YANHKSQE XLS@YOKDA ]ASEKMKY S@YOKDA T]SA T]SA ]DEF ]DEF NH AUA SDF TA ]ASEKMKY @ACLTKNKN CAOKGKS MKN @AOAOKEKN CAOKGKS JKEKTFTXK YLO]A@@AT TQSK@KS]K Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Sfnk @urnfk @ajantarfkn @asaektkn Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk Guruskn L`upksf ]arkpf
Kc K cst strkd rkdtt 7 Xlr Xlr `pok `pokdda Ttr Ttr atdefnh defnh A xardfsa xardfsa,, C lram ramlj, B ktfqu fqua a Oak Oakr nfnh. ]efs stumy kfjs tl ravako tea fjpkdt lb Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa tl clramlj knm bktfqua oakrnfnh lb stumant fn dkjpus F eakote Yloytadenfd lb Turk`krtk. Tkjpofnh dlooadtfln wks mlna cy purplsfva skjpofnh tadenfqua wfte 52 rasplnmants.]ea rasuot lb pkfram skjpoas t-tast wks lctkfnam p vkoua : 9.99; (p?9.991). Dlndousflns rasuots lb tefs rasakrde fs teara fs tea fnbouanda lb Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa tl tea clramlj knm bktfqua oakrnfnh stumant fn dkjpus dkjpus F Eakote Yloytadenfd lb Turk`krtk.
@ aywlr ywlr ms 7 Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa, Clramlj, Bktfqua Oakrnfnh Kcstrk` 7 Xl Xlrr `pokda `pokda Ttr Ttra atdefnh A xar xar dfsa, @aclsknkn, @aoaokekn Caokgkr. Yanaoftfkn
fnf cartugukn janhatkeuf panhkrue `kjpus Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa`ajan`as tarekmkp `aclsknkn mknuntu` `aoaokekn caokgkr jkeksfswk F Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk. Yanhkjcfokn skjpao mfok`u`kn manhkn ta`nf` purplsfva skjpofnh manhkn gujoke 52 rasplnman. Carmkskr`kn ugf pkfram skjpoa t-tast mfparloae eksfo p-vkoua p-vkoua sacaskr 9.99; (p?9.991). @asfjpuokn eksfo panaoftfkn fnf kmkoke kmk panhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa Axardfsa tarekmkp `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn caokgkr jkeksfswk `kjpus F Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn @ajan`as Turk`krtk. @ktk @undf 7 Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa, Axardfsa, @aclsknkn, @aoaokekn Caokgkr YANMKEQOQKN Yrlsas pajcaokgkrkn jaofckt`kn carckhkf `ahfktkn mkn tfnmk`kn yknh parou mfok`u`kn loae pasartk mfmf`.
yknh taoke mftatkp`kn, jatlma pajcaokgkrkn yknh carsfbkt jlnltln, skrknk mkn prkskrknk mkokj prlsas pajcaokgkrkn yknh tfmk` sasukf manhkn
Yajcaokgkrkn kmkoke suktu prlsas fntark`sf kntkrk panhkgkr/ huru/ mlsan manhkn pasartk mfmf`. ]ardkpkfnyk tugukn pajcaokgkrkn mftknmkf loae tfnh`kt panhukskkn `ajkjpukn mkn pajcantu`kn `aprfckmfkn. Ykmk prlsas pajcaokgkrkn yknh jaofckt`kn k`tfvftks bfsf` mkn jantko mkpkt janfjcuo`kn `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn caokgkr. Eko fnf mkpkt mfsackc`kn loae wk`tu yknh mfhunk`kn panhkgkr mkokj prlsas pajcaokgkrkn jaoacfef gkmwko paokgkrkn
kntrlpljatrf pasartk mfmf` sartk tfmk` kmknyk fstfrkekt carupk fstfrkekt k`tfb yknh mfok`u`kn pasartk mfmf` mkokj prlsas pajcaokgkrkn mf `aoks. Mfofekt mkrf oukrkn prlsas pajcaokgkrkn tarnyktk mkjpk` yknh mftfjcuo`kn mkpkt jajpanhkruef `ataoftfkn `adapktkn mkn `lnstknsf `argk pasartk mfmf` yknh pkmk k`efrnyk `ukoftks prlsas pajcaokgkrkn cfsk tarhknhhu (Tutkgkyk, 3992). Tkoke sktu upkyk untu` jandkpkf `lnmfsf tarsacut kmkoke manhkn pajcarfkn Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa
;;2
Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa
;;8
(XTA) yknh mfmaskfn manhkn prfnsfp (XTA) hark`kn stratdefnh (parahknhkn ltlt) mkn frfnhkn jusf` fnstrujantko tajpl samknh. Yarahknhkn ltlt ykftu uskek untu` jajparpkngknh ltlt saefnhhk janhk`fckt`kn ltlt jangkmf rfoa`s mkn oantur (Naosln & @l``lnan, 3998). Yanaoftfkn fnf cartugukn untu` janhatkeuf panhkrue pajcarfkn wlr`pokda stratdefnh axardfsa tarekmkp `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn jkeksfswk Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk. Yajcaokgkrkn kmkoke prlsas caroknhsunhnyk caokgkr janhkgkr mf `aoks yknh jarupk`kn fntf mkrf `ahfktkn panmfmf`kn mf sa`loke. Tamknh`kn paok`sknkkn prlsas caokgkr janhkgkr mkpkt mfok`u`kn sackhkf fntark`sf kntkrk
tarmkpkt sfstaj k`tfvksf (carsfbkt sfjpktfs) mkn fnefcfsf (carsfbkt pkrksfjpktfs). Fstfoke `aoaokekn cfksknyk janungu``kn `lnmfsf yknh carcamk-camk mkrf satfkp fnmfvfmu, tatkpf sajuknyk carjukrk pkmk `aefoknhkn abfsfansf mkn panurunkn `kpksftks `argk sartk `atkeknkn tucue (]krwk`k, 39;;). Hagkok-hagkok `aoaokekn kntkrk okfn kmkoke panurunkn `asfkhkkn mkn parektfkn, parokjcktkn `adapktkn rak`sf, panurunkn mkn ekjcktkn parsapsf, maprasf, `urknh tankhk, mkn `aefoknhkn fnfsfktfb (Tatykwktf, 39;;). Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa (XTA ) jarupk`kn cantu` oktfekn oktfekn yknh mfmaskfn manhkn prfnsfp hark`kn stratdefnh (parahknhkn ltlt) mkn frfnhkn jusf` fnstrujantko tajpl samknh.
panhkgkrkn manhkn paokgkrkn mkokj janykjpkf`kn ckekn paokgkrkn `apkmk sfswk untu` jandkpkf tugukn pajcaokgkrkn (Skekyu, 39;9). @aclsknkn kmkoke unh`kpkn tfmk` ank` mkrf parkskkn tfmk` janyanknh`kn, parkskkn oaoke yknh janhurks saourue jfnkt mkn tankhk (Knlrkhk, ;665). Knkstksf (;656) carpanmkpkt ckewk sujcar `aclsknkn mkpkt carksko mkrf fnmfvfmu mkn ofnh`unhkn. @krk`tarfstf` lrknh carcamk-camk saefnhhk satfkp lrknh jajfof`f `arantknkn yknh carcamk-camk puok tarekmkp `aclsknkn sa`kofpun jaok`u`kn `ahfktkn yknh skjk. Mkjpk` mkrf `aclsknkn kntkrk okfn kmkoke tfjcuonyk rksk `asko, oajks, oaoke mkn car`urknhnyk `awkspkmkkn (@rlajar mkn Hrknmgakn, 39990 Yuokt, ;6630 @rlajar m``, ;66=). @aoaokekn jarupk`kn suktu ja`knfsja parofnmunhkn tucue khkr tucue tarefnmkr mkrf `arusk`kn oacfe okngut saefnhhk targkmf pajuofekn sataoke fstfrkekt. @aoaokekn mfktur sadkrk santrko loae ltk`. Ykmk susunkn skrkb puskt
Yarahknhkn ltlt ykftu uskek untu` jajparpkngknh ltlt saefnhhk janhk`fckt`kn ltlt jangkmf rfoa`s mkn oantur (Naosln & @l``lnan, 3998). ]fngkukn bfsflolhfs tarekmkp jknbkkt Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa (XTA) sadkrk ujuj mkpkt mfgaoks`kn sackhkf carf`ut, sfbkt `argk ltlt sadkrk hkrfs caskr mfcamk`kn jangkmf muk, ykftu kntkhlnfs mkn sfnarhfs. Tfbkt `argk ltlt kntkhlnfs kmkoke muk `ujpuokn ltlt ktku oacfe yknh dkrk `argknyk carokwknkn untu` janheksfo`kn suktu `llrmfnksf hark`, krtfnyk gf`k sktu `aoljpl` ltlt car`lntrk`sf, jk`k `aoljpl` ltlt okfn janhkokjf raok`sksf. Tfbkt `argk ltlt sfnarhfs kmkoke muk `aoljpl` ltlt ktku oacfe yknh dkrk `argknyk saokrks untu` janheksfo`kn suktu hark`kn. Qntu` janheksfo`kn hark`kn yknh ckf`, sktu `aoljpl` ltlt tfmk` mkpkt ca`argk sanmfrf, nkjun ekrus ca`argkskjk manhkn `ujpuokn ltlt yknh okfn (Huytln, 3992). Ttratdefnh mkpkt mkpkt mfcarf`kn pkmk ltlt yknh samknh car`lntrk`sf jkupun raok`sksf
;;5 Gurnko @atarkpfkn Bfsf`, Rlouja 3, Nl 3,Nlvajcar 39;8, eoj 81-;31
tarhkntunh sfbkt `argk ltlt (Naosln & @l``lnan, 3998).
tarsacut
JA]LMA YANAOF]FKN Maskfn panaoftfkn yknh mfhunk`kn kmkoke quksf a`sparfjantko a`sparfjantko ‟Lna hrlups pra knm plst tast masfhn‚. masfhn‚. Ykmk panaoftfkn fnf sacaouj mkn sataoke pajcarfkn Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa (XTA) k`kn mfok`u`kn panfokfkn tarekmkp `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn. Ylpuoksf mkokj panaoftfkn fnf kmkoke saourue jkeksfswk @kjpus F Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk. Yanhkjcfokn skjpao manhkn ta`nf` purplsfva skjpofnh, gujoke skjpao mkokj panaoftfkn fnf kmkoke 52 lrknh.
]kcao ; @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfst f` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn Mktk @lntfnu Mktk
N 52
Jfn ;5
FJ] Okjk caokgkr/ekrf Okjk fstfrkekt jkokj Gkrk` tajpkt tfnhhko `a `kjpus
52 52 52
;1 9 =
Qsfk
52
9,;
Jkx 3=
Jakn ;6,;1
TM 9,26
38,4 = 6
;6,89 ;,=4 2,=5
3,=9 9,83 ;,91
8,14
6,=;
31
c. @krk`tarfstf` Mktk @ktahlrf`ko ;) Ganfs @aokjfn Sasplnman mkokj panaoftfkn fnf tarmfrf ktks jkeksfswk @kjpus F manhkn ganfs `aokjfn ok`f-ok`f mkn parajpukn. Carf`ut kmkoke mktk rasplnman carmkskr`kn ganfs `aokjfn.
EKTFO YANAOF]FKN ]kcao 3 Yanhkjcfokn mktk panaoftfkn @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfst f` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn manhkn gumuo panhkrue wlr`pokda Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr` kn Ganfs @aokjfn stratdefnh axardfsa axardfsa tarekmkp `aclsknkn Ganfs @aokjfn n % mkn `aoaokekn caokgkr jkeksfswk mf Ok`f-ok`f ;4 ;1,; @kjpus F Ylota``as Turk`krtk mfok`u`kn Yarajpukn 84 5=,6 mf @kjpus F Ylota``as Turk`krtk yknh Gujoke 52 ;99 tarmfrf mkrf 4 (tfhk) guruskn ykftu 7 Guruskn Carmkskr`kn mktk yknh mfskgf`kn @aparkwktkn, Guruskn K`upuntur mkn pkmk tkcao 3, pkmk 52 rasplnman panaoftfkn Guruskn ]arkpf Xfdkrk. Yanhkjcfokn mktk mf`atkeuf ckewk parcknmfnhkn ok`f-ok`f mfkwkof manhkn jaok`u`kn parfgfnkn mfcknmfnh parajpukn kmkoke ;72. saokngutnyk prlsas panhkjcfokn mktk 3) Kokt ]rknsplrtksf yknh Mfhunk`kn mfok`u`kn manhkn jkeksfswk janhfsf Eksfo `krktarfstf` rasplnman `uasflnar `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn carupk panaoftfkn carmkskr`kn kokt trknsplrtksf pkmk pajarf`skkn kwko ykftu sacaouj yknh mfhunk`kn mkpkt mfofekt pkmk tkcao 4 mfcarf`kn fntarvansf Xlr`pokda sackhkf carf`ut 7 Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa,, pajcarfkn fntarvansf Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa `ajumfkn ]kcao 4 janhfsf `uasflnar `aclsknkn mkn @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfst f` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn `aoaokekn sataoke janmkpkt`kn fntarvansf. Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr`k n Kokt Ko kt ]rknsplrtksf yknh Knkofsfs Qnfvkrfkt Mfhunk`kn k. @krk`tarfstf` Mktk @lntfnu Kokt ]rknsplrtksf n % Eksfo stktfstf` mas`rfptfb mktk Gkokn `k`f 6 ;9,1 Tapamk jltlr 8= 52 `lntfnu yknh carupk usfk, FJ], okjk Kntkr gajput 4 4,1 caokgkr/ ekrf, okjk fstfrkekt jkokj, gkrk` Gujoke 52 ;99 tajpkt tfnhhko `a `kjpus, mkpkt mfofekt Eksfo panaoftfkn janungu``kn pkmk tkcao ; sackhkf carf`ut 7 ckewk jkylrftks rasplnman panaoftfkn
Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa
janhhunk`kn kokt trknsplrtksf sapamk jltlr ykftu sacknyk` 2= (52%). 4) @lnbof` Ysf`lslsfko Eksfo `krk`tarfstf` rasplnman panaoftfkn carmkskr`kn `lnbof` psf`lslsfko mkpkt mfofekt pkmk tkcao = sackhkf carf`ut 7 ]kcao = @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfs tf` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr`k n @lnbof` Ysf`lslsfko @lnbof` Ysf`lslsfko Vk ]fmk` Gujoke
n 1 5; 52
% 1,5 6=,3 ;99
]kcao 2 @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfst f` Sasplnman Yanaoftfkn Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr`k n Sutfnftks Lokerkhk Sutfn Lokerkhk Vk
n 34
% 32,8
]fmk` Gujoke
24 52
84,4 ;99
Eksfo panaoftfkn janungu``kn ckewk rasplnman oacfe cknyk` yknh tfmk` carlokerkhk ykftu sacknyk` 24 (84,4%). (84,4%). d. @aclsknkn mkn @aoaokekn ]kcao 8 Eksfo rarktk `aclsknkn mkn `aoaokekn rasplnman panaoftfkn sacaouj mkn sasumke fntarvansf
Eksfo panaoftfkn janungu``kn ckewk jkylrftks rasplnman panaoftfkn tfmk` jajfof`f `lnbof` slsfko ykftu sacknyk` 5; (6=,3%). =) @acfkskkn Jarl`l` Eksfo `krk`tarfstf` rasplnman carmkskr`kn `acfkskkn jarl`l` mkpkt mfofekt pkmk tkcao 1 sackhkf carf`ut 7
Mktk Yra tast `aclsknkn Ylst tast `aclsknkn
Jakn 28,88 41,8=
Yra tast `aoaokekn Ylst tast `aoaokekn
29,;3 45,=3
]kcao 1 @krk`tarfstf` @krk`tarfs tf` Sasplnman Yanaftfkn Carmkskr`kn Carmkskr`k n Okjk Caokgkr/Ekrf Caokgkr/Ekrf
Mktk
@acfkskkn Jarl`l` Vk ]fmk` Gujoke
n ; 51 52
% ;,3 65,5 ;99
Eksfo panaoftfkn janungu``kn ckewk jkylrftks rasplnman panaoftfkn tfmk` jarl`l` ykftu sacknyk` 51 (65,5%). 1) Sutfnftks Lokerkhk Eksfo `krktarfstf` rasplnman panaoftfkn carmkskr`kn lokerkhk yknh mfok`u`kn sadkrk rutfn mkpkt mfofekt pkmk tkcao 2 sackhkf carf`ut 7
;;6
Knkofsfs Cfvkrfkt ]kcao 5 Eksfo Qgf pkfram-skjpoa t tast
Yra — plst `aclsknkn `aclsknkn Yra-plst tast `aoaokekn
Nfokf Tfhnfbf`knsf (p vkoua)
tast
9.99; 9.99;
YAJCKEKTKN @aclsknkn mkokj prlsas pajcaokgkrkn mftknmkf manhkn car`urknhnyk parektfkn pasartk mfmf` tarekmkp jktarf yknh samknh mfckeks ktku pasartk mfmf` janhkokjf `asuoftkn mkokj jajpartkekn`kn parektfknnyk pkmk tuhks yknh samknh mfok`sknk`kn. @lnmfsf sapartf fnf sarfnh janyartkf pasartk mfmf` pkmk prlsas pajcaokgkrkn gf`koku gkj caokgkr mfkol`ksf`kn pkmk sfknh ekrf mkn taroacfe okhf panhkgkr `urknh jkjpu janhaolok `aoks manhkn ckf`. Gf`k `lnmfsf yknh jajclskn`kn tarsacut car`apkngknhkn,
;39 Gurnko @atarkpfkn Bfsf`, Rlouja 3, Nl 3,Nlvajcar 39;8, eoj 81-;31
k`kn junduo parkskkn haofske,fnhfn janhefnmkr mkrf k`tfvftks tarsacut mkn janurunnyk jltfvksf untu` caokgkr. Mkokj eko fnf @rlajar mkn Hrknmgakn (3999) jangaoks`kn ckewk `aclsknkn cfsk targkmf mfsackc`kn loae stfjuoksf yknh ranmke, tuntutkn bfsf` mkn jantko yknh ranmke yknh janhk`fckt`kn stfjuoksf yknh `adfo pkmk mkarke `askmkrkn mf ltk`. @lnsa`uansfnyk sfstaj ofjcfd k`kn tarpanhkrue mkn rak`sf mkrf lrhknfsja sadkrk `asaouruekn k`kn janurun. Janurut ]krwk`k (39;;), ckewk `aclsknkn guhk mkpkt mfpfdu loae tuntutkn tuhks yknh jaokjpkuf `kpksftks fnmfvfmu, eko fnf carkrtf rksk clskn yknh mfpfdu loae strass. Yrlsas pajcaokgkrkn yknh car`apkngknhkn sarfnh jajunduo`kn rksk
samknh kmkoke 63-;9= oknh`ke/janft. Ganfs jusf` fnf tarjksu` jusf` raok`sksf yknh jajfof`f cacarkpk jknbkkt kntkrk okfn jajcukt tucue mkn pf`frkn oacfe skntkf, janfnh`kt`kn parkskkn sanknh mkn janhktksf rksk clskn mkn oaoke mkokj ca`argk. Jusf` tajpl samknh mkpkt jajckntu tucue mkn pf`frkn oacfe rfok`s (Glekn, 3996). Fntarvansf XTA fnf mfok`sknk`kn sadkrk carskjk-skjk (`oksf`ko) mf `aoks. Yanarkpkn jlmao `oksf`ko fnf mkpkt janfjcuo`kn jltfvksf mkn k`efrnyk carmkjpk` pkmk car`urknhnyk rksk clskn. Eko fnf sasukf manhkn panmkpkt Bkrlzfn (39;3) ckewk jatlma `oksf`ko mkpkt janfnh`kt`kn jltfvksf caokgkr. Janurut Hfntfnh (39;9)
clskn yknh mftknmkf manhkn rksk `asko, oaoke, oajks, mkn janurunnyk `lnsantrksf sartk fnhfn carkofe mkrf k`tfvftks tarsacut( @rlajar mkn Hrknmgakn ,3999). Eko fnf sasukf manhkn `lnmfsf yknh mfkokjf loae rasplnman, mfjknk murksf pajcaokgkrkn mf`kjpus sarfnh`kof oacfe mkrf 5 gkj satfkp ekrfnyk, mkn mfskjpfnh pajcaokgkrkn mf`kjpus, rasplnman jksfe ekrus janhargk`kn tuhks jktk `uofke mf oukr gkj caokgkr mf `kjpus. Eko fnf k`kn cartkjcke curu` gf`k suksknk pajcaokgkrkn jlnltln, mkn pasartk mfmf` danmarunh pksfb. Yajcarfkn fntarvansf XTA mkpkt carpanhkrue tarekmkp panurunkn `aclsknkn caokgkr jkeksfswk, bk`tlr panmu`unh eko fnf kntkrk okfn kmkoke kmknyk jusf` XTA, fntarvansf mfok`sk`sknk`kn sadkrk `oksf`ko, mkn hark`kn k`efr pkmk XTA. Jusf` fnstrujan yknh mfparhunk`kn untu` janhfrfnhf XTA fnf kmkoke jusf` Tlgfrl Gapknh manhkn tajpl samknh. ]ajpl jusf` kmkoke `adapktkn mkokj u`urkn oknh`ke tartantu. @rftarfk jusf` tajpl
ckewk sajk`fn tfnhhf `leasfvftks `aoljpl` jk`k k`kn sajk`fnjanfnh`kt`kn jltfvksf. Sasplnman mkokj panaoftfkn fnf carksko mkrf 3 `aoks pkmk 3 Guruskn, mfjknk satfkp knhhltk `aoljpl` taoke carfntark`sf saokjk sktu tkeun oacfe, eko fnf janungu``kn ckewk `leasfvftks pkmk rasplnman sajk`fn tfnhhf. Eko fnf mftknmkf manhkn targkofnnyk `argkskjk, skofnh car`ljunf`ksf, jarksk cartknhhunh gkwkc tarekmkp tuhks mkn jajfof`f tugukn pajcaokgkrkn yknh skjk. Ykmk ckhfkn k`efr XTA tarmkpkt hark`kn parnkbkskn manhkn janarkp`kn ta`nf` Yursam ofp craktefnh, mkn XTA mftutup manhkn hark`kn kjcfo nkbks (fnspfrksf) jaokouf efmunh mkn mf`aoukr`kn (a`spfrksf) jaokouf juout mfsartkf sukrk tarfk`kn ―euuu/ekkk‖. ]a`nf` Yursam ofp craktefnh ykftu jankrf` nkbks jaokouf efmunh, sapartf jajcku cunhk jkwkr (juout tartutup), `ajumfkn janhaoukr`kn nkbks jaokouf juout (sapartf janfup ofofn). Cacarkpk jknbkkt jaok`u`kn pursam ofp craktefnh kmkoke janhurknhf `adajkskn,
Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa
;3;
jangkhk `lnsantrksf, janhurknhf sask` nkbks, jangkmf`kn tucue mkn pf`frkn oacfe raok`s (Euntoay, 3995). Manhkn jaok`u`kn hark`kn parnkbkskn fnf k`kn jajckntu bfsf` mkn pf`frkn rasplnman oacfe raok`s. ]arfk`kn pkmk hark`kn parnkbkskn, ckhfkn k`efr XTA jajckntu rasplnman untu` janykour`kn rksk clskn yknh mfrksk`kn. Carmkskr`kn eksfo ugf pkfram skjpoa t tast janungu``kn ckewk XTA carpanhkrue janurun`kn `aoaokekn pkmk rasplnman. Eko fnf mfsackc`kn loae aba`/jknbkkt stratdefnh pkmk XTA. Ttratdefnh jarupk`kn suktu uskek untu` jajparpkngknh ltlt fstfrkekt (raok`sksf), saefnhhk mkpkt jandahke `atahknhkn ltlt (spksja). Ttratdefnh yknh mfok`u`kn
cark`fckt targkmf spksja yknh caroacfekn mkn janfjcuo`kn nyarf (Aonkhhkr at ko .,;669). .,;669). Nyarf targkmf `krank vksl`lntrf`sf pajcuoue mkrke mf ltlt k`fckt `lntrk`sf caroacfekn yknh tarus janarus mkn k`efrnyk janfjcuo`kn fsdeajfk gkrfnhkn. Ja`knfsja fsdeajfk fsdeajfk mkn spksja ltlt yknh caroacfekn k`kn jarknhsknh nldfdaptlr yknh carparkn mkokj janhekntkr`kn fjpuos nyarf `a ltk` (Dkjarln, ;666). Ykmk ltlt yknh janhkokjf spksja, k`kn targkmf pajanma`kn jusdoa bfcar `krank knykjkn-knykjkn jylbfokjan janhkokjf lvarokppfnh sktu skjk okfn. Ykmk skkt mfok`u`kn stratdefnh manhkn pankeknkn cacarkpk matf` pkmk plsfsf ltlt jajkngknh, stru`tur jusdoa bfcar
sadkrk rutfn mkpkt carmkjpk` pkmk `aoanturkn (boa`sfcfoftks), ykftu `ajkjpukn sanmf untu` carhark` mkokj gknh`kukn panue (Kotar, 3994). Lrknh yknh saokou k`tfb cark`tfbftks sapartf rasplnman panaoftfkn fnf jajarou`kn boa`sfcfoftks yknh du`up untu` mkpkt tatkp jaok`u`kn pa`argkknnyk manhkn nykjkn. @lntrk`sf mfnkjf` pkmk ltlt-ltlt yknh targkmf skkt jaok`sknk`kn XTA janyackc`kn oacfe cknyk` mkrke janhkofr `a ltlt, saefnhhk pksl`kn l`sfhan mkn nutrfsf yknh mfcutue`kn untu` prlsas jatkclofsja mkpkt mfpanuef sadkrk aba`tfb. Jaok`u`kn XTA carkrtf jarucke plsfsf `argk stktfs jangkmf oacfe mfnkjfs Eko fnf mkpkt janstfjuoksf `aokndkrkn prlsas jatkclofsja mkokj tucue, saefnhhk panfjcunkn eksfo jatkclofsja ltlt (kskj ok`tkt mkn DL3) mkpkt mfjfnfjkofsfr mkn `aoaokekn mkpkt mfdahke ktku mf`urknhf (]krwk`k, 39;;). Ykmk pasartk mfmf` manhkn plsfsf caokgkr stktfs sapartf rasplnman panaoftfkn fnf, k`kn targkmf `lntrk`sf fsljatrf` ltltltlt tartantu sadkrk tarus janarus mkn
tarutkjk skrdljar k`kn janhkokjf parahknhkn `krank knykjkn-knykjkn jylbfokjan yknh lvarokppfnh k`kn jylbfokjan car`urknh mkn sadkrk ltljktfs janyackc`kn stru`tur jusdoa bfcar jangkmf jajkngknh. Manhkn pajkngknhkn stru`tur jusdoa bfcar tarsacut, jk`k spksja mkpkt car`urknh (Kppoatln, ;665). Yajcarfkn stratdefnh mkpkt janhurknhf spksja spksja `krank prlprfldaptlr ltlt ktku jusdoa spfnmoa spfnmoa yknh tark`tfvksf skkt stratdefnh stratdefnh targkmf. Jusdoa spfnmoa spfnmoa cartuhks untu` janhktur sfnyko `a ltk` tantknh paruckekn pkngknh ltlt mkn paruckekn tlnus yknh janmkmk` mkn caroacfekn. Gf`k kmk paruckekn tlnus ltlt yknh janmkmk` mkn caroacfekn, jk`k jusdoa spfnmoa spfnmoa k`kn janhfrfj`kn sfnyko `a ltk` untu` jajcukt ltlt tarsacut car`lntrk`sf sackhkf cantu` partkeknkn mkn jandahke damark. Loae `krank ftu, skkt jaok`u`kn stratdefnh mfok`u`kn pankeknkn cacarkpk skkt manhkn tugukn untu` jajcarf`kn kmkptksf pkmk jusdoa spfnmoa tarekmkp paruckekn pkngknh ltlt spfnmoa
;33 Gurnko @atarkpfkn Bfsf`, Rlouja 3, Nl 3,Nlvajcar 39;8, eoj 81-;31
yknh `ftk carf`kn, saefnhhk sfnyko mkrf ranmke tarekmkp `a`uktkn ltlt, ltk` untu` janh`lntrk`sf`kn ltlt boa`sfcfoftks, mkn `asafjcknhkn tarekmkp jangkmf car`urknh. Manhkn `lntrk`sf ltlt oknsfk janungu``kn eksfo ckewk pkmk yknh jfnfjko pkmk skkt stratdefnh, k`kn `aoljpl` parok`ukn targkmf `ankf`kn oacfe jajumke`kn jusdoa bfcars untu` sfhnfbf`kn bfcars tarekmkp `a`uktkn ltlt, jajkngknh mkn spksja ltlt mkpkt boa`sfcfoftks, mkn `asafjcknhkn car`urknh (Kppoatln, ;6650 Dlstk & mfcknmfnh`kn `aoljpl` `lntrlo. Qsfk Rfafrk, 3995). rasplnman mkokj panaoftfkn fnf rantknhnyk Janurut Dkjarln (;666), ckewk kntkrk ;5-3= tkeun, eko fnf `ajunh`fnkn pajcarfkn stratdefnh guhk mkpkt turut car`lntrfcusf tarekmkp jknbkkt XTA , jarknhsknh sarkcut skrkb carpankjpknh `krank mftfngku mkrf usfk sadkrk bfsflolhfs tacko (K kopek mkn K catk) saefnhhk caouj cknyk` targkmf paruckekn, saefnhhk jkjpu janutup harcknh `lntrlo nyarf. nyarf . `aoljpl` usfk fnf oacfe rasplnsfb tarekmkp Ja`knfsja stratdefnh tarjksu` mkokj aba` axardfsa axardfsa.. `ktahlrf stfjuoksf ja`knf` yknh mkpkt @krk`tarfstf` FJ] turut janhk`tfvksf bunhsf sarkcut skrkb car`lntrfcusf tarekmkp jknbkkt XTA XTA carpankjpknh tacko nln-nldfdaptfb (K untu` janurun `kn `aclsknkn mkn kopek mkn K catk) mkn janutup harcknh `aoaokekn, `krank rktk-rktk FJ] rasplnman `lntrlo saefnhhk nyarf yknh mfckwk sarkcut skrkb carpankjpknh tfpfs (K maotk mkn D) tfmk` mkpkt mftarus`kn `a ltk`. @lntrk`sf mfnkjf` pkmk ltlt-ltlt yknh targkmf skkt jaok`sknk`kn XTA janyackc`kn oacfe cknyk` mkrke janhkofr `a ltlt, saefnhhk pksl`kn l`sfhan mkn nutrfsf yknh mfcutue`kn untu` prlsas jatkclofsja mkpkt mfpanuef sadkrk aba`tfb. Jaok`u`kn XTA carkrtf jarucke plsfsf `argk stktfs jangkmf oacfe mfnkjfs Eko fnf mkpkt janstfjuoksf `aokndkrkn prlsas jatkclofsja mkokj tucue, saefnhhk panfjcunkn eksfo jatkclofsja ltlt (kskj ok`tkt mkn DL3) mkpkt mfjfnfjkofsfr mkn k`efrnyk carmkjpk` pkmk car`urknhnyk `aoaokekn caokgkr. Tadkrk ujuj `atf`k fnmfvfmu carusfk mf ktks =9 tkeun targkmf cacarkpk panurunkn `ajkjpukn sadkrk bfsf` jkupun bfsflolhfs, jfskonyk janurunnyk `ajkjpukn pkndk fnmark, car`urknhnyk aokstfsftks tlnus gkrfnhkn (tfssua (tfssua aokstfdfty knm tlna), tlna), mkn janurunnyk `kpksftks RL3 jkx (Jfoos, ;66;). Yanaoftfkn Jfoos (;66;) tantknh aba` karlcf` fntansftks
kmkoke `ktahlrf nlrjko . Lzhuoar kt ko . (3999) januofs`kn ckewk `aoaokekn cknyk` mfkokjf fnmfvfmu manhkn Clmy Jkss Fnmax Fnmax ( CJF CJF ) > 3=,63 `h/j3 ykftu fnmfvfmu yknh jksu` `ktahlrf lvarwafhet mkn lcasa lcasa.. Yanmkpkt fnf sagkokn manhkn Rassy kt ko (;669) yknh mf`utfp loae ]krwk`k (39;;) ckewk wknftk haju` jajfof`f rasf`l janhkokjf `aoaokekn 3x ofpkt mfcknmfnh`kn wknftk `urus. Eko fnf mfsackc`kn loae `lnmfsf `asafjcknhkn stru`tur rknh`k mkokj janarfjk cackn, ckf` cackn carkt tucue jkupun cackn tkjckekn okfnnyk. Tkoke sktu fnmf`ktlr untu` janhatkeuf stktus hfzf sasalrknh kmkoke manhkn jaofekt Fnma`s Jksk tucue (FJ]). Gf`k stktus hfzf `urknh `urknh (unmarwafhet) , jk`k cacarkpk k`fckt (unmarwafhet) yknh k`kn tfjcuo kntkrk okfn mkyk tkekn tucue ranmke, prlmu`sf anarhf ranmke saefnhhk oacfe jumke jarksk oaoke mkn prlmu`tfbftks caokgkr janurun. Gf`k stktus hfzf caroacfe (lvarwafhet (lvarwafhet mkn lcasa) lcasa),, jk`k mf`kft`kn manhkn rasf`l targkmfnyk cacarkpk panyk`ft mahanarktfb, jfskonyk
Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa
strl`a, gkntunh, mfkcatas jaoftus, mkn okfnokfn (Nurjfkntl, 3994). Sktk-rktk rasplnman carfstfrkekt/tfmur saokjk 2,= gkj mkokj parflma sktu ekrf (3= gkj), eko fnf sasukf manhkn panmkpkt Hrknmgakn (;664), ckewk tfmur lrknh mawksk kntkrk 2-5 2- 5 gkj, g kj, mkn eutknh tfmur (soaap mact) mkpkt carmkjpk` pkmk rksk `kntu`, oaoke, mkn clskn mkokj jaok`u`kn k`tfbftks. k `tfbftks. @lnmfsf rasplnman fnf taoke sasukf manhkn `atantukn wk`tu fstfrkekt, nkjun majf`fkn gf`k mfofekt mktk tantknh `aoaokekn mkn `aclsknkn rasplnman sacaouj fntarvansf du`up tfnhhf. Eko fnf mfjunh`n`kn car`kftkn manhkn ranmkenyk knh`k `acfkskkn rutfn carlokerkhk pkmk rasplnman . ]armkpkt 84,4% rasplnman yknh tfmk` jaok`u`kn `ahfktkn lokerkhk sadkrk rutfn. Manhkn jaok`u`kn lokerkhk rutfn, jk`k tucue k`kn oacfe cuhkr, ltlt mkn sanmf jangkmf oacfe taroktfe mkn sfkp mkokj jaok`u`kn k`tfbftks (KDTJ, 39;9).
;34
MKB]KS SQGQ@KN Dkjarln., Jfdeaoa.,;666. Yeysfdko Jfdeaoa.,;666. Yeysfdko Khants fn Saekcfoftktfln0 Saekcfoftktfln0 X.C.Tkunmars dljpkny, Yefokmaopefk. Dlna D., 3992. Arhlnljfd Axardfsa Crak` . Xlr`sfta waoonass. Dlundfo lb Rloudfk Dlunty Dlstk & Rfafrk., 3995. Ttratdefnh tl ramuda wlr` raoktam jusduols`aoatko mfslrmars0 mfslrmars0 glurnko raekcfoftktfln jam 3995, (Fntarnat). Kvkfokcoa brlj 7 ettp7//www.lddjam.lxblrmglurnkos .lrh.. (kddassam ;9 Kuhust 39;3) .lrh Map`as S.F., 3998. @asaokjktkn mkn @asaektkn @argk mf Okclrktlrfuj Okclrktlrfuj.. Map`as S.F., Gk`krtk. Mekrjk, K & Ou`jkntl,Y., ;664.
Bfsflolhf @aml`tarkn. @aml`tarkn. (K. Huytln. ]argajkekn). Amfsf 1. Yanarcft Cu`u @aml`tarkn AHD, Gk`krtk Mglekn., 3996. Ysf`lolhf Jusf` . Vlhyk`krtk, Cast Yucofsear. Hrknmgakn, A., ;661. ;661. Bfttfnh tea tks` tl tea @ATFJYQOKN MKN TKSKN Carmkskr`kn eksfo panaoftfkn jkn.. K taxt cll` lb lddupktflnko jkn tarekmkp 52 lrknh rasplnman mf @kjpus F arhlnljfd = te amftfln. ]kfolr & Ylofta`nf` @asaektkn Turk`krtk, yknh Brkndfs, Naw Vlr`. mfcarf`kn fntarvansf carupk carupk Xlr`pokda Euntoay, N., 3995. Dkrmfkd & Yuojlnkry Ttratdefnh-Axardfsa (XTA) saokjk = Mfsaksas. Mfsaksas. Fn J.R. Skmljs`f & D.K. jfnhhu, mkn carmkskr`kn ugf pkfram]rljcoy Oktekj (ams). skjpoa t tast mfparloke eksfo p p vkoua Lddupktflnko ]earkpy blr Yeysfdko sacaskr 9,99; (p (p ? 9,91), mkpkt Mysbundtfln 2 te am. Ckotfjlra7 mfsfjpuo`kn eko-eko sackhkf carf`ut7 Ofppfndltt Xfoofkjs & Xfo`fns ;. Yajcarfkn XTA carpanhkrue Frwkntf,
[email protected]., 39;9. Yarahknhkn ltlt mf janurun`kn `aclsknkn caokgkr saok pajcaokgkrkn janhurknhf pkmk rasplnman `aclsknkn, `aoaokekn, mkn `aouekn 3. Yajcarfkn XTA carpanhkrue jus`uols`aoatko pkmk pasartk mfmf` janurun`kn `aoaokekn caokgkr `aoks U TJ@ Ykrfwfsktk ]rfktjk rasplnman Gkyk Cknmunh. (]asfs (]asfs). ). Yrlhrkj Yksdkskrgknk Qnfvarsftks Qmkyknk Manpkskr, Ckof @rlajar, @.E.A & Hrknmgakn, A., 3999. Bfttfnh tea tks` tl tea Eujkn. K
;3= Gurnko @atarkpfkn Bfsf`, Rlouja 3, Nl 3,Nlvajcar 39;8, eoj 81-;31
]axtcll` lb Lddupktflnko Arhlnljfds. Bfbte am. ]kyolr knm Brkndfs. Ju`ejkm., 39;;. Yanhartfkn @aoaokekn Bfsflolhfs Bfsflolhfs (Fntarnat), ]alrf Bfsflolhf @aoaokekn. Kvkfokcoa brlj 7 Pettp7//www. Pettp7//www. rkgkuntunh.colhsplt.dlj/39;;/;3/b fs-`ao.etjoZZ (kddassam 8 Nlpajcar fs-`ao.etjo 39;3) Nktflnko Fnstftuta blr Lddupktflnko Tkbaty knm Eakote., Eakote., ;662. K Hufma tl Tkbaty fn Dlnbfnam Tpkda. Tpkda. Q.T. Mapkrtjant lb Eakote knm Eujkn Tarvfda, Kjarfdk. Nltlktjlgl, T., 3993. Jatlmlolhf Yanaoftfkn @asaektkn. @asaektkn. Y]. Sfna`k Dfptk, Gk`krtk.
Ckd` Ykfn kddlrmfnh ]l Rkrflus Mabfnftfln lb Olw Ckd` Ykfn. Ykfn. G Apumajflo Dljjunfty Eakote. Ykquat R. knm Nfrjkoa, S., 399=. ]run` Boaxfln knm Jusduols`aoatko Ttrass Murfnh Ofhet Kssajcoy Glurnko lb Kppofam Xlr` , Cfljadeknfds. Yelln, X.L., ;655., Yrkdtfdko Lddupktflnko eakote. eakote. YH Yucofsefnh.Tfnhkplra. pp. 35;434. Slcarhs, S.K., @atayfkn,T.G., (3994). Bunmkjantkos lb Axardfsa Yeysflolhy bl Bftnass, Yarblrjknda, knm Eakote (3nm Eakote (3nm am). Naw Vlr`7 Jd Hrkw Efoo Tfnk`f J., Jl`rf C., ;662. Olw Ckd`
Nunu`,
Ykfn knm Mfslrmars lb ]ea Oujckr Tpfna . XC Tlunmars Dljpkny, Tpfna Yefokmaopefk. Tuhfylnl., 3994. Ttktfstf` untu` Yanaoftfkn. Am 8, DR Kobkcatk, Cknmunh. Tutkgkyk., FJ. 3992. Yajcaokgkrkn Jaokouf Yanma`ktkn Tfstajf` Elofstf` Fntarmfsfpofnar mkn Ykrtfsfpktlrf (TEFY) Janhurknhf @aoaokekn @aouekn Jus`uols`aoatko mkn @aclsknkn sartk Janfnh`kt`kn Oukrkn Yrlsas Caokgkr 82 Jkeksfswk Cflolhf F@FY Tfnhkrkgk. Tfnhkrkgk. ( Mfsartksf). Mfsartksf). Yrlhrkj Yksdkskrgknk Qnfvarsftks Qmkyknk, Manpkskr. ]krwk`k., 39;;. Arhlnljf Fnmustrf Fnmustrf.. Mkskr-mkskr panhatkeukn arhlnljf mkn kpof`ksf mf tajpkt `argk. Ekrkpkn Yrass, Tlol. ]agk, K.S. 3996., Arhlnljfd Axardfsa pksdk narva narv a jlcfoftktfln. jlcfoftktfln . Jk`koke fojfke. Kvkfokcoa brlj Pettp7//knsekrpeysfl.colhsplt.dlj/
T., 3991 Jatlma Yanaoftfkn Yanaoftfkn ( Yanmfmf`kn Yanmfmf`kn ]alrf mkn Yrlsamur )).. Turk`krtk, Bk`uotks @ahurukn mkn Foju Yanmfmf`kn. Qnfvarsftks Tacaoks Jkrat, Turk`krtk Nuref`jke., 39;;. Bk`tlr-bk`tlr yknh careucunhkn manhkn manhkn jusduolsdaoatko mfslrmar pkmk pa`argk burnftura mf `adkjktkn pa`argk Canmk `ltk ]knharknh . (s`rfpsf). Yrlhrkj Ttumf @asaektkn Jksykrk`kt Bk`uotks @aml`tarkn mkn Foju `asaektkn Qnfvarsftks Fsokj Naharf Tykrfab Efmkyktuooke. Gk`krtk Nurjfkntl, A., 3994. Arhlnljf, @lnsap mkn Kpof`ksfnyk. Kpof`ksfnyk. Amfsf ;. Y].Hunk Xfmyk, Turkckyk Lddupktflnko Tkbaty knm Eakote Kmjfnfstrktfln.,, 3999. Tawfnh knm Kmjfnfstrktfln. Saoktam Yrldamuras Arhlnljfds. Arhlnljfds. Q.T. Mapkrtjant lb Okclr. Dkofblrnfk, www.lsek.hlv. Dkofblrnfk, www.lsek.hlv. Lzhuoar K., Oadoar D.K., Olnmra J.B., Yfatrf B., 3999. Fnmfvfmuko knm Lddupktflnko Matarjfnknt lb Olw
Ofs Tkrwf Ekstutf, Yanhkrue Xlr`pokda Ttratdefnh Axardfsa
3996/94/sankj-arhlnljf.etjo 3996/94/sankj-arhlnljf.etjoZZ (kddassam ;3 L`tlcar 39;3) ]rfkjfnke., 39;9. Saboa`-raboa` Bfsflolhfs Bfsflolhfs (Fntarnat), Okplrkn Yrk`tf`uj Bkko. Kvkfokcoa brlj 7 Pettp7//www.col`splt.dlj/39;9/;3 /okp-prk`.etjoZZ /okp-prk`.etjo (kddassam 8 Nlpajcar 39;3) Mapkrtajan parfnmustrfkn., ;65=. Qnmknh-Qnmknh Nl.1 Nl.1 ]antknh Yarfnmustrfkn. Gk`krtk Xkf`kr,K.J.,Crkmsekw,J.A., ;661 Axardfsas fn tea Xlr`pokda Ajpolyaa Yrabarandas. Yrabarandas . Ajarkom (Fntarnat), Ldtlcar, ;2 (6) pp. ;249. Kvkfokcoa (kddassam 8 Nlvajcar 39;3) Xfrkmekrjk, N., 39;3. Yrk`tf`uj lmlnta`tljf carlrfantksf arhlnljf janfnh`kt`kn `fnargk prk`tf`kn mf Guruskn @aml`tarkn Hfhf Qnfvarsftks Jkekskrkswktf Manpkskr . (]asfs). Yrlhrkj Yksdkskrgknk Qnfvarsftks Qmkyknk Manpkskr, Ckof Vlhfsutkntf H., 3996. Yanhkrue 3996. Yanhkrue Yaoktfekn Yktfant Eknmofnh tarekmkp Yanurunkn @aouekn Jus`uols`aoatko pkmk Yarkwkt. Yarkwkt. Yrlhrkj Ttumf Foju @asaektkn @argk, Qnfvarsftks Hkmgke Jkmk, Vlhyk`krtk. Vlhyk`krtk.
;31
