Strut Tie CHG v1
April 18, 2017 | Author: anvahos | Category: N/A
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Description
04/07/2016
Strut & Tie Webinar 12.30 4 July 2016
Charles Goodchild BSc CEng MCIOB MIStructE The Concrete Centre
What is Strut and Tie? A structural element can be divided into: • B (or beam or Bernoulli) regions ‐ in which oplane sections remain plane and odesign is based on ‘normal’ beam theory,
and into • D (or disturbed) regions ‐ in which oplane sections do not remain plane; o ‘normal’ beam theory may be considered inappropriate o Strut & Tie may be used. o usually within h of a discontinuity:
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D (or disturbed) regions Pile caps
Deep beams
Discontinuities
D regions
Corbels Supports
Holes Loads
Edge beams
Wall beams Pad footings
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Why use Strut and Tie? • Simple Model for complex problems • Easy to understand • The engineer stays in control – it is not a complicated computer analysis • Can provide more economical solutions • It is very powerful for the analysis of existing structures
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What is strut and tie? Strut‐and‐tie models (STM) are like trusses consisting of struts, ties and nodes. a) Modelling Imagine or draw stress paths which show the elastic flow of forces through the structure b) STM Replace stress paths with polygons of forces to provide equilibrium.
A deep beam
Conventionally, struts are drawn as dashed lines, ties as full lines and nodes numbered.
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What is strut and tie? Strut and tie models consist of: • Struts (concrete) • Ties (reinforcement) • Nodes (intersections of struts and ties). Eurocode 2 gives guidance for each of these. • In the UK this is the first time that S&T has been codified for general use. • It says that in principle, where non‐linear strain distribution exists, i.e. in D‐regions, strut and tie models may be used, e.g. for:
• • • • •
Pile caps Deep beams Supports Concentrated loads Openings, etc.
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Lower Bound method Strut and tie models are based on the lower bound theorem of plasticity which states that any distribution of stresses resisting an applied load is safe providing: Equilibrium is maintained and Stresses do not exceed “yield”
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Design Process
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Design Process 1. Define and isolate B and D regions 2. Develop an STM 3. Design the members of the STM – struts, ties and nodes 4. Iterate to optimise the STM as necessary to minimise strain energy
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1. B & D regions As before: A structure can be divided into: • B (or beam or Bernoulli) regions and • D (or disturbed) regions
D regions
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2. Develop an STM As before: a) Modelling Imagine or draw stress paths which show the elastic flow of forces through the structure b) STM Replace stress paths with polygons of forces to provide equilibrium.
A deep beam
Conventionally, struts are drawn as dashed lines, ties as full lines and nodes numbered. 11
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Developing an STM a) Consider a deep beam with an udl
b) Consider elastic stresses (here using FEA) A Consider elastic stresses in section A‐A
A
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Developing an STM Stress distribution within deep beam with udl
Centroid of compressive force
Centroid of tensile force
Section A‐A 13
Developing an STM a) Consider a deep beam with an udl
c) Construct STM b) Consider elastic stresses (here using FEA)
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Construction of STMs Elastic analyses of deeper beams with point load
Construction of STMs Very deep beams
45 to 60o or 2:1 are usual/typical angles used in STMs for deep beams
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Construction of STMs Good and bad model based on minimising length of ties
Minimise tie lengths (minimises energy used)
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3. Design members a) Struts b) Ties c) Nodes
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3a) Struts Question: at failure which is bigger P1 or P2? P1
Possible answers: A)
P1/P2 > 2.0
B) P1/P2 = 2.0
P2
C)
P1/P2 = 1.5
D)
P1/P2 = 1.0
E)
P1/P2 = 0.5
•Concept by R Whittle/A Beeby, drawn by I Feltham. Used with 19 permission
3a) Struts Answer: E) P1/P2 = 0.5
P1
Possible answers: A)
P2
2P1
P1/P2 > 2.0
B) P1/P2 = 2.0 C)
P1/P2 = 1.5
D)
P1/P2 = 1.0
E)
P1/P2 = 0.5
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3a) Struts Bi‐axial strength of Concrete fcd Reduction in compressive strength
Tension
0
fcd
fctd,zz
fctd, yy 0
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3a) Struts EC2 says: Where there is no transverse tension Rd,max = fcd = 0.85 fck /1.5 = 0.57 fck
Otherwise, where there is transverse tension
Rd,max = 0.6 ’fcd Where: ’ = 1‐fck/250
Rd,max = 0.6 x (1‐fck/250) x 1.0 x fck /1.5 = 0.4 (1‐fck/250) fck
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3a) Struts Discontinuities Areas of non‐linear strain distribution are referred to as “discontinuities” Partial discontinuity Full discontinuity Curved compression trajectories lead to tensile forces
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3a) Struts Partial discontinuity Tension, T, is taken by the reinforcement When b ≤ H/2 T = ¼ [(b – a )/b] F T Reinforcement ties to resist the transverse force T may be
T
“discrete” or can be “smeared” over the length of tension zone arising from the compression stress trajectories
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3a) Struts Full discontinuity Tension, T, is taken by the reinforcement When b > H/2 T = ¼ (1 – 0.7a /h) F T T Reinforcement ties to resist the transverse force T may be “discrete” or can be “smeared” over the length of tension zone arising from the compression stress trajectories
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3a) Struts Dimensions of the strut are determined by dimensions of the nodes and assumptions made there.
Note the 2 components to the strut dimension
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3a) Fan Struts Up to now we have been talking about prism struts. In a uniformly loaded deep beam, the flow of internal forces may be visualized either by fan strut‐and‐tie models
or by using more elaborate discontinuous stress fields.
Fan struts
Usual to assume fan struts OK and check the common governing criterion. . . . . the CCT node
more realistic
3b) Ties Design strength, fyd = fyk/1.15 As = FEd/fyd
NB. Reinforcement should be anchored into nodes. Anchorage may start in the extended nodal zone (= strut area)
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3c) Nodes Nodes are typically classified as: CCC – Three compressive struts CCT – Two compressive struts and one tie CTT – One compressive strut and two ties
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3c) Nodes CCC nodes (e.g. column onto two pile cap) The maximum stress at the edge of the node: Rd,max = k1 ’fcd Where: k1 = 1.0 ’ = 1‐fck/250
Rd,max
= (1‐fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5 = 0.57 (1‐fck/250) fck
The stresses c0 & Rd,2 etc are all the same. 31
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3c) Nodes CCT nodes (e.g. beam at end support) The maximum compressive stress is:
Rd,max = k2 ’fcd Where: k2 = 0.85 ’ = 1-fck/250
Rd,max = 0.85 (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5 = 0.48 (1-fck/250) fck (based on the more critical of the two struts)
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3c) Nodes CTT nodes (e.g. closing corner of a wall) The maximum compressive stress is: Rd,max = k2 ’fcd Where: k2 = 0.75 ’ = 1‐fck/250 σRd,max = 0.75 (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5 = 0.43 (1-fck/250) fck
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4) Iterate
2‐pile cap – probably not
Cantilever wall beam (deep beam) with window – definitely
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Examples
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Pile‐cap worked example Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is required for a pile cap supporting a 500 mm square column carrying 2500 kN (ULS), and itself supported by two‐piles of 600 mm diameter. fck = 30 MPa 2 500 kN (ULS)
1400
Breadth = 900 mm
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Pile‐cap worked example STM
500/2 = 250
1400
2 500 kN (ULS)
34.7o 34.7o 866 kN
100
= tan‐1(900/1300) = 34.7° Width of strut* = 250/cos 34.7° = 304 mm Force per strut = 1250/cos 34.7° = 1520 kN Force in tie = 1250 tan 34.7° = 866 kN Angle of strut
1800 1 250 kN (ULS)
1 250 kN (ULS)
Strut angle
* Conventional but simplistic - see later
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Pile‐cap worked example Check stresses in strut Stress in strut (top) =1520 x 103/(304 x 500) =10.0 MPa Strength of strut (conservatively assuming some transverse tension): Rd,max = 0.4 (1‐fck/250) fck = 10.6 MPa Therefore OK
866 kN
Tie : Area of steel required: ≥ 866 x 103/435 As ≥ 1991 mm2 Use 5 H25s
Usually QED But for the sake of thoroughness . . . . . . .
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Pile‐cap worked example (thorough) 2500 kN
• Nodes: top
Rd,2 = 10.0 MPa (as before) Rd,3 = 10.0 MPa (as before) Rd,1 = 2500 x 103/(5002) = 10.0 MPa
1520 kN
(Elevation)
1520 kN
1520 kN
1520 kN
Rd,max (for CCC node) = 0.57 (1‐fck/250) fck = 15.0 MPa (Upside down elevation!)
2500 kN 39
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Pile‐cap worked example (thorough)
Nodes: bottom (as a check) Strut above Width of strut* = 600/cos 34.7° = 730 mm Stress in strut (bottom as an ellipse) Rd,2 =1520 x 103/(600 x 730 x /4) = 4.4 MPa Rd,1 = 1250 x 103/( x 3002) = 4.4 MPa Rd,max (for CCT node) = 0.48 (1‐fck/250) fck = 12.7 MPa OK
1038 kN = 1250 kN
* Conventional but simplistic - see later
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Pile‐cap worked example (thorough) Comparison: Compare previously designed pile cap using bending theory MEd =2500 x 1.800/4 = 1125 kNm Assume: 25 mm for tension reinforcement 12 mm link d = h – cnom ‐ link ‐ 0.5 = 1400 – 75 ‐ 12 – 13 = 1300 mm
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Pile‐cap worked example (thorough) Comparison:
K ' 0.208 K
1.00 0.208
M Ed bd 2 f ck
0.95 0.195
1125 106 900 13002 30 0.025 K ' d z 1 1 3.53K 2 1300 1 1 3.53 0.025 1270 mm 2
K’
0.90 0.182 0.85 0.168 0.80 0.153 0.75 0.137 0.70 0.120
As = 1125 x 106 / (435 x 1270) = 2036 mm2 Use 5 H25 (2454 mm2) c.f. using S&T 1991 mm2 req’d and 5H25 provided 42
Pile‐cap worked example (thorough) Strut dimensions RE * previous statement that calculated strut dimensions
were “Conventional but simplistic ‐ see later”
In highly stressed situations in CCCs, fib bulletin 62 allows a local STM to take account of the reinforcement from columns. So for the CCC node For the CCT node: wcos not used in previous calc.
Hence struts themselves are rarely critical. 43
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Pile‐caps etc. 2, 3 & 4 Pile‐caps Forces in ties
Pile‐caps etc. Detailing Detailing of reinforcement anchorage critical – 100% As needed up to extended node (large radius bends may be required)
Using S&T, anchorage of 100% As required here
cf 25% from here if using bending theory
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Pile‐caps etc. Detailing Where flexural design has been used it is common UK practice to provide uniform distribution of reinforcement. However, EN 1992‐1‐1 Clause 9.8.1(3) suggests that “the tensile reinforcement . . . should be concentrated in the stress zones between the tops of the piles”. There is evidence to suggest that bunching orthogonal reinforcement leads to a standard 4‐pile cap being 15% stronger than using the same amount of uniformly distributed reinforcement. The requirement for concentrating reinforcement can be interpreted in different ways but the apparent shortcoming can be alleviated by providing transverse tension and tie‐back reinforcement to distribute forces from bars as indicated in Figure 5.5 (wait for it!). For pile caps supporting structures other than bridges, there would appear to be little reason to deviate from the advice given in BS8110 “ . . only the reinforcement within 1.5 times the pile diameter from the centre of a pile shall be considered to constitute a tension member of a truss”. So in this case, 5 no. H25s distributed across a 900 mm wide pile cap section is considered satisfactory
Tensile force in tie
Tensile force in tie 46
Deep beam worked example Problem
STM
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Deep beam worked example Forces Consider moment about B RA = 2529 x 3.05 / 4.30 = 1794 kN So RB = 2529 ‐ 1794 = 735 kN F12 = 1794 x 1.80 / 1.30 = 2484 kN strut F13 = 2484 x 1.25 / 1.80 = 1725 kN tie F34 = F56 = 735 kN ties
Check bearing stresses At node 2, under load F Ed = 2529 x 103 / (450 x 450) = 12.5 MPa CCC node ∴ Rd = 1.0 x (1 – 35/250) x 0.85 x 35 / 1.5 = 17.1 MPa ∴ OK At node 1 at support A (see Figure 5.8) Ed = 1794 x 103 / (475 x 450) = 8.39MPa CCT node ∴ Rd = 0.85 x (1 – 35/250) x 0.85 x 35 / 1.5 = 14.5 MPa ∴ OK At node 7 at support B OK by inspection 48
Deep beam worked example Ties F13 = 1725 kN: As req’d = 1725 x 103 / (500/1.15) = 3968 mm2 Try 8H25 (3928 mm2 say OK) in two layers i.e. 2 x 4 H25 @ 50 mm cc by inspection provide bobs at end of bars F34 = F56 = 735 kN : As,req’d = 735 x 103 / (500/1.15) = 1690 mm2 per tie i.e. per 3.05/3m say 1690 mm2/m. Try H16@225 both sides (1768 mm2/m)
Bursting forces (bottle ties) Check strut 1‐2: F12 = 2484 KN strut has full discontinuity T = ¼ (1 – 0.7a/H) F T = ¼ (1 – 0.7 x 0.18) x 2484 = 542.8 kN ∴ As reqd = 542.8 x 103 / (500 / 1.15)= 1248 mm2 To be placed between 0.2H and 0.5H from the loaded surface. i.e. 1248 mm2 to be placed over 0.3 x 1800 = 540 mm ≡ 2311 mm2/m over 540 mm at 1.25 in 1.30 slope. Try H16@ 175 (1148 mm2/m) both ways both sides (2296 mm2/m both ways (say OK))
Etc (various checks) 49
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Deep beam worked example Summary
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Other examples
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Other examples • T‐headed bars
Vertical section: • Double headed T‐headed bars in shear assemblies
Similar plan section: • Single headed T‐headed bars in short lap assemblies or anchorages. 52
Other examples (advanced) Analysis of two-storey wall beam
Analysis and design of a coupling beam (with hole) within a shear wall in a 54-storey block.
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Other examples Eurocode 2 – Beam shear: strut inclination method 21.8 < < 45
VRd, s
Asw z f ywd cot s
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Why use Strut and Tie? • Simple Model for complex problems • Easy to understand • The engineer stays in control – it is not a complicated computer analysis • Can provide more economical solutions • It is very powerful for the analysis of existing structures
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1) British Standards Institution (2004) EN‐1992‐1‐1:2004. Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1. General rules and rules for buildings, London, UK: BSI 2) Schlaich J. and Schäfer K. (1991) ‘Design and detailing of structural concrete using strut‐and‐tie models’, The Structural Engineer, 69 (6), pp. 113–125 3) International Federation for Structural Concrete (2011) fib Bulletin No. 61: Design examples for strut‐and‐tie models, Lausanne, Switzerland: fi b 4) Thurlimann B., Muttoni A. and Schwartz J. (1989) Design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures using stress fi elds, Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 5) Goodchild C., Morrison J. and Vollum R. L. (2015) Strut‐and‐tie Models, London, UK: MPA The Concrete Centre 6) Schlaich J., Schäfer K. and Jennewein M. (1987) ‘Towards a consistent design of structural concrete’, PCI Journal, 32 (3), pp. 74–150 7) Sagaseta J. and Vollum R. L. (2010) ‘Shear design of short‐span beams’, Magazine of Concrete Research, 62 (4), pp. 267–282 8) CEB‐FIP (1990) Model Code for Concrete Structures, Lausanne, Switzerland: CEB‐FIP 9) British Standards Institution (2005) NA to BS EN 1992‐1‐1:2004 UK National Annex to Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1. General rules and rules for buildings, London, UK: BSI 10) British Standards Institution (2010) PD 6687‐1:2010 Background paper to the National Annexes to BS EN 1992‐1 and BS EN 1992‐3, London, UK: BSI 11) Hendy C. R. and Smith D. A. (2007) Designers’ Guide to EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 2: concrete bridges, London, UK: Thomas Telford 12) Schlaich J. and Schäfer K. (2001) ‘Konstruieren im Stahlbetonbau’ (in German), BetonKalender (Vol 2), Berlin, Germany: Ernst & Sohn, pp. 311–492 13) Vollum R. L. and Fang L. (2014) ‘Shear enhancement in RC beams with multiple point loads’, Engineering Structures, 80, pp. 389–405 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary ACI 318‐08, ACI, Farmington Hills MI 2008. “ACI 318”. 2 SCHLAICH, J., SCHAFER, K.: “Design and detailing of structural concrete using strut and tie models”, The Structural Engineer, Vol. 69, No. 6, March 1991, pp. 113‐125. 3 CEB‐FIP. Model Code for Concrete Structures, CEB‐FIP International Recommendations, 1990, “Model Code 90”. 4 CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION (CSA A.23.3‐04). Design of Concrete Structures, 2004. 5 COLLINS M. P. and MITCHELL D. Prestressed Concrete Structures, 1st edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1991. 6 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1992–1–1, Eurocode 2 – Part 1–1: Design of concrete structures – General rules and rules for buildings. BSI, 2004. 6a National Annex to Eurocode 2 – Part 1–1 incorporating Amendment 1. BSI, 2009. 7 HENDY, C R & SMITH D A. Designer’s Guide to EN 1992‐2, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, Part 2: Concrete Bridges.Thomas Telford, London, 2007. 8 SAHOO K D, SINGH B & BHARGAVA P. Minimum Reinforcement for Preventing Splitting Failure in Bottle shaped Struts, ACI Structural Journal, March April 2011, pp. 206‐216. 9 SIGRIST V , ALVAREZ M & KAUFMANN W. Shear And Flexure In Structural Concrete Beams, ETH Honggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland, (Reprint from CEB Bulletin d’Information No. 223 “Ultimate Limit State Design Models” June 1995). 10 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8004 Code of practice for Foundations, BSI, 1986. 11 BLEVOT, J. L., AND FREMY, R. “Semelles sur Pieux,” Institute Technique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics, V. 20, No. 230, 1967, pp. 223‐295. 12 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8110‐1:1997 Structural use of concrete ‐ Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction, Amd 4, BSI,2007 13 THE INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS. Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete. A Manual for best practice. (3rd edition) 2006, ISBN, 978 0 901297 41 9
Further reading
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Strut & Tie Charles Goodchild
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