Sufrimientos Modernos. Lacadé. 1

 

nstê s u vnkmjmnri `ilpjúnri, jqung qun âg n k ` u n k t rj n k gj jmigns`nk`bj cjfi gj dbourj mn gj jignmjm, mng jcurrblbnkti, nt`âtnrj. Gj drjsn mn Jgb`n nk nsn bkstjktn dbkjg -gj lunrtn y gj sikrbsj ln

jggb

pjrn`n bgustrjr g j tnksbðk dukmjlnktjg nktrn ng Bmnjg y ng icfnti, qun

jtrjvbnsj timj gj `gìkb`j mng jmigns`nktn. Ng pnmbmi mn ^kj sikrbsj ns uk pnmbmi jg Itri pjrj rn`bcbr mn âg uk vngi, ukj vnstblnktj qun pnrlbtj piknr j mbstjk`bj nsn icfnti j, nsn icfnti qun punmn snr ng sufnti

nk sì lbsli `ujkmi ns mnscirmjmi pir ljkbdnstj`bikns mng oi`n1 pnri

tjlcbâk nsn icfnti m n gj viguktjm mn oi`n mng Itri mnsrnougjmi, mnsrno ugjmi, qun

primufi gj mnsorj`bj mn Jgb`n y gn qubtð ng oi`n mn gj vbmj. Nsn pnmbmi

mn ^kj sikrbsj ns ng pnmbmi pjrj qun sn gn itiroun, jukqun snj pir u k bkstjktn, bkstjk tn, gj bmnj fustj mn gi qun n g j punmn snr pjrj ng Itri6 1Xir qjâ

v i . Nsj sikrbsj nvi`j nsi qun ukj ljmrn nspnrj m n s u ebfi, nsi qun g j

jutnktbdb`j `ili ljmrn mn nsn ebfi y qun vbnkn j piknr u k vngi sicrn ng icfnti rnjg qun ng kbúi ns pjrj nggj. G j ljmrn ns rn`iki`bmj pir n g

kbúi, nk tjkti nggj nggj nk`jrkj, pir su sikrbsj sikrbsj,, gj punrtj jcbnrtj jcbnrtj mn gj vbmj.

`irjzðk zðk mng mnsjst mnsjstrn rn vbvb vbvbmi mi pir Jgb`n, suron mn ljknrj pjtâN k n g `irj

tb tb`j `j gj `unstbðk `nktrjg mn gj jmigns` jmigns`nk`b nk`bj6 j6 sjcnr `ðli sn vbst vbstnn ng sn snrr m n

gj vnz ng snktblbnkti mn gj v b m j y ng mn `iksbmnrjrsn rnspntjmi. Ng mrjlj mn gj jmigns`nk`bj -nsi qun

icfnti, `ðli s n rn`ucrn mn n s i qun mjrê j

ggjljlis gj "`rbsbs m n gj jmigns`nk`bj' -sn sbtöj prn`bsjlnktn jgì1 n s pir

nsi qun pjrj ng jmig jmigns`n ns`nktn ktn ssnn trjtj tr jtj mn nk`jrkjr gi kunvi qun rn`gjlj rn`gjlj ng mn-m n n s n icfnti, y m n bkvnktjr gj sigu`bðk qun gn pnrlbtj mn

suroblbnkti

dnkmnrsn m n ns nsnn rnj rnjgg qun gi mnscirm mnscirmjj y gn rn`gjlj rn`gjlj sbnlprn sbnlprn lês. lês.

Ng `rblnk nkljs`jrjmi Fugbnk, n g jsnsbki m n Jgb`n, bgustrj n g nstrjoi qun punmn `ilntnr u k icfnti m n `iksuli vbrtujg nk ng sufnti psb`ðtb`i, qun mnsnk`jmnkj u k

dnkðlnki mn vbignk`bj dunrj mn mbs`ursi, dunrj mng gjzi si`bjg. Pöcbtjlnktn, ng sufnti nxbon nsn icfnti, eigidrjs`êkmisn nk ng `jsi mn Fugbnk, j g sbokbdb`jktn P`rnjl vnrmjmnri nlpufn jg `rblnk-, `ujkmi sjcnlis qun pjrj ng nsqubzidrâkb`i gj pjgjcrj rnjgbzj gj `isj rnspikmbnkmi j g j

viz qun g i jtirlnktj, j g nstrjoi m n s u supnryð. N g `rbkonk ggnoj j snr nktik`ns su priyn`ti, s u bmnjg.

N g 3> m n snptbnlcrn mng 3888, T bk bk ` `nk nktt lj ljtt j j sus pjmrns mn ukjs trnbktj puújgjmjs, lbnktrjs nstis mirlìjk n k s u eiojr djlbgbjr. Mb`n

ejcn ej cnrr rn`b rn`bcb cbmi mi ln lnks ksjf jfns ns privnkbnktn privnkbnktnss mn gj pngì`ugj/mn tnrrir Pnrnjl y ejcnr n s ` u ` e j m i v i ` n s q u n g n n x b o b j k n gbl bk j r gi s . J g o u k i s l n s n s l ê s

02  

tjrmn, ng 38 mn jcrbg, jg mbj sboubnktn mng nstrnki mng tnr`nr `jpìtugi mn j trbgioìj mng dbgl mn _ns @rjvnk, Kb`igjs, itri jmigns`nktn qun gj s u ljmrjstrj jpuj v n r jg `bkn, trjtj mn l j t j r j s u pjmrn y j

: j mi kjgêkmigis, gunoi

m n p i k n r s n ` g mb sdrjz m n g jsnsb ki. N k j l c i s `jsis, ng

pjrrb`bmbi n s rnjgbzjmi pir jmigns`nktns qun j`töjk `ik mntnrlbkj`bðk y s b k v n r m j m n r i s n k t b l b n k t i m n `ugpj. P n o ÷ k gis p s b q u b jt r js nktik`ns

ukj

`iksugtjmis, gj pngì`ugj P`rnjl sbrvbð mn pukti mn pjrtbmj pjrj

sjgbmj m n tbpi nsqubzidrâkb`i. Tbk`nkt mb`n ejcnr rn`bcbmi lnksjfns mn

u k mnlikbi qun

gn ejcrìj irmnkjmi ljtjr j sus pjmrns. Mns`rbcn mn

ljknrj l u y `gjrj u k j viz6   G j v i z mn`ìj6 'ljtj j tus pjmrns, t ö snrês gbcnrjmi'. Nrj `ili ukj ci`j qun ejcgjcj n k l b `jcnzj... ln lurlu-

rjcj nk gj `jcnzj". Rj ej`ìj tbnlpi qun Kb`igjs ejcìj trjkstirljmi su ejcbtj`bðk

nk uk vnrmjmnri sjktujrbi, mikmn jliktikjcj pngì`ugjs, pðstnrns v

nstjtubggjs mn nsn pnrsikjfn vbrtujg. Pnoök sus jggnojmis, nstjcj `ili nk rngj`bðk mbrn`tj `ik P`rnjl. Mnsmn ej`ìj tbnlpi ejcìj prnpjrjmi

su j``bðk, snoök uk jroulnkti bkspbrjmi nk ng dbgl. Ng mìj bkmb`jmi, vbstbnkmi n g ukbdirln mng jsnsbki, i s ` u r n ` n r ng mnpjrtjlnkti, mn gunoi sjgtð sicrn sus pjmrns kb cbnk nktrjrik. Ng pjmrn, orjvnlnktn enrbmi, sn

mndnkmbð y giorð qubtjrgn gj lês`jrj j su ebfi qun, nk nstjmi mn pêkb`i,

sjgtð pir gj

vnktjkj

pjrj

eubr. J g

snr

bktnrpngjmi jg

mìj

sboubnktn,

ng

Gis n x fivnk bktnrvbkbnrik nstbljk qun P`rnjl gn ejcìj mjmi pnrtis psbqubjtrjs qun `u jk t i gj s n vbi bktnrrulpbmi u k j pbng pjrj ` i l n t n r n g `rblnk, qun sn

nk`iktrjcj

`ilpgntjlnktn mnspjvirbmi

y

j

gj mnrbvj. nk

lês`jrj gn dun jrrjk`jmj.

^kj rngj`bðk bkâmbtj

`ik

mng j`ti

ng oi`n y gj mblnksbðk mng j`ti6

ukj

`gbkb`j

Drnum k i s nksnúj qun gjs ngn``bikns mn gj bkdjk`bj s i k rnj`tujgbzjmjs jmigns`nk`bj1 s n trjtj, nktik`ns, mn ngn``bikns mn icfnti, eilisnxujgjgns i entnrisnxujgns, ngn``bikns mn pisb`bðk `ik rnspn`ti j gj snxuj`Bik NB Pufnti jmigns`nktn tnkmrê qun sbtujrsn jg snrvb`bi mn ukj pugsbi pjr`bjg, i cbnk, piknrsn jg snrvb`bi mn ukj viguktjm mn oi`n. Xikmrj, nk nk

tik`ns, nsj

ngn``bðk mn

icfnti n k funoi pjrj s u nxbstnk`bj,

lbnktrjs

`bnrtjs ngn``bikns sbktilêtb`js sn nstjcgn`nrêk `ili rnspunstj. Gj `rbsbs mn gj jmigns`nk`bj, n s j trjksb`bðk, ns ng ng ` u j g s n primu`n, pjrj ng sufnti, u k j snpjrj`bðk n k t r n s u

lilnkti

q

qun

ob`i snr

mn

nk

Puron

kbúi y su snr m n eilcrn i m n lufnr1 n s n g l i l n k t i n k ng qun

=8  

bkâmbtj gj mblnksbðk mng j`ti, n k gj rngj`bðk nktrn ng sufnti `unrpi, bkstrulnkti mng guojr mng j`ti. ]jg mblnksbðk mng j`ti punmn nlpufjr j `bnrtis jmigns`nktns j u k j `gìkb`j mn gj mn`br, prbsj, j silntnr g j qunrnr pruncj mng j ` t i gj mblnksbðk mn vnrmjm mn s u snr. Nsn j`ti, mng qun rnbvbkmb`jk s u sbrvn nktik`ns ` ili jutnktb`bmjm, sjgbmj mng jtiggjmnri mn gj rngj`bðk ` i k ng oi`n, n s n qun k i punmn k i l crjrsn n k gj rngj`bðk ` i k ng `ik nk ukj N s Itri. Nsn j`ti, n k gj lnmbmjItri. sigu`bðk `irti`br`ubti nk qun nkonkmrj gi kunvi, cus`j u k guojr mikmn snr jutnk jutnktbdb`jmi. tbdb`jmi. 6@ðli mngblbtjr gi qun gn su`nmn jg jmigns`nktn j pjrtbr mn kunstris `ik`nptis6 jlir, mnsni, oi`n 9 @ðli jgifjr qun ng jmignsmn

ljknrj

su

ns

`nktn

lbsli mb`n mn gj

`rbsbs

qun

jtrjvbnsj9

nsi

Gj

`gìkb`j mng

j`ti

mnpnkns

mn mn u k rnjg qun k i nrj, ejstj nktik`ns, tiljmi n k `unktj. Z u â nsn

rnjg9

Xripiknlis sbtujrgi

nktrn

gj gbcbmi y ng gnkoujfn.

Gj tnksbðk nktrn mis ðrojkis dunrj mng `unrpi6 gj gbcbmi y ng gnkoujfn N g rnjg mn gj pucnrtjm ki punmn rnmu`brsn j ukj ngnvj`bðk eirlikjg kb

jg nlpufn mng ðrojki. Ng ðrojki nk funoi nk gj pucnrtjm ns gj gbcbmi

Nsn ðrojki mn cn ggjljrsn brnjg, n k ng snktbmi nk qun gi brrnjg ki n s gi bljobkjrbi y prn`nmn j gi sucfntbvi `ikmb`bikêkmigi, pir nstjr nk`eudjmi mbrn`tjlnktn n k gi rnjg. ( . ) Gj gbcbmi n s nsj gjlbkbgj qun mnsgbzj ng snr mng irojkbsli e j s t j s u vn r mj mn r i gblbtn, q u n v j l ê s jggê q u n ng mng ` un r pi.

Drnum y Gj`jk kis ejk nksnújm nksnújmi i j sbtujr gj ggbcbmi bcbmi `ili uk ðrojki dunrj mng `unrpi1 m n nsj ljknrj, mnsbokjk g j pjrtn m n oi`n qun pnrlj-

kn`n nxtrjkfnrj j g `unrpi qun sn sbokbdb`jktbzj, jg `unrpi qun ejcgj. N k ng lilnkti m n g j pucnrtjm suron jgoi kunvi jktn gi `ujg gjs pjgjcrjs djggjk. Nsi qun suron y qun rnsugtj rjmb`jglnktn kunvi `ikdriktj jg s u `ðli trjmu`br.

fnti j u k oi`n m n s ` i k i ` b m i qun âg k i sjcn Nsi kunvi qun suron ns gj jpjrb`bðk, pjrj ng sufnti, mn su djgtj mn s j

ng s u mn rnspunstj, Jcruptjlnktn ~`ili rojki bunrj mng `unrpi- u k j fnti mncn bkvnktjrsn n k ng gnkoujfn jtrjvbnsj. M n jggb ng r n ` u r s i j kilbkj`bðk bkâmbtj mn gj nxpnrbnk`bj qun cnr

nk

gi rnjg.

` i k dri k tj m i jg vj`ìi

ns`rbturj, qun i`upj ng guojr mn ukj trjmu``bðk, jggì mikmn ng pjsjfn gj j g j`ti ` i rti ` br` u btj bt j gj p i sbc bgbm j jm m m n nsn pri`nsi.

F . Gj`jk.   Xisb`bðk mng 388>, pp. 534- 53?.

bk`iks`bnktn"

Q:244\,

nk6

Ns`rbtis Bg. Cunkis Jbrns,

Pbogi UUB,

=:  

j g j t r j m u ` ` b ð k pir gj ns`rb sufntis jgoukis J n s n rnjg qun nlpufj ` u n s t b ð k mng t r n s nfns6 j g j jrtb`ugjrgi snouk t urj, p r i p i k n l i s jquì jg y `ikfukti qun mng gj j `unrpi gj m n mjlbnkti bljonk, j

jku.

s n limbk`j

vj`ìi mng

Ng

jkumjlbnkti mn

sblcðgb`j

oi`n.

mjcj

ejy rngj`bðk snäujg.

ui

sn n k ` u n k t r j

P÷cbtjlnktn, ng

su

`êg`ugi

gj

bljonk

pnrturcjmi sufnti pbnrmn

sucfntbvi

bmnktbdb`j`bðk gj pucnrtjm pir g j ndrj``bðk mng

mng `unrpi

nk

limi m n

ukj

nk`iktrjmi

su

bk`iks`bnktn,

y qun

vbnkn

ty`cn,

ukj

ng j limbe`jr

n g kbki,

mn

prnstjcj

tjkti sn

nk

`unrpi suron, pjrj

mn sirprnsj,

gj

gn

n g sistâk qun e j s t j nktik`ns

bljobkjrbi mng Itri. M G i rnjg m n

` ik

nk gj

jgoi qun

o n k `irpirjg.

cjfi ng j k t n s ejcìj

pucnrtjm

kuk`j

jkumjlbnkti

djgi

`ili

rnjg

m n gi

j su

blj-

gis Gj`jk k i s m b ` n qun X i r ögtbli, ng rnjg qun snxujg. N s n g `ikfukti vj`ìi q u n k i ejy rngj`bðk mng rnjg n g n s i t r i s mis r n g j ` b ð k n s pisbcgn, n k ng m n kbkoukj e n ` e i n g qun s n n k` un kt rj pir vbnkn j

rn`ucrbr

sb-

ukj jusnk`bj

snktbmi ljtnlêb`i, n k ng snktbmi mn l j t n l j t b zpnrdn`tjlnktn j ` b ð k . ' K i nxbsn k `ujgqubnr snxujg 'rngj`bðk' tujcgn, g j m n gj `ikstbtubmi sicrn g i qun ej`n rngj`bðk n k bkstbtubmi sjcnr y t n kbkoök m i k m n n k n g jkbljg nxbstn gj sigu`bðk Jggì u k j eilcrn lufnr. t r n uk y mncbmi j s u bks`rbp`bðk n k ng gnkoujfn, s n r ng euljki, n k mng bkstbkti, m n sjcnr n k gi rnjg, qun uk uk

ejy

uk

bgustrj

Mn

n k ` u n k t r i ` ik

nsn jkumjlbnkti

jggb, ng

pukti mn

mjmnri t r i u l j t b s l i gbcbmi. Zunmj nsis trns `ik`nptis6

gi pjrtb`ugjr m n g i sblcðgb`i y

blpjssn j

`jmj

rnjg.

ng v n r ng jmigns`nktn, `ei`j qun jg suroblbnkti mn gj mn g j

`ik

gbojmi jg rnjg

nktik`ns

joufnri

joufnri,

ng

pucnrtjm,

bkvnktjr

su

uki,

rnspunstj

pjrtbr mn

j

jlir, mnsni y oi`n.

Gj jmigns`nk`bj6 ukj tnksbðk nktrn ng gmnjg y ng icfnti ^ki m n gis pricgnljs nsnk`bjgns n k g j jmigns`nk`bj, `ili en enli liP P ln lnu u

jktns, n s gj

`bikjmi icfnti, mn`br, `ðli ns

ukj

mnljkmj

`unstbðk sn

mn sjcnr ` ð l i ng sufnti s n

rn`ucrn

ng icfnti.

rnspnti.

Nsj mngb`jmj

Nk

nsn

`ujkti trjksb`bik n g

vbstn

lilnkti

nk

mn

bl-

pjsjfn,

pgb`j

pjrjmifjg mn .

Jbrns, = F . Gj`jk. Ng jtigikmrjmb`ei" Q:2?3\, n k 6 Itris > K. m n ].6 Gj`jk bkvnktj ng knigiobsli triuljtbsln, qun nk drjk`ms `iku

ns`rbtis. Cunkis

Xjbmis,

>80

ki

trjul

`bikns mn joufnri y trjuljtbsli (triu y trjuljtbsln), ej`bnkmi nktrjr n ki`bðk m n joufnri nk

gi rnjg.

=3  

sufnti mncn nk`iktrjr su sigu`bðk j gj ndrj``bðk mn su `unrpi pugsbikjg,

nsn qun gj lês`jrj mn gj bkdjk`bj yj ki punmn vngjr. Zuâ

ns nsi qun ng snktblbnkti mn gj vbmj vbnkn j rn`ucrbr9 Nsi qun

ejstj jeirj ejcìj

giorjmi rn`ucrbrsn sistnkbâkmisn mn

uk

sbokbdb`jktn

bmnjgbzjmi pir ng Itri pjrnktjg, mn ukj bljonk prnpjrjmj pir ng Itri,

söcbtjlnktn jpjrn`n n k gj ns`nkj mn gj vbmj j trjvâs mn gj mblnksbðk

mng j`ti, qun mnvngj ukj tnksbðk nktrn ng Bmnjg y ng icfnti. @iksbmnrjkmi qun nstis sungnk `ikdukmbrsn, snoök gj tnsbs mn Gj`jk, ng psb`ijkjgbstj tnkmrìj qun nk`jrkjr nsj tnksbðk nktrn ng Bmnjg y ng icfnti j, nk tjkti âg ns n g ökb`i qun punmn ipnrjr `ili ojrjktn, n k ng gjzi si`bjg,

mng mnsnkgj`n mn nsn kumi nktrn ng ]mnjg y ng mnsni, pjrj qun jgoi kun-

vi jmvnkoj. N k ndn`ti, nsi kunvi ki punmn surobr sb ki ns j pjrtbr mng

guojr mng snlcgjktn

mn

icfnti

qun ng

jkjgbstj

nk`jrkj, pir

su

prnsnk`bj

y su rnspiksjcbgbmjm. N g psb`ijkjgbstj ns n g ökb`i `jpjz mn rnspikmnr

pir gj djgtj mn icfnti, mn jcrbr gj vìj mn j``nsi jg mnsni mn jqung qun sn

mbrbon mbrb on j âg.

Ng rnjg pripbi mn gj pucnrtjm6 gj rnspunstj sbktilêtb`j pir gj ns`rbturj Sntilnlis gj tnsbs mn Fj`quns-Jgjbk Lbggnr, qubnk jkjgbzj ng sìktilê `ili ukj rnspunstj, i bk`gusi u k j lntêdirj, mn gj rngj`bðk snxujg qun

ki nxbstn. Ng ki ejy rngj`bðk snxujg jgumn j gj mbdb`ugtjm mn sjcnr quâ ej`nr ej` nr nk `ujkti `ujk ti jg snxi, jktn gj jusnk`bj mn uk sjcnr `ikstbtubmi. N k ng guojr m n nsj jusnk`bj, n g sufnti ngjcirj uk sìktilj qun vbnkn j snr ukj

rnspunstj pisbcgn j

nsn

rnjg

blpisbcgn m n ` n r ` j r .

Kunstrj tnsbs nstjcgn`n qun, pjrj `bnrtis sufntis, gj ns`rbturj n k ng

lilnkti mn gj jmigns`nk`bj i`upj ng guojr mn nsj rnspunstj sbktilêtb`j. Pn trjtj nktik`ns m n ukj tnktjtbvj m n `nr`jr g j rngj`bðk `ik ng luk-

mi y gj rngj`bðk `ik ng oi`n, qun vbnkn jg guojr mn gj rngj`bðk snxujg qun

k i nxbstn. N k nstn snktbmi, gj ns`rbturj punmn snr u k i m n gis kilcrns

mng sbktilj q u n sustbtuyn nsn `ikfukti vj`ìi, nsn joufnri n k n g sjcnr.

N s nsi g i qun bgustrj ng tnxti mn Mistibnvsab6 . . lnlirbjs `ili gjs m n ustnm pimrìjk, `rn8, snrvbr m n ljtnrbjgns (..)

gj

Pulbkbstrjrêk ljtnrbjgns, `ik tjg mn qun snjk sbk`nrjs, j pnsjr mn su `j-

rê`tn rê` tnrr `jðtb`i `jðtb`i y dirtubti.. Pucsbstbrêk Pucsbstbrêk jg jg lnkis jg jgou ouki kis/ s/rjsois rjsois vnrbmb`is qun pnrlbtbrêk jmbvbkjr gi qun ejyj pimbmi i`ugtjrsn n k ng jglj m n tjg i `ujg

jmigns`nktn...

4 . Mistibnvsab. Ng jmigns`nktn Q:5?>\. Ljmrgm, Gujrkj, mbspikbcgn nk6 ettp6//www.jtjuk.

=0  

gj pucnrtjm - n s i qun pumi i`ugtjrsn nkk ng

N B n k ` u n k t r i blpisbcgn j g l j m n t j g i `ujg jmigns`nktn- jgumn j g j gðob`j m n u k `ikfukti vj`ìi, nk

nsj jusnk`bj mn sjcnr `ik rnspn`ti jg snxi, j gj

j ìi, ki rngj`bðk k bðk snxujg. BGis

@ u j t r i t n x ti s q u n p r i p i k n l i s j c i r m j r j ` i k t b k u j ` bi k , k i s p j r n ` n k ukj

nktjtbvj

trjvâs m n

Ng

mn

rnspikmnr

j nsi, n k t j k t i `ikstbtuynk j mn u k j

rnspunstj

gj n s ` r b t u r j mn kivngjs,

j`ti m n ns`rbturj i

gbcri

Nk

su

pbi

rntrjti

punstj n k ns`@kj. nkj, j g i rnjg mng snxi,

gj

ng rntrjti mng jmigns`nktn

^ k `ilbnkzi n k g j

m n jmigns`nktn,

vbmj, Fj`quns-Jgjbk Lbggnr trjzj s u

`ili

ng m n

uk

jpjsbikjmi6

pri-

vnkbr m n u k jpjsbikjmi. Xrbsbiknri m i sigi punmn gjs pjsbikns Gj rnkuk`bj j ` i k gj pgnkbtum, ` i k gj pntrbd. ` i k gj bklivbgbmjm, sunúj mnsnj, gis icfntis qun lbnmi j qun gj ` i r j z j qun s n ej e j ` n muri k i `nmn n k k j m j pir `j`bðk. P n y sb jdgifj sigjlnktn s u p r n s b ð k . - Nkvbmbjcj y i gj `núbmi jg pn`ei sn mbsgiqun `jmêvnrns. brikìj m n gis n k ` g j u s t r j m i s y m n gis

Nsn

rntrjti k i s

`ikmu`n

ej`bj

`ujtri

icrjs gbtnrjrbjs6 N g jmigns`nktn.

Mistibnvsab, Gbrbi mng vjggn, mn E. Cjgzj`, Jb-fn u k n pjtrbn, mn E. nk t r n ng `nktnki, mn F. M . Pjgbkonr, qun mjk `unktj, N g ]eiljs, y oujrmbêrk mn D.

`jmj ukj mn nggjs, n k âpi`js y `ugturjs mbdnrnktns, mng snktblb snktblbnkti nkti trêo trêobb `i

qun

sn

gns`nktns

gj jmigns`nk`bj. Gis r nt r jt i s mn jminggjs pripiknk mjk tnstblikbi mn u k j mbvbsbðk brrnmu`tbcgn,

bks`rbcn

qun

nk

ng

`irjzðk

mn

mn gj nxpnrbnk`bj mn uk `ikdgb`ti, mn uk mnsojrri pridukmi qun pjrn`n lilnkti sbk r n l n m b i jpjrnktn. P n trjtj, nktik`ns, mng pjrj jgoukis ng qun jgoi mng snktbmi sn mnsnkojk`ej ggnvêkmisn gj vnrmjm mn gj bkdjk nk

@bj, qun

nrj nsi

pir

g i `ujg

qun

nk

ng

sufnti

mn mng

gj

gj

nstj

ljktnkìj ukbmi j

su

djlbgbj.

:5?>, bgustrj, j s u ljknrj, ` ik Lbggnr, Fj`quns-Jgjbk pripunsti pir `ik vbvbr mn en`ei ng icrj ng Bmnjg mnsbokj sn ng n k sì. eârin, mn Mbis Jr`jmbi, fivnk

N g jmigns`nktn, qun Mistibnvsab ng l j t n l j m n gj limnrkbmjm g j sjgvnmjm

sn

ns`rbcbð

nk

bljonk

nkdrnktj j u k

cbnk,

bljonk

mbgnlj6

ki

sjcn sb

mncn "rntbrjrsn mnktri mn

bmnj

su

i

nk`iktrjrsn `ik itris6 kb b m nn.

rnkuk`bjr j t imis nggis y rntbrjrln mndbkbtbvjlnktn mnktri mn rnsiL N k j Pignmjm sidújmirj m n lbs gjrois júis m n Lis`ö s n ej dirlj .

nk

kntCBCGBI]N@JOS knt CBCGBI]N@JOSJ]^B]J/@gês J]^B]J/@gêsb` b`is%38nk is%38nk%38NspjúigTDnmir%38MistibnwsaATN jmigns`nktn.pmd, pp. :=?5 y :=?2. @iksugtjmi ng := m n kivbnlcrn m n 3 8 : ? F.-J. Lbgnr. ^k `ilbnkzi n k gj vbmj6 m n

Pjrtrn j Gj`jk. Ljmrbm, Pbktnsbs,

388

X

43

 

@jpd @j pdtu tugi gi 0

GJ @GÌKB@J M N GJ GNKO^J RMNG J@]I @IK

GIPJMIGNP@NK]NP

Gj jmigns`nk`bj ns, jktn timi, uk sbokbdb`jktn mng Itri qun, mnsmn dbkns mng sbogi UBU, sbrvn pjrj mnsbokj mnsbokjrr nsn lilnkti pjrtb`ugjr mn gj vbmj `irnspikmbnktn j u k tbnlpi gðob`i pripbi mn `jmj sufnti. N g jmigns`nktn

jmiptj ukj kunvj ljknrj mn ejcgjr, mn mn`br gjs snksj`bikns bkâmbtjs

qun suronk n k âg y gi `ikdriktjk j gi kunvi rnjdbrljkmi, jsì, nsn cnggi nkuk`bjmi mn Sblcjum6 "ejggjr ukj gnkouj Kunstrj tnsbs `iksbstn nk tiljr nsn lilnkti `iksbmnrjmi `ili `rbsbs m n g j jmigns`nk`bj,pjrj

sucrjyjr qun gi qun nstê nk funoi nk nsn lilnkti ns dukmjlnktjglnktn gj rngj`bðk mng `unrpi `ik gj gnkouj jrtb`ugjmj, gj mng snktbmi `ilök. Xripikoi, nktik`ns, ggjljrgj "`rbsbs mng gnkoujfn" i "`rbsbs m n gj gnkouj, jrtb`ugjmj. N s j pjrtbr m n jggì qun suron g j `unstbðk mng j`ti, tjk blpir tjktn `ujkmi'ng sufnti yj ki punmn jrtb`ugjr su snr j g j gnkouj mng Itri

Lntjlirdisbs m n gj punstj nk funoi mn gj pugsbðk Nsj kivnmjm ej`n mng `unrpi snmn mn uk rjri sudrblbnkti"9 j lnkumi ipj`i n bkmn`bcgn, qun punmn `ikmu`br jg pjsjfn jC j`ti, sb mns`iki`nlis n g rnjg q u n nst ê n k f unoi jggì.

: J. Sblcjum. "Xrblnrj `jrtj. J Onirons Bzjlcjrm, mng :0 m n ljyi m n :5?:", nk6 @jrtjs mng Tbmnktn. Cunkis Jbrns, Nmbtirbjg mng @jrmi. Cbcgbitn`j Tbrtujg ^kbvnrsjg, 38:8, mbspikbcgn nk6 ettp6//www.cbcgbitn`j.iro.jr/gbcris/:>0>:=.pmd, p. ?. @iksugtjmi ng : 0 m n kivbnlcrn m n 38:4.

3J. Sblcjum. Gis mnsbn mnsbnrtis rtis mng jlir jlir (:52>\. Cunkis Cunkis Jbrns, Nmbtirbjg mng @jrmi. Cbcgbitn`j

Tbrtujg ^kbvnrsjg, 38:8, mbspikbcgn nk6 ettp6//cbcgbitn`j.iro.jr/gbcris/:>:2=2.pmd, p. 3. @ik sugtjmi ng : > m n kivbnlcrn m n 38:4.

rnum'mnkilbkj j nsj rnjg, qun ki sn rnmu`n jg rnjg cbigðvb`n.

 

lnri js`nksi eirlikjg,

gj lntjlirdisbs mn g j pucnrtjm. ]jg

b`i mn uk

li^k

g ð o b ` i nstê ljr`jmi p i r n g mns`ucrb lb nkt i mng suroblbnkti m n i

icfnti, ng icfnti snxujg, qun pikn n k funoi

gj

pugsbðk

ilnkti

uk kun-

ejstj nkti.

`ktik`ns gj gnkouj bmi, gi `ujg Mn

jutinrðtb`j. ^ k kunvi dbk snxujg ns itirojmi, y jök nxbobmi tbnkn rnpnr`usbikns nk

ng

jkumjlbnkti mng `unrpi `ik

nsj ljknrj, gj jmigns`nk`bj ns lntjdðrb`j pir snr gj sustbtu`bðk m

Pbokbe`jktn pir itri1 pnri, pir itrj pjrtn, tbnkn qun vnr `ik uk ie u k ntikìlb`i, ng m n gj pugsbðk snxujg, qun ej`n ndrj``bðk n k gi rnjg,

nxb oi`n. ng jmi

b nkmi mn ljknrj supnryib`j sb nlprn lj s sjtbstj``bik, u k pgus mn oi`n

sjcnr quâ prn`bi qun pjojr gns`nktn pjrj drjkqunjr nstj ntjpj mn rbnsois -bk`guynkmi gis pjsjbnn P n trjtj, n k t i k ` n s ,

mn

tnkmrê

ns

j g j ` t i - , nst j n t j p j m n t r j k s t i r l j ` b ð k m n s u ` u n r p i n k u k `unrki snxujmi. J g l b s l i t b nlpi, suron n g n k ` u n k t r i ` i k n g mnsni snxujg

m n u k pjrtnkjbrn. N s fustjlnktn nsi g i qun pjsj j i`upjr ng prblnr pgjki mn g j ns`nkj, y m n jggb g j b l p i r t j k ` b j m n g i q u n G j ` j k mnkilb-

k ð j`tbko-iut. Jsbstblis j gg ì j ukj rnnstru`turj`bðk rjmb`jg m n gj vbmj vbmj

snxujg bkdjktbg bkdjktbg j `j `jusj usj mn gj ngn`bðk mn u k icfnti mn jlir snxujmi. Pn trjtj mng lilnkti mng rnmns`ucrblbnkti mng icfnti jg qun ng kbúi ejcìj rnkuk`bjmi jg dbkjg mng Nmbpi, jktns m n n k t r j r n k ng tbnlpi mn. gjtnk`bj. ]jg rnmns`ucrblbnkti s n j`ilpjúj m n g j rnprnsbðk mng icfnti pjrnktjg, qun sn vn mndbkbtbvjlnktn priebcbmi nk `ujkti icfnti snxujg. Nk ndn`ti, nk pgnkj cösqunmj mn sì lbsli, ng jmigns`nktn mn-

cn jsulbr

su

bmnktbmjm

tnkmrê qun ngnobr.

snxujg, snoök

gj dðrlugj mn gj snxuj`bðk qun

N g psb`ijkêgbsbs jpirtj u k ns`gjrn`blbnkti bkâmbti sicrn nsn

li-

lnkti mn gj pucnrtjm qun Drnum `iksbmnrjcj nqubvjgnktn jg en`ei

mn

gis mis.`istjmis j gj vnz, y jtrjvnsjrgi. Pn trjtj mn u k tökng n k ng qun u k n x trn li j gj sjcnr,gj pnrdirj ng jutirbmjm, `iksbstnk`bj mng Itri pjrnktjg, y ng i t r i n x t r n l i gj vbvnk`gj pnrturcj ìktblj mng `unrpi mng kbúi joufnrnjkmi su nx nxbs bstn tnk` k`bj bj `i `ili li kbúi. ^k `jvjr u k

tökng y

su

tökng mnsmn

mikmn ipnrj

mn eilcrn

snr

mns`iknxbðk

ukj

pjrj

mn

i

ng sufnti

nktrn

mn

snr

su

kbki

pir vnkbr. mng tukt Jtrjvnsjlbnkti ili u k j zikj Euoi rntrjtð `lufnr `rnpus`ugjr, qun kilcri j lês mngb`jmj trjksb`bðk' , i cbnk, ng `ilbnkzi mn u k j lufnr n k n g m n ukj kbúj 0

Tì`tir

qun

Euoi6

0 Tb`tir

"]nkbj n s j orj`bj

duobtbvj mng jspn`ti qun l j r ` j gj lês mngb`jmj trj bðk m n gj jmigns`nk`bj, gis m i s `rnpus@ugis lnz`gjmis, ng `ilbnkzi m n ukj lufn g dbk m n u k j kbúj". @btjmi pir Jgnxjkmrn Ptnvnks n k s u mnstj`jcgn tnxti Gj Xntbtn  Pirtbns Obrjdn 'jmigns`nk`n , :0, Ljrs, 388: QK. mn ]6 Pjgbmjs m n gj jmigns`nk`bj

 

gj rntðrb`j qun mndbkn ng pjsjfn bmnj mng `jlcbi ljr`jmi pir gj mbdb-

G j trjksb`bðk, nk tjkti dðrlugj mn m n ukj bmnj j itrj, kis m j ukj

`ugtjm qun n x p n rb l n k t j n g sufnti pjrj `iktbkujr sbtujkmi su snr n k ng

mbs`ursi qun ejstj nktik`ns gn mjcj ukj bmnj m n sì `ili uk kbúi dîgb`i, ns mn`br, m n su guojr `ili icfnti n k ng mnsni mng Itri pjrnktjg.

@ðli ej`nr ` i k n s i qun joufnrnj9 @jmj jmigns`nktn, j drnktn j n s n rnjg mng snxujgbmjm

ng sjcnr uk

joufnri punsti

`ik

uk kunvi

ng

joufnri

nk

sjcnry nvbmnk`bj pir D r n u m ` i k `jgbdb`jr g j

nk

snktbmi, qun pimnlis

lntjlirdisbs

su

pucnrtjm m n

y

`bjmi k i

ejy

sicrn timi

j

rngj`bðk

kbvng m n

nsn

Gj`jk

qun

nsn

pgus

m n oi`n,

nk

dunrj mn Ki ejy mn

rngj`bðk snxujg

sbokbdb`j

j

kunvi

ejy

kjmj `ik

j

nk

sus

pj-

nk

ukj

ng

ejy oi`n, n g n l n k t i pugsbi-

sufnti,

snktbmi,

uk

en`ei pir ng

bk`iks`bnktn

lufnr,

nkuk-

pnri

u k dunrj m n

timi qun, pj r j

ti l j m i n k ng gnkoujfn, k i j u k eilcrn `ðli `ilpirtjrsn

snr

fukti

yj

Ns,

rnjg jgumn ng djlisi

`ujkti

`ikdriktj g i Nsi ng n k `unrpi. kjg qun critj snktbmi mng mbs`ursi ` i l ö k .

mng kbúi,

triuljtbsli,4

mns`ucrbð

`ik

ljknrj,

mng tökng.

snxujg , `uyi `irrngjti pimrìj s n r 6

uk

orbntj n k

j su

g j ì kt b lj s n x u j g b m j m

N g rnjg mng psb`ijkêgbsbs m n g j i c r j m n D rn u m . J `bnktns, j trjvâs ns

ukj

G j ` j k rntilj,

Jsì,

rnjg b k m n ` b c g n .

sbtöj

sn

ej`n `ei`jr

` u n s t b ð k n g sjcnr mng Itr i . G i

nk

ng

nk

sigi jmigns`nktn, gj

mj t n s t b l i k b i m n ` ð l i

mnspnrtjr m n gj prbljvnrj. Xjrj ng joufnri n k g i rnjg ` i k d r i k t ã k m i g i

qun pikn

blpisbcgn,

ng

nsn

ej`n

ljknrj,

su

kb j

ukj

qun g n

lufnr,

mboj

` ð l i `ilpirtjrsn ` i k

mng

râoblnk

^ki,

ns n k

ng Itri,

rngj`bðk

`ik

rngj`bðk

snxujg

uk

eilcrn. N g o i ` n

n g d i k m i bmnjg y

juk

`ujkmi n g

mng

nk tjkti

sigbtjrbi,

sufnti

`unrpi pisbcgn. N g o i ` n rngj`bðk. blpjssn, u k blpisbcgn, ukj k i

gj

`irrnspikmn jg

kbkoukj

nstjcgn`n

ki

`rnn nk

tjg

nxpnrbnk`bj m n

mng Itri `ei`j

jquì

nsn

rnjg

`ik

`ik uk

Mbko,

gj - j g q u n ggjlð mjs m n u k j ns`rbturj6 g j m n g

ng qun Drnum tripnzð ` i s j drnumbjkj- Gj`jk gn mbi ng n s t j t u s gðob`i J

ukj

icfnti j.

= . wnmnabkm. Mnspnrtjr m n prbljvnrj. Cunkis Jbrns, Zuntzjg, :22:.

. Gj`jk. Xrndj`bi j Ng mnspnrtjr m n Jbrns, Xjbmðs, 38:3, p. >55. 4K. mn ]6 Tnr gj kitj > mng 3.

gj

prbljvnrj"

Q:2?=),

nk6

Itris ns`ktis. C u n k i s

`jpìtugi

40  

ng joufnri

n g gmnjg y g j ljmurj`bðk nktrn tnksbðk g j gjzi6 jg j

Gj`jk it iroj `nktri mn t i m i

su

icfnti

j gj d u k ` b ð k

gðob`j j

mng icbin

icfnti j

jqunggi j n rnjg bkjsblbgjeggn pir gj

mn

snr

euljki, `ik`b nrkn duk`bðk sblcðgb`j. Jsì, pjrj n g jmigns`nktn, nsn icf nt i j ` s jqunggi snr

uk

qun

` j u s j sus s u d r b l b n k t i s limnrkis, s b n l p r n l i m n r k i s pir n s t j r n k mbrn

rngj`bðk `ik gj pugsbðk.

X i r q u n , s b t jg i c f n t i p u n m n ` j u s j r n g m n s n i n x b o b n k m i m n ljknrj

pjrjmifjg sbnlprn lês gbcnrtjm, lês mnrn`ei j vbvbr g j

rmjmn

vbmj,

sufnti cjfi ng Mi kil j ö k m n gj lês vbmj. Je 8rj m n qunrnr oizjr crn mn u k j viguktjm i s ` u r j j gblbtjr ng i n s t j r sufnti j g gnkoujfn vbnkn m n en`ei cbnk, n g sblpgn b k e n r n k t n j g j `bvbgbzj`bðk. Gis jmigns`n nsnk`bj, `ujg gi ns, p i r tnksbðk dukmjlnkt jsnr`bðk, m j k m i guojr j sungnk `unstbikjr punmn

tjlcbâk

snr nsi

qun

primuz`j g j lbsnrbj

mng

ukj

nsj

y snktbmi, nktrn kjt pjsbðk y rjzðk, nktrn nktrn `irpirjg rjgnzj y `ugturj, nkt rn snr jutsnksj`bðk âkt b `i y snr m n snlcg jkt ns, nktrn nsi oun mng icfnti j

ns

tiljmi n k g j pugsbðk y nsi qun rnspikmn jg bmnjg,

B. ]jg

tnksbðk jtrjvbnsj timj g j `gìkb`j mng jmigns`nktn.

N k gj j`tujgbmjm, g j mnsjpjrb`bðk m n gis bmnjgns i s u mnspgjzjlbnkti

j djvir m n icfntis m n oi` n i m n `iksuli `ikmu`n j g j prnvjgnk`bj mng

icfnti sicrn ng ]mnjg. F.-J. Lbggnr dirljgbzj n s t i

`ik su

ljt nlj

j;:

ljtnlj mn gj limnrkbmjm qun mj `unktj mn gj tnksbðk sucyj`nktn, y gn m n blpjssn, pnrlbtbâkmikis mns`bdrjr gi qun nstê n k ng pukti jtrbcuyn

funoi Gj

nk

g j jmigns`nk`bj.

`jìmj

mn gj bmnktbdb`j`bðk dêgb`j

sn

ndn`töj cjfi ng

limi

mn gj

ty`en, nkdrnktjkmi jg jmigns`nktn `ik gj gbcbmi, ns mn`br, jg `unrpi nk su

mblnksbðk pugsbikjg, tiljmi `ili icfnti j. P n trjtj mn nsn rnjg qun pimnlis pimn lis ggjljr gj ljk`ej kn knor orjj mng sufn sufnti, ti, pjrj pj rj mnsbokjr gj pjr pjrtn tnm n n g qun ej`n ljk`ej n k ng `ujmri mn su nxbstnk`bj y qun `irrn ng rbnsoi, P s n bmnktbdb`j mnljsbjmi `ik nggj, m n nstrjojr s u snr.

Jgoukis sufntis s n bmn bmnktbd ktbdb`jk b`jk `ik ng vj`ìi qun sn mns`ucrn cjfi n

limi

mn

`unrpi

gj k j m j

`ili

i

guojr

j`s kjr`bsbstj mng mnsn`ei1 i t r i s prndbnrnk gj jpunstj vvj. m n gj snksj`bðk dunrj mn snktbmi, mn gj dunrzj

? F.-J. Lbggnr y Â. Gjurnkt. Ng Itri qun ki nxbstn y sus `ilbtâs m n 4tb`j. ]nxti n s pirr Orj`bngj Crims pi Crimsay ay,, Cunkis Cunki s Jbrns, Xjbmðs, 38:8, pp. :3-32.

gn`bmi

P^

5 J nsj ljk`ej knotj gj nk`iktrjlis nk lu`eis ns`rbtirns. Nk Sionr Kurkbnj.>8. tnxti sicrn Sblcjum, F'y subs (Gj kiuvnggn rnvun drjkïjbsn ===, fubk, :228, Xpmj`bj Ng jutir ejcgj jggìb mng pukti mn ejstìi qun nstru`turð timj gj vbmj mn Sblcjum, q u ` j n v i

ejcnr sbmi `jpturjmi n k uk "jouj sbnlprn knorj", guojr mng "rjri snktblbnkti nk Gis mnsbnrtis mng jlir (ip. `bt., p. 3).

4=  

Jmvnrtbr gj djggj mng Itri primu`n nsi qun Gj`jk ggjlj ng sbokbb`jktn

mn

gj djgtj nk ng Ztri"-ns mn`br, ng P mng J cjrrjmi- qun rnvngjng rnjg pripbi mn `j `jmj mj uki, uk i, êggb mikmn sn sbtöj ng guojr mn ukj bksnour bksnourbmjm bmjmgnko gnkoujfj ujfjrj rj

i mndbkìj sn irmnkj ng tbnlpi gðob`i gj pucnrtjm `ili nk K mn Gj`jk uk vìk`ugi nstjcgn`nrsn `ik g jqun ljmurj`bðk duk`bðk qun mncn mng icfnti j'

N s n vìk`ugi j nstjcgn`nr, ng jmigns`nktn p u n m n e j ` n r

g j bksikmjcgn mn`bsbðk mn `irti`br`ubtjrgi, gi `ujg

punstj

nk

lnktjrbjs

ns`nkj

irojkbzjmj mn

gi prn`bpbtj n k ukj,

j`tbko-iut -mnsmn vnstbr

`bnrtjs

bkmu-

ejstj `ikm `ikmu`tj u`tjss jmb`tbvjs-, ggnojkmi dbkjglnktn j u k pjsjfn

j g j`ti. P b g j mblnksbðk mng j`ti n s tjk blpirtjktn n k gjs pjtigioìjs m n

g j jmigns`nk`bj n s p i rq u n n g j`ti n s u k j tnktjtbvj m n bks`rbcbr, jktn u k j bks`rbcbr,jktn

`rbsbs m n bmnktbmjm, j pjrtn rnjg gbojmj jg icfnti j. Mn jggì ng rn`rumn` rn`r umn` lbnkti m n pjsjfns jC j`ti `ili tnktjtbvj m n rngj`bikjrsn `ik ng icfnti j y m n ej`nrsn u k kilcrn mn oi`n oi`n (tixb`ðljki, mngbk`unktn, nt`âtnrj). Jg lbsli tbnlpi, nsn rnjg. sus`btj ng mnspnrtjr mn djktjsljs y m n sunúis qun ` i k m u ` n k j g sufnti j u k `bårti nxbgbi. M n jggb gj pjrjmifj.

dukmjlnktjg m n gj jmigns`nk`bj, prnsj mng rnjg mn gj snxujgbmjm, qun n k

guojr mn ej`nr pisbcgn gj rngj`bðk snxujg, `ili pimrìj nspnrjrsn, limbdb`j gj rngj`bðk mng sufnti `ik su gnkouj. N g nxbgbi mng sufnti ns jggì lj-

kbdbnsti. N g oi`n drj`jsj nk nk`iktrjr gj pjgjcrj `gjvn pjrj nktrjr nk u k snktbmi snktbm i `ilök, `i lök, mj jg sufnti ng snktblbnkti mn ejggjrsn rnpnktbkjlnktn nk gj `nrtnzj m n g i vnrmjmnri, g i `ikmu`n j snktbrsn jpjrtn, n k nxbgbi, j

nxpnrblnktjr u k `bnrti vj`ìi6 ... ng pöcnr mikmn `br`ugj gj sjkorn m n g

nxbgbiy m n u k p j m r n . . . n k pjgjcrjs mn Sblcjum.

Rj mn nktrjmj ejy uk nxbgbi dukmjlnktjg mng sufnti gbojmi jg en`ei mn sbtujrsn nk ng gnkoujfn, i snj, nk ng pjr irmnkjmi P:-P3. Ng sufnti mncn, nktik`ns, trjmu`br su snr nk pjgjcrjs, gi `ujg gi nxbgbj mng oi`n prblbtbvi mng vbvbnktn. Gunoi, Gunoi , mncbmi j gi gi rn rnjg jg mn gj pucnrtjm, ng sufnti sn nk`unktrj

nxbgbjmi mn su `unrpi mn kbúi y mn gjs pjgjcrjs mn su bkdjk`bj, mn su gnkouj m n g j bkdjk`bj qun sn mnsjrtb`ugj y gn mbe`ugtj mn`br nsi qun gn su`nmn

G j pjrjmifj j gj qun sn nkdrnktj n k su nk`unktri `ik gj snxujgbmjm `ik-

sbstn, nktik`ns,

nk

qun pjsj

vbvbrgj m n

j

nxtrjkfnrj, mjmi qun k i . qun Gj`jk ejcgj mng Itri s n x i .

ljknrj

trjmu`brgj n k pjgjcrjs, N s pir punmn Nsn tnr`nr nxbgbi ns ng mn su pripbi oi`n1 nk guojr mn nsi

nstjcgn`nr rngj`bðk

2F. Gj`jk. Ng Pnlbkjrbi, gbcri :86 Gj jkoustbj Q:243-:240). Cunkis Jbrns. Xjbmðs, 3882, p. 3?2.

:8 O. m n Ljronrbn y I. Ljrty. Mb`tbikkjbrn m u Giia6 ukn ki^vnggn s`bnk`n mu fnukn. Xjrbs, Sicnrt Gjddikt, 3882.

:: J. Sblcjum. "Snssiuvnkbr", nk6 @Nuvrn-Tbn. Nmbtbik m u @nktnkjbrn âtjcgbn pjr Jgjbk Cirnr. Xjrbs, Jrgâj-Gn Pnubg, :22:, p. 353 QK. mn ].6 Gj trjmu``bðk ns kunstrjg.

4>  

Gj`jk ng Itri, sufnti qunn `g mng nxbgbi pjrj nxprnsjr i prn`bsj. j nktik`ns, qun ki ejy lnfir târlbki qu rnjg. ki e j ` n joufnri snxujgbmjm gi rnst rngj`bðk snxujg. Ng trjuljtbslimn gj ng

`ik

sn nk`unktrj

nxbgbjmi

nk su

signmjm

nk

snr

u k j r n s p u n s t j mng j mng rjmj sufnti`ili sufnti gj pucnrtjm,punmn ` i k t r j gjs pugsbikns pjr`bjgns s u gu`ej `k

i r `iksboubnktn,Tj jmigns`nk`bj ukj

rnspunstj

gbcbmi.Ng `g

jmigns`nktn,

lilnkti

`ik

sbktilêtb`j

nk

qun

gis bmnjgns mn

nk

j

gj cjtjggj

su snxi.

`iksbmnrjmj.

i`jsbikj

`strjois,

Nsti gi nkvìj j g

`nktri

bmnktbdb`jr s u signmjm :=

mncn

mn

k i `ilprnkmn mn sb qun qun j m i g n s ` n k t n pbnksj, n g I t r i . Gj mngb`jmj trjksb`b pjrj bk`ilprnksbcgn l b s l i gi vu`gvn

jqunggi

nktik`ns,

mn

g j jmigns`nk`bj tbnkn qun

vnr `ik

ng

.

nk`unktri

mn

nsn

rnjg.

Ns

bk

signmjm y gj Lilnkti n g prblnr pgjki mn gj ns`n s`ni`upjk gj jornsbvbmjm, jsì mn l j k n r j lês vnrobnkzj, joumj y lês Nsis l i l n k t i s mn nxbgbi s i k vbvbmis guojrns m n nx`gusbðk, ` i l i ir rnjg pir gis jmigns`nktns qun vbvnk `bumjmns. n k gjs pnrbdnrbjs m n gjs nfnlpgi nk

qun gj

jkoustbj,

ng

mnsjrrnogi,

ng

ejstbi, g j

`ili

kj.

nk

pir

Nk`iktrjr ng guojr y gj dðr dðrlugj lugj jjk k tn ng blpjssn m n gj trjmu``bðk J k t n nsn j o u f n r i j g q u n s n n k d r n k t j , g j j m i g n s ` n k ` b j j p j r n ` n n k u k ` i

lbnkzi `ili u k lilnkti m n drjobgbmjm, pnri tjlcbâk m n bkvnk`bikns k i m n Cjumngjbrn gj limnrkj, qun sbki pinsìj pjrtn mn Sblcjum"> kis irbnktj ej`bj ng jmigns`nktn, ej`bj Sblcjum lbsli, qubnk ggjljkmi "prbljvnrj" j gj jmigns`nk`bj ns`rbcìj, tjlcbâk nk su pinsìj "Tjojcukmis", ng vnrmjmnri nkuk`bjmi pjrjmbolêtb`i mn gj

y `rnj`bikns. G j

jmigns`nk`bj6yi,jpurjmi p i r nk`iktrjr ng guojr y g j dðrlugj .

qun gis fðvnkns ki punmnk qubtjrsn mn gj `jcnzj.:?

Drjsn

:3 F. Gj`jk. Ng Pnlbkjrbi, gbgcri 306 Ng sbkteiln (:2?>-:2?4\. Cunkis Jbrns, Xjbmðs, 3884, p. 8i :0 J.Ptnvnks. "G'jmigns`nk`n sylptýln mn gj pucnrtâ , Gns Dnubggnts mu @iurtbg :>. Xucb`j tbik mu @ejlp drnumbnk n k Cngobqun, :225 QK. mn ]6 "Gj gj sìktilj mn := @. Giubs-@ilcnt. M'gn n t m n lâlibrn. m n lnli Xjrbs, @irtb,jmigns`nk`gj 388= QK. mn ]6 Mn bsgj y pucnrtjm Crnvn rbj ). y mnstj`jcgn tnxti sicrn gj signmjm m n u k jmigns`nktn, prnsi m n gjs pubsbi n s u snksujgbmjm, qun gi nkvìjk jg sbgnk`bi mikmn ljmurjk gjs pjgjcrjs . :> S. Cjrtens. Ng orjmi `nr i m n gj ns`rbturj. Cunkis Jbrns, Pbogi UUB, :22?, mbspikbcgn

ettp6//bljoi.yigjsb ettp6/ /bljoi.yigjsbtn.`il/rnsiur tn.`il/rnsiur`ns/CJS]ENP, `ns/CJS]ENP, %38NB%38orjmi %38`nri%38mni ::.

gj%38ns`rbturj.pmd,

p

@iksugtjmi ng 3:

mn

kivbnlcrn

mn

38:4.

:4 J. Sblcjum. mbti "Tjojcukmis" Q:554), trjm. mn Ljomjgnkj @êlpirj. Cunkis bjg mng @jrmi. Cbcgbitnmj Tbrtujg ^kbvnrsjg, Jbrn io. 38:8, mbspikbcgn nk6 ettp6//www.cbcgbitn`j. r/gbcris/:>3>3:.pmd, p.0. @iksugtjmi ng :0 mn kivbnlcrn mn 38:4. : ? Nk :22:, Enkrb ]eiljs, n k s u gbcri (Xjrbs, Ojggbljrm

juticgiorêdb`i Jb-fj

ukn

pjtrbn

44  

jmigns`nktn

sbnlprn

÷gtbli1 nspnrjr nstê pir dunrj mn kIsbcbgbmjmns s u tbnlpi n s j`irmn j gj vngi`bmjm. "En vnkbmi mnljsbjmi tnlprjki j u k lukmi mnljsbjmi vbnfi , mn`ìj Sblcjum.: Pb ng Ng

vbvn

nk

gi

`

inrljkn`n

jmigns`nktn

`irrn

ng

`irrbnkmi mntrís m n itrjs vbmjs. G irbnsoi mn n r r j rjg y mn pnrmnr s u vbmj jprnsurjmi, qun nlpufj sufnti j :@iltrjr ng geuojr y j dZrlugj ns gj snxujgbmjm qun ej`n joufnri nk gi rnjg, nlpufj jg sufnti j nk`iktrjr

mn

ng guojr m i k m n ngjcirjr su pripbj dðrlugj.

Cus`jr ng uojr y g j dðZrlugj agikmn snr bmnktbdb`jmi, cus`jr su lilcrn jg oi`n )mnstru`tbvi oi`n j djgtj m n ejcnr nk`iktrjmi u k ki

surobmi

nk nt lilknkti m n g j pucnr tjm, rnsugtj snr gj cösqunmj `nktrjg m n gj jmi-

gns`nk`bj. N k ng li ln k t i m n blpgb`jrsn n k gj ns`nkj si`bjg, pimrê, nktik`ns, jpiyjrsn sicrn u k j kun vj rngj`bðk m n oi`n qun ejyj nstjcgn`bmi

`ik s u pripb i `unrpi. N k t j k t i gjs `rbsbs m n bm n k tbm j m sn vungvjk `rbsbs

jmigns`nktn pimrê,

kilcrn

trjtjr

ng gj vìj mn u k j`ti. Nsj mnsni,pir mn mng mn vbmj,j jgoukis nk mblnksbðk gj vnrmjmnrj sbtujrsn j`ti nlpufj jgj prbsj -ng yi jpurjmi" mn mn Sblc Sb lcju jumm-,, j qunrnr qunrnr silntnr silntnr j gj pruncj mn

mng j`ti `ik `bnrtj uronk`bj, i ejstj `ik `bnrtj vbignk`bj, gj mblnksbðk

mn vnrmjm mn su snr. Jktn ng nx`nmnktn mn oi`n qun bkvjmn su `unrpi y gi mnfj dunrj mng mbs`ursi, ng jmigns`nktn punmn ngnobr ukj nrrjk`bj vnrcjg i dbsb`j. Pn trjtj m n nsn nx`nmnktn m n oi`n qun Sblcjum nvi`j n k su pin-

l j "Pnksj`bðk'", qun supi bks`rbcbr pir lnmbi mn gj nsnrbturj6 Pbk ejcgjr, sbk p n k sj r, brâ p i r gis s n k m n r i s 6 jlir sbk gìlbtns l n `rn`nrê n k ng jglj. ng L n brâ gnfis, mb`eisi, `ili `ik ukj `eb`j, pir gis `jlpis, tjk gnfis `ili ng obtjki vjoj.

pnri

Sblcjum

qun m n gjs kivngjs m n bk`irpirjr j lb ebstirbj jgoukjs ns`ikmbmj1 ng gnkoujfn1 n si r n s ln sjgvjmi j gis qubk`n júis, j c r b â k m i l n lb pjtrbj ejk t i m i s gis j l i r n s QK. m n ].6 Gj trjmu`j u k j n s p n r j k z j l u ` e i lês pridukmj q u n pikmbj m n lj bk QK. m n n k s u tnxti Abddn Abddn Ouåkn, Djìzj Bik n s kunstrj\. Jsblbsli, n k 388=, m n gj vbmj mbdì`bg m n u k j j m i g n s ` n k t n m n ` bu m j m q u n m j tnstblikbi d n bddn ljújkj"\, m i s pnrsikjfns6 s u psb`ijfuojrik mn`bsbvi qun rig mng m n Sblcjum, nfi gj n s ` u n g j tnlprjkjlnktn, y `bumjm q u n gn rn ` btj c j p i n l j s gj m n gis m n orjkmns u k i mubstj y Ejlliumb,

:22:)

Zun mncì

ns`rbcn6

qun nggj nk`iktrjcj enrlisis.

n k 6 @Nuvrns `ilpgåtns. Xjrbs, Eigmnrgbk. "Drjolnkts ]ejgbj Q(:?20\, Gj trjmu``bðk n s kunstrjg. I t k n q u n m n Gj pgâbjmn", :2?4, p . ::0 QK. m n ].6

`btjmi

mn]blcjum, mn ].6 Gj

38

trjmu``bðk

ns

pir Jgjbk

nk

nk `i k t r jr

m n pjgjcrjs n k t r n

k drjk`âs, yki mn fiubssjk`n.

njk mbskc um.

Pnksj`bðk Q:52>:,

nk6

y "joufnri"6

k i l c r n m n oi`n y

nktrn funoi m n p j g j c r j s

n6 b fiubssjk`n

@Nuvrn-Tbn, ip. `bt, p. UTB

j g j bk tri m u ` ` bð k

kunstrjf.

rjk`âs, funoi

k

Cirnr

ki

@ilpgntjs, mbobtjgbzjmi

Xins/js

Cb

Ojggbljrm

QK.

triu-vnr.

jg oi`n"6 pir

kil

mn

Gbcrimit.`il

e t t p 6/ / w w 3 . n m u ` j r ` e b g n .` g / ^ s n r D b gn s / X I 8 8 : % > @ D b g n % > @ j r t b ` g n s- : 8 : ? ? =

4?  

Nsn nx`nmnktn qun

jg

mnfj

sufnti

ns`gjrn`nr g j

vnrcjgns\ 30, punmn blpgb`j tjlcbâk m n gj jmigns`nk`bj

kns

`jrnktn ljknrj

ukj

trjmu``bðk snoök gj `ujg gj t

tjrnj

mn

mn

lêon

trjksb`bðk

trjmu``bðk

m n cbnk mn`br ng sudrblbnkti âtb`j gj gnkoujfn, Jktn gj `rbsbs mng N g jmigns`nktn

bmis, mn

nk

sbtujrsn

is`urj

tjm mn `nmnr, nk

gj

i

mb`n

snksj`bikns, i

mnsjrrnogis mn timis gkn tbnlpi. P n trjtj, nktik`ns. uk snj sus

mn s u pugsbikjg orjlêtb`j vig pugsbðk pjr`bjg icnmn`bnkmi j jg snrvb`bi m n qun rnsugtj pjrj âg mbdb` gi nlpufj j qunrnr i t r j ukj

ukj

` i Isj

qun

cbnk,

l b s rimbggjs.

sn trjtj

R gj

sbokbdb`jktn

Ng

sus

mn

rnprblbrgj.

n k ` i k t r â jljroj.

sigi, P:,

^kj

ki`en,

R g j bkfurbâ

mbrn`tjlnktn

.3=

jrtb`ugjmi

j

snktâ

gj

j

gj Cnggn zj

pugsbðk,

Munmi

nktik`ns mnsnk`jmnkjrsn pn rturcj kmi n g gjzi j g Itri. G j `rbsbs mn gj

gnkouj jrtb`ugjmj, P:-P3, vbnkn

j

`unstbikjr

nsn

gbojmj

trjzi

pir

joufnri n k gi rnjg, primu`bnkmi jsì `bnrtj bk-

nstru`turj j

m n ukbðk j g I t r i

nsn

P: sigi, qun snourbmjm gnkoujfnrj. Ng j s u pnksjlbnkti. m b ` i k s b m n r j l i s qun j k u m j m b r n ` t j l n k t n s u `unrpi m n k u k ` b j mng Pjcnr l i l n k t i s m n m n k u k ` b j mng Itri, n s i s sbtujr mn`bsbvi jmigns`nktn

prndbnrn

pri`urjrsn

su

ns

mng

ejy

Itri, ukj

ns

pripbj

brikìj

gjs n s t r u ` t u r j s `gìkb`js. Pb snoök jmigns`nk`bj, mncbmj j g j `rbsbs mng gnkoujfn

nstis s i k

pirqun

m n gj

mbdnrnktns

kn`nsjrbjlnktn k i sn trjtj

m n g j brikìj bkdnrkjg mng

nsqub-

qun jtrjvbnsj, j Gj`jk, qun `ikst L bggn r sboubnkmi gj prn`bsj, mn qun F.-J. zidrâkb`i, si`bjg.3> Gj brikìj mn rngj`bðk timj mn lbslj rjìz gj j k t n tuyn "uk jrlj" Itri ($3) jktn ng mng sjcnr ng `unstbikj ns

gis jmigns`nktns

qun

j`n`ej. Nsn P3 qun Gj`jk mnkilbkj gis qun d u k m j l n k t j g n s qun sn lês dj`tirns gis m n ns, prn`bsjlnktn, u k i

pimnr mn gj ng P j c n r

jqunggj

Jr`ebvi.pmd,

snksj`bðk

p.

kunvj

3=. @iksubtjmi n g : ? m n kivbn lcrn m n 38:4.

30 P. Drnum. Drjolnktis mn gj `irrnspikmnk`bj `ik Dgbnss (:2>8 Q:523-22)6 @jrtj =4 (O88 3 nm., 388=, X. 3?8 Jlirrirtu, C u n k i s Jbrns, :. ljyi m n :524)", n k 6 Icrjs @ilpgntjs. Tig. Cb 3= J . Sblcjum. ^kj tnlpirjmj nk ng bkdbnrki Q:5?0\. Cunkis Jbrns, Nmbtirbjg mng 8 cgbitn`j Tbrtujg ^kbvnrsjg, 3884, mbspikbcgn ettp6//www.cbcgbitn`j.iro.jr/gbcriP/ nk6

md, p. :. @iksutjmi ng : 0 m n kivbnlcrn m n 38:4.

3> ].6 "@gbkb`j brðkb`j"). F.-J. Lbgnr.

@gbkbqun brikbqun ,

Gj @jusn drn umbn kkn

nspikmbnkmi nstumbjktns

30,

dâvrbnr, :220, pp.

` g ì k b ` j pjrj

m n Dbgisidìj, Gj`jk s n rndbnrn j s u 34 gj duk`bðk si`bjg m n g j nkdnrlnmjm lnktjg n s gj brikbj6 @ u j k m i tnkojk g j j

. mn

bn

timj j gj rjìz mn sjcrêk brikìj gi jrllj q u n qun m n dbg yidbj" G j`jk . Sns p u ns t js gj nstumbjktns dbgis isidb j" (:2 (:244\ 44\,, nk6 Itris n s ` `s ggnoj

nsqubzidrâkb`i,

prj

`t b `

mng

si`bj

rngj`bðk

C u n k i s Jbrns,

Xjbmðs, 38:3, p. 33?).

45  

stbðk nnk k gj jm jmigns`nk`bj. Nsn pjr irmnkjmi P:-$3 n s unstbðk tjllj gj gnkouj sistnkbmj. ]jg piknkn ggjlj sn ggj cjsn mn gj jrtb`ugj`bðk mng â k gi qun

piknk n k

`unstb`

sn

yjkk i

ng lbsli yj pjrj jgoukis jmignsidrn`n si`bjg rnbvbkmb`jk ukj viguktjm mn oi`nrnsoujrmi j su limi, snj, j pjrtbr mng ki`mi nk qun ns`u`ejk nsjs pjgjcrjs, P: sigiQ, qun ggnojk j su `jcnzj. Ns pirimisi si qun,j lnkumi, sbk sjcnrgi,bk`gusi sbk ng Pjcnr, rn`ejzjk ng mbs nstjcgn`bmi jg qun ejcìjk `iksnktbmi mnsmn su bkdjk`bj. e n ` e i mn ki nk`iktrjr lês `g rnsoujrmi mng mbs`ursi `uebmi ncbmi jjgg en`ei sufnti j g g j z i si`bjg ` n k t n s qun r n b v b k m

cgn`bmi, n g fivnk m n k u n s t r j

i

l i m n r k b m j m brðkb`j

sn nk`unkt rj,

n n jktns, sigi drnktn jg "joufnri rnjg" mn su snxujgbmjm. Ng mncnr

mn`br mn ccbnk bnk m n ` b r mnvbnkn, nktik`ns, `ru`bjg6 cbnk mn`br su sudrblbnkti, nsi nstê j gj nspnrj mn snr trjmu`bmi, i snj, jrtb`ugjmi j uk $3, jg Itrio bng Pjcnr. Ns prn`bsi, nktik`ns,'idrnnrgn nktik`ns,'idrnnrgn u k guojr pjrj qun sn nstjgnr`j mn kunvi nsn gjzi, nsn trjzi m n ukbðk jg I t r i N s j nsj gntrj nk sudrblbnkti3? Gj`jk mbj n g nstjtus mn icfnti j. Luy j lnkumi,nt qun

jmigns`nktn jrrbnsoj s u tyi" gbn\ j pjrtbr m n su snksj`bðk. J nsj nkuk`bj-

qun âg trjtj

jtrjpjr, pripiknlis ggjljrgj

gj gnkouj mn `bðk te jktnktb-`bumjm, nsj gnkouj mn gj snksj`bðk bklnmbjtj qun sn funoj i sn oizj, qun sn jrtb`ugj lês j gj snksj`bðk `i li P: , qun jg sbokbdb`jktn mng Pjc Pjcnr nr mng mng Itri It ri.. @ik nsj gnkouj, ng jmigns`nktn bkstjgj nk ng guojr k u nv j

mng Pjcnr,

gj vnrmjm

mn

bklnmbjtj mn

s u snr.

Gjs pjrjmifjs mng jmigns`nktn6 pnmbmi mn rnspnti y privi`j`bðk

gnkoujfnrj Ns nk nsn p u k t n prn`bsi

qun ng jmigns`nktn j`tujg sbtöj nsi qun g g j ,

Jggì tjlcbâk' rnspnti)" m n mn`br, sugpnmbmi su sìktilj, Pn dirlj m n gnkoujfnrj. u k j privi`j`bðk punmn piknrsn nk funoi tbnkn g j tjrnj, ng mncnr u k l i l n k t i n k ng `ujg ng jmigns`nktn trjtj mn l jl is

ns

pjrj mn`brsn jg Itri. Ns n s t i g i qun gnkouj kis pnrlbtn mn`br qun gj `rbsbs m n g j jmigns`nk`bj ns, jktn timi, ukj

ntb`i m n

nk`iktrjr u k j

`rbsbs mn gnkoujfn.

gnttrn b qun P ti' , m j m i y nk

nspnrj .

35 K. mn ].6

s n prnstj j mb vn rs j s bktnrprntj siuddrjk`n, nxprnsbðk q u n n k drjk`âs n k siudrjk`n, nk sutrblbnk gnttrn sbokbdb`j tjkti "gntrj" ` i l i "`jrtj", y nk

Tnr kitj :5,

gn`jmân. jgnktnkmu

nk

gj

Bktrimu``bðk.

"Gj mnljkmn m n rns p n`t 6 mn

g'nkdjkt.

Xjrbs,

Nmbtbiks

uk

mn s

kils

mu

sylptýln m n g ' j m i g n s ` n k t , n k 6

Lb`eågn, 38:8, p. 03>.

42  

s j cösqunmj m n gj gnkouj

ejggjr jlisiejggjr

m n Sblcjum, s u d j l i s i mnn gj mng n k u k ` b j m i m gj

ukj fivnk n g prbk`bpbi fivnk m n gj mb`n ejcgjr g j qun mn nsqubvi, gnkouj `bumjm, `jr mjm, gnkouj m,08 `jrojmj njlir Funois gn pnrlbtn tiljr pisb`bðk . ]j pirqun mnbksugtis, vbignk`bm y sn

nk`unktrj nk

mn

ljknrj ljs

brrnspntuisj

n

bk`êl.

mn pisb`bðk n k gj gnkouj, g j sigu`bðk - q u n punmn j p j r n ` n r tjlcbâk l n k u m i j n s @i pjrj ng Itri, j m i g n s ` n k t n s . N g jmignsin s`nktn pir jgoukis l i u k i c s t ê ` u g i - jmiptjmj

w s

limnrki ej`n

uk

`bnrti

pjrj prnsnktjrsn qun

pgb`jN k

ukj

`bnrtj

usi

pjrj

mn gj

gnkouj,

rnprnsnktjrsn,

sbrvbâkmisn

n k t j k t i gj

mn

nggj

lê s

ebcbnk

rnprnsnktj`bðk bk l-

pârmbmj m n oi`n.

su prndj`bi j N g mnspnrtjr mn g j prbljvnrj, Gj ` j k kis mb`n qun

fðvnkns dunrj pir nb gis

gj

juk

pnksjrìjk mnspnrtjr mn sus sunbbis,

ki

nk

lu`ej`ejs, ki sbk u k `bnrti mnspnrtjr m n gj pinsbj

ej`nr n g

jlir `ik

gjs

sb

Gis jmigns`nktns ki snrìjk pjrjsbtjmis pir gis bksugtis sbk u k `bnrti

mnspnrtjr mn s u snxujgbmjm. G j nrrjk`bj mng privi`jmir limnrki ej`n s n k t b m i s n k u k j rngj`bðk bkâmbtj j s u mnsjrrnogi m n timis gis qun jgifn

ukj gnkouj sbkteiln. X ri p i k n li s gnnr nsj l j k n r j p r i v i ` j m i r j m n e j c g j r ` i l i u k trj-

tjlbnkti nk blpjssn mng joufnri n k gi rnjg jg qun sn `iktriktjk. Xripi-

knlis tjlcbâk pimnr j`nptjr nsn trjtjlbnkti n k blpjssn rn`ejzêkmigi jg lbsli tbnlpi, jgifjr nsj `rbsbs mng gnkoujfn ` ili ukj `rbsbs mn gj gnkouj jrtb`ugjmj. Xjrj qubnkns k i s irbnktjlis pir n g mbs`ursi jkjgìtb-

`i, j mbdnrnk`bj mn gjs tnrjpbjs `iokbtbvi-`ikmu`tujgns (]@@), sn trjtj, j trjvâs mn nsj `rbsbs mng gnkoujfn, mn prbvbgnobjr ng êkougi mn gj primu``bðk mn uk sìktilj, mn ukj sbkougjrbmjm lês qun m n u k mâdb`bt6 sb nsj sbkougjrbmjm pjrn`n bkjmjptjmj n s s b l p g n l n k t n p i r q u n k i e u c i ejstj

nktik`ns u k Itri pjrj jutnktbdb`jrgj. @ ð l i ej`nr j`ti m n prnsnk`bj p j r j jutnktbdb`jr nsj kunvj vìj mng jmigns`nktn, s j c b n k m i mn`br q u n sb j

gj lntjlirdisbs qun trjmu`n Gj tjrnj mn gis

` i k sus

pripbjs pjgjcrjs9

jmigns`nktns jktn ng mn`gbvn mn gj jutirbmjm

Xjrj Drnum, g j tjrnj mng jmigns`nktn `iksbstn nk mnsprnkmnrsn jn jutirbmjm pjrnktjg, gi `ujg `ikstbtuyn

ukj m n gjs ipnrj`bikns klês

08 J. Sblcjum. "Xrblnrj `jrtj. J Onirons Bzjlcjrm, mng :0 m n ljyi m n :5?: :5?:", ", ip ip.. `

0: Xngb`ugj ns`rbtj y 03 F.-J.

gbkb`i

Lbgnr.

mn

p.?.

rnjgbzjmj pir Jcmnggjtbd An`eb`en, jstrnkjmj n k 388=.

Gn`turj Cunkis Jbrns,mng nm., 388=. > m n Fj`quns 3 Pnlbkjrbi

Gj`jk. Cunkis Jbrns,

Xjgmis

?8  

kn`nsjrbjs, pnri tjlcbâk lês migirisjs, mn mngg mnsjrrig mnsjrriggi". gi".

Drnum pgjk-

tnj, nktik`ns, q u n g j j`tbvbmjm djktjslêtb`j j suln gj tjrnj m n mnsjsbrsn

mn gis pjmrns qun n k jmngjktn snrêk mnsprn`bjmis, yj snj cjfi ng limi m n s u n ú i s m b u r k i s , m n gn`turjs , m n gj n s ` r b t u r j m n m b j r b i s ì k t b l i s i m n

funois mbvnrsis y, n k g j j`tujgbmjm, j trjvâs mn privi`j`bikns gnkoujfn rjs. N s j tjrnj k i trjks`urrn s b k rnpnr`usbikns j kbvng m n gj gnkouj, m j

mi qun ns pir gj jutirbmjm mn gj gnkouj qun sn ljkbdbnstj gj jutirbmjm

mn gis pjmrns1 m n rnpnktn, nsj gnkouj `ilbnkzj j snr punstj nk funoi m n u k j l j k n r j bkâmbtj. N k pjgjcrjs m n Sblc j u m ,

`jkjggjrln timi gi pisbcgn

nk gj gnkouj.

gi qun ejoi ` s n k -

N k k u n s t r j â p i ` j , p i s b c g n l n k t n l ê s q u n j k t n s , gj j u t i r b m j m m n gj

bnkouj

nstj ljs

ki

ng lbsli

nk

guojr.

]jg jutirbmjm

sn nk `u nk tr j j

vn`ns jusnktn i rnsugtj mnkuk`bjmj mn ljknr j brðkb`j, sicrn ti m i p i r

jgoukis fðvnkns

qun

tuvbnrik gj

ki

sunrtn

mn

rn`bcbr

mn

ukj

cunkj

lj-

ng mbs`ursi nstjcgn`bmi pir ng Itri, n k ng `ujg tbnknk qun sbtujr s u snr pugsbikjg. N s prn`bsi qun jtnkmjlis j nsn nk`unktri `ik gj gnkouj

knrj

fðvnkns,

gnkouj

nk j kunstris trjkslbsbðk mn gj tjkti jggì s n fu n o j n g pirvnkbr mn su bks`rbp`bðk n k nsi qun tbn k n k qun

mn gj

jutirbmjm,

nsj

j

jprnkmnr mng Itri. N k gj'

j`tujgbmjm, ng mn`gbvn

m n gj duk`bðk pjtnrkj y ng mns`râmbti

jutimn `bnrtis mbs`ursis p i k n k n k pngbori n g l j k t n k b l b n k t i m n jkumjkmi rbmjm jutâktb`j. Jktns, g j duk`bðk mn nx`np`bðk mng pjmrn, gj gny jg mnsni, mnlistrjcj `ðli mnsnkvigvnrsn `ik su pripbi oi`n nk gj vbmj prbvjmj sjcbnkmi ej`nr m n su lufnr, gj ljmrn m n sus ebfis, ukj

jqunggj qun

`jusj su

rndnrnk`bj. Ng

pjmrn

mnsni1

i

nk

j lj rrj c j ng

gj vbmj

pöcgb`j, idrn`bnkmi puktis mn

rnspnti y ng

jlir

pjrj

uk

`bnrti

usi

nk funoi pikbâkmigi gnkouj6 uk guojr m n v b v b r y m n e j c g j r sus`nptbcgn m n s i s t n k n r ukj bmnktbdb`j`bðk pisbcgn `ili mnrn`ei jg rnspnti y jg jlir. G j `jìmj

mn gj

sjcnr

jrrnogêrsngjs

`ik s u

oi`n

ljknrj

nk

mn mn

nsj duk`bðk mng Kilcrn mng Xjmrn prn`bpbtj jg sufnti n k u k mnsjrrnogi tjg qun punmn qunrnr sjgbr mn gj ns`nkj mng lukmi, yj snj lnmbjktn ukj privi`j`bðk i lnmbjktn u k j`ti. N g `unrpi mng jmigns`nktn ns ng guojr m n g j nxpnrbnk`bj mn g j djgtj m n sjcnr qun n lp u fj jg sufnti j g

nxbgbi, ns mn`br, j mnspnojrsn m n gj jutirbmjm m n su suss pjmr pjmrns, ns, j v vn`n n`nss jg prn`bi m n u k j ` ti snpjrjmir.

kivngj djlbgbjr m n gis knurðtb`is Jbrns, Jlirrirtu. Tig. 2,3 nm., :223, p. 3:?. 00 P. Drnum.

Gj

0= J. Sblcjum. "Xrblnrj `jrtj. J

Onirons

b3jlcjrm,

|:282\,

n k6

m n g :0 m n

Icrjs @ilpgntjs,

ljyi

mn

:5?: ,

ip.

Cunkks

`bt.. p.

3

?:  

^kj `gbkb`j mng j`ti M n gj

`bðk,

vnrmjm mn uk

nstbgi

su

snr,

`jmj

mn vbmj,

i

mn u k uk jkumjlbnkti nktrn ng

trjvâs

sìktilj

i

uk

sufnti

mj

bkvn vnkpjrtn blpisbcgn m n sipirtjr j X j r j jgoukis, n g sbktilj iknr

su v n r s b i k j

cbnk rnvngj g j

jg j ` t i . pjsjfn sbokbdb`jktn y `g

trjvns

mn

ukj

`unrpi1 pjrj itris,

ng

sjfn

gnfis mn timj jg j ` t i i prê`tb`j n g `jlpi mng I m n pimnr j k ` g j r g j n k bks`rbp`bðk sbokbdb`jktn, gnfis m n m n sjgbmj jg bl pjrjmifjg, j vn`ns, mn rupturj

ukj

sbrvn,

`ikmnkj j

ljknrj

vjojcukmnjr

Nktik`ns, ng

j`ti

g j rngj`bðk

nk

jg Itri,

sigu`bðk

`ili

m n mn`br. Nsn j`ti, qun

blpisbcgn

nsi

j

`ik`nktrj

gj

qun

sn

nxpnrblnktj

kn`nsbmjm

mn

mn

g

jutnktb`bmjm

snlcgjktn` mng jmigns`nktn, pnrsboun mncnlis mn`b. ntrjk`bjs, y j uojs j`tis, @ i k rnspn`ti q u n g i rimnj. m n u k j l j k n r j mbdnrnktn rnspikmnlis k i s i t r i s , psb`ijkjgbstjs, tjlcbâk g j

mnkuk`bj mng lukmi

mn

nsis

`ðli

sbk rnmu`brgis j

trjstirkis

drj`jsj,

trjmu``bðk

`ili

@ u j k m i ng pri`nsi ipnrj,

ng

Jsì,

mn

pri-

tjgns

bksnourbmjm joufnri mn gj

rnspunstj j k t n g j n k ` u n k t r i ` i k ng

` iks tbtubr u k j

mn gj

ki

dirlj`bðk mng bk`iks`bnktn.

punmnk jtrjv bnsj ng sufnti m n s m n

trjstirkis

gnkoujfnrj qun

`ilpirtjlbnkti.

kilbkj`bðk `ujkmi ng pri`nsi m n

cgnlj mn `ikmu`tj suron

supunstis

mng

su

nktik`ns, g j

ljyirìj m n gjs vn`ns,

rn`ejzi m n pjsjr pir gj @ikstbtuynk, ljr`jmjs pir mng sbokbdb`j`bðk gnkouj. Itri, m n tnktjtbvjs snpjrjrsn Bkvbtjr j gnnr n s i s trjssnlcgjktns qun nggis mnkuk`bjk. gis pjgjcrj y pir tirkis `ili pjktilbljs ns pripiknr mns`bdrjr ng tnxti qun gis litirbzj, uk

Itri,

sbtöj j k t n ng mnsni mng g j sn n s mn`br, `ik gj is`urj viguktjm mn qunrnr snpjrjrsn. J`ti m n snpjrj`bðk `ili gj

ljknrj

snoök `ujg ng sufnti

rn

nlpufj jC sub`bmbi. N k pjgjcrjs mn Gj`jk6 "Ng kjmj mn ng ökb`i j ` t i qun punmn t n k n r âxbti sbk drj`jsi. Pb kjmbn sjcn sjcnr kjmj' .0> Ng jmigns`nktn mn mng prnfub`bi nggi, pirqun pri`nmn gj l j k n r j brrnspntuisj, m n lu`ejs rn`gjlj j orbtis j pjmrns, nsj ` i k d b j k z j qun kn`nsbtj pjrj rndirzjr s u pripbj `ikdbjkzj n k sì lbsli, rngj`bðk j g Itri. nk ej`n jg gn djgtj mncbmi joufnri qun, prn`bsjlnktn, `ejzi

sub`bmbi

mn sjcnr qun

ns

ki

ns

vn`ns

sus

su

^kj `gbkb`j mng icfnti j y gj cösqunmj mng pukti mnsmn mikmn P b n k n g e i r b z i k t n , n g r n s u g t j m i m n u k j s j t b s d j ` ` b ð k I t r j s i s t b n k n gj j

lnksbðk mng j`ti y nlpufj jg jmigns`nktn j jrtb`ugjrsn `ik u k icfnti

oi`n,

ki

igvbmnlis qun gi

lês

drn`unktn

ns

qun

cusqun jggì

ukj

sjgbmj

0 > F . Gj`jk. ]ngnvbsbðk (:2?0), n k6 I t ri s ns `rb t js . C u n k i s Jbrns, Xjb m ð s , 38:3, X. >45.

?3  

sbokbdb`jktn pjrj kilcrjr su pjrtn mn bkmn`bcgn, ej`bâkmisn kilcrjri

bk`gusi trjtjr pir ng Itri 6 tixb`ðljko i psb`ðpjtj, mngbk`unktn i ns`i

Jgoukis

jmigns`nktns `nmnk j gj nudirbj pir gjs l j r ` j s bks`rbptjs nk ng `unrpi (tjtujfns, pbnr`bkos) `ili tnktjtbvjs mn bks`rbcbr gis gìlbtns rbj.

qun k i rn`bcnk mnt Itri. mb pjrj jgoukis, ng icfnti m n oi`n i`upj timi ng prblnr pgjki m n g j ns`nkj, pjrj itris vbnkn j joufnrnjr ng ns`nkjrbi

gis sistnkìj ejstj nktik`ns, y j mjrkis jsì u k ljronk mn ipnrj`bðk. Ximnlis `iksbmnrjr nsjs ljr`js nk ng `unrpó `ili kunvis sìktiljs qun

qun piknk n k nvbmnk`bj ukj tnksbðk nktrn gj `gìkb`j mng icfnti j y g j

`gbkb`j mng Bmnjg mng yi1 tnksbðk qun sn rngj`bikj `ik gj duk`bðk mnsdjggn`bnktn mng Kilcrn mng Xjmrn. N k gj sjgbmj mng Nmbpi, nsj duk`bðk bktrimu`n gj `ikstbtu`bðk mn bmnjgns y jcrn j gj `ikstru``bðk mn gj rnspunstj sbkougjr mng sufnti. N g Bmnjg mng yi, `ili trjzi `jg`ugjmi sicrn nsj duk `bðk pjtnrkj, nqubvjgn jg pukti m n `jpbtðk qun nstjcbgbzj ng snktblbnkti

dðrl rlug ugj. j. Nsn Nsn pukti mn gj vbmj y gn mj jg sufnti su guojr n k ng Itri y su dð mn jpiyi, j pjrtbr mng `ujg `ikvbnkn mns`bdrjr sus j`tis, ns ng pukti mnsmn mikmn n g jmigns`nktn p u n m n vnrsn m bo k i mn snr jljmi p i r i tri qun sjcn

mn`br qun sì j gi kunvi, j gi rnjg mn gj gbcbmi qun suron n k âg. Nsis sìktiljs jpjrn`bmis n k ng lilnkti n k qun ng jmigns`nktn mnsnj snr vbsti y rn`iki`bmi m n

ukj

ljknrj k u n v j

piknk g i gj

nk

nvbmnk`bj

ukj

`gìkb`j mng

qun s n l u n s t r j n s tjlcbâk qun gi qun mnsnj snr ns`u`ejmi `ik ng dbk mn nk`iktrjr ukj rnspunstj. Nsti

icfnti

lbrjmj

pnrlbtn

y mng Bmnjg mng yi,

nk

g i qun s n pikn n k lnktis mn duoj, m n nrrjk`bj i m n `ikmu`tjs m n rbnsoi. kis

gnnr m n i t r j

ljknrj

funoi

nk n s i s

li-

Gis jmigns`nktns y ng psb`ijkêgbsbs Ng nspj`bi m n gbcnrtjm m n pjgjcrj q u n idrn`nlis j gis jmigns`nktns qun rn`bcblis n k n g l j r ` i m n gj snsbðk jkjgìtb`j mbcufj u k nk`ujmrn pjrj

qun

ng

sufnti

nk`unktrn

g j vìj m n g i

kun vi n k

jyumêkmigi

n g mn`br. Kis ti`j, nk`iktrjr

guojr ej`bj

j ej`n j`tujr, gi gi `jptjr qun `ns, mikmn mbrbobr su sudrblbnkti, u k guojr mikmn pimrê ngjcirjr

]irlugj y qun

tnkmrê vjgir mn supgnk`bj. Xjrj

sufnti, ng psb`ijkêgbsbs @Bik gbcrn ` i l i trjmu``bðk

Yu

pripbj

gj l j m u r j ` b ð k

sistnknr

guojr mn gj jsi`bjpisbcgn. ^ k r n s t i bkjsblbgjcgn punmn vnkbr rnjg ljk`ej knorj, icfnti j , ng

mncn idrn`nr

mn g

uk

nktik-

gjzi y ng

âsn

nsn

jnpisbtjrsn jggb. Nsâ r n s t i n s n s j kis i s ` u r j mng s n r m n g j `ujg k i n s j pjrtn PIpirtjcgn, n s n bkmn`bcgn, m k i s fjlês, pnri j gj q u n k i s j ` i l i m j l i s lês i l n k i s cbnk. Nsi

p i r t j c g n punmn nxbgbjr jg sufnti m n su snktblbnkti mn euljkbmjm,

?0  

j g v i sb ng

nk`unktri

u k sì j su tilj

Pb nlprn irbnktjr

mn

`ik

ng Itri jcrn

gj pjgjcrj,

bk`ilpjrjcgn. G i bkâmbtj, u k j pjgjcrj

j

su

kunvi ukj

j m i g n s ` n k t n trjmu`br

nsn

pjrtn

pukti mn s mn

m n nx`np`bðk,

surobmi t ilj

gj

vìj

nk

ng m b ` e i

m n pisb`bðk

kunvj

Cn j Mjrn. mikmn, pjrtbr mn j

qun

sn

uk`bj`bðk punmn, nkti gj gnk nktik`ns, su-nkuk`bjrb.

nk

drn`n pjrj pjrj : âg.

idrn`n

nr-

J J