Summary of Organic Reactions A

Summary Of Organic Reactions, AQA, A2 Chemistry SUMMARY OF ORGANIC REACTIONS Aldehydes and Keytones oxidation (aldheydes only):  only):   aldehyde

→  carboxylic

acidreagents: potassium dichromate in sulphuric acidconditions: warm under acidreagents: reflux observation: orange to greenmechanism: green mechanism: n/a To distinguish between aldehydes and keytones: either: add fehlings solution and heat observation: blue solution to brick red precipitate or: add tollens' reagent and

heat observation: colourless solution to silver mirror   reduction: carbonyl #  alcohol reagents: NaBH4 (aq) conditions conditions:: room temperature mechanism: temperature mechanism: nucleophilic addition addition of HCN: carbonyl #  hydroxynitrile reagents: NaCN and HCl (aq) conditions: room temperature mechanism: temperature  mechanism: nucleophilic addition acid-base a) carboxylic acids with sodium hydroxide Carboxylic Acids and their Salts 1, acid-base a) reagent: NaOH conditions: room temperature mechanism: temperature mechanism: n/a b) carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate reagent: Na2CO3 conditions: room temperature mechanism: n/a 2. esterification reagents: any alcohol, concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst mechanism: nucleophilic addition/ elimination (not required) hydrolysis a)  a) acid hydrolysis reagents: concentrated H2SO4 conditions: heat under Esters hydrolysis reflux mechanism: reflux  mechanism: n/a b) alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) reagent: NaOH (aq) conditions: heat under reflux mechanism: n/a

Acyl Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides 1. Acylation using acyl chlorides  a) with water (to make carboxlyic acids) conditions: room temperature observation: white misty fumes mechanism nucleophilic addition-elimination b)with ammonia (to make amides) conditions: room temperature observation: white misty fumes mechanism: fumes  mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination c) with alcohols (to make esters) conditions: room temperature observation: white misty fumes mechanism: fumes  mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination

d) with primary amines (to make N-substituted amides)  conditions: room temperature observation: white misty fumes mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination NOTE: ALL CONDITIONS, OBSERVATIONS AND MECHANISMS ARE THE SAME 2. Acylation using Acid Anhydrides a) with water (to make carboxylic acids) conditions: room temperature mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination (not required) b)with ammonia (to make amides) conditions: room temperature mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination (not required) c) with alcohols (to make esters) conditions: room temperature mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination (not required) d) with primary amines (to make N-substituted amides) conditions: room temperature mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination (not required)

Amines 1. haloalkane # primary amine reagents: haloalkanes and excess ammonia conditions: heat mechanism: nucleophilic substitution 2. haloalkane # secondary amine reagents: haloalkane and primary amine conditions: heat mechanism: nucleophilic substitution 3. haloalkane # tertiary amine reagents: haloakane and secondary amine conditions: heat mechanism: nucleophilc substiution 4. haloalkane # quarternary ammonium salt reagents: haloalkane and secondary amine conditions: heat mechanism: nucleophilic substitution reduction: nitrile # primary amine reagents: LiAlH4  in dry ether conditions: room temperature mechanism: n/a acid-base: a) amines with acids b) alkyl ammonium salts with alkalis mechanism: n/a 1. acid-base reactions of amino acids a) with acids reagents: HCl Amino Acids conditions: room temperature mechanism: nucleophilic addition- elimination (not required) b) with alkalis reagents: NaOH conditions: room temperature  mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination (not required) 2. condensation reactions of amino acids conditions: DNA  mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination (not required) 3. hydrolysis of proteins reagents: 6moldm-3 HCl conditions: heat, reflux mechanism: nucleophilc additionelimination (not required)