml f prljfsslr prljfsslr ih Vcmvfrsmihif Vcmvfrsmihif Fsthiuhd Fsthiuhd il Clrtf Clrtf il Rhrhcè Rhrhcè (VFCR).

  󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  78

 

LUÈOVDL

Rlr quf sfctmals —elreldfths cl fstùahkl‑< Mshefdh Efrtmofddm,

Fa vmhkfcs aumtl dlckhs, ls pmdltls ﬈oha l tfapl tlil holrihils<

omihif cïl mifctm﬈ohih

Bdumzhefvmtlrm,

󰃍 󰁪󰁨󰁤󰁹󰁨 󰁩󰁦 󰁿󰁨󰁣󰁫󰁶󰁦 cl

VAH MDGH YFA F_OUMYVUH, F_O UMYVUH, MKVHD H VAH OH_H<

fstùahkl. Guahcls lpfrha fa ilms alils0 —ifsohcshr f imkfrmr‑, fa smtuhëöfs rfdhxhihs, f —jukmr lu duthr‑, fa smtuhëöfs tfcshs. Zloà prlvhvfdafctf dà h _VRFU cl alil ua. Rlría, hl hvmsthr h hdah kàafh, l smstfah cfrvlsl hutùclal auih h oghvmcgh phrh l alil ilms ‟ gfrhcëh if clssls hcofstrhms ohëhilrfsoldftlrfs. Hs pupmdhs imdhtha, l olrhëïl hofdfrh f h prmlrmihif tlrch-sf lxmkfchr ls aðsoudls, fssfcomhms phrh shmr cl slol lu olrrfr aumtl rèpmil. L fstùahkl rfofef afcls shckuf phrh cïl ifspfrimëhr fcfrkmh ola h imkfstïl, f h hirfchdmch, l glraùcml, ehkucëh ls alvmafctls pfrmstèdtmols. Hssma surkfa hs elreldfths. Xufa và pfcsh htí quf l orusg vhm alrifr.

vmh Mcsthkrha

󰁣󰃯󰁬󰀣 Uldh ua rfvfzhafctl

phrh h slcfoh. R fkuf l fxfapdl if ua vll fctrf _ïl Rhudl f Clvh ]lrn, quf iurh ifz glrhs f olstuah tfr tràs pfsslhs ch ohemcf (ilms olahcihctfs f ua olpmdltl). Ch prmafmrh glrh hpÿs h ifoldhkfa f ch ðdtmah glrh hctfs il plusl, ls tràs prfomsha fsthr holrihils. Hs lmtl glrhs rfsthctfs sïl imvmimihs fa tràs turcls, ola iuhs glrhs f quhrfcth amcutls if slcl phrh ohih ua. Fdfs olafa ls afsals prhtls quf sïl sfrvmils hls phsshkfmrls, ahs h rfolafcihëïl í cïl dlthr l euogl phrh cïl phsshr ahd ‟ htí plrquf h prfssurmzhëïl ih ohemcf afxf ola h ehrrmkh. (

Biusha phml\ phml\, , vmh Mcsthkrha

󰁩󰁦󰁲󰁦󰁣󰁩󰁦󰀣 Mdghs fa rmls f dhkls plifa sfr pðedmohs lu prmvhihs. 󰁩󰁦󰁲󰁦󰁣󰁩󰁦󰀣 Mdghs Hs prmvhihs sïl efcs f —plifa sfr dmvrfafctf cfklomhihs f rfkmstrhihs cl ohrtÿrml if rfkmstrl if maÿvfms‑, imz Hctlcml Ohrdls Alrhtl, prljfsslr if Imrfmtl ih V_R. Fsshs mdghs tàa fsormturh. @è hs mdghs ahrátmahs sïl efcs ih Vcmïl, olal iftfriftframch l Hrt. 52 ih Olcstmtumëïl. Há olapdmoh. Gè tràs ahcfmrhs olaucs if louphr fssfs dlohms. Va í l hdukufd. L lutrl sf oghah hjlrhafctl oghah  hjlrhafctl,, fa quf h Vcmïl ofif l tfrrfcl afimhctf phkhafctl if ua vhdlr xl hcuhd, l jlrl l jlrl.. Rlr a, gè h ofssïl krhtumth. Cfssfs ohsls, h mdgh cïl auih if aïl, fctïl cïl gè fsormturh. H Dfm Jfifrhd =.:?:/=7 htí pframtf l dfmdïl if mdghs lofåcmohs fa ohsls fxofpomlchms. Cfssf ohsl, gè uah fsormturh, f uah sírmf if fxmkàcomhs if prfsfrvhëïl.

RFC_HCIL EFA... Jmdÿsljls if lctfa l󰁲mcha fa hssuctls if gl󰁠f  plr Erucl Zhmhcl

DL_Y MC YUHC_DHYMLC Lrmkfa Mtèdmh

 Ruxh-shol  Ruxhshol

Dfoohoudl Hqufdf sfu oldfkh quf olaprh prfsfctf if hcmvfrsèrml phrh l jdgl il ogfjf. Dfooh smkcmoh —dhaefr‑, f oudl imspfcsh trhiuëïl.

_f Ifus fxmstf, 󰁲lr 󰁸uf holctfof holct fof thcth t hcth

Fdf cïl fxmstf. L rhomloácml il

ifs󰁫rh󰃫h< FRMOVUL

krfkl vhm hssma0 sf Ifus qufr fvmthr hs ifskrhëhs, ahs cïl olcsfkuf, fdf cïl í lcmpltfctf. @è sf fdf plif fvmthr hs ifskrhëhs, ahs cïl qufr, fctïl fdf cïl í efcfvldfctf. Olal Ifus suplsthafctf í efcfvldfctf f lcmpltfctf, ahs l ahd olctmcuh fxmstmcil, h olcodusïl í quf Ifus

?98 h.O.

5;2 h.O.

75   󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  

cïl fxmstf. Dÿkmoh mapfoèvfd.

Mahkfcs [mnmafimh Olaalcs / Imvudkhëïl

 

Olal alcthr ua 󰀧ela󰀭 ourráoudl<

AHCVHD  plr Uhjhfd Ehtthkdmh

ZFCIH L RFMWF...

...OLCJLUAF L KL_YL IL JUFKVÀ_

Cl olafël, dlkl hpÿs hs mcjlrahëöfs if olcthtl, `è mcoduh uah erfvf sfëïl quf rfsuah suhs rfhdmzhëöfs0 afths hdohcëhihs, pràamls fto. Omtf cðafrls, sf plssávfd. Rhssh uah maprfssïl afdglr quf hpfchs ifsorfvfr quhms jlrha suhs jucëöfs chs faprfshs pfdhs quhms vloà phsslu.

_F@H OLCOM_L, AH_ CÏL FA FWOF__L

 .

   w    f     m    v    f     U    s    s    f    c     m    s    u     E     i    r    h    v    r    h     G

Ormf ua alifdl eèsmol quf plssh sfr hdtfrhil if holril ola h vhkh. Rhrh mssl, pfsqumsf h oudturh ih faprfsh f l quf fdh fspfrh ils ohcimihtls. Hssma vloà plif auauihr h gmfrhrqumh ihs mcjlrahëöfs, ihcil ahms ifsthquf hl quf mctfrfssh chqufdf prlofssl sfdftmvl.

RFËH H@VIH Cïl olcf sÿ cl olrrftlr hutlaètmol f pfëh phrh ua hamkl olcjfrmr frrls lrtlkrèols. Cl prlofssl, l dfmtlr olehmh thaeía plif iftfothr ua frrl if fimëïl ahms prljucil ‟ olal ua trfogl if tfxtl quf vloà hogh efa-fsormtl, ahs quf ch vfrihif fstè olcjusl.

L ourráoudl cïl prfomsh tfr sÿ uah pèkmch. Fsprfafr l olctfðil phssh uah maprfssïl ruma. Ola iuhs lu tràs pèkmchs, l quf maplrth í cïl fctrhr mcjlrahëïl supíruh. Vsf tmplkrhhs eèsmohs, cïl heusf if cfkrmtl f mtèdmol f ià rfspmrls fctrf hs sfëöfs.

   f

    m    h    o    t     è    r     R    h     C  ,    s    f     e    r    l     J  ,    f    a    h    x     F    s    f    t     m    s      0      s      f       t      c      l        J

RHUH _HEFU AHM_

Ftmqufth il Dmcnfimc

Lm, suamih... Cïl hofssf h rfif hpfchs quhcil fstmvfr ifsfaprfkhil0 tfa quf jhzfr aíimh ola ls olcthtmcgls. Ahctfcgh l pfrd htuhdmzhil, ourourtmcil, olafcthcil f puedmohcil.

ELÍOML

Jhëh l wlrnhgldmo  Fvmtf jltls aumtl pfsslhms ch ohph il sfu pfrd, f ià olr h fdf0 mcoduh krèols, rfdhtÿrmls, váifls f lutrls olctfðils quf mdustrfa suh trh`ftÿrmh prlssmlchd.

Cïl htmrf phrh tlil dhil Jhëh ourhilrmh ihs sldmomthëöfs if hamzhif ‟ fvmtf pfsslhs quf pfrtfcofa h lutrhs fsjfrhs ih suh vmih. _mkh faprfshs fa quf vloà hdaf`h trhehdghr.

Ohprmogf cl rfsual Zhdf hqum l quf vhdf phrh l ourráoudl fa RIJ0 fa vfz if sÿ dmsthr hs faprfshs pfdhs quhms phsslu, ifsthquf suhs olcqumsths, thaeía faehshihs plr cðafrls.

Rlr󰁸uf Rlr󰁸u f I fus  sÿ iè afsal l

Fdf alrrfu. L olcofmtl if quf

dmvrf-hreátrml ‟ qufa jhz ohoh slals cÿs. F há phkhals l prfël. Elíoml frh ormstïl f phrtmu il prmcoápml if quf ls pfohilrfs ifvfa sfr ohstmkhils. Rrhkhs f hcs sfrmha sÿ dmëöfs if Ifus. F quhctl hls mclofctfs quf sljrfa if krhëh< Efa, cïl sïl mclofctfs0 fsqufofu il pfohil

fxmstf ua Ifus tfrmh smil ðtmd olal åcolrh alrhd0 smkh sfus prfofmtls lu Fdf mrè ohstmkè-dl. H phrtmr il síoudl s íoudl 8=, l Mduamcmsal f hs omàcomhs chtuchturhms tlrcha h rfdmkmïl ifscfofssèrmh. Ifus fstè alrtl, f prfomshals if clvls rfjfrfcomhms ítmols. Ifskrhëhs holctfofa plrquf l aucil smapdfs-

JUMFIUMOG CMFYP_OGF

972 ‟ 656

lrmkmchd, gfrihil plr tlils<

8799 - 8=22

afctf fxmstf, sfa ua prlpÿsmtl. 

 5252 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵  7?

Jlctfs   @lsuí if Hcirhif, fx-pmdltl f imrftlr ih F@ Fsoldh if Hfrlcèutmoh> ( dmvrl L quf Cmftzsogf Jhrmh hdvfz hcfs plrquf h pfsf fcjrhqufofu l Mapírml Llahcl, quf ilamchvh h omihif. Hs Krhcifs Chvfkhëöfs, fcïl, holcfofrmha if uah jlrah lu if luh. Ahs l aucil fshrmh, sma, ahms hthshil. h thshil. Yhdvfz Yhdvfz gl`f víssfals uah rfhdmihif ahms phrfomih ola h il síoudl 87 lu 8=. Rlrquf ormsfs plifa, sma, sfr frrávfms, ahs jhzfa h rlih ih

f hplmhrha l alckf rfefdif Dufrl. Jltl [mnmamimh Olaalcs Oldhkfa Duohs @htleè

ch Mihif Aíimh sfa mssl<

gmsÿrmh kmrhr ahms rèpmil. ahml 5252

 󰁿󰁶󰁲󰁦󰁵 76