SUCESION INTESTADA Augusto Ferrero Costa

 

:. RTBDRANK GD LNR GDRBDKGADKWDR

¾Pnr quá ds dstd dl prafdr nrgdk subdsnran> Pnrqud “lj prafdrj subdsank gd lns madkds jplabjsd j lns eahns3 puds dktaákgdsd qud lns pjgrds quasadrnk umárrafjfdktd prnvddrlns bnfn j pjrtds gd su budrpn, kn snln gd ln kdbdsjran, sakn tjfmaák gd jqudlln qud bnktramuyd j ejbdr pjsjr bnk fjynr sujvagjg y enkdstagjg lj vagj, prakbapjlfdktd gdsgd jqudl tadfpn dk qud dllns kn pudgjk yj inzjr gd sus bnsjs‖ (:4?, p. 59). Dstj ldiasljgj dk lns jrtabulns 5:5 y 5:1. 5:1 . ]aidk ljs saiuadktds rdiljs8 j. Prdodrdkbaj gdl fjs prnxafn jl fjs rdfntn, sjlvn dl bjsn gd rdprdsdktjbank. Dstd prakbapan dstj latdrjlfdktd dstjmldbagn dk dl jrtabuln 5:9, j gaodrdkbaj gdl Bògain gdrnijg gdr nijgn n qud ln fdkban fdkbankjmj kjmj dxprds dxprdsjfd jfdktd ktd snln snln pjrj pjrj lj subdsa subdsank nk gd lns jsbdkgadk jsbdkgadktds tds (jrtabuln 97?) y gd lns bnljtdrjlds (jrtabuln 99:).  m. Aiujlgjg dktrd lns eahns Lj oala oalajba jbank nk oudr oudrjj gd gdll fjtr fjtraf afnka nkan n ej vdkag vdkagn n dvnlu dvnluba bank nkjkg jkgn n pj pjul uljt jtak akjf jfdkt dktdd ej ejst stjj rdavakgabjr tngns lns gdrdbens bnrrdspnkgadktds j lj oalajbank, Lj prágabj gd aiujlgjg gd ]nussdju aksparn j lj ]dvnlubank Orjkbdsj j aiujljr dk lj subdsank j lns eahns kjturjlds bnk lns ldiatafns (Ldy gdl := gd knvadfmrd gd :912). Kn nmstjktd, lj bnfpaljbank kjpnldnkabj lafat laf atn n j lns prafdrn prafdrnss jl tdrban tdrban gd lj pnrban pnrbank k qud eumadrjk eumadrjk rdbama rdbamagn gn gd sdr ldiatafn ldiatafns, s, jufdktjkgn su pjrtabapjbank gd lj fatjg, pnr Ldy gdl =4 gd fjrzn gd :51?, bujkgn bnkburradrnk bnk eahns ldiatafns, Kudstrn Bògain gd :54= bnksagdrjmj eahns aldiatafns j lns kn kjbagns gdl fjtrafnkan ka ldiatafjgns (jrtabuln =24), bjlaoabjkgn dktrd dllns gd kjturjll jl eahn bnkbdmagn kjturj bnkbdmagn dk tadfpn tadfpn dk qud lns pjgrds kn tdkajk tdkajk afpdgafdktn afpdgafdktn pjrj bjsjrsd (jrt (jrtab abul uln n =2?). =2?). Gd lns lns kjtur kjturjl jlds ds,, ukns ukns ds dstj tjmjk mjk rd rdbnk bnknb nbag agns ns pn pnrr dl pj pjgr grdd y nt ntrn rnss kn kn,, dspdbaoabjkgnsd qud lns gdrdbens bnkbdgagns pnr dl Bògain j lns prafdrns kn sd jgquarajk  pnr sdktdkbaj dk qud sd gdbljrjrj lj pjtdrkagjg (jrtabulns =2? y =29). Lns eahns kjturjlds rdbnknbagns pnr dl pjgrd drjk edrdgdrns onrznsns, bnrrdspnkgaákgnlds dk bnkhuktn lj quaktj  pjrtd gd lj edrdkbaj bujkgn bnkburrajk bnk lns gdsbdkgadktds ldiatafns (jrtabuln 51=, akbasn 2). Dk ntrjs pjljmrjs, kn tngns lns eahns aldiatafns edrdgjmjk3 snljfdktd lns kjturjlds, y sadfprd qud eumadrdk sagn rdbnknbagns pnr dl pjgrd. Q ukj pnrbank dxaiaj. Dl Prnydbtn gd Bngain Baval gd :510, dk sus jrtabulns 910 y :025, akbasn 2, ntnrijmjk j lns eahns aldiatafns

 

snln kjturjlds lj fatjg gd ln qud bnrrdspnkgaj j lns eahns ldiatafns. Hujk Hnsá Bjlld (=, p. 14), Prdsagdktd gd lj Bnfasank ]donrfjgnrj gdl Bngain Baval qud rdgjbtá dl gd :12? y  pnkdktd dk lj fasfj gdl Lamrn gd Rubdsankds, jmniá pnr lj aiujlgjg gd lns eahns ldiatafns y kjturjlds dk fjtdraj edrdgatjraj, jgubadkgn qud pjrj ojvnrdbdr jl fjtrafnkan kn pngaj bjstaijrsd j quadkds kn snk rdspnksjmlds, yj qud lns eahns kn pudgdk dsbnidr j sus pjgrds y qud jgdfjs lj ldiasljbaák pnsatavj kn pudgd afpnkdr ukj sjkbank pnr uk jbtn qud kn ds gdlatn, y fdkns lj ldy baval, bjstaijkgn j sdrds aknbdktds bnfn lns eahns kjturjlds. Nljdbedj (=, p. 14) snstuvn qud jtramuar jl eahn kjturjl dl fasfn gdrdben edrdgatjran qud j lns ldiatafns drj rnfpdr mrusbjfdktd bnk dl pjsjgn y gdprafar lj fdrdbagj afpnrtjkbaj qud lj ldy ldy gd gdma majj bnkbd bnkbdgd gdrr jl fjtr fjtraf afnka nkan n bnfn bnfn mj mjsd sd y ou oukgj kgjfd fdkt ktn n gd lj oj ojfa fala laj, j, pd pdrn rn qud bnksdrvjr lj tjsj dxastdktd drj fjktdkdr ukj gdsaiujlgjg benbjktd dktrd lj jsafaljbank bnfpldtj gd lj ojfalaj kjturjl j lj ldiatafj. Pnr dllj, bnksagdrá uk pjsn jvjkzjgn oahjr lj buntj gdl eahn kjturjl dk lj fatjg gd lj qud bnrrdspnkgaj pdrbamar j lns ldiatafns. Dbedbnpjr  (::2, p. =75) huzin lj jktaiuj rdilj gdfjsajgn raiurnsj bujkgn lns eahns aldiatafns drjk fuy kufdrnsns, puds ld tnbjmj j bjgj ukn ukj pdqudúasafj pjrtd. Dfpdrn bratabn lj kudvj rdilj sdújljkgn qud sa madk pjrdbagj dquatjtavj fadktrjs lns eahns ldiatafns drjk fjs qud lns aldiatafns, bujkgn nburrd ln bnktrjran, bjsa tngj lj edrdkbaj pngaj lldijr j sdr jmsnrmagj  pnr lns aldiatafns. Pnr dlln, npakn dk dl sdktagn qud gdmaj ojvnrdbdrsd lj satujbank gd lns eahns ldiatafns3 kn pnr rjznk qud lns aldiatafns Aldvjrjk jliuak vaban n pdbjgn pdrsnkjl, sakn sak n pnrqud pnrqud dxastd dxastd aktdrá aktdráss snbajl snbajl pnr prntdi prntdidr dr j lj ojfala ojfalajj ldiata ldiatafj fj y pnrqud pnrqud kn ejy  pnsamalagjg fjtdrajl gd qud lj ldy ojvnrdzbj pnr aiujl lj dxastdkbaj safultjkdj gd vjrajs ojfalajs pjrj ukj snlj pdrsnkj. Dl Bngain gd :12? dlafakj dstj sumbljsaoabjbank gd lns eahns aldiatafns, gastakiuadkgn lj oalajbank akabjfdktd dk ldiatafj d aldiatafj. Gdsjpjrdban jsa dl bnkbdptn gdl eahn kjturjl. Zuadrd gdbar qud lj rdilj qud oakjlfdktd dstjmldban su jrtabuln 9?= sa ejy eahns ldiatafns d aldiatafns bjgj ukn gd dstns ultafns rdbamarj lj fatjg gd ln qud rdbamj bjgj ldiatafn saik saikao aoab abjj uk jv jvjk jkbd bd vd vdrg rgjg jgdr drjf jfdk dktd td sa saik ikao aoab abjt jtav avn, n, kn snln snln pnr pnr ej ejmd mdrr fdhn fdhnrj rjgn gn sustjkbajlfdktd lj buntj gd lns eahns aldiatafns, sakn snmrd tngn pnr ejmdr jfplajgn j tngns dstns dl rjgan gd lj jplabjbaák gd lj knrfj. Bnk dl Bngain gd :54=, lns eahns aldiatafns kn tdkgrjk gdrdben jliukn j subdgdr3 snljfdktd edrdgjmjk lns eahns kjturjlds rdbnknbagns.

 

Bnk Bn k dl Bnga Bngain in gd :1 :12?, 2?, sd dx dxtd tdkg kgan an dl gdrdb gdrdben en j tn tngn gnss ln lnss ea eahn hnss kjbag kjbagns ns ou oudr drjj gd gdll fjtrafnkan, rdbnknbagns vnluktjrajfdktd n gdbljrjgns pnr lj vaj hugabajl. Dl ultafn pjrrjon gdl jrtabuln ? gd lj Bnkstatubank prdsbramd qud tngns lns eahns tadkdk aiujlds gdrdbens, y qud dstj prneamagj tngj fdkbank snmrd dl dstjgn baval gd lns pjgrds y lj kjturjldzj gd lj oalajbank gd lns eahns dk lns rdiastrns bavalds y dk bujlquadr gnbufdktn gd agdktagjg. Lj prafdrj gaspnsabank trjksatnraj gd lj Bnkstatubank gd :191, qud bnksjirá gaben prakbapan jktdranrfdktd, sdújln qud dstj dktrjmj dk vaidkbaj jl akstjljrsd dl Inmadrkn Bnkstatubankjl, bnk dxbdpbank gd lns prdbdptns qud rdiajk j pjrtar gdl gaj saiuadktd gd su  prnfulijbank y sjkbank, dktrd lns qud kn akbluyd jl jrtabuln ? batjgn. Lj prafdrj p rafdrj odbej ds dl =5 gd hulan gd :150 y lj sdiukgj dl :2 gd hulan gd :191, tjl bnfn ln jbnrgn lj Jsjfmldj Bnkstatuydktd y ln rdbnknban dl Inmadrkn Bnkstatubankjl jl fjkgjrlj pumlabjr y bufplar. Dk bnksdbudkbaj, lj gdrnijtnraj afplabatj gdl jrtabuln 9?= gdl Bngain Baval gd :12? y lj aiujlgjg gd lns eahns gdmd dktdkgdrsd j pjrtar gdl =5 gd hulan gd :150. Dlln saikaoabj qud dl  prakbapan dkukbajgn ds vjlagn pjrj ljs subdsankds jmadrtjs j pjrtar gd dsj odbej. Dk bjsn gd ojlldbafadktn dk odbej jktdranr, rdiarj lj gaodrdkbajbank j qud sd rdodraj dl jrtabuln 9?= bnfdktjgn. Lj gdbljrjbaák gdbljrjbaák bnkstatuba bnkstatubankjl nkjl ej sagn rdpdtagj rdpdtagj dk dl Bngain Baval gd :157, dl bujl dxprdsj dk su jrtabuln =24 qud tngns lns eahns tadkdk aiujlds gdrdbens3 dk su jrtabuln ?5=, qud dk lj lakdj rdbtj gdsbdkgdktd lj rdprdsdktjbaák ds alafatjgj dk ojvnr gd lns gdsbdkgadktds gd lns eahns, sak gastakbaák gastakbaák jliukj3 dk su jrtabuln 5:5, qud tngns lns eahns tadkdk aiujlds gdrdbens subdsnrans rdspdbtn gd sus pjgrds, jbljrjkgn qud lj gaspnsabank bnfprdkgd j lns eahns fjtrafnkajl fjtra fnkajlds, ds, j lns dxtrjfjtraf dxtrjfjtrafnkajlds nkajlds rdbnknbagns vnluktjrajfdktd vnluktjrajfdktd n gdbljrjgns gdbljrjgns pnr  sdktdkbaj, rdspdbtn j lj edrdkbaj gdl pjgrd n gd lj fjgrd y lns pjradktds gd dstns, y j lns eahns jgnptavns3 y dk su jrtabuln 5:1, qud lj fasfj aiujlgjg gd gdrdbens raid lj subdsaák gd lns gdfjs gdsbdkgadktds. ]jtaoabjkgn lj aktdrprdtjbank bnkstatubankjl rdspdbtn j lj vaidkbaj gd dstd prakbapan, prakbapan, dl Bngain Baval Baval akgabj akgabj dk sus Gaspnsabankds Gaspnsabankds Wrjksatnrajs Wrjksatnrajs,, jrtabuln jrtabuln =::?, qud ljs gaspns gaspnsaba abankd nkdss gd lns jrtabul jrtabulns ns :5 y 5:1 sd jplabj jplabjk k j lns gdrdbens gdrdbens subdsnran subdsnranss bjusjgns j pjrtar gdl =5 gd hulan gd :150. Ln dxprdsjgn ds bnrrdbtn rdspdbtn jl jrtabuln 5:5, qud sd rdoadrd j lj aiujlgjg gd lns eahns. Kn ds dk rdljbank jl jrtabuln 5:1, rdodragn j lj subdsaák gd lns gdfjs gdsbdkgadktds. Dk dodbtn, tjktn lj hurasprugdkbaj bnfn lj gnbtrakj

 

rdbnknban gurjktd lj vaidkbaj gdl jrtabuln 9?= gdl Bngain jktdranr, qud lj gaodrdkbajbank gaspudstj dk ál kn jlbjkzjmj j lns gdfjs gdsbdkgadktds qud edrdgjmjk pnr dstarpds, tjktn dk lj rdprdsdktjbank subdsnraj dk lj lakdj gdsbdkgdktd bnfn dk lj bnljtdrjl. Pnr ln tjktn, lj aiujlgjg gd gdrdbens gd lns gdfjs gdsbdkgadktds qud jkukbaj dl jrtabuln 5:1 raid gdsgd lj vaidkbaj gdl Bngain gd :12?, y kn gdsgd dl =5 gd hulan gd :150, bnfn drrnkdjfdktd sd sdújlj dl jrtabuln =::?. b. Lns eahns eahns dxtrjf dxtrjfjtr jtrafn afnkaj kajlds lds qud edrdgjk edrdgjk snk lns rdbnkn rdbnknbag bagns ns vnlukt vnluktjra jrajfd jfdktd ktd n gdbljrjgns pnr sdktdkbaj, rdspdbtn gd lj edrdkbaj gdl pjgrd n gd lj fjgrd y lns pjradktds gd dstns. g. Lns eahns jgnptavns edrdgjk jl jgnptjktd, puds jgquadrdk lj bnkgabank gd eahns (jrtabuln 299). 299 ). Aiujl Aiujl rdil rdiljj sd jplab jplabjj j su suss gd gdsb sbdk dkga gadk dktd tds. s. Gd lj fa fasf sfjj on onrf rfj, j, su subd bdgd gdk k j ln lnss jsbdkgadktds gdl jgnptjktd, pugadkgn rdprdsdktjr ej dstd ordktd j lj subdsank gd jqudllns. Dl jgnptjgn kn edrdgj j su ojfalaj bnksjkiuakdj (j sus jsbdkgadktds), puds dl jrtabuln 299  prdsbramd qud gdhj gd pdrtdkdbdr ej dllj. d. Ratujbaák gd lns gdsbdkgadktds8 Bujkgn kn snk eahns, edrdgjk pnr dstarpds. Npdrj lj rdprdsdktjbank subdsnraj. Dstd prakbapan pdrfatd qud pdrsnkjs bnk irjgn gd pjrdktdsbn fjs rdfntn rdbamjk fjs qud ntrjs gd uk irjgn fjs bdrbjkn. HT]ARP]TGDKBAJ Rnln prnbdgd gdbljrjr dl gdrdben subdsnran dk uk prnbdsn kn bnktdkbansn j quadkds ln jbrdgatdk bnk bnpaj bdrtaoabjgj gd lj pjrtagj bnrrdspnkgadktd n akstrufdktn pumlabn qud bnktdkij bnkt dkij dl rdbnknb rdbnknbafa afadkt dktn n n gdbljr gdbljrjba jbank nk hugaba hugabajl jl gd oal oalajba ajbank. nk. Gdmd Gdmd gdsdst gdsdstafj afjrsd rsd lj  prdtdksank gdl jbtnr sa kn sd prnpnrbankj prudmj suoabadktd qud jbrdgatd dl gdrdben subdsnran akvnbjgn. Rak dfmjrin, gdmd gdhjrsd j sjlvn su gdrdben ej dodbtns gd qud ln ejij vjldr bnfn bnrrdspnkgd. Dxp. K° ::01-:119-Lafj. HT]ARP]TGDKBAJ Lj ojltj gdl prafdr knfmrd gdl bjusjktd dk lj pjrtagj gd kjbafadktn gdl gdfjkgjktd kn jbrdgatj qud sd trjtd gd pdrsnkj gastaktj gd jqudl, puds gd lns kufdrns gdl gnbufdktn gd agdktagjg bnksaikjgn tjktn dk lj pjrtagj gd kjbafadktn y dk lj gd gdoukbank ds dl fasfn, kn

 

sadkgn kdbdsjran qud sd rdjlabd uk prnbdsn gd rdbtaoabjbank gd pjrtagj jktds gd aktdrpnkdr lj gdfjkgj gd pdtabank gd edrdkbaj. Bjusj K° =007-14?1-=000-:RB. =. RTBDRANK GD LNR PJG]DR

Dk lakdj jsbdkgdktd y dk lakdj bnljtdrjl, dl Bngain gd Kjpnldák gavagd lj subdsank dk gns  pjrtds aiujlds8 ukj pjrj lns pjradktds pjtdrkns y lj ntrj pjrj lns pjradktds fjtdrkns. Bnkonrfd j su jrtabuln 922, jsa sd rdjlazj lj gavasank. Dk kudstrn nrgdkjfadktn, gd jbudrgn j ln gaspudstn dk dl jrtabuln 5=0, j ojltj gd eahns y ntrns gdsbdkgadktds edrdgjk lns pjgrds pnr pjrtds aiujlds. Ra snmrdvavd snln ukn, ld tnbj tngj lj edrdkbaj. HT]ARP]TGDKBAJ

Lns eahns dxbluydk j lns jsbdkgadktds dk lj edrdkbaj gd sus pjgrds. Rnln j ojltj gd eahns  pudgd edrdgjr lj fjgrd gdl bjusjktd. Dxp. K° 259-:151-Lafj. Gdmd rdbnrgjrsd uk bjsn dk dl bujl lns pjgrds kn edrdgjk, knrfjgn dk dl jrtabuln 215 qud edfns bnfdktjgn bnfn akbnfpjtamalagjg pjrj edrdgjr jl trjtjr ljs bjusjlds gd dxblusank  pjrj subdgdr, rdodragn jl rdbnknbafadktn gd uk eahn fjynr gd dgjg, sjlvn qud dstd tdkij rdsp rdspdb dbtn tn gd quad quadk k ln rd rdbn bnkn knbd bd lj pn pnsd sdsa sank nk bn bnks kstj tjkt ktdd gd ds dstj tjgn gn n bn bnks ksad adkt ktjj dk dl rdbnknbafadktn. Bnfn sd ej vastn jl trjtjr dl pjrdktdsbn, dl jgnptjktd edrdgj jl jgnptjgn bnfn pjgrd, kn edrdgjkgn dk bjsn jliukn lns pjgrds bnksjkiuakdns. 2. RTBDRANK GD LNR JMTDLNR

Rakn eumadrd pjgrds, edrdgjk lns jmudlns pnr pjrtds aiujlds. Ra snmrdvavd snln ukn, ld tnbj tngj lj edrdkbaj. Jl aiujl qud dl pjgrd jgnptjktd, lns jmudlns y gdfjs jsbdkgadktds gd lj rjfpj jgnptavj edrdgjk jl jgnptjgn, kn jsa su ojfalaj bnksjkiuakdj. 7. RTBDRANK GD NW]NR JRBDKGADKWDR

 

Ra madk dk dl tatuln gd lj subdsank gd lns jsbdkgadktds kn sd ldiaslj dl bjsn, dstns edrdgjk pnr  dstjr dk dl sdiukgn sdiukgn nrgdk subdsnran. subdsnran. ]aid dl prakbapan prakbapan dstjmldbagn dstjmldbagn dk dl jrtabuln jrtabuln 5:9, dk dl sdktagn qud lns pjradktds fjs prnxafns dk irjgn dxbluydk j lns fjs rdfntns. 4. RTBDRANK GDL BNKQTID

Eastnrabjfdktd, lj pjrtabapjbank edrdgatjraj gdl bnkyuid ej agn fdhnrjkgn pjuljtakjfdktd. Dk lj jktaiu jktaiudgjg dgjg,, bujkgn bujkgn ojltjm ojltjmjk jk pjradk pjradktds tds bnksjkiu bnksjkiuakd akdns, ns, quadkd quadkdss dk dl Gdrdbe Gdrdben n  hustakajkn drjk lljfjgns sak lafatjbank gd irjgn, edrdgjmj lj fuhdr pnr lj mnknruf  pnssdssan ukgd var dt uxnr. Ra drj pnmrd, tdkaj gdrdben j uk bujrtn, rdgubagn j ukj pjrtd varal, bujkgn ejmaj fjs gd trds eahns. Jsa ln dstjmldbadrnk ljs Knvdljs. Dk rdjlagjg, bnfn  madk sdoajlj Mruia (40, p. 449), lj qujrtj uxnraj j ojvnr gd lj vaugj pnmrd gdhj gd tdkdr  sdktagn dk uk ráiafdk fjtrafnkajl gd bnfukagjg gd madkds. Bnk Bn k fjynr fjynr rjznk rjznk,, pdksj pdksjfn fnss kn knsn sntr trns ns,, bujkg bujkgn n dl bn bnkyu kyuid id ds bn bnks ksag agdr drjgn jgn edrdg edrdgdr drn n bnkburrdktd bnk lns gdl prafdr nrgdk subdsnran. Dk dodbtn, dk dl Gdrdben rnfjkn y,  pnstdranrfdktd, dk lj Dgjg Fdgaj, dl fjragn kn drj edrdgdrn gd lj fuhdr. Prafatavjfdktd, dl bnkyuid edrdgdrn drj snljfdktd lj vaugj. Gdspuás, dl trjtjfadktn huragabn j lj subdsank gdl bnkyuid oud fjs rdstrabtavn. Fubejs ldiasljbankds ld kdijrnk tngn gdrdben edrdgatjran. Ntrjs, bnfn dl Bngain gd Kjpnldnk (jrtabuln 9?9), bnksagdrjrnk jl bnkyuid bnfn edrdgdrn gdspuás gd tngns lns pjradktds, akblusn lns bnljtdrjlds, Kudstrn Bngain gd :12? ntnrijmj snln lj fatjg gd lj edrdkbaj jl bnkyuid bujkgn bnkburraj bnkburraj bnk edrfjkns, edrfjkns, bnkbdgaákgnlds bnkbdgaákgnlds j dstns lj ntrj fatjg. “Dk dl sailn UAU, lj satujbank gdl bnkyuid supárstatd oud nmhdtn gd rdbljfjbankds bjgj vdz fjs dkáriabjs. Dl luijr qud ld drj jtramuagn pjrdbaj dstjr dk gdsjbudrgn bnk dl prakbapan gdl Gdrdben Edrdgatjran fngdrkn qud ejbd mjsjrsd lj subdsank jl aktdstjtn dk dl prdsuktn jodbtn gdl gaouktn‖ (=12, p. :71). “J pdsjr gd ljs rdonrfjs aktrngubagjs dk dl Bngain Baval, lj ldiasljbank orjkbdsj ds tngjvaj ukj gd ljs fdkns ojvnrjmlds jl bnkyuid supárstatd. Ds kdbdsjran, sak dfmjrin, bujkgn sd bnfpjrj lj ldy orjkbdsj bnk ljs ldyds dxtrjkhdrjs, kn nlvagjr qud dl ráiafdk ldijl gd lj bnfukagjg jsdiurj jl bnkyuid supárstatd lj fatjg gdl jbtavn bnfuk qud rdbamd bnfn bnpjrtabapd‖ (=12, p. :4:), Dk Atjlaj, dl dfakdktd dstugansn Jktnkan Pjljzzn, prnodsnr gd lj

 

Tkavdrsagjg gd Pdruiaj, bnk quadk trjmjfns jfastjg bujkgn kns gdsdfpdújfns bnfn dfmjhjgnr gdl Pdru dk su pjas, kns ejbd vdr qud lj subdsank gdl bnkyuid dk lj pdkaksulj nbdjkabj ds lj pjrtd fjs rdvnlubankjraj gdl ráiafdk qud aktrnguhn lj rdonrfj gdl Gdrdben gd Ojfalaj dk :194. Dk dodbtn, jbntj qud dl bnkyuid snmrdvavadktd dstj bnfn edrdgdrn dk dl  prafdr luijr, bnkburradkgn bnk lns gdsbdkgadktds. J gaodrd gaodrdkba kbajj gdl Bngain Bngain gdrnij gdrnijgn gn qud pljktd pljktdjmj jmj dl gdrdbe gdrdben n edrdga edrdgatjr tjran an gdl bnkyuid bnkyuid jltdrkjtavjfdktd j su gdrdben j lns ijkjkbajlds, dl Bògain gd :157 ln ejbd dk onrfj bnpuljtavj3 ds gdbar, dl supárstatd rdbnid lns ijkjkbajlds qud ld bnrrdspnkgdk y, jgdfjs, su buntj edrdgatjraj, sak afpnrtjr dl fnktn gd jqudllns. Dk rdjlagjg, rdjlagjg, dl bnkyuid ds edrdgdrn gd trds kavdlds, kavdlds, puds tjl bnfn gaspnkd gaspnkd dl jrtabuln jrtabuln 5:?, bnkburrd bnk lns edrdgdrns gd lns gns prafdrns nrgdkds. Akblusavd, ds edrdgdrn prdodrdkbajl,  puds ds dl ukabn qud pudgd nptjr pnr dl usuorubtn gd lj tdrbdrj pjrtd gd lj edrdkbaj bujkgn bujk gn bnkburrd bnk eahns n bnk ntrns gdsbdkgadktds3 y dhdrbdr dl gdrdben gd ejmatjbank snmrd dl enijr bnkyuijl, bujkgn bnkburrd bnk bujlquadr edrdgdrn. Ds kdbdsjran bnktdfpljr qud dl jrtabuln 5=? gaspnkd qud lj subdsaák qud bnrrdspnkgd jl vaug vaugn n n j lj vaug vaugjj kn prnbd prnbdgd gd bu bujk jkgn, gn, ejllj ejlljkgn kgnsd sd dk dkod odrf rfn n ukn gd ln lnss bnkyu bnkyuid idss jl bdldmrjrsd dl fjtrafnkan, furadsd gd dsj dkodrfdgjg gdktrn gd lns trdaktj gajs saiuadktds, sjlvn qud dl fjtrafnkan eumadrj sagn bdldmrjgn pjrj rdiuljrazjr ukj satujbank gd edben, gaspnsabank qud edfns bnfdktjgn bnfn bjusjl gd dxblusank jl trjtjr ljs akbnfpjtamalagjgds  pjrj subdgdr. Gdmd tdkdrsd tjfmaák dk budktj ln gaspudstn dk dl jrtabuln 5=9, qud gdtdrfakj qud lj kulagjg gdl fjtrafnkan pnr ejmdr sagn bdldmrjgn bnk pdrsnkj qud dstjmj afpdgagj gd bnktrjdrln kn jodbtj lns gdrdbens subdsnrans gdl bnkyuid qud ln bnktrjhn gd mudkj od, sjlvn qud dl prafdr bnkyuid snmrdvavj jl bjusjktd. Dstj gaspnsabank kn dxastaj dk dl Bngain jktdranr jukqud su dkukbajgn sd akodraj gdl jrtabuln :49, qud sd sdújljmj qud dl fjtrafnkan gdbljrjgn kuln prngubaj dodbtns bavalds rdspdbtn gd lns bnkyuids d eahns, sa sd bnktrjhn gd  mudkj od. Lj gaspnsabank jirdijmj qud sa ejmaj fjlj od dk ukn gd lns bnkyuids, dl fjtrafnkan kn prngubaj dodbtns j su ojvnr, pdrn sa rdspdbtn gdl ntrn y gd lns eahns, y qud dl drrnr gd gdrdben, kn pdrhugabjmj lj mudkj od. Dk vartug gd dstj knrfj, pnr dhdbutnraj suprdfj gdl =1 gd sdptadfmrd gd :17: lj hurasprugdkbaj rdbnknban gdrdbens edrdgatjrans jl

 

bnkyuid putjtavn. Dl jrtabuln batjgn ej sagn latdrjlfdktd rdprngubagn dk dl jbtujl Bngain dk dl jrtabuln =57, j gaodrdkbaj gd uk jirdijgn qud dxprdsj qud lns dodbtns gdl fjtrafnkan kuln bnktrjagn gd mudkj od, snk lns fasfns qud dl gdl fjtrafnkan vjlagn gasudltn pnr gavnrban. Gd jbudrgn j dlln, pnr lj snlj dxastdkbaj gd dstj knrfj, dl bnkyuid putjtavn kn edrdgjraj dk bjsn jliukn, puds gd jbudrgn jl jrtabuln 242, qud rdpatd lj gaspnsabaák gdl jrtabuln =?4 gdl Bngain gdrnijgn, lns bnkyuids gavnrbajgns kn tadkdk gdrdben j edrdgjr dktrd sa. Gd dsj fjkdrj, lj rdilj qud Ljkjttj pusn dk dl Bngain, qud kn ejbaj sakn bnkoarfjr lj hurasprugdkbaj dxastdktd, rdsultá prnvagdkbajl, puds gd kn ejmdrsd onrfuljgn, gd jbudrgn jl jrtabuln bnfdktjgn gdl Lamrn gd Ojfalaj, dl bnkyuid putjtavn kn eumadrj edrdgjgn dk bjsn jliukn. Q lj knrfj bnksjirj uk prakbapan fuy hustn. Ra dl fjtrafnkan kuln surtd dodbtns bavalds, dl bnkyuid putjtavn gdmd tdkdr gdrdben j edrdgjr, y, bnfn ds kjturjl, sd ld dxbluyd dk bjsn qud dl prafdr bnkyuid snmrdvavj jl bjusjktd. Pjrj qud pudgj subdgdr dl bnkyuid putjtavn sd dxaidk gns bnkgabankds8 qud ejyj bnktrjagn fjtrafnkan gd mudkj od qud dl prafdr bnkyuid ejyj ojlldbagn jktds qud dl bjusjktd. Mnrgj (74, p. ?5) pljktdj ukj eapntdsas pnbn prnmjmld8 ¾qud nburraraj sa jfmns fjtrafnkans snk jkuljgns ludin gdl ojlldbafadktn gdl maijfn> Gabd (74, p. ?5) bnk rjznk qud dk dstd bjsn lns bnkyuids putjtavns putjtavns edrdgjk pnr pjrtds aiujlds, aiujlds, sadfprd qud jfmns sdjk gd mudkj od. Ds prdbasjfdktd dk rdljbank j lj subdsank gdl bnkyuid qud dkbnktrjfns ljs akknvjbankds fjs afpnrtjktds dk dl Gdrdben gd Rubdsankds dk dl jbtujl nrgdkjfadktn. Rnk ljs rdljtavjs jl gdrdben edrdgatjra edrdgatjran n qud ld bnrrdspnkgd bnrrdspnkgd akgdpdkgadktdfd akgdpdkgadktdfdktd ktd gd sus ijkjkbajlds, ijkjkbajlds, qud bnksjirj dl jrtabuln 920 y jl gdrdben gd ejmatjbank vatjlaban y irjtuatn, qud bnktdfpljk lns jrtabulns 92: y 92=3 oaiurjs qud ejk sagn jfplajfdktd jkjlazjgjs jl nbupjrkns gd lj ldiatafj gdl bnkyuid, dk lj subdsaák tdstjfdktjraj. Wjl bnfn sd ej sdújljgn y gd jbudrgn j ljs rdiljs qud dxplabjfns j bnktakujbank, dl bnkyuid bnkburrd bnk lns edrdgdrns gd lns gns prafdrns nrgdkds. Pjrj dodbtn gd bujlquadr jktabapn gd edrdkbaj, gdmd tdkdrsd dk budktj qud dl jrtabuln 2:= gdtdrfakj qud lns bnkyuids kn pudgdk bdldmrjr bnktrjtns dktrd sa rdspdbtn gd lns madkds gd lj Rnbadgjg.

 

Zuadrd gdbar qud lj gnkjbank dktrd bnkyuids gdmd rdodrarsd j madkds prnpans. ]dsbaikn ejbd vdr (=5:, p. :797) bnfn lj Bnrtd Bnkstatubankjl dk Atjlaj ej rdbnknbagn lj snlabatug gd lj gnkjbank dktrd bnkyuids, j pdsjr gd qud dl jrtabuln 95: gdl Bngain Baval atjlajkn sdújlj ln bnktrjran, gdbljrjkgn bnkstatubankjlfdktd aldiatafj dstj knrfj. ?. BNKBT]]DKBAJ GDL BNKQTID BNK EAHNR Q GDRBDKGADKWDR

Bujkgn dl bnkyuid bnkburrd bnk dstns edrdgdrns, su buntj edrdgatjraj ds aiujl j lj gd uk eahn. Dl ldiasljgnr kn ej bnksagdrjgn lj lafatjbank qud dstjmldbaj dl jrtabuln 9?4 gdl Bngain gdrnijgn, qud rdstrakiaj lj buntj uxnraj j lj bujrtj pjrtd gd lj edrdkbaj bujkgn bnkburraj bnk eahns y gdsbdkgadktds. Gaben nrgdkjfadktn rdstrakiaj dk rdjlagjg lj buntj edrdgatjraj gdl bnkyuid tnfjkgn ukj akstatuban akstatubank k qud kjban dk dl Gdrdben rnfjkn bnk Hustakajk Hustakajkn n pjrj  mdkdoabajr jl fasfn, jl rdbnknbársdld j lj vaugj pnmrd sak gntd, lj bujrtj pjrtd gd lns madkds gdl fjragn. Dl sastdfj oud sdiuagn pnr ljs Pjrtagjs y tjfmaák dk Orjkbaj, ejbaákgnsd dxtdksavn gdspuás jl fjragn. HT]ARP]TGDKBAJ Ejmadkgn ojlldbagn dl nmlaijgn kn mjstj garaiar lj gdfjkgj bnktrj dl bákyuid supárstatd sa kn ej sagn gdbljrjgj ukabj y ukavdrsjl edrdgdrj gdl bjusjktd. Dxp. K° =4=-:117-Lafj. HT]ARP]TGDKBAJ Jukqud dl madk edrdgjgn pnr dl bákyuid ejyj sagn prnpan gdl bjusjktd, gdmd tdkdrsd dk budktj ln dstjmldbagn dk dl jrtabuln 5== gdl Bngain Baval, qud dstjmldbd qud lj bnkyuid edrdgj ukj pjrtd aiujl lj gd uk eahn pnr ln qud sd prnbdgd lj gavasank y pjrtabank snlabatjgj  pnr dllj. Bus. K° :=5-=005-Jpuraktjb. 9. GD]DBEN GD TRTO]TBWN GDL BNKQTID

Tkabjfdktd bujkgn bnkburrd bnk eahns y gdfjs gdsbdkgadktds, dl bnkyuid pngrj nptjr pnr  dl usuorubtn gd lj tdrbdrj pjrtd gd lj edrdkbaj, sadfprd qud kn eumadrj nmtdkagn dl gdrdben gd ejmatjbank snmrd dl enijr bnkyuijl, y j pdrbamar su rdktj, dk su bjsn, qud jktdranrfdktd sd ej dxplabjgn. Dstd usuorubtn ds tntjl8 rdbjd snmrd tngns lns madkds gd lj edrdkbaj3 ds gdbar, gdba r, ds j tatuln tatuln ukavdr ukavdrsjl sjl y kn pjrtab pjrtabulj uljr. r. Bnfdkt Bnfdktjkgn jkgn dl Gdrdbe Gdrdben n atj atjla lajkn, jkn, Jzzjra Jzzjrata ta,, Fjrtakdz y Jzzjrata (:2, p. 2:4) fjkaoadstjk qud lj buntj usuorubtujraj gdl bnkyuid sd

 

bjlbulj snmrd lns madkds gdl gd buaus y kn snmrd lj fjsj oabtabaj3 ds gdbar, kn snmrd dl rdlabtuf fjs dl gnkjtuf sakn snln snmrd lns madkds qud sumsastjk jl fnfdktn gd lj jpdrturj gd lj subdsank. Dl Bngain ej jufdktjgn lj buntj gdl usuorubtn, yj qud dl jktdranr lj gdtdrfakjmj dk ukj bujrtj pjrtd dk su jrtabuln 9??. Lj oalnsnoaj gd dstj knrfj ds pdrfatar jl bnkyuid qud tadkd fubens eahns, snmrd tngn fdknrds gd dgjg j quadkds jtdkgdr, inzjr gd ukj fdhnr gaspnkamalagjg gd rdbursns dk pdrhuaban gd su gdrdben edrdgatjran. Jukqud j dstj tdsas ejmraj qud npnkdrld jqudllj qud sdújlj qud pjrj dlln lns pjgrds inzjk gdl usuorubtn gd lns madkds gd sus eahns (jrtabuln 7=2, akbasn 5), bnk lj bujl dstjfns gd jbudrgn. Brddfns,  pnr dlln, qud fjs sjkn sdraj dlafakjr dstj npbank. Ru dxastdkbaj pljktdj prnmldfjs gd vjlnrazjbank bujkgn ej ejmagn jktabapns, qud bnfn sd jkjlazj dk dstd bjpatuln, kn ejk sagn rdsudltns pnr dl ldiasljgnr. Lj ukabj hustaoabjbank gd dstj akstatubank ds afpdgar qud dl pjtrafnkan gd ukj ojfalaj pjsd ej ntrj. Dhdfpln8 J tadkd uk eahn8 M, y bnktrjd fjtrafnkan bnk B, quadk tadkd ntrn eahn8 G. Ojlldbd J y ln edrdgjk su bnkyuid B y su eahn M. Gdspuás ojlldbd B y ln subdgd su eahn G. Jsa, dl pjtrafnkan gd J sd ej trjsfatagn oakjlfdktd dk gns fatjgds8 ukj pjrj su eahn y ntrj  pjrj dl eahn e ahn gd su bnkyuid. Pjrj dvatjr qud dlln nburrj, jliukjs ldiasljbankds bnktdfpljk lj oaiurj gd lj subdsank jknfjlj, qud edfns jkjlazjgn dk dl bjpatuln gd lj Ldiatafj y lj Pnrbank Pnrban k gd Lamrd Lamrd Gaspnsaba Gaspnsabank. nk. Ntrj snlubank pjrj dvatjr dvatjr dl gdspljzjfad gdspljzjfadktn ktn pjtrafnkajl pjtrafnkajl batjgn sdraj qud dl usuorubtn pnr pjrtd gdl bnkyuid sdj kn ukj npbank suyj sakn gd lns edrdgdrns, qud snln pudgjk afpnkdr. Tkj oaiurj safaljr sd gj dk Orjkbaj, bujl ds lj bnkvdrsank gdl usuorubtn dk rdktj vatjlabaj. Ds uk gdrdben qud npdrj ej akstjkbaj gd lns subdsnrds, kn bnrrdspnkgaákgnld jl bnkyuid supárstatd dl gdrdben j snlabatjrln. Bujkgn lns edrdgdrns ln jbudrgjk, npdrj gd pldkn gdrdben. Ra kn dstjk tngns gd jbudrgn, bnfpdtd j lns tramukjlds bnkbdgdrln n gdkdijrln (jrtabuln 9?9, ultafn pjrrjon). Mjugry Ljbjktakdra Ljbjktakdradd y Yje (=9, p. 791) dxplabjk qud dstd gdrdben gdrdben gd bnkvdrsank bnkvdrsank kn ds gd nrgdk pumlabn, pugadkgn sdr pravjgns gd ál lns edrdgdrns pnr lj vnluktjg gdl gaouktn. ]abba (=51, p. =02) hustaoabj lj ojbultjg gd lns edrdgdrns gd sjtasojbdr lj pnrbank gd usuorubtn, pjrj dvatjrr ukj bnfukagjg onrznsj. Wjfmaák dxastd dstj akstatuban dvatj akstatubank k dk Dspjúj, Dspjúj, prnbdgadkgn prnbdgadkgn gd futun jbudrgn dktrd lns edrdgdrns y dl bnkyuid y, dk su gdodbtn, pnr vartug gd fjkgjtn

 

 hugabajl. Wjfmaák pudgdk lns edrdgdrns jsaikjr jl bnkyuid lns prngubtns gd gdtdrfakjgns  madkds ej uk bjpatjl dk dodbtavn (jrtabuln 521). Dstd gdrdben gd usuorubtn bnkstatuyd prnpajfdktd ukj npbank, Ra dl bnkyuid dsbnid dl usuorubtn, kn edrdgj. Lj prnpadgjg gd lns madkds qud usuorubtud sdrj pjrj lns eahns y gdfjs gdsbdkgadktds, quadkds tdkgrjk snmrd dllns lj kugj prnpadgjg. Bujkgn dl bnkyuid nptj pnr  dl usuorubtn, ásd ld bnksagdrj edrdgdrn. Brddfns bnk Jlmjljgdhn (7, p. 71) y bnk Fdkinka (==1, p. :14) qud kn, puds jl kn rdbamar tngns lns gdrdbens y nmlaijbankds gd lj edrdkbaj sakn snln dl gdrdben gd usuorubtn snmrd tngns y bjgj ukn gd lns madkds gd lj fasfj, kn rdsultj sdr uk subdsnr j tatuln ukavdrsjl. “Dl usuorubtujran kn ds edrdgdrn pnrqud kn subdgd dk dl ukavdrsuf hus, sakn dk uk snln gdrdben, jqudl gd usuorubtn‖ (9?, p. 2:). Prdbasjfdktd, dl edrdgdrn sdrj dl tatuljr gd lj kugj prnpadgjg, bnk lj bjrij gdl usuorubtn. Q ds qud dl usuorubtujran kn subdgd ka dk lns madkds ka dk lj pdrsnkj, puds rdspdbtn j lns prafdrns ln ejbd dk uk snln gdrdben gd lns fasfns8 dl usuorubtn, y dk rdljbank j lj sdiukgj, ln ejbd dk ukj satujbank huragabj gastaktj j dllj. Jl nptjr pnr dl usuorubtn, bnfn madk sdújlj Fdkinka (==5, p. :12), dl bnkyuid sd dkbudktrj bnk lns gdsbdkgadktds gdl buaus dk ukj bnfukank akbagdktjl gd inbd, bndxastadkgn snmrd lns madkds edrdgatjrans gns gdrdbens gdsaiujlds gd inbd. Dk lj fdgagj qud dstd usuorubtn rdbjaij snmrd lj bjsj ejmatjbank dk qud dxastan dl enijr  bnkyuijl, tdkgrj lj bnkgabank ldijl gd pjtrafnkan ojfalajr, gd bnkonrfagjg bnk ln gaspudstn dk dl sdiukgn pjrrjon gdl jrtabuln 92=. Gd lj fasfj onrfj qud dl bnkyuid qud dhdrbd dl gdrdben gd ejmatjbank vatjlaban y irjtuatn, qud qud sd ej dx dxpl plab abjg jgn, n, td tdkg kgrj rj dk ds dstd td bj bjsn sn tngn tngnss ln lnss gd gdrd rdbe bens ns y nmla nmlaij ijba bank nkds ds gd gdll usuorubtujran, qud sd ejk fdkbankjgn jl trjtjr dsd gdrdben dk dl bjpatuln gd lj ldiatafj dk lj subdsank tdstjfdktjraj. Jsafasfn, tdkgrj lns saiuadktds8 j. Jl dktrjr dk pnsdsank, ejrj akvdktjran y tjsjbank gd lns madkds fudmlds, sjlvn qud ejyj sagn dxprdsjfdktd dxafagn gd dsj nmlaijbank pnr dl prnpadtjran qud kn tdkij edrdgdrn onrznsn (jrtabuln :00?).

 

 m. Dstj nmlaijgn j prdsdktjr lj ijrjktaj sdújljgj dk dl tatuln bnkstatutavn gd su gdrdben, n lj qud nrgdkd dl hudz, bujkgn dstd dkbudktrd qud pudgd pdlairjr dl gdrdben gdl prnpadtjran (jrtabuln :009). b. Ld pdrtdkdbdk lns orutns kjturjlds y faxtns pdkgadktds jl bnfdkzjr dl usuorubtn3 y jl  prnpadtjran, lns pdkgadktds j su tárfakn (jrtabuln :0:?). g. Ra sd trjtj gd uk brágatn, tad tadkd kd ljs jbbankds pjrj dl bnmrn gd lj rdktj y gdmd dhdrba dhdrbatjr tjr ljs jbbankds kdbdsjrajs pjrj qud dl brágatn kn sd dxtakij (jrtabuln :0:1). d. Ra sd bnmrj dl bjpatjl, gdmd ejbdrln bnkhuktjfdktd bnk dl prnpadtjran y dk dstd bjsn dl usuorubtn rdbjdrj snmrd dl gakdrn bnmrjgn (jrtabuln :0=0). Gd bnkonrfagjg bnk ln gaspudstn dk dl jrtabuln :000, dl usuorubtn sd pudgd bnkstatuar pnr  ldy, bujkgn dstj dxprdsjfdktd ln gdtdrfakj, pnr bnktrjtn n jbtn huragabn ukaljtdrjl n pnr  tdstjfdktn. Wjktn dl usuorubtn usuorubtn qud sd gdravj gdl gdrdben gd ejmatjbagk ejmatjbagk snmrd dl enijr bnkyuijl, bnfn dl qu qudd sd nrai nraiak akjj gd lj np npba bank nk qu qudd jk jkjl jlaz azjf jfns ns,, sn snk k ld ldij ijld lds, s, pn pnrr ds dstj tjrr dx dxpr prds dsjf jfdk dktd td gdtdrfakjgns. Dstd usuorubtn tdrfakj snln bnk lj fudrtd, j gaodrdkbaj gdl gdrdben gd ejmatjbank dxplabjgn qud tjfmaák sd dxtakiud bujkgn dl bnkyuid snmrdvavadktd bnktrjhn kudvn fjtrafnkan n vavd dk bnkbumakjtn. Dk Orjkbaj, lj Ldy gdl 1 gd fjrzn gd :51: ejbaj pdrgdr jl bnkyuid su gdrdben gd usuorubtn bujkgn bnktrjaij kudvjs kupbajs dxastadkgn jsa gdsbdkgadktds gdl gaouktn3 gaspnsabank qud oud gdrnijgj pnr lj Ldy gdl 2 gd jmral gd :1:9. Dl gdrdben gd usuorubtn sd bjlbulj snmrd dl jbdrvn afjiakjran. N sdj, lj fjsj gd bjlbuln ds lj fasfj qud lj bnfputjmld pjrj edrdgjr dk prnpadgjg. Fjs quá nburrd bujkgn dl bnkyuid ej rdbamagn jktabapns dk prnpadgjg Pljkanl y ]apdrt (=?4, p. :??) kns gabdk qud sd prdsdktjk gns sastdfjs8 “Pnr dl prafdrn ejmrj qud dvjlujr dk usuorubtn lj lamdrjlagjg rdbamagj dk  pldkj prnpadgjg bjlbuljkgn dl afpnrtd gd lj rdktj vatjlabaj qud dl bnkyuid supárstatd  pugadrj nmtdkdr, tdkaákgnsd dk budktj su dgjg jbtujl, sa gaspusadrj gdl bjpatjl rdbamagn. Pnr  dl sdiukgn, snljfdktd ejy qud tdkdr dk budktj ljs rdktjs prngubagjs pnr lj lamdrjlagjg, y snljfdktd gabejs rdktjs snk ljs qud sd afputjk3 bnfn dl nmhdtn gdl usuorubtn gdl bákyuid sd bnksagd bnksagdrj rj bnfn uk bjpatjl bjpatjl qud tadkd tadkd j su gaspns gaspnsaba abank, nk, dstd dstd sastdf sastdfjj sd rdgubd, rdgubd, dk

 

gdoakatavj, j afputjr j dsd bjpatjl ljs bnsjs n gakdrn jktdranrfdktd rdbamagns dk onrfj gd lamdrjlagjg‖. ]dbnknbadkgn qud dl prafdrn gd lns gns bufpld fdhnr bnk ln prdsbratn pnr lj ldy dk fjtdraj gd afputjbank y qud dl ntrn fjs madk nordbd dl akbnkvdkadktd gd kn gastakiuar dktrd dl madk rdbamagn dk usuorubtn y dl fasfn madk bujkgn sd rdbamd dk pldkj prnpadgjg, dxbluydkgn gd lj afputjbank dl vjlnr qud saikaoabj lj kugj prnpadgjg gd ljs bnsjs gnkjgjs, gabens hurastjs snstadkdk qud ds prdodramld lj sdiukgj snlubank. Jkntjk qud gjgn dl saldkban gd lj ldy, kjgj jutnrazj j afpnkdr jl bnkyuid jqudllj npdrjbaák jknrfjl y bnfpldhj gd lj bnkvdrsank dk rdktj vatjlabaj. Dk dl fasfn sdktagn, ]apdrt y Mnuljkidr (=12, p. :94) sdújljk qud kn dxastd dk ojvnr gd dstj bnkvdrsank kakiuk jriufdktn gdbasavn y qud fjs madk brdj gaoabultjgds gd dvjlujbank qud dl ntrn sastdfj, pnr su safplabagjg, suprafd. Kn nmstjktd, nmsdrvjk qud dl Rastdfj gd lj dvjlujbank gd lj pldkj prnpadgjg dk usuorubtn pjrdbd traukojr dk lj gnbtrakj y dk lj hurasprugdkbaj. Batjkgn trds dhdbutnrajs, Bnlak y Bjpatjkt (95, p. 51) snstadkdk qud “lj fjs bnfngj, sa madk kn lj fjs rdspdtunsj bnk dl tdxtn gd lj ldy, bnksastd dk bnkvdrtar ljs lamdrj lam drjla lagjgd gjgdss edbejs edbejs dk prnpad prnpadgjg gjg dk ukj rdktj rdktj vat vatjla jlabaj baj afputj afputjmld mld snmrd snmrd lj pjrtd pjrtd dk usuorubtn j lj qud dl bnkyuid tadkd gdrdben‖. Knsntrns brddfns qud ds akgaspdksjmld bnkgabankjr lj npbagák gdl usuorubtn gdl bákyuid j qud, bujkgn ejyj rdbamagn madkds dk jktaba jkt abapn, pn, gdmj gdmj bnljba bnljbankj nkjrr dstns dstns jg bnrpus bnrpus,, kdbdsj kdbdsjra rajfd jfdktd ktd,, pjrj pjrj pngdr pngdr dhdrbd dhdrbdrr gaben gaben gdrdben gdr dben.. Gd dsj fjkdrj, fjkdrj, kn sdrj sdrj kdbdsjr kdbdsjran an musbjr musbjr dquavjl dquavjldkba dkbajs js pjrj pjrj lns dodbtns dodbtns gd vjlnrazjr lj prnpadgjg y dl usuorubtn. Dlln, gd ldid odrdkgj. Gd ldid ljtj, gd jbudrgn j kudstrn nrgdkjfadktn, ds nmvan qud sa dl bnkyuid ej rdbamagn rdbamagn dk lamdrjlagjg lamdrjlagjgds ds su buntj edrdgatjraj, edrdgatjraj, kn pdgrj nptjr pnr dl usuorubtn. usuorubtn. Ra eumadrd rdbamagn rdbamagn fdkns gd su buntj, sdrj kdbdsjran kdbdsjran dvjlujr bujktn pngrj dhdrbatjr dk su gdrdben gd usuorubtn. Dhdfpln8 sa dl bnkyuid ej sagn jktabapjgn bnk lj quaktj pjrtd gd lj edrdkbaj (=0%) y jl bnkburrar bnk trds eahns su buntj jsbadkgd j lj bujrtj pjrtd gd lj fasfj (=4%), bnfn pngrj nptjr pnr dl usuorubtn gd lj tdrbdrj pjrtd (22.2%) gd lj edrdkbaj. Rdrj fdkdstdr vjlnrazjr dk usuorubtn ln qud ej rdbamagn dk prnpadgjg, y gd kn jlbjkzjr lj tdrbdrj  pjrtd gd lj edrdkbaj, pngrj dhdrbdr dl gdrdben pnr lj gaodrdkbaj. Pnr ntrj pjrtd, “lj fjsj gd dhdrbaban gdl usuorubtn gdl bnkyuid kn ds lj fasfj qud lj fjsj gd bjlbuln gd dstd fasfn usuorubtn‖. Dk dodbtn, sa madk dl bjlbuln sd dodbtuj snmrd dl jbdrvn

 

afjiakjran, dl gdrdben sd dhdrbatj tjk snln snmrd madkds qud onrfjmjk pjrtd gdl pjtrafnkan gdl bjusjktd jl fnfdktn gd su ojlldbafadktn.  Kn pngrj dhdrbdrsd snmrd madkds qud, dktrjkgn dk dl bjlbuln, snk gd prnpadgjg gd ntrjs  pdrsnkjs pnr ejmdr ntnrijgn dl gd buaus jktabapns gd ldiatafj sak gaspdksj gd bnljbaák n gnkjbankds gdktrn gd su bjpjbagjg gd lamrd gaspnsabank. 5. RTBDRANK GDL BNKQTID BNK PJG]DR Q JRBDKGADKWDR

Bujkgn dl bnkyuid kn bnkburrd bnkburrd bnk lns eahns, sd hustaoabj hustaoabj pldkjf pldkjfdktd dktd qud sd pdrfatadsd pdrfatadsd jl tdstjgnr gdhjrld su edrdkbaj dk usuorubtn, y gd dsj fjkdrj, bnfn dxplabjk Pljkanl y ]apdrt (=?4, p. :7?), sd dvatj qud lj trjsfasank jl bnkyuid gá bnfn rdsultjgn dl trjspjsn gd lns  madkds j ukj kudvj ojfalaj. Gd dstd fngn qudgjraj “jsdiurjgj jl dspnsn snmrdvavadktd lj  pnsamalagjg gd ukj vagj gdbnrnsj y bnkonrfd b nkonrfd j lj qud lldvjmj gurjktd dl fjtrafnkan, y j lns edrdgdrns gd lj sjkird lj rdstatubank gd lns madkds qud snljfdktd rdsultjk irjvjgns pnr uk gdrdben vatjlaban gd gastrutd‖ (=?4, p. :7?). Dl jrta jrtabu buln ln 5=7 5=7 dx dxpr prds dsjj qu qudd dl bn bnky kyui uidd qu qudd bn bnkb kbur urrd rd bn bnk k ln lnss pj pjgr grds ds n bn bnk k nt ntrn rnss jsbdkgadktds gdl bjusjktd edrdgj ukj pjrtd aiujl j lj gd ukn gd dllns. Knsntrns kns  pdrfatafns bratabjr dstj gaspnsabank gdsgd qud q ud bnknbafns su onrfuljbank dk lns Prnydbtns,  puds kn dkbnktrjfns Aniabn ka dquatjtavn qud bujkgn bu jkgn dl bnkyuid bnkburrj bnk gns pjgrds, edrdgd lj tdrbdrj pjrtd, y qud bujkgn bnkburrj bnk bujtrn jmudlns edrdgd lj quaktj pjrtd. Dodbtavjfdktd, bujktn fjs ldhjkn ds dl pjrdktdsbn gd lns jsbdkgadktds bnk dl bjusjktd, fdknr gdmdraj sdr lj pjrtabapjba pjrtabapjbank nk qud lds bnrrdspnkgj bnrrdspnkgj bujkgn bnkburrjk bnk dl bnkyuid, saiuad sai uadkgn kgn tngj tngj lj sa sastd stdfjt fjtabj abj gdl Gdrdbe Gdrdben n Rubdsn Rubdsnran ran.. Dl ldias ldiasljg ljgnr nr ej nptjgn nptjgn pnr ln bnktrjr bnkt rjran. an. Dk dl eapntá eapntátab tabn n bjsn bjsn gd bnkbur bnkburrdk rdkbaj baj bnk nben masjmu masjmudln dlns, s, lj edrdkba edrdkbajj gdl bnkyuid sd rdgubaraj j lj knvdkj pjrtd gd lj edrdkbaj. Dk dstd sdktagn, fjs bnkirudkbaj iujrgjmj dl nrgdkjfadktn jktdranr, dl bujl gdbljrjmj qud sa ejmaj pjgrds, dl bnkyuid edrdgjmj ukj pjrtd aiujl j ukn gd dllns, y qud sa ejmaj jsbdkgadktds snlns n bnk edrfjkns, n dstns snlns, lj pnrbank gdl bnkyuid drj aiujl j lj fatjg gd lj edrdkbaj (jrtabuln 9?5). Lj snlubank gjgj pnr dl jbtujl Bngain dstj aksparjgj dk lj qud onrfuln _áldz Rjrsoadlg dk dl jrtabuln 249: gdl Bngain jridktakn, gaspnkadkgn qud dl bnkyuid vaugn bnkburraj bnk lns

 

jsbdkgadktds pnr bjmdzj. Ljojalld bratabn lj kntnraj ojltj gd dquagjg gd lj knrfj, dxprdsjkgn qud bnk dllj sd lldij “j dstj bnkblusank akjbdptjmld8 j fdgagj qud sd jldhj dl irjgn gd lns ntrns bjkgagjtns, sd rdgubd lj pnrbank gdl dspnsn, ln qud kn dstj ka gdktrn gdl nrgdk gd lj ojfalaj, ka gdktrn gdl jodbtn prdsuktn, ka gdktrn gd lj lniabj‖, Dk rjznk gd dlln, lj rdonrfj gd lj Ldy :9.9:: pljsfn ukj snlubank fjs hustj saiuadkgn lj dxprdsank gd Fjooaj aiujl j lj qud pljktdn kudstrn Bngain gd :12? dk su jrtabuln 9?5 pjrj dl bjsn gd bnkburrdkbaj gdl bnkyuid bnk edrfjkns y lns gdfjs jsbdkgadktds gastaktns j lns pjgrds, pnr lj bujl dl vaugn rdbamd lj fatjg gd lj edrdkbaj. Bnfprd Bnf prdkgd kgdfns fns qud sd trjtj trjtj gd ukj rdfntj rdfntj pnsama pnsamalag lagjg, jg, pdr pdrn n jmnijf jmnijfns ns pjrj pjrj qud ljs gaspnsabankds tdkijk ukj lniabj arrdgubtamld, bnfn onrfuljbank bnksdbudktd gdl ldiasljgnr, qud gdmdk iujrgj iujrgjrr rdljba rdljbank nk bnk tngn dl nrgdkj nrgdkjfad fadktn ktn.. Ds pnr dstj dstj rjznk rjznk qud edfns onrfuljgn ukj fngaoabjbank gdl jrtabuln 5=7 dk lj rdonrfj gdl Bngain Baval. Oakjlfdkt Oakjlf dktd, d, dl jrtabu jrtabuln ln 5=4 sdújlj sdújlj qud sa dl bjusjk bjusjktd td kn ej gdhjgn gdhjgn gdsbdk gdsbdkgad gadktd ktdss ka jsbdkgadktds bnk gdrdben j edrdgjr, lj edrdkbaj bnrrdspnkgd jl bnkyuid snmrdvavadktd. Dstj gaspnsabank rdsultj akjkd, rdpatadkgn dl sdktagn gdl jrtabuln 9?1 gdl Bngain gdrnijgn, Kn ejbd sakn rdbjlbjr qud dl bnkyuid dxbluyd dxbluyd j lns pjradktds pjradktds bnljtdrjlds, bnljtdrjlds, ln bujl sd gdsprdkgd bljrjfdktd gdl nrgdk subdsnran qud dstjmldbd dl jrtabuln 5:?. 1. RAWTJBANK GDL BNKBTMAKJWN

Bnfn yj edfns jkjlazjgn jkjlazjgn dk dl bjpatuln bnrrdspnkgadk bnrrdspnkgadktd td j lj ldiatafj, ldiatafj, kudstrn Bngain kn rdbnknban gdrdbens subdsnrans jl bnkbumakn. Rnln suhdtn lj snbadgjg gd madkds nraiakjgj gd su ukank gd edben jl ráiafdk gd snbadgjg gd ijkjkbajlds, dk bujktn ld oudrd jplabjmld, y sadfprd qud gabej ukank ejyj gurjgn pnr ln fdkns gns júns bnktakuns (jrtabuln 2=?). Dk rdljbank j lj subdsank y gd jbudrgn j badrtjs rdiljs, dl jrtabuln :?24 gdl Bngain fdxabjkn dstjmldbd8 “Lj fuhdr bnk quadk dl jutnr gd lj edrdkbaj vavan bnfn sa oudrj su fjragn gurjktd lns bakbn júns qud prdbdgadrnk akfdgajtjfdktd j su fudrtd n bnk lj qud tuvn tuv n eahns, eahns, sadfpr sadfprdd qud jfmns jfmns ejyjk ejyjk pdrfjk pdrfjkdba dbagn gn lam lamrds rds gd fjtraf fjtrafnka nkan n gurjkt gurjktdd dl bnkbumakjtn, tadkd gdrdben j edrdgjr‖. Gd Ijspdra (12, p. :7=) ejbd ukj bratabj bdrtdrj gd lj fjriakjbaák gdl bnkbumakn, sd sdújljkgn qud jl pdrfatarsd qud lj edrdkbaj sdj rdbniagj pnr bnljtdrjlds, n pnr dl Dstjgn

 

bnfn rds kullaus, sd akburrd dk uk bjsn gd suffuf hus, suffj akhuraj. “Tkj vdz fjs, lj raiur raiurns nsjj jp jpla labj bjba bank nk gd lj ld ldy, y, sd trjg trjgubd ubd dk akaq akaqua uagj gjg‖, g‖, sd sdkt ktdkb dkbaj aj dl di dird rdia ian n hu hura rast stjj  pjrjiujyn (12, p. :7=). Irjbadlj Fdgakj, bnfdktjkgn dl Gdrdben jridktakn qud tjfpnbn ntnrij gdrdben subdsnran jl bnkbumakn, dxprdsj qud sa madk kn tadkd ldiatafjbank ldiatafjbank pjrj akabajr dl huaban huaban subdsnran subdsnran gdl qud oudrj dk vagj su pjrdhj, pudgd ejbdrln bnfn jbrddgnr. :0. RTBDRANK GD LNR PJ]ADKWDR BNLJWD]JLDR

Rnk lns edrdgdrns gdl bujrtn, quaktn y sdxtn nrgdk subdsnran. Dl bujrtn sd rdoadrd j lns  pjradktds bnljtdrjlds gdl sdiukgn irjgn, qud snk lns edrfjkns. Dstns drjk edrdgdrns gdl tdrbdr nrgdk dk dl Bngain gd :12?, bnkburradkgn bnk lns jsbdkgadktds. Wjfmaák bnkburrajk bnk dl bnkyuid, bnkyuid, quadk drj edrdgdrn gdl bujrtn nrgdk, Jbtujlfdktd, Jbtujlfdktd, edrdgjk snln j ojltj ojltj gd bnkyuid bnky uid y jsbdkg jsbdkgadk adktds tds.. Bnksag Bnksagdrj drjfns fns sjman sjman dstd dstd rdnrgd rdnrgdkjf kjfadk adktn, tn, puds jl kn sdr lns edrfjkns edrdgdrns onrznsns kn rdsultjmj dquatjtavn qud bnkburradsdk bnk lns gd dstj bnkgabank. Dl Bngain gdrnijgn dstjmldbaj dk su jrtabuln 99: ukj rdilj ukaonrfd pjrj tngj lj lakdj bnljtdrjl, gdtdrfakjkgn qud lj edrdkbaj bnrrdspnkgaj pnr pjrtds aiujlds dktrd lns gdl fasfn irjgn, sak gastakbank gd lakdjs ka gd gnmld n safpld vakbuln. dl jbtujl Bngain fjktadkd afplabatj afpla batj dstj knrfj, j dxbdpbaák dxbdpbaák gdl bjsn gd bnkburrdkbaj bnkburrdkbaj gd edrfjkns, dk buyn bjsn lns gd pjgrd y fjgrd rdbamdk gnmld pnrbaák qud lns fdgan edrfjkns, j tdknr gd ln prdsbratn dk dl jrtabu jrtabuln ln 5=1. 5=1. Dstj Dstj gaspns gaspnsaba abaák ák rdprng rdprngubd ubd dl prakba prakbapan pan aksta akstatua tuagn gn dk dl Bngain Bngain Baval Baval dspjúnl3 dl bujl, dk su jrtabuln 1=:, sdújlj qud bujkgn bnkburrjk edrfjkns gd gnmld vakbuln bnk edrfjkns gd vakbuln sdkballn, bnrrdspnkgd j jqudllns gnmld pnrbaák edrdgatjraj. liujlfdktd, dl Bngain bealdkn dstjmldbd dk su jrtabuln 110 qud lj pnrbank gdl edrfjkn  pjtdrkn n fjtdrkn sdrj lj fatjg gd lj pnrbaák gdl edrfjkn bjrkjl. Dk su prafdr Prnydbtn gd Bngain Baval, jrtabuln :4 gdl Watuln A gd lj pjrtd Gd lj subdsank pnr bjusj gd fudrtd, jl onrfuljr dstj rdilj, Mdlln lljfn edrfjkns utdrakns j lns fjtdrkns y bnksjkiuakdns j lns  pjtdrkns, sadkgn bjrkjlds lns edrfjkns gd pjgrd y fjgrd. Lns tárfakns utalazjgns snk uk dhdfpln fjs gdl mudk fjkdhn gdl aganfj gdl sjman vdkdznljkn, puds gabejs vnbds dxprdsjk dk onrfj onrfj prdbas prdbasjj lns saikao saikaoabj abjgns gns akgabj akgabjgns gns.. Dk dl fasfn fasfn sdkta sdktagn, gn, dl Bngain Bngain at atjla jlajkn jkn dstjtuyd qud lns edrfjkns y edrfjkjs ukaljtdrjlds nmtadkdk lj fatjg gd lj buntj qud

 

nmtadkdk lns maljtdrjlds (jrtabuln 490), y dl Bngain mrjsaldún dxprdsj qud, bnkburradkgn j lj edrdkbaj gdl ojlldbagn edrfjkns maljtdrjlds bnk edrfjkns ukaljtdrjlds, bjgj ukn gd dstns edrdgjrj lj fatjg gd ln qud jqudllns edrdgjk (jrtabuln :?:7). Dl Bngain jridktakn drj fjs rjgabjl. Ru jrtabuln 245? dxprdsjmj qud lns edrfjkns gd pjgrd y fjgrd dxbluyjk dk lj edrdkbaj gdl edrfjkn jl fdgan edrfjkn. Dstj snlubank trjgabankjl drj akhustj, bnfn sdújlj Mnrgj (75, p. 9:). Pnr dlln, lj Ldy :9.9:: fngaoabn gaben jrtabuln, ejbadkgn bnkburrar jl fdgan edrfjkn bnk lns edrfjkns gd pjgrd y fjgrd, ntnrijkgnlds bnfn pjrtabapjbank edrdgatjraj lj fatjg gd ln qud bnrrdspnkgd j dstns. HT]ARP]TGDKBAJ Dk lns bjsns gd bnkburrdkbaj gd edrfjkns gd pjgrd y fjgrd bnk fdgans edrfjkns, jqudllns rdbamarjk gnmld pnrbank qud dstns. Dk dl bjsn qud uk eahn dxtrjfjtrafnkajl gdl bjusjkt bjus jktdd kn ejyj ejyj sagn sagn rdbnkn rdbnknbag bagn n pnr dstd n kn sd ejyj gdbljrjg gdbljrjgn n hugaba hugabajlf jlfdkt dktdd su  pjtdrkagjg, kn pudgd bnkburrar j lj edrdkbaj, pudstn qud lj snlj akblusank gdl knfmrd gdl  pjgrd dk lj pjrtagj kn prngubd dodbtns ldijlds fadktrjs kn sd prdsdktd bujlquadrj gd ljs satujbankds jktdranrds. Dxp. K° =1=1-:154-Lafj, Dkbnktrjfns Aniabj y hustj lj snlubank pnr lj bujl ej nptjgn kudstrn ldiasljgnr, pdrn  pdksjfns qud gdman ejmdrsd edben dxtdksavj j tngj lj Aakdj bnljrdrjl3 pjrj qud, jl aiujl qud dk dl Bngain gd:12?, sdj ukj snlj rdilj jplabjmld j tngj dllj. Jl kn ejmdrln edben raid lj rdilj dxplabjgj pjrj lns edrfjkns, y lj qud bnktdkaj dl jrtabuln 99: gdl Bngain jktdranr, afplabatj dk dl vaidktd, pjrj lns gdfjs pjradktds p jradktds dk lj lakdj bnljtdrjl, jl aiujl q qud ud dk Beald y Bnlnfmaj. Dk Dspjúj, lj prafdrj rdilj sd dxtadkgd j lns eahns gd lns edrfjkns (snmrakns), raiadkgn lj sdiukgj pjrj tngns lns gdfjs bnljtdrjlds (jrtabulns 14: y 144). Aiujlfdktd, dl jrtabuln :?:9, akbasn = gdl Bágain mrjsaldún bnksjirj qud sa bnkburrdk eahns gd edrfjkns maljtdrjlds bnk eahns gd edrfjkns ukaljtdrjlds, bjgj ukn gd dstns edrdgjrj lj fatjg gd ln qud edrdgj bjgj ukn gd jqudllns. J dstd rdspdbtn, dstjfns pldkjfdktd gd jbudrgn bnk Xjkknka (244, p. :42) dk dl sdktagn qud bujkgn bnkburrdk prafns edrfjkns gd vakbuln gnmld y gd vakbuln safpld, lns prafns qud gdsbadkgdk gd uk edrfjkn ukaljtdrjl gdmdk rdbamar lj fatjg gd ln qud bnrrdspnkgd j lns prafns qud gdsbadkgdk gd lns edrfjkns maljtdrjlds. Dk dl fasfn sdktagn npakjk Bnrgnmj, Ldy, Rnljra y Yjifjastdr dk su nmrj bnkhuktj, bujkgn sdújljk

 

(5=, p. =59) qud dk dl bjsn gd bnkburrdkbaj gd prafns edrfjkns gd vakbuln gnmld y gd vakbuln safpld supudstn kn bnktdfpljgn dk lj ldy bnrrdspnkgd jplabjr lj fasfj snlubank gdl jrtabuln 245?3 ds gdbar, lns prafns qud gdsbadkgdk gd edrfjkns maljtdrjlds rdbamarjk dl gnmld gd lns qud gdsbadkgdk gd edrfjkns ukaljtdrjlds. “Dstj snlubank sd afpnkd puds, jukqud dk dsd bjsn lns prafns jbtujlazjk su vnbjbank pnr  gdrdben prnpan, ds rjznkjmld qud bnkburrjk j rdbamar bnk aiujl bujktaj y dxtdksank qud lj gdtdrfakjgj pnr rjznk gd su nraidk. Lj snlubank bnktrjraj, qud bn bnksastaraj ksastaraj dk jplabjr lj rdilj idkdrjl gd bnkburrdkbaj pnr bjmdzj, sdraj akbnkirudktd puds bnlnbjraj j lns prafns gd vakbuln safpld dk fdhnr satujbank edrdgatjraj qud lj qud tdkajk lns edrfjkns dktrd sa‖ Madk gdbaj Jrastntdlds qud “lns prafns y gdfjs pjradktds ukdksd pnr lns pjgrds, dk bujktn tadkdk nraidk gd dllns3 gd sudrtd qud ukns dsták fjs ukagns, ntrns fdkns, sdiuk lj rjznk gd lj prnbdgdkbaj‖ Dl oukgjfdktn gd lj gastakbank sdiuk dl vakbuln ln dkbnktrjfns dk ukj prdsukbank kjturjl gd fjynr n fdknr jodbtn. Kjgj tadkd qud vdr bnk dllj lj aiujlgjg bnksjirjgj dk lj Bnkstatubaák pjrj lj oalajbank. Kn nmstjktd, _jttadr (279, p. =90) lj akvnbj sdújljkgn qud q ud “lj gavdrsagjg gd vakbulns dkbumrd ukj gasbrafakjbank dktrd edrfjkns n snmrakns pnr rjznk gd lj oalajbank kn fjtrafnkajl‖, lldijkgn j snstdkdr qud dktadkgd gdrnijgj lj rdilj gdl gupln gdktrn gdl fjrbn bnkstatubankjl, bratdran bnk dl bujl gasdktafns. Jgdfjs ld dxtrjúj qud dstj “rdilj sakiuljr y gasbrafakjgnrj‖ ejyj snmrdvavagn j lj rdonrfj gd :15:. Gd ldid odrdkgj,  padksj (279, p. =90) qud gdmd dlafakjrsd, y qud gd kakiukj fjkdrj gdmd dxtdkgdrsd j lns snmrakns, bujlquadrj qud sdj dl fngn dk qud dstns sdjk lljfjgns j lj subdsaák. J gaodrdkbaj gdl Bágain gdrnijgn, bnk dl jbtujl edrdgjk lns edrfjkns jgnptavns. Ra lj jgnpbank lj eabadrdk dl pjgrd y lj fjgrd, edrdgjrjk bnfn edrfjkns gd gnmld vakbuln3 sa lj eabadrd snln ukn bnfn fdgan edrfjkn. J su vdz, dk bjsn gd jgnpbank, lns edrfjkns bnksjkiuakdns yj kn edrdgjk. Ln dxpudstn rdsultj jplabjmld j ljs jgnpbankds rdjlazjgjs bnk dl Bngain vaidktd, puds sa oudrnk edbejs bnk dl jktdranr rdiafdk ljs knrfjs gd dstd, tjl bnfn edfns dxplabjgn jl trjtjr dl pjrdktdsbn. Lns edrfjkns y lns snmrakns snk edrdgdrns bnljtdrjlds pravaldiajgns, puds sd gj dktrd dllns dl gdrdben gd rdprdsdktjbaák. Lns gdfjs bnljtdrjlds snk edrdgdrns nrgakjrans.

 

Dl quaktn nrgdk kns rdfatd j lns pjradktds bnljtdrjlds gdl tdrbdr irjgn, qud snk lns tans y lns snmrakns3 y dl sdxtn nrgdk, j lns gdl bujrtn irjgn, qud snk lns tans jmudlns, lns snmrakns kadtns y lns prafns edrfjkns. Ds aktdrdsjktd jkntjr qud trjtjkgnsd gd gdrdbens gd jutnr, lj jktdranr ldy gd lj fjtdraj, Ldy  K° :29:7, gaspnkaj, dk su jrtabuln 57, qud dk ln qud rdspdbtj j ljs ojbultjgds pjtrafnkajlds gd dsns gdrdbens, snln pngajk bnkburrar j lj edrdkbaj ldijl lns ojfalajrds ejstj dl bujrtn nrgdk akblusavd, dxbluydkgn j lns bnljtdrjlds gdl tdrbdrn y bujrtn irjgn. Jgdfjs, jirdijmj qud lj knrfj drj jplabjmld tjfmaák j lns edrdgdrns gdl bdsankjran. Lj vaidktd Ldy snmrd dl Gdrd Gd rdbe ben n gd Jutnr Jutnr,, Gdbr Gdbrdt dtn n Ld Ldia iasl sljt jtav avdd K° 5==, 5==, sd la lafa fatj tj j sd sdúj újlj ljrr qud dl gdrdb gdrdben en  pjtrafnkajl gd jutnr sd trjksfatd pnr bjusj gd fudrtd gd jbudrgn j ljs gaspnsabankds gdl Bágain Baval. Dk rdljbank j dstd tdfj, Mamalnka prnpusn dk su Jktdprnydbtn uk tatuln snmrd lj subdsank edrdgatjraj dk lns gdrdbens gd jutnr, dxprdsjkgn (25, p. 27?) qud bujkgn dl jutnr ojlldbaj sak sak edrdg edrdgdr drns ns sd dx dxta taki kiua uajj su gd gdrd rdben ben,, kn pj pjsj sjkg kgn n js jsaa jl Ds Dstj tjgn. gn. Dk ds dsdd sd sdkt ktag agn, n, bnkvdkafns bnk kudstrj gaspnsabank qud lafatj lj trjsfasank j lns edrfjkns, dxbluydkgn jsa j lns gdfjs bnljtdrjlds. ::. RTBDRANK GDL DRWJGN

Ejy qud gastakiuar dktrd ljs pdrsnkjs qud tadkdk ukj vnbjbank nrgakjraj bnk dl bjusjktd, bnfn snk lns edrdgdrns, bnk lns subdsnrds arrdiuljrds. Lj gnbtrakj orjkbdsj dxplabj qud fadktrjs lns prafdrns tadkdk lj jtramubank gd lj sjasakd, j lns sdiukgns lds dstj kdijgn dstd gdrdben. Pnr tjktn, kn tadkdk dl jbbdsn jutnfjtabn j lj edrdkbaj. Eny, dl ukabn subdsnr  arrdiuljr ds dl Dstjgn, dl bujl, gd jbudrgn jl tdxtn gdl Bngain gd Kjpnldák, rdbamd lj subdsank dk gdsedrdkbaj. Dstj gaodrdkbaj lj dstjmldbd dk Orjkbaj ukj nrgdkjkzj gdl =2 gd gabadfmrd gd :145 (==2, p. 749). Oakaquatjgn dl pjrdktdsbn dstjmldbagn dk dl Bngain dk lj subdsank aktdstjgj, ds lljfjgn j subdgdr dl Dstjgn. Jliukjs ldiasljbankds rdbnknbdk dl gdrdben snmdrjkn gdl Dstjgn dk lj subdsank3 ntrjs su gdrdben gd edrdgdrn. Lj prafdrj bnkbdpbank sd jplabj dk lj nrmatj gd lns  pjasds bnfukastjs, lafatjkgn lj trjsfasank edrdgatjraj j lns pjrtabuljrds y rdbnknbaákgnld jl Dstjgn uk gdrdben pjrbajl snmrd lj fjsj. Jukqud bnfn gabdk Pljkanl y ]apdrt (=?4, p.

 

:91), “ejy qud tdkdr dk budktj qud dsj bnkbdpbank rdstrabtavj gd lns gdrdbens gdl Dstjgn dk fjtdraj edrdgatjraj snmrd dl tdrrdkn baval dstj bjsa sadfprd laijgj jl rdbnknbafadktn gd dxtdksns gdrdbens gd akgnld oasbjl, ds gdbar, j lj nrijkazjbank gd uk afpudstn snmrd ljs subdsankds‖. Lj ntrj bnkbdpbaák ld rdbnknbd jl Dstjgn lj bnkgabank gd edrdgdrn j ojltj gd jliuadk qud tdkij dsj bnkgabank. Jsa, dl jrtabuln 14? gdl Bngain dspjúnl, jl aiujl qud dk Beald y dk Bnlnfmaj y dl jrtabuln 45? gdl Bngain atjlajkn, dxprdsjk qud j ojltj gd pdrsnkjs qud tdkijk gdrdben j edrdgjr, edrdgjrj dl Dstjgn. Dk onrfj fjs gdoakagj dk, dl Bngain  mrjsaldún bnlnbj jl Dstjgn bnfn edrdgdrn gdl quaktn nrgdk subdsnran (jrtabuln :?02), y dl Bngain pnrtuiuás, jl gdbljrjr dl nrgdk dk dl bujl gdmd gdodrarsd lj subdsank ldiatafj, umabj jl Dstjgn dk sdxtn y ultafn luijr (jrtabuln =:22). Jsa ln ej bnksjirjgn tjfmaák dl Bngain Baval jldfjk, tnfjkgn dl bnkbdptn gdl Gdrdben rnfjkn qud dstjmldbaj qud dl Oasbn drj edrdgdrn gdl ultafn nrgdk.

Bnlak y Bjpatjkt (95, p. 14) rdbnknbdk qud “sditak lj npakank fjs jgfatagj, dl Dstjgn rdbamd lj subdsaák dk vartug gd su gdrdben gd snmdrjkaj, fjs madk qud dk vartug gd uk gdrdben gd ojltj gd edrdgdrns, qud dk vartug gd uk gdrdben gd subdsank‖. Kn nmstjktd, bnkoadsjk qud kn ojltjk jriufdktns dk ojvnr gd rdbnknbdr qud dl Dstjgn ds lljfjgn j ljs subdsa sub dsankd nkdss aurd aurd edrdga edrdgatjr tjran, an, bnk dl fasfn fasfn tatuln tatuln,, jukqud jukqud dk rjkin rjkin akodra akodranr nr qud ntrns ntrns subdsnrds. Aiujlfdktd, ]apdrt y Mnuljkidr (=12, p. =0:) ld kadijk jl Dstjgn lj bnkgabank gd edrdgdrn, edrdgdr n, puds dstd rddfpljzj jl gaouktn dk lj snbadgjg. snbadgjg. Jbntjk (=12, p. =0:) qud jl ejbdr  akirdsjr lns madkds gd lj subdsank dk su gnfakan, sd suprafd lj utalazjbank pravjgj gd dsns  madkds y, gd dsj onrfj, dl gdrdben gd lj prnpadgjg pravjgj sd galuyd dk dl snbajlasfn gd Dstjgn. Lj gnbtrakj orjkbdsj fngdrkj, rdprdsdktjgj pnr Irafjlga (:44, p. =:9), sdújlj qud dl Dstjgn kn jgquadrd subdsankds ka bnfn edrdgdrn ka bnfn ldijtjran, sakn bnfn gdrdben snmrd ljs subdsankds dk gdsedrdkbaj. Jgdfjs, gaben jutnr jkntj qud dk lns pjasds dk lns qud dxastdk afpudstns subdsnrans, dl Dstjgn ejbd suyns lns gdrdbens oasbjlds.  Kn nmstjktd, rdbnknbd qud ljs subdsankds dk gdsedrdkbaj kn bnkstatuydk ukj oudktd gd dkraqudbafadktn pjrj dl Dstjgn, puds snk rjrjs y, jgdfjs, fjirjs. Dxplabj (:44, p. =:9) qud dk Orjkbaj, ejy bnktrnvdrsaj dk rdljbank jl gdrdben dk gdsedrdkbaj gdl Dstjgn, puds fadktrjs ukj tdsas gdstjbj qud subdgd kn pnr uk gdrdben gd subdsaák sakn pnr uk gdrdben gd

 

snmdrjkaj, lj ntrj snstadkd qud ln ejbd dk dl dhdrbaban gd uk safpld gdrdben gd subdsank, bnfn bujlquadr ntrn edrdgdrn. _adkd j sdr dl edrdgdrn gdl ultafn nrgdk. Dk rdjlagjg, bnfn gdstjbj Irafjlga (:44, p. =:5), jfmjs tdnrajs sd jlafdktjk gd jriufdktns dxdiátabns. Pnr  uk ljgn, dl jrtabuln 4:1 gdl Bngain gd Kjpnldák prdsbramd qud lns madkds vjbjktds, lns gd ljs pdrsnkjs pdrsnkjs qud kn tadkdk tadkdk edrdgd edrdgdrns rns y gd ljs subdsank subdsankds ds jmjkgnk jmjkgnkjgj jgjss pdrtdk pdrtdkdbd dbdk k jl gnfakan pumlabn. Pnr ntrj pjrtd, dl jrtabuln 9?5 gd gaben nrgdkjfadktn sdújlj qud lj subdsank ds jgquaragj pnr dl Dstjgn". Dkbnktrjfns ukj tdrbdrj pnsabank dk lj gnbtrakj atjlajkj, prdbnkazjgj aktdlaidktdfdktd pnr  Mruia. Mru ia. Dstd Dstd snstad snstadkd kd qud dl Dstjgn Dstjgn kn subdgd subdgd aurd aurd afpdra afpdraaa sakn sakn aurd aurd snbadt snbadtjta jtas, s, bnfn bnfn rdprdsdktjktd dfakdktd gd lns aktdrdsds supdranrds y pdrfjkdktds gd lj snbadgjg baval3 ln bujl kns pjrdbd bnrrdbtn. Bnfn sdújlj Pjljzzn (=4=, p. 719), lj jgquasabank gd lj edrdkbaj  pnr pjrtd gdl Dstjgn dvatj qud sd dxtakijk lns gdrdbens g drdbens y nmlaijbankds gdl gaouktn y qud sus  madkds qudgdk sak prnpadtjran. Q ds qud dk rdjlagjg ln qud nburrd ds qud qu d lns madkds gdhjk gd sdr prnpadgjg akgavagujl pjrj dktrjr dk dl pjtrafnkan bnldbtavn3 dfpdrn, kn pdrtdkdbdrnk jl gnfaka gnf akan n pumlabn pumlabn,, sakn sakn jl pjtra pjtrafnk fnkan an pjrtab pjrtabulj uljrr gdl Dstjgn Dstjgn (=51, (=51, p. ==4) ==4).. Dstj Dstj tdsas tdsas ds bnfpjtamld bnk ukj bujrtj, qud bnfpjrtafns pldkjfdktd, lj bujl gdstjbj qud, dk sdktagn dstrabtn, dl Dstjgn jgquadrd pnr jghugabjbank j ojltj gd edrdgdrns. Bnfn madk sdújljk Pljkanl y ]a- pdrt (=?4, p. :50), “dl Dstjgn pudgd, dk gdtdrfakjgns bjsns, jpngdrjrsd gd  madkds bnfprdkgagns dk ukj subdsank3 pdrn kn edrdgj dk dl sdktagn dstrabtn gd lj pjljmrj yj qud pjrj edrdgjr. Wjfmaák _áldz Rjrsoadlg ld kadij lj bjlagjg gd edrdgdrn (kntj jl jrtabuln 2455 gdl Bágain Baval jridktakn). jliuad jli uadk k ejy qud sdr huragab huragabjfd jfdktd ktd jptn jptn pjrj pjrj tdkdr tdkdr gdrdbe gdrdbens ns sdfdhj sdfdhjktd ktdss j lns gd dsj  pdrsnkj‖. Gdknfakjk j dstj prdrrnijtavj bnfn gdrdben j lj gdsedrdkbaj3 n sdj dl qud tadkd dl Dstjgn snmrd lns madkds vjbjktds y sak gudln. Gdfnlnfmd (:0:, p. =70) snstdkaj qud, dk rdjlagjg, dl Dstjgn kn drj uk edrdgdrn ka uk subdsnr, qud jgquaraj j tatuln gd gdsedrdkbaj, dhdrbadkgn dl gdrdben dfakdktd gd snmdrjkaj dk vartug gdl bujl sd jprnpaj gd tngns lns  madkds sak prnpadtjran qud sd dkbudktrdk dk su tdrratnran. Jl gdbar gd Mjugry Ljbjktakdrad y Yjel (=9, p. 71?), lj gdsedrdkbaj afplabj ojltj gd edrdgdrns. Dk dl fasfn sdktagn, Bukej Inkbjlvds (55, p. 4:5) fjkaoadstj qud lj gnbtrakj fjs dxjbtj ds lj qud jtramuyd jl Dstjgn dl gdrdben gd rdbnidr tngns lns madkds qud sd dkbudktrdk dk satujbank gd gdsedrdkbaj, pjrj qud

 

dsns madkds kn oaiurdk dk jmjkgnkn. Bnfn gdstjbj dstd akblatn hurastj (55, p. 4:9), lj bnkbdpbaák gdl Dstjgn edrdgdrn afpnrtj dl gdsbnknbafadktn gd lj rjznk gd sdr gdl gdrdben subdsnran, qud ds lj dxjltjbank gd lj prnpadgjg akgavagujl, sadkgn dl kudvn prnpadtjran akgabjgn pnr lj rdljbank ojfalajr bnk dl jutnr gd lj edrdkbaj y bnkonrfd j su prnmjmld aktdkbank. Prdbasjfdktd, jirdij (55, p. 4:9), dl Dstjgn ds dxtrjún j lj ojfalaj gdl ojlldbagn y lns madkds pjsjk j sdr prnpadgjg bnldbtavj. Ejbd kntjr qud dl Dstjgn subdsnr kn ds dl Pngdr Rnmdrjkn ka dl Oasbn3 ds dl Dstjgn pdrsnkj fnrjl, dktrjkgn jsa lj edrdkbaj dk dl gnfakan pravjgn gdl Dstjgn. Dl prnmldfj gd dstjs tdsas ds qud bnksagdrjk dl tatuln bnfn nraiakjran pnr nbupjbank, ln bujl prdsupnkd lj dxastdkbaj gd rds kullaus. Bnfn gdstjbj Fjraj Kjtjlaj _jssjlla (275, p. ?5=), dl tatuln gdl Dstjgn ds gdravjtavn, qud ds tngn ln bnktrjran. Dl jrtabuln 992 gdl Bágain gd :12? akgabjmj qud bujkgn kn ejmaj edrdgdrns ldijlds, lj edrdkbaj sd gdbljrjmj vjbjktd3 dk buyn bjsn lns madkds urmjkns pjsjmjk j lj Mdkdoabdkbaj Pumlabj gdl ultafn gnfabalan qud tuvn dl bjusjktd y j lj gd lj bjpatjl gd lj ]dpumlabj sa dstuvn gnfabalajgn dk dl dxtrjkhdrn3 y lns rustabns j lj Gardbbank Idkdrjl gd ]donrfj Jirjraj y Jsdktjfadktn ]urjl (jrtabuln 997). Lj jktaiuj oaiurj gdl Gdrdben rnfjkn gd lj edrdkbaj vjbjktd ej sagn jmjkgnkjgj pnr dl Bnga Bn gain in gd :157, :157, nptjk nptjkgn gn pnr lj fjs fjs jvjkz jvjkzjg jgj3 j3 sd sdiu iuk k lj buj bujl, l, j oj ojlt ltjj gd ed edrd rdgd gdrn rns, s, bnrrdspnkgd lj edrdkbaj jl Dstjgn. Dk rdjlagjg, dl bnkbdptn gd vjbjkbaj gd lj edrdkbaj gdhj sak sdktagn ljs tdnrajs gd lj bnktakujbank gd lj pdrsnkjlagjg gdl gaouktn y gd lj subdsank dk lns madkds, pnrqud kn ejy dktnkbds kjgad pjrj subdgdr dk dl bjusjktd ka dk su pjtrafnkan. “Lj edrdkbaj jpjrdbd bnfn ukj fjsj jasljgj gd tngn ntrn pjtrafnkan, sak snpnrtd y sak nmhdtn, sak outurn3 bnfn ukj fjsj, ka saquadrj gd jodbtjbank, sakn gd laquagjbank‖ (:??, p. =2?). Mjrmdrn joarfj bnk jbadrtn jbadrtn qud dl tárfakn tárfakn rdsultj rdsultj afprnpan8 afprnpan8 “Kn ejy prjbtabjfdktd prjbtabjfdktd vjbjkbaj gd edrdkbaj, sa dstd tárfakn quadrd gdbar ojltj gd uk gdstakjtjran, yj qud dstd, dk ultafj eapntdsas, ds sadfprd dl Dstjgn‖. Lns mdkdoabajrans eny bnk dl Bngain gd :157, gd jbudrgn j lj fngaoabjbank gd lj Ldy K° =??50 gd :11?, snk lj Rnbadgjg gd Mdkdoabdkbaj Pumlabj n Huktj gd Pjrtabapjbaák Rnbajl gdl luijr gdl ultafn gnfabalan gdl bjusjktd dk dl pjas n lj Rnbadgjg gd Mdkdoabdkbaj gd Lafj Fdtrnpnlatjkj sa dstuvn gnfabalajgn dk dl dxtrjkhdrn.

 

HT]ARP]TGDKBAJ Lj subdsank gdl Dstjgn y gd ljs Mdkdoabdkbajs Pumlabjs nburrd bujkgn ojltjk subdsnrds tdstjfdktjrans n ldijlds. Gd jea lj afpnrtjkbaj gd bnkstjtjr tjl prdsupudstn pjrj prnbdgdr  bnk jrrdiln j ldy. Dxp. K° :02:-:119-Lafj. Dk rdjlagjg, lj rdljbank dk ojvnr gdl Dstjgn ds uk bjsn gd jgquasabaák jgquasabaák akgdpdkgadkt akgdpdkgadktdfdktd dfdktd gd lj jbdptjbank, “pnr ojltj n párgagj gdl gdrdben j rdkukbajr j dllj‖ (=:, p. :02). Mruia (40, p. 4?0) dxprdsj qud dl gdrdben subdsnran gdl Dstjgn ds uk vdrgjgdrn gdrdben gd edrdkbaj bnk bjrjbtdrds dspdbajlds, puds sadfprd rdspnkgd ejstj gnkgd jlbjkbdk lns madkds gd lj edrdkbaj y sd gugj gd su bjpjbagjg gd rdkukbajr j lj fasfj. Dk dodbtn, dl jrtabuln 45? gdl Bngain Bngain atjlaj atjlajkn kn gaspnkd gaspnkd qud dl Dstjgn Dstjgn jgquad jgquadrd rd sak kdbdsagjg kdbdsagjg gd jbdptj jbdptjba? ba?k, k, kn ejmadkgn luijr j rdkukbaj. Ds uk edrdgdrn onrznsn dk dl sdktagn gdl Gdrdben rnfjkn3 ds gdbar, qud kdbdsjrajfdktd tadkd qud edrdgjr. Kns prdiuktjfns sa dstj rdilj ds gd jplabjbaák tjfmaák bujkgn dl Dstjgn subdgd pnr tdstjfdktn. Brddfns qud kn. Dk dsd bjsn, j trjvás gd sus rdprdsdk rdprdsdktjk tjktds tds pudgd rdkukba rdkukbajr jr j ukj edrdkb edrdkbaj aj n uk ldijgn ldijgn,, sad sadfpr fprdd qud dxastj dxastjk k edrdgdrns ldijlds bnk gdrdben j subdgdr3 puds, gd ln bnktrjran, jl kn ejmdr edrdgdrns, rdirdsjr j sdr lljfjgn dl Dstjgn dk lj subdsank aktdstjgj, kn pugadkgn rdkukbajr dstj vdz. Pr Prdb dbas asjf jfdk dktd td,, lj ld ldy y pdrsa pdrsaiu iudd dv dvat atjr jr qu qudd lj ed edrd rdkb kbaj aj pdrfj pdrfjkd kdzbj zbj vj vjbj bjkt ktdd y qu qud, d, dk bnksdbudkbaj, sd dxtakijk tngns lns gdrdbens y gdugjs gdl gaouktn. Rurid lj prdiuktj, jgquadrd dl Dstjgn dl rdfjkdktd bnfn dl ldijtjran ukj vdz sjtasodbejs ljs gdugjs gd lj edrdkbaj, n gdmd sjtasojbdr dstjs bnfn dl edrdgdrn. Jl rdspdbtn, dl Bngain jridktakn sak gdknfakjr edrdgdrn jl Dstjgn, sdújlj dk su jrtabuln 2451 qud lns gdrdbens y ljs nmlaijbankds gdl Dstjgn sdrjk lns fasfns qud lns gd lns edrdgdrns. Pnr dlln, sdr tatuljr  gd tngjs ljs jbbankds bnkgubdktds jl rdbnknbafadktn gd su gdrdben, bnfn sd ej jkjlazjgn dk dl bjpatuln bnrrdspnkgadktd j lj jbbaák rdavakgabjtnraj, jsa bnfn j fjktdkdr lj tatuljragjg snmrd lns madkds bnrrdspnkgadktds y j pjijr ljs gdugjs gdl gaouktn. Dl Prnydbtn gd lj Bnfasank ]donrfjgnrj jirdiá uk dkukbajgn qud ej fjktdkagn dl Bngain, bnksastdktd dk lj nmlaijbank gd ljs dktagjgds jghugabjtjrajs gd pjijr ljs gdugjs gdl bjusjktd ejstj gnkgd jlbjkbd dl vjlnr gd lns madkds jghugabjgns.

 

Oakjlfdktd, dl Bngain jirdiá uk pjrrjon, qud kn oaiurj dk lns Prnydbtns, y qud ej sagn fngaoabjgn pnr lj Ldy K° =??508 “Bnrrdspnkgd jl idstnr gdl prnbdsn n trjfatd gd subdsank aktdstjgj, dl gadz pnr badktn gdl vjlnr kdtn gd lns madkds jghugabjgns, dl fasfn qud sdr  jmnkjgn pnr lj dktagjg rdspdbtavj, bnk dl prngubtn gd lj vdktj gd gabens madkds u ntrns, fdgajktd lj jghugabjbank gd jliukn gd dllns‖. Dl Dstjgn jgquadrd lj edrdkbaj, jukqud sdj bnfn subdsnr jknfjln, gdsgd dl fnfdktn gd lj fudrtd gdl bjusjktd, tjl bnfn ln prdsbramd dl jrtabuln ??0 gdl Bngain Baval. Dk tjl vartug, lj jghugabjbank gdl hudz ds gdbljrjtavj, bnkstatuyákgnsd su gdrdben gdsgd dl fnfdktn gd lj jpdrturj gd lj subdsank. Bnkonrfd ln gaspnkd dl jrtabuln 520 gdl Bngain Baval, dl Dstjgn tadkd gns bjrijs8 pjijr ljs gdugjs gdl bjusjktd y dktrdijrld jl idstnr gd lj gdbljrjtnraj rdspdbtavj dl :0% gdl vjlnr  kdtn gd lj edrdkbaj. edrdkbaj. Lj ldy batjgj ej rdgubagn rdgubagn lj pjrtabapjba pjrtabapjbaák ák gdl idstnr gdl bujrdktj bujrdktj jl gadz pnr badktn. Pjrj gdtdrfakjr dlln, ds kdbdsjran gastakiuar trds dtjpjs gastaktjs3 j sjmdr8 :. Jgquasabank gd lj edrdkbaj pnr dl Dstjgn. =. Pjin gd ljs gdugjs gdl bjusjktd pnr dl Dstjgn. 2. Pjin jl idstnr gdl vjlnr kdtn. Dk kudstrj npakank, dl fnfdktn gdl pjin jl idstnr sd gdtdrfakj ukj vdz qud sd lldij jl bnkbdptn gd vjlnr kdtn3 ds gdbar, bnk pnstdranragjg j lj jpdrturj gd lj subdsank, ukj vdz  pjijgjs tngjs ljs gdugjs gdl bjusjktd. Brddfns qud lj dxaiamalagjg gdl pjin gd lj rdtramubaák gdl idstnr sd idkdrj jutnfjtabjfdktd, gd pldkn gdrdben bujkgn dl pjsavn gd lj fjsj edrdgatjraj ds bumadrtn pnr dl jbtavn y rdsultj uk rdfjkdktd, qud ds dl vjlnr kdtn. HT]ARP]TGDKBAJ Gdmd dktdkgdrsd bnfn idstnr gd edrdkbaj j jqudllj pdrsnkj qud pljktdj lj gdfjkgj gd gdbljrjtnraj gd edrdgdrns, sak sdr ukn gd dllns, y qud, bnfn bnksdbudkbaj lnirj uk mdkdoaban  pjtrafnkajl j ojvnr gdl Dstjgn n Mdkdoabdkbaj Pumlabj. Bjs. K° :==4-:111-Lafj.