Stretching

 

YANHKSQE XLS@YOKDA  ]ASEKMKY S@YOKDA T]SA T]SA ]DEF ]DEF NH AUA SDF TA  ]ASEKMKY @ACLTKNKN CAOKGKS MKN @AOAOKEKN CAOKGKS JKEKTFTXK YLO]A@@AT TQSK@KS]K Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Sfnk @urnfk @ajantarfkn @asaektkn Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk Guruskn L`upksf ]arkpf

 Kc  K cst strkd rkdtt 7 Xlr Xlr `pok `pokdda Ttr Ttr atdefnh defnh A xardfsa xardfsa,, C lram ramlj, B ktfqu fqua a Oak Oakr nfnh.  ]efs stumy kfjs tl ravako tea fjpkdt lb Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa tl clramlj knm bktfqua oakrnfnh lb stumant fn dkjpus F eakote Yloytadenfd lb Turk`krtk. Tkjpofnh dlooadtfln wks mlna cy purplsfva skjpofnh tadenfqua wfte 52 rasplnmants.]ea rasuot lb pkfram  skjpoas t-tast wks lctkfnam p vkoua : 9.99; (p?9.991). Dlndousflns rasuots lb tefs rasakrde fs teara fs tea fnbouanda lb Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa tl tea clramlj knm  bktfqua oakrnfnh stumant fn dkjpus dkjpus F Eakote Yloytadenfd lb Turk`krtk.

@ aywlr ywlr ms 7  Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa, Clramlj, Bktfqua Oakrnfnh Kcstrk` 7 Xl Xlrr `pokda `pokda Ttr Ttra atdefnh A xar xar dfsa, @aclsknkn, @aoaokekn Caokgkr. Yanaoftfkn

fnf cartugukn janhatkeuf panhkrue `kjpus Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa`ajan`as tarekmkp `aclsknkn mknuntu` `aoaokekn caokgkr jkeksfswk F Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk. Yanhkjcfokn skjpao mfok`u`kn manhkn ta`nf`  purplsfva skjpofnh   manhkn  gujoke 52 rasplnman. Carmkskr`kn ugf  pkfram skjpoa t-tast   mfparloae eksfo  p-vkoua  p-vkoua   sacaskr 9.99; (p?9.991). @asfjpuokn eksfo panaoftfkn fnf kmkoke kmk panhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa  Axardfsa  tarekmkp `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn caokgkr jkeksfswk `kjpus F Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn @ajan`as Turk`krtk. @ktk @undf 7 Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa, Axardfsa, @aclsknkn, @aoaokekn Caokgkr YANMKEQOQKN Yrlsas pajcaokgkrkn jaofckt`kn  carckhkf `ahfktkn mkn tfnmk`kn yknh parou mfok`u`kn loae pasartk mfmf`.

yknh taoke mftatkp`kn, jatlma  pajcaokgkrkn yknh carsfbkt jlnltln, skrknk mkn prkskrknk mkokj prlsas  pajcaokgkrkn yknh tfmk` sasukf manhkn

Yajcaokgkrkn kmkoke suktu prlsas fntark`sf kntkrk panhkgkr/ huru/ mlsan manhkn pasartk mfmf`. ]ardkpkfnyk tugukn  pajcaokgkrkn mftknmkf loae tfnh`kt  panhukskkn `ajkjpukn mkn  pajcantu`kn `aprfckmfkn. Ykmk prlsas  pajcaokgkrkn yknh jaofckt`kn k`tfvftks bfsf` mkn jantko mkpkt janfjcuo`kn `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn caokgkr. Eko fnf mkpkt mfsackc`kn loae wk`tu yknh mfhunk`kn panhkgkr mkokj prlsas  pajcaokgkrkn jaoacfef gkmwko paokgkrkn

kntrlpljatrf pasartk mfmf` sartk tfmk` kmknyk fstfrkekt carupk fstfrkekt k`tfb yknh mfok`u`kn pasartk mfmf` mkokj prlsas  pajcaokgkrkn mf `aoks. Mfofekt mkrf oukrkn  prlsas pajcaokgkrkn tarnyktk mkjpk` yknh mftfjcuo`kn mkpkt jajpanhkruef `ataoftfkn `adapktkn mkn `lnstknsf `argk  pasartk mfmf` yknh pkmk k`efrnyk `ukoftks  prlsas pajcaokgkrkn cfsk tarhknhhu (Tutkgkyk, 3992). Tkoke sktu upkyk untu` jandkpkf `lnmfsf tarsacut kmkoke manhkn  pajcarfkn Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa

;;2

 

 Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa 

;;8 

(XTA)  yknh mfmaskfn manhkn prfnsfp (XTA)  hark`kn  stratdefnh   (parahknhkn ltlt) mkn frfnhkn jusf` fnstrujantko tajpl samknh. Yarahknhkn ltlt ykftu uskek untu` jajparpkngknh ltlt saefnhhk janhk`fckt`kn ltlt jangkmf rfoa`s mkn oantur (Naosln & @l``lnan, 3998). Yanaoftfkn fnf cartugukn untu` janhatkeuf panhkrue pajcarfkn wlr`pokda stratdefnh axardfsa tarekmkp `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn jkeksfswk Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk. Yajcaokgkrkn kmkoke prlsas  caroknhsunhnyk caokgkr janhkgkr mf `aoks yknh jarupk`kn fntf mkrf `ahfktkn  panmfmf`kn mf sa`loke. Tamknh`kn  paok`sknkkn prlsas caokgkr janhkgkr mkpkt mfok`u`kn sackhkf fntark`sf kntkrk

tarmkpkt sfstaj k`tfvksf (carsfbkt sfjpktfs) mkn fnefcfsf (carsfbkt pkrksfjpktfs). Fstfoke `aoaokekn cfksknyk janungu``kn `lnmfsf yknh carcamk-camk mkrf satfkp fnmfvfmu, tatkpf sajuknyk carjukrk pkmk `aefoknhkn abfsfansf mkn panurunkn `kpksftks `argk sartk `atkeknkn tucue (]krwk`k, 39;;). Hagkok-hagkok `aoaokekn kntkrk okfn kmkoke panurunkn `asfkhkkn mkn parektfkn, parokjcktkn `adapktkn rak`sf, panurunkn mkn ekjcktkn parsapsf, maprasf, `urknh tankhk, mkn `aefoknhkn fnfsfktfb (Tatykwktf, 39;;). Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa (XTA ) jarupk`kn cantu` oktfekn  oktfekn  yknh mfmaskfn manhkn prfnsfp hark`kn  stratdefnh   (parahknhkn ltlt) mkn frfnhkn jusf` fnstrujantko tajpl samknh.

 panhkgkrkn manhkn paokgkrkn mkokj janykjpkf`kn ckekn paokgkrkn `apkmk sfswk untu` jandkpkf tugukn  pajcaokgkrkn (Skekyu, 39;9). @aclsknkn kmkoke unh`kpkn tfmk` ank` mkrf parkskkn tfmk` janyanknh`kn,  parkskkn oaoke yknh janhurks saourue jfnkt mkn tankhk (Knlrkhk, ;665). Knkstksf (;656) carpanmkpkt ckewk sujcar `aclsknkn mkpkt carksko mkrf fnmfvfmu mkn ofnh`unhkn. @krk`tarfstf` lrknh carcamk-camk saefnhhk satfkp lrknh jajfof`f `arantknkn yknh carcamk-camk  puok tarekmkp `aclsknkn sa`kofpun jaok`u`kn `ahfktkn yknh skjk. Mkjpk` mkrf `aclsknkn kntkrk okfn kmkoke tfjcuonyk rksk `asko, oajks, oaoke mkn  car`urknhnyk `awkspkmkkn (@rlajar mkn Hrknmgakn, 39990 Yuokt, ;6630 @rlajar m``, ;66=). @aoaokekn jarupk`kn suktu ja`knfsja parofnmunhkn tucue khkr tucue tarefnmkr mkrf `arusk`kn oacfe okngut saefnhhk targkmf pajuofekn sataoke fstfrkekt. @aoaokekn mfktur sadkrk santrko loae ltk`. Ykmk susunkn skrkb puskt

Yarahknhkn ltlt ykftu uskek untu` jajparpkngknh ltlt saefnhhk janhk`fckt`kn ltlt jangkmf rfoa`s mkn oantur (Naosln & @l``lnan, 3998). ]fngkukn bfsflolhfs tarekmkp jknbkkt Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa  Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa  (XTA) sadkrk ujuj mkpkt mfgaoks`kn sackhkf carf`ut, sfbkt `argk ltlt sadkrk hkrfs caskr mfcamk`kn jangkmf muk, ykftu kntkhlnfs mkn sfnarhfs. Tfbkt `argk ltlt kntkhlnfs kmkoke muk `ujpuokn ltlt ktku oacfe yknh dkrk `argknyk carokwknkn untu` janheksfo`kn suktu `llrmfnksf hark`, krtfnyk gf`k sktu `aoljpl` ltlt  car`lntrk`sf, jk`k `aoljpl` ltlt okfn janhkokjf raok`sksf. Tfbkt `argk ltlt sfnarhfs kmkoke muk `aoljpl` ltlt ktku oacfe yknh dkrk `argknyk saokrks untu` janheksfo`kn suktu hark`kn. Qntu` janheksfo`kn hark`kn yknh ckf`, sktu `aoljpl` ltlt tfmk` mkpkt ca`argk sanmfrf, nkjun ekrus ca`argkskjk manhkn `ujpuokn ltlt yknh okfn (Huytln, 3992). Ttratdefnh  mkpkt   mkpkt mfcarf`kn pkmk ltlt yknh samknh car`lntrk`sf jkupun raok`sksf

 

;;5 Gurnko @atarkpfkn Bfsf`, Rlouja 3, Nl 3,Nlvajcar 39;8, eoj 81-;31

tarhkntunh sfbkt `argk ltlt (Naosln & @l``lnan, 3998).

tarsacut

JA]LMA YANAOF]FKN Maskfn panaoftfkn yknh mfhunk`kn kmkoke quksf a`sparfjantko  a`sparfjantko  ‟Lna hrlups  pra knm plst tast masfhn‚. masfhn‚. Ykmk panaoftfkn fnf sacaouj mkn sataoke pajcarfkn Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa (XTA) k`kn mfok`u`kn panfokfkn tarekmkp `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn. Ylpuoksf mkokj  panaoftfkn fnf kmkoke saourue jkeksfswk @kjpus F Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk. Yanhkjcfokn skjpao manhkn ta`nf`  purplsfva skjpofnh, gujoke skjpao mkokj  panaoftfkn fnf kmkoke 52 lrknh.

]kcao ; @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfst f` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn Mktk @lntfnu  Mktk

N 52

Jfn ;5

FJ] Okjk caokgkr/ekrf Okjk fstfrkekt jkokj Gkrk` tajpkt tfnhhko `a `kjpus

52 52 52

;1 9 =

Qsfk

52

9,;

Jkx 3=

Jakn ;6,;1

TM 9,26

38,4 = 6

;6,89 ;,=4 2,=5

3,=9 9,83 ;,91

8,14

6,=;

31

 c.  @krk`tarfstf` Mktk @ktahlrf`ko ;)  Ganfs @aokjfn Sasplnman mkokj panaoftfkn fnf tarmfrf ktks jkeksfswk @kjpus F manhkn  ganfs `aokjfn ok`f-ok`f mkn parajpukn. Carf`ut kmkoke mktk rasplnman  carmkskr`kn ganfs `aokjfn.

EKTFO YANAOF]FKN ]kcao 3 Yanhkjcfokn mktk panaoftfkn @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfst f` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn manhkn gumuo panhkrue wlr`pokda Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr` kn Ganfs @aokjfn  stratdefnh axardfsa  axardfsa   tarekmkp `aclsknkn Ganfs @aokjfn n % mkn `aoaokekn caokgkr jkeksfswk mf Ok`f-ok`f ;4 ;1,; @kjpus F Ylota``as Turk`krtk mfok`u`kn Yarajpukn 84 5=,6 mf @kjpus F Ylota``as Turk`krtk yknh Gujoke 52 ;99 tarmfrf mkrf 4 (tfhk) guruskn ykftu 7 Guruskn Carmkskr`kn mktk yknh mfskgf`kn @aparkwktkn, Guruskn K`upuntur mkn  pkmk tkcao 3, pkmk 52 rasplnman panaoftfkn Guruskn ]arkpf Xfdkrk. Yanhkjcfokn mktk mf`atkeuf ckewk parcknmfnhkn ok`f-ok`f mfkwkof manhkn jaok`u`kn parfgfnkn mfcknmfnh parajpukn kmkoke ;72. saokngutnyk prlsas panhkjcfokn mktk 3)  Kokt ]rknsplrtksf yknh Mfhunk`kn mfok`u`kn manhkn jkeksfswk janhfsf Eksfo `krktarfstf` rasplnman `uasflnar `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn carupk  panaoftfkn carmkskr`kn kokt trknsplrtksf  pkmk pajarf`skkn kwko ykftu sacaouj yknh mfhunk`kn mkpkt mfofekt pkmk tkcao 4 mfcarf`kn fntarvansf Xlr`pokda sackhkf carf`ut 7 Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa,, pajcarfkn fntarvansf Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa  Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa  `ajumfkn ]kcao 4 janhfsf `uasflnar `aclsknkn mkn @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfst f` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn `aoaokekn sataoke janmkpkt`kn fntarvansf. Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr`k n Kokt Ko kt ]rknsplrtksf yknh Knkofsfs Qnfvkrfkt Mfhunk`kn k.  @krk`tarfstf` Mktk @lntfnu Kokt ]rknsplrtksf n % Eksfo stktfstf` mas`rfptfb mktk Gkokn `k`f 6 ;9,1 Tapamk jltlr 8= 52 `lntfnu yknh carupk usfk, FJ], okjk Kntkr gajput 4 4,1  caokgkr/ ekrf, okjk fstfrkekt jkokj, gkrk` Gujoke 52 ;99 tajpkt tfnhhko `a `kjpus, mkpkt mfofekt Eksfo panaoftfkn janungu``kn  pkmk tkcao ; sackhkf carf`ut 7  ckewk jkylrftks rasplnman panaoftfkn

 

 Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa 

janhhunk`kn kokt trknsplrtksf sapamk jltlr ykftu sacknyk` 2= (52%). 4)  @lnbof` Ysf`lslsfko Eksfo `krk`tarfstf` rasplnman  panaoftfkn carmkskr`kn `lnbof` psf`lslsfko mkpkt mfofekt pkmk tkcao = sackhkf carf`ut 7 ]kcao = @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfs tf` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr`k n @lnbof` Ysf`lslsfko @lnbof` Ysf`lslsfko Vk ]fmk` Gujoke

n 1 5; 52

% 1,5 6=,3 ;99

]kcao 2 @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfst f` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr`k n Sutfnftks Lokerkhk Sutfn Lokerkhk Vk

n 34

% 32,8

]fmk` Gujoke

24 52

84,4 ;99

Eksfo panaoftfkn janungu``kn  ckewk rasplnman oacfe cknyk` yknh tfmk`  carlokerkhk ykftu sacknyk` 24 (84,4%). (84,4%). d.  @aclsknkn mkn @aoaokekn ]kcao 8 Eksfo rarktk `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn rasplnman panaoftfkn sacaouj mkn sasumke fntarvansf

Eksfo panaoftfkn janungu``kn  ckewk jkylrftks rasplnman panaoftfkn tfmk` jajfof`f `lnbof` slsfko ykftu sacknyk` 5; (6=,3%). =)  @acfkskkn Jarl`l` Eksfo `krk`tarfstf` rasplnman  carmkskr`kn `acfkskkn jarl`l` mkpkt mfofekt pkmk tkcao 1 sackhkf carf`ut 7

Mktk  Yra tast  `aclsknkn  Ylst tast  `aclsknkn

Jakn 28,88 41,8=

 Yra tast   `aoaokekn  Ylst tast   `aoaokekn

29,;3 45,=3

]kcao 1 @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfs tf` Sasplnman Yanaftfkn Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr`k n Okjk Caokgkr/Ekrf Caokgkr/Ekrf

Mktk

@acfkskkn Jarl`l` Vk ]fmk` Gujoke

n ; 51 52

% ;,3 65,5 ;99

Eksfo panaoftfkn janungu``kn  ckewk jkylrftks rasplnman panaoftfkn tfmk` jarl`l` ykftu sacknyk` 51 (65,5%). 1)  Sutfnftks Lokerkhk Eksfo `krktarfstf` rasplnman  panaoftfkn carmkskr`kn lokerkhk yknh mfok`u`kn sadkrk rutfn mkpkt mfofekt pkmk tkcao 2 sackhkf carf`ut 7

;;6 

Knkofsfs Cfvkrfkt ]kcao 5 Eksfo Qgf pkfram-skjpoa t tast

 Yra  —   plst `aclsknkn   `aclsknkn  Yra-plst tast   `aoaokekn

Nfokf Tfhnfbf`knsf (p vkoua)

tast

9.99; 9.99;

YAJCKEKTKN @aclsknkn mkokj prlsas  pajcaokgkrkn mftknmkf manhkn  car`urknhnyk parektfkn pasartk mfmf` tarekmkp jktarf yknh samknh mfckeks ktku  pasartk mfmf` janhkokjf `asuoftkn mkokj jajpartkekn`kn parektfknnyk pkmk tuhks yknh samknh mfok`sknk`kn. @lnmfsf sapartf fnf sarfnh janyartkf pasartk mfmf` pkmk  prlsas pajcaokgkrkn gf`koku gkj caokgkr mfkol`ksf`kn pkmk sfknh ekrf mkn taroacfe okhf panhkgkr `urknh jkjpu janhaolok `aoks manhkn ckf`. Gf`k `lnmfsf yknh jajclskn`kn tarsacut car`apkngknhkn,

 

;39 Gurnko @atarkpfkn Bfsf`, Rlouja 3, Nl 3,Nlvajcar 39;8, eoj 81-;31

k`kn junduo parkskkn haofske,fnhfn janhefnmkr mkrf k`tfvftks tarsacut mkn janurunnyk jltfvksf untu` caokgkr. Mkokj eko fnf @rlajar mkn Hrknmgakn (3999) jangaoks`kn ckewk `aclsknkn cfsk targkmf mfsackc`kn loae stfjuoksf yknh ranmke, tuntutkn bfsf` mkn jantko yknh ranmke yknh janhk`fckt`kn stfjuoksf yknh `adfo pkmk mkarke `askmkrkn mf ltk`. @lnsa`uansfnyk sfstaj ofjcfd k`kn tarpanhkrue mkn rak`sf mkrf lrhknfsja sadkrk `asaouruekn k`kn janurun. Janurut ]krwk`k (39;;), ckewk `aclsknkn guhk mkpkt mfpfdu loae tuntutkn tuhks yknh jaokjpkuf `kpksftks fnmfvfmu, eko fnf carkrtf rksk clskn yknh mfpfdu loae strass. Yrlsas pajcaokgkrkn yknh  car`apkngknhkn sarfnh jajunduo`kn rksk

samknh kmkoke 63-;9= oknh`ke/janft. Ganfs jusf` fnf tarjksu` jusf` raok`sksf yknh jajfof`f cacarkpk jknbkkt kntkrk okfn jajcukt tucue mkn pf`frkn oacfe skntkf, janfnh`kt`kn parkskkn sanknh mkn janhktksf rksk clskn mkn oaoke mkokj  ca`argk. Jusf` tajpl samknh mkpkt jajckntu tucue mkn pf`frkn oacfe rfok`s (Glekn, 3996). Fntarvansf XTA fnf mfok`sknk`kn sadkrk carskjk-skjk (`oksf`ko) mf `aoks. Yanarkpkn jlmao `oksf`ko fnf mkpkt janfjcuo`kn jltfvksf mkn k`efrnyk carmkjpk` pkmk  car`urknhnyk rksk clskn. Eko fnf sasukf manhkn panmkpkt Bkrlzfn (39;3) ckewk jatlma `oksf`ko mkpkt janfnh`kt`kn jltfvksf caokgkr. Janurut Hfntfnh (39;9)

 clskn yknh mftknmkf manhkn rksk `asko, oaoke, oajks, mkn janurunnyk `lnsantrksf sartk fnhfn carkofe mkrf k`tfvftks tarsacut( @rlajar mkn Hrknmgakn ,3999). Eko fnf sasukf manhkn `lnmfsf yknh mfkokjf loae rasplnman, mfjknk murksf pajcaokgkrkn mf`kjpus sarfnh`kof oacfe mkrf 5 gkj satfkp ekrfnyk, mkn mfskjpfnh  pajcaokgkrkn mf`kjpus, rasplnman jksfe ekrus janhargk`kn tuhks jktk `uofke mf oukr gkj caokgkr mf `kjpus. Eko fnf k`kn  cartkjcke curu` gf`k suksknk  pajcaokgkrkn jlnltln, mkn pasartk mfmf` danmarunh pksfb. Yajcarfkn fntarvansf XTA mkpkt  carpanhkrue tarekmkp panurunkn `aclsknkn caokgkr jkeksfswk, bk`tlr  panmu`unh eko fnf kntkrk okfn kmkoke kmknyk jusf` XTA, fntarvansf mfok`sk`sknk`kn sadkrk `oksf`ko, mkn hark`kn k`efr pkmk XTA. Jusf` fnstrujan yknh mfparhunk`kn untu` janhfrfnhf XTA fnf kmkoke jusf` Tlgfrl Gapknh manhkn tajpl samknh. ]ajpl jusf` kmkoke `adapktkn mkokj u`urkn oknh`ke tartantu. @rftarfk jusf` tajpl

 ckewk sajk`fn tfnhhf `leasfvftks `aoljpl` jk`k k`kn sajk`fnjanfnh`kt`kn jltfvksf. Sasplnman mkokj panaoftfkn fnf carksko mkrf 3 `aoks pkmk 3 Guruskn, mfjknk satfkp knhhltk `aoljpl` taoke carfntark`sf saokjk sktu tkeun oacfe, eko fnf janungu``kn ckewk `leasfvftks pkmk rasplnman sajk`fn tfnhhf. Eko fnf mftknmkf manhkn targkofnnyk `argkskjk, skofnh  car`ljunf`ksf, jarksk cartknhhunh  gkwkc tarekmkp tuhks mkn jajfof`f tugukn  pajcaokgkrkn yknh skjk. Ykmk ckhfkn k`efr XTA tarmkpkt hark`kn parnkbkskn manhkn janarkp`kn ta`nf` Yursam ofp craktefnh, mkn XTA mftutup manhkn hark`kn kjcfo nkbks (fnspfrksf) jaokouf efmunh mkn mf`aoukr`kn (a`spfrksf) jaokouf juout mfsartkf sukrk tarfk`kn ―euuu/ekkk‖. ]a`nf` Yursam ofp  craktefnh ykftu jankrf` nkbks jaokouf efmunh, sapartf jajcku cunhk jkwkr (juout tartutup), `ajumfkn janhaoukr`kn nkbks jaokouf juout (sapartf janfup ofofn). Cacarkpk jknbkkt jaok`u`kn pursam ofp  craktefnh kmkoke janhurknhf `adajkskn,

 

 Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa 

;3; 

jangkhk `lnsantrksf, janhurknhf sask` nkbks, jangkmf`kn tucue mkn pf`frkn oacfe raok`s (Euntoay, 3995). Manhkn jaok`u`kn hark`kn parnkbkskn fnf k`kn jajckntu bfsf` mkn pf`frkn rasplnman oacfe raok`s. ]arfk`kn pkmk hark`kn  parnkbkskn, ckhfkn k`efr XTA jajckntu rasplnman untu` janykour`kn rksk clskn yknh mfrksk`kn. Carmkskr`kn eksfo ugf  pkfram skjpoa t tast   janungu``kn ckewk XTA  carpanhkrue janurun`kn `aoaokekn pkmk rasplnman. Eko fnf mfsackc`kn loae aba`/jknbkkt  stratdefnh   pkmk XTA. Ttratdefnh   jarupk`kn suktu uskek untu` jajparpkngknh ltlt fstfrkekt (raok`sksf), saefnhhk mkpkt jandahke `atahknhkn ltlt (spksja). Ttratdefnh   yknh mfok`u`kn

 cark`fckt targkmf spksja yknh caroacfekn mkn janfjcuo`kn nyarf (Aonkhhkr at ko .,;669). .,;669). Nyarf targkmf `krank vksl`lntrf`sf pajcuoue mkrke mf ltlt k`fckt `lntrk`sf caroacfekn yknh tarus janarus mkn k`efrnyk janfjcuo`kn fsdeajfk  gkrfnhkn. Ja`knfsja fsdeajfk fsdeajfk   mkn spksja ltlt yknh caroacfekn k`kn jarknhsknh nldfdaptlr   yknh carparkn mkokj janhekntkr`kn fjpuos nyarf `a ltk` (Dkjarln, ;666). Ykmk ltlt yknh janhkokjf spksja, k`kn targkmf pajanma`kn jusdoa bfcar   `krank knykjkn-knykjkn jylbfokjan janhkokjf lvarokppfnh   sktu skjk okfn. Ykmk skkt mfok`u`kn  stratdefnh   manhkn  pankeknkn cacarkpk matf` pkmk plsfsf ltlt jajkngknh, stru`tur jusdoa bfcar  

sadkrk rutfn mkpkt carmkjpk` pkmk `aoanturkn (boa`sfcfoftks), ykftu `ajkjpukn sanmf untu` carhark` mkokj  gknh`kukn panue (Kotar, 3994). Lrknh yknh saokou k`tfb cark`tfbftks sapartf rasplnman panaoftfkn fnf jajarou`kn boa`sfcfoftks yknh du`up untu` mkpkt tatkp jaok`u`kn pa`argkknnyk manhkn nykjkn. @lntrk`sf mfnkjf` pkmk ltlt-ltlt yknh targkmf skkt jaok`sknk`kn XTA janyackc`kn oacfe cknyk` mkrke janhkofr `a ltlt, saefnhhk pksl`kn l`sfhan mkn nutrfsf yknh mfcutue`kn untu`  prlsas jatkclofsja mkpkt mfpanuef sadkrk aba`tfb. Jaok`u`kn XTA carkrtf jarucke  plsfsf `argk stktfs jangkmf oacfe mfnkjfs Eko fnf mkpkt janstfjuoksf `aokndkrkn  prlsas jatkclofsja mkokj tucue, saefnhhk panfjcunkn eksfo jatkclofsja ltlt (kskj ok`tkt mkn DL3) mkpkt mfjfnfjkofsfr mkn `aoaokekn mkpkt mfdahke ktku mf`urknhf (]krwk`k, 39;;). Ykmk pasartk mfmf` manhkn plsfsf  caokgkr stktfs sapartf rasplnman panaoftfkn fnf, k`kn targkmf `lntrk`sf fsljatrf` ltltltlt tartantu sadkrk tarus janarus mkn

tarutkjk  skrdljar k`kn janhkokjf  parahknhkn `krank knykjkn-knykjkn jylbfokjan   yknh lvarokppfnh   k`kn jylbfokjan  car`urknh mkn sadkrk ltljktfs janyackc`kn stru`tur jusdoa bfcar jangkmf jajkngknh. Manhkn  pajkngknhkn stru`tur jusdoa bfcar tarsacut, jk`k spksja mkpkt car`urknh (Kppoatln, ;665). Yajcarfkn  stratdefnh   mkpkt janhurknhf spksja  spksja  `krank  prlprfldaptlr   ltlt ktku jusdoa spfnmoa  spfnmoa  yknh tark`tfvksf skkt stratdefnh  stratdefnh   targkmf.  Jusdoa spfnmoa  spfnmoa   cartuhks untu` janhktur sfnyko `a ltk` tantknh paruckekn pkngknh ltlt mkn  paruckekn tlnus yknh janmkmk` mkn  caroacfekn. Gf`k kmk paruckekn tlnus ltlt yknh janmkmk` mkn caroacfekn, jk`k jusdoa spfnmoa  spfnmoa  k`kn janhfrfj`kn sfnyko `a ltk` untu` jajcukt ltlt tarsacut  car`lntrk`sf sackhkf cantu` partkeknkn mkn jandahke damark. Loae `krank ftu, skkt jaok`u`kn  stratdefnh   mfok`u`kn  pankeknkn cacarkpk skkt manhkn tugukn untu` jajcarf`kn kmkptksf pkmk jusdoa  spfnmoa   tarekmkp paruckekn pkngknh ltlt  spfnmoa

 

;33 Gurnko @atarkpfkn Bfsf`, Rlouja 3, Nl 3,Nlvajcar 39;8, eoj 81-;31

yknh `ftk carf`kn, saefnhhk sfnyko mkrf ranmke tarekmkp `a`uktkn ltlt, ltk` untu` janh`lntrk`sf`kn ltlt boa`sfcfoftks, mkn `asafjcknhkn tarekmkp jangkmf car`urknh. Manhkn `lntrk`sf ltlt oknsfk janungu``kn eksfo ckewk pkmk yknh jfnfjko pkmk skkt  stratdefnh, k`kn `aoljpl` parok`ukn targkmf `ankf`kn oacfe jajumke`kn jusdoa bfcars  untu` sfhnfbf`kn bfcars  tarekmkp `a`uktkn ltlt, jajkngknh mkn spksja ltlt mkpkt boa`sfcfoftks, mkn `asafjcknhkn  car`urknh (Kppoatln, ;6650 Dlstk & mfcknmfnh`kn `aoljpl` `lntrlo. Qsfk Rfafrk, 3995). rasplnman mkokj panaoftfkn fnf rantknhnyk Janurut Dkjarln (;666), ckewk kntkrk ;5-3= tkeun, eko fnf `ajunh`fnkn  pajcarfkn  stratdefnh   guhk mkpkt turut car`lntrfcusf tarekmkp jknbkkt XTA , jarknhsknh sarkcut skrkb carpankjpknh `krank mftfngku mkrf usfk sadkrk bfsflolhfs tacko (K kopek mkn K catk) saefnhhk  caouj cknyk` targkmf paruckekn, saefnhhk jkjpu janutup harcknh `lntrlo nyarf. nyarf .  `aoljpl` usfk fnf oacfe rasplnsfb tarekmkp Ja`knfsja  stratdefnh   tarjksu` mkokj aba` axardfsa axardfsa.. `ktahlrf stfjuoksf ja`knf` yknh mkpkt @krk`tarfstf` FJ] turut janhk`tfvksf bunhsf sarkcut skrkb  car`lntrfcusf tarekmkp jknbkkt XTA  XTA   carpankjpknh tacko nln-nldfdaptfb   (K untu` janurun `kn `aclsknkn mkn kopek mkn K catk) mkn janutup harcknh `aoaokekn, `krank rktk-rktk FJ] rasplnman `lntrlo saefnhhk nyarf yknh mfckwk sarkcut skrkb carpankjpknh tfpfs (K maotk mkn D) tfmk` mkpkt mftarus`kn `a ltk`. @lntrk`sf mfnkjf` pkmk ltlt-ltlt yknh targkmf skkt jaok`sknk`kn XTA janyackc`kn oacfe cknyk` mkrke janhkofr `a ltlt, saefnhhk pksl`kn l`sfhan mkn nutrfsf yknh mfcutue`kn untu`  prlsas jatkclofsja mkpkt mfpanuef sadkrk aba`tfb. Jaok`u`kn XTA carkrtf jarucke  plsfsf `argk stktfs jangkmf oacfe mfnkjfs Eko fnf mkpkt janstfjuoksf `aokndkrkn  prlsas jatkclofsja mkokj tucue, saefnhhk panfjcunkn eksfo jatkclofsja ltlt (kskj ok`tkt mkn DL3) mkpkt mfjfnfjkofsfr mkn k`efrnyk carmkjpk`  pkmk car`urknhnyk `aoaokekn caokgkr. Tadkrk ujuj `atf`k fnmfvfmu  carusfk mf ktks =9 tkeun targkmf cacarkpk  panurunkn `ajkjpukn sadkrk bfsf` jkupun bfsflolhfs, jfskonyk janurunnyk `ajkjpukn pkndk fnmark, car`urknhnyk aokstfsftks tlnus gkrfnhkn (tfssua (tfssua aokstfdfty knm tlna), tlna), mkn janurunnyk `kpksftks RL3 jkx (Jfoos, ;66;). Yanaoftfkn Jfoos (;66;) tantknh aba` karlcf` fntansftks

kmkoke `ktahlrf nlrjko . Lzhuoar kt ko . (3999) januofs`kn ckewk `aoaokekn  cknyk` mfkokjf fnmfvfmu manhkn  Clmy  Jkss Fnmax Fnmax   ( CJF   CJF ) > 3=,63 `h/j3  ykftu fnmfvfmu yknh jksu` `ktahlrf lvarwafhet   mkn lcasa lcasa.. Yanmkpkt fnf sagkokn manhkn Rassy kt ko   (;669) yknh mf`utfp loae ]krwk`k (39;;) ckewk wknftk haju` jajfof`f rasf`l janhkokjf `aoaokekn 3x ofpkt mfcknmfnh`kn wknftk `urus. Eko fnf mfsackc`kn loae `lnmfsf `asafjcknhkn stru`tur rknh`k mkokj janarfjk cackn,  ckf` cackn carkt tucue jkupun cackn tkjckekn okfnnyk. Tkoke sktu fnmf`ktlr untu` janhatkeuf stktus hfzf sasalrknh kmkoke manhkn jaofekt Fnma`s Jksk tucue (FJ]). Gf`k stktus hfzf `urknh  `urknh  (unmarwafhet)   , jk`k cacarkpk k`fckt (unmarwafhet) yknh k`kn tfjcuo kntkrk okfn mkyk tkekn tucue ranmke, prlmu`sf anarhf ranmke saefnhhk oacfe jumke jarksk oaoke mkn  prlmu`tfbftks caokgkr janurun. Gf`k stktus hfzf caroacfe (lvarwafhet  (lvarwafhet   mkn lcasa) lcasa),, jk`k mf`kft`kn manhkn rasf`l targkmfnyk  cacarkpk panyk`ft mahanarktfb, jfskonyk

 

 Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa 

strl`a, gkntunh, mfkcatas jaoftus, mkn okfnokfn (Nurjfkntl, 3994). Sktk-rktk rasplnman  carfstfrkekt/tfmur saokjk 2,= gkj mkokj  parflma sktu ekrf (3= gkj), eko fnf sasukf manhkn panmkpkt Hrknmgakn (;664),  ckewk tfmur lrknh mawksk kntkrk 2-5 2- 5 gkj, g kj, mkn eutknh tfmur (soaap mact) mkpkt  carmkjpk` pkmk rksk `kntu`, oaoke, mkn  clskn mkokj jaok`u`kn k`tfbftks. k `tfbftks. @lnmfsf rasplnman fnf taoke sasukf manhkn `atantukn wk`tu fstfrkekt, nkjun majf`fkn gf`k mfofekt mktk tantknh `aoaokekn mkn `aclsknkn rasplnman sacaouj fntarvansf du`up tfnhhf. Eko fnf mfjunh`n`kn car`kftkn manhkn ranmkenyk knh`k `acfkskkn rutfn carlokerkhk pkmk rasplnman . ]armkpkt 84,4% rasplnman yknh tfmk` jaok`u`kn `ahfktkn lokerkhk sadkrk rutfn. Manhkn jaok`u`kn lokerkhk rutfn, jk`k tucue k`kn oacfe cuhkr, ltlt mkn sanmf jangkmf oacfe taroktfe mkn sfkp mkokj jaok`u`kn k`tfbftks (KDTJ, 39;9).

;34 

MKB]KS SQGQ@KN Dkjarln., Jfdeaoa.,;666. Yeysfdko Jfdeaoa.,;666. Yeysfdko Khants fn Saekcfoftktfln0 Saekcfoftktfln0 X.C.Tkunmars dljpkny, Yefokmaopefk. Dlna D., 3992.  Arhlnljfd Axardfsa  Crak` . Xlr`sfta waoonass. Dlundfo lb Rloudfk Dlunty Dlstk & Rfafrk., 3995. Ttratdefnh tl ramuda wlr` raoktam jusduols`aoatko mfslrmars0 mfslrmars0 glurnko raekcfoftktfln jam 3995, (Fntarnat). Kvkfokcoa brlj 7 ettp7//www.lddjam.lxblrmglurnkos .lrh.. (kddassam ;9 Kuhust 39;3) .lrh Map`as S.F., 3998.  @asaokjktkn mkn  @asaektkn @argk mf Okclrktlrfuj Okclrktlrfuj.. Map`as S.F., Gk`krtk. Mekrjk, K & Ou`jkntl,Y., ;664.

 Bfsflolhf @aml`tarkn. @aml`tarkn. (K. Huytln. ]argajkekn). Amfsf 1. Yanarcft Cu`u @aml`tarkn AHD, Gk`krtk Mglekn., 3996.  Ysf`lolhf Jusf` . Vlhyk`krtk, Cast Yucofsear. Hrknmgakn, A., ;661. ;661. Bfttfnh tea tks` tl tea @ATFJYQOKN MKN TKSKN Carmkskr`kn eksfo panaoftfkn jkn.. K taxt cll` lb lddupktflnko jkn tarekmkp 52 lrknh rasplnman mf @kjpus F arhlnljfd = te amftfln. ]kfolr & Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk, yknh Brkndfs, Naw Vlr`. mfcarf`kn fntarvansf carupk  carupk  Xlr`pokda Euntoay, N., 3995. Dkrmfkd & Yuojlnkry Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa (XTA) saokjk =  Mfsaksas.  Mfsaksas.   Fn J.R. Skmljs`f & D.K. jfnhhu, mkn carmkskr`kn ugf  pkfram]rljcoy Oktekj (ams).  skjpoa t tast   mfparloke eksfo  p  p   vkoua Lddupktflnko ]earkpy blr Yeysfdko sacaskr 9,99; (p  (p  ? 9,91), mkpkt  Mysbundtfln 2 te  am. Ckotfjlra7 mfsfjpuo`kn eko-eko sackhkf carf`ut7 Ofppfndltt Xfoofkjs & Xfo`fns ;.  Yajcarfkn XTA carpanhkrue Frwkntf, [email protected]., 39;9. Yarahknhkn ltlt mf janurun`kn `aclsknkn caokgkr saok pajcaokgkrkn janhurknhf  pkmk rasplnman `aclsknkn, `aoaokekn, mkn `aouekn 3. Yajcarfkn XTA carpanhkrue jus`uols`aoatko pkmk pasartk mfmf` janurun`kn `aoaokekn caokgkr `aoks U TJ@ Ykrfwfsktk ]rfktjk rasplnman  Gkyk Cknmunh. (]asfs (]asfs). ). Yrlhrkj Yksdkskrgknk Qnfvarsftks Qmkyknk Manpkskr, Ckof @rlajar, @.E.A & Hrknmgakn, A., 3999.  Bfttfnh tea tks` tl tea Eujkn. K

 

;3= Gurnko @atarkpfkn Bfsf`, Rlouja 3, Nl 3,Nlvajcar 39;8, eoj 81-;31

]axtcll` lb Lddupktflnko Arhlnljfds. Bfbte am. ]kyolr knm Brkndfs. Ju`ejkm., 39;;.  Yanhartfkn @aoaokekn  Bfsflolhfs    Bfsflolhfs (Fntarnat), ]alrf Bfsflolhf @aoaokekn. Kvkfokcoa brlj 7 Pettp7//www. Pettp7//www. rkgkuntunh.colhsplt.dlj/39;;/;3/b  fs-`ao.etjoZZ (kddassam 8 Nlpajcar fs-`ao.etjo 39;3)  Nktflnko Fnstftuta blr Lddupktflnko Tkbaty knm Eakote., Eakote., ;662.  K Hufma tl Tkbaty fn Dlnbfnam Tpkda. Tpkda. Q.T. Mapkrtjant lb Eakote knm Eujkn Tarvfda, Kjarfdk.  Nltlktjlgl, T., 3993.  Jatlmlolhf  Yanaoftfkn @asaektkn. @asaektkn. Y]. Sfna`k Dfptk, Gk`krtk.

 Ckd` Ykfn kddlrmfnh ]l Rkrflus  Mabfnftfln lb Olw Ckd` Ykfn.  Ykfn.  G Apumajflo Dljjunfty Eakote. Ykquat R. knm Nfrjkoa, S., 399=. ]run`  Boaxfln knm Jusduols`aoatko Ttrass Murfnh Ofhet Kssajcoy Glurnko lb Kppofam Xlr` , Cfljadeknfds. Yelln, X.L., ;655.,  Yrkdtfdko Lddupktflnko eakote. eakote. YH Yucofsefnh.Tfnhkplra. pp. 35;434. Slcarhs, S.K., @atayfkn,T.G., (3994).  Bunmkjantkos lb Axardfsa  Yeysflolhy bl Bftnass,  Yarblrjknda, knm Eakote (3nm Eakote (3nm am).  Naw Vlr`7 Jd Hrkw Efoo Tfnk`f J., Jl`rf C., ;662.  Olw Ckd`

 Nunu`,

 Ykfn knm Mfslrmars lb ]ea Oujckr Tpfna   . XC Tlunmars Dljpkny, Tpfna Yefokmaopefk. Tuhfylnl., 3994. Ttktfstf` untu`  Yanaoftfkn. Am 8, DR Kobkcatk, Cknmunh. Tutkgkyk., FJ. 3992.  Yajcaokgkrkn  Jaokouf Yanma`ktkn Tfstajf`  Elofstf` Fntarmfsfpofnar mkn  Ykrtfsfpktlrf (TEFY) Janhurknhf  @aoaokekn @aouekn  Jus`uols`aoatko mkn @aclsknkn  sartk Janfnh`kt`kn Oukrkn  Yrlsas Caokgkr 82 Jkeksfswk  Cflolhf F@FY Tfnhkrkgk. Tfnhkrkgk. ( Mfsartksf).  Mfsartksf). Yrlhrkj Yksdkskrgknk Qnfvarsftks Qmkyknk, Manpkskr. ]krwk`k., 39;;.  Arhlnljf Fnmustrf Fnmustrf.. Mkskr-mkskr panhatkeukn arhlnljf mkn kpof`ksf mf tajpkt `argk. Ekrkpkn Yrass, Tlol. ]agk, K.S. 3996.,  Arhlnljfd Axardfsa  pksdk narva narv a jlcfoftktfln. jlcfoftktfln . Jk`koke fojfke. Kvkfokcoa brlj Pettp7//knsekrpeysfl.colhsplt.dlj/

T., 3991  Jatlma Yanaoftfkn  Yanaoftfkn  ( Yanmfmf`kn  Yanmfmf`kn ]alrf mkn Yrlsamur )).. Turk`krtk, Bk`uotks @ahurukn mkn Foju Yanmfmf`kn. Qnfvarsftks Tacaoks Jkrat, Turk`krtk  Nuref`jke., 39;;.  Bk`tlr-bk`tlr yknh careucunhkn manhkn  manhkn  jusduolsdaoatko mfslrmar    pkmk  pa`argk    burnftura mf `adkjktkn  pa`argk  Canmk `ltk ]knharknh . (s`rfpsf). Yrlhrkj Ttumf @asaektkn Jksykrk`kt Bk`uotks @aml`tarkn mkn Foju `asaektkn Qnfvarsftks Fsokj Naharf Tykrfab Efmkyktuooke. Gk`krtk  Nurjfkntl, A., 3994.  Arhlnljf, @lnsap mkn Kpof`ksfnyk. Kpof`ksfnyk. Amfsf ;. Y].Hunk Xfmyk, Turkckyk Lddupktflnko Tkbaty knm Eakote  Kmjfnfstrktfln.,, 3999. Tawfnh knm  Kmjfnfstrktfln.  Saoktam Yrldamuras Arhlnljfds. Arhlnljfds. Q.T. Mapkrtjant lb Okclr. Dkofblrnfk,  www.lsek.hlv. Dkofblrnfk, www.lsek.hlv.  Lzhuoar K., Oadoar D.K., Olnmra J.B., Yfatrf B., 3999.  Fnmfvfmuko knm Lddupktflnko Matarjfnknt lb Olw

 

 Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa 

3996/94/sankj-arhlnljf.etjo 3996/94/sankj-arhlnljf.etjoZZ (kddassam ;3 L`tlcar 39;3) ]rfkjfnke., 39;9.  Saboa`-raboa` Bfsflolhfs  Bfsflolhfs  (Fntarnat), Okplrkn Yrk`tf`uj Bkko. Kvkfokcoa brlj 7 Pettp7//www.col`splt.dlj/39;9/;3 /okp-prk`.etjoZZ  /okp-prk`.etjo (kddassam 8  Nlpajcar 39;3) Mapkrtajan parfnmustrfkn., ;65=. Qnmknh-Qnmknh Nl.1  Nl.1  ]antknh Yarfnmustrfkn. Gk`krtk Xkf`kr,K.J.,Crkmsekw,J.A., ;661  Axardfsas fn tea Xlr`pokda  Ajpolyaa Yrabarandas. Yrabarandas . Ajarkom (Fntarnat), Ldtlcar, ;2 (6) pp. ;249. Kvkfokcoa (kddassam 8  Nlvajcar 39;3) Xfrkmekrjk, N., 39;3.  Yrk`tf`uj lmlnta`tljf carlrfantksf arhlnljf janfnh`kt`kn `fnargk  prk`tf`kn mf Guruskn @aml`tarkn Hfhf Qnfvarsftks Jkekskrkswktf  Manpkskr . (]asfs). Yrlhrkj Yksdkskrgknk Qnfvarsftks Qmkyknk Manpkskr, Ckof Vlhfsutkntf H., 3996. Yanhkrue 3996.  Yanhkrue Yaoktfekn  Yktfant Eknmofnh tarekmkp  Yanurunkn @aouekn  Jus`uols`aoatko pkmk Yarkwkt.  Yarkwkt.  Yrlhrkj Ttumf Foju @asaektkn @argk, Qnfvarsftks Hkmgke Jkmk, Vlhyk`krtk.   Vlhyk`krtk.

;31