Stion de Almacenes

 

 

IDQVN@H FD GLKGADHDQ A@HAD_V@ FD GLKGADHDQ Q`h gqudll`s luigrds f`hfd sd iugrfgh l`s fnedrdhtds tnp`s fd kdraghaëg. Lg e`rkulganñh fd uhg p`lëtnag fd nhvdhtgrn` pgrg uh fdpgrtgkdht` fd glkgaîh fdpdhfd fd lg nhe`rkganñh rdspdat` g tndkp`s fd gfdlghtds, fnsp`hnjnlnfgfds fd kgtdrnglds, tdhfdhangs dh l`s prdan`s y kgtdrnglds fd a`kprgs, ds lg eudhtd kdc`r fd dstg nhe`rkganñh Dstg euhanñh a`htr`lg eësnagkdhtd y kghtndhd t`f`s l`s grtëaul`s nhvdhtgrngf`s, sd fdjdh dstgjldadr rdsiugrf` eësna`s gfdaugf`s pgrg pr`tdidr l`s grtëaul`s fd glióh fg÷` fd us` nhhdadsgrn` fdjnf` g pr`adfnkndht`s fd r`tganñh fd nhvdhtgrn`s fdedatu`s`s nhvdhtgrn`s fdedatu`s`s y g grtëaul`s. r`j`s. L`s rdinstr`s fd fdjdh kghtdhdr, l` fd auglr`tganñh eganlntghfd lg l`aglnzganñh nhkdfngtg fdl`s 7. ETHANÑH FD L@Q GLKGADHDQ3 GLKGADHDQ3 7. Kghtndhdh lgs kgtdrngs prnkgs g aujndrt` fd nhadhfn`s, r`j`s y fdtdrn`r`s. :. _drkntnr g lgs pdrs`hgs gut`rnzgfgs dl gaads` g lgs k kgtdrngs gtdrngs glkgadhgfgs. 1. Kghtndhdh dh a`hs a`hstghtd tghtd nhe`rkganñh gl fdpgrtgkdht` fdpgrtg kdht` fd a`kprgs, s`jrd lgs dxnstdhangs rdglds fd kgtdrng prnkg. 6. Lldvg dh e`rkg knhuan`sg a`htr`lds s`jrd lgs kgtdrngs kgtdrngs prnkgs (dhtrgfgs y sglnfgs) 4. Uninlg qud h` sd gi`tdh l`s kgtdrnglds (kçxnk`s (kçxnk`s ‑ këhnk`s). :. NK_@ZVGHANG Lg rdadpanñh gfdaugfg fd kgtdrnglds y fd `tr`s grtëaul`s ds fd vntgl nkp`rtghang, yg qud uhg irgh pgrtd fd lgs dkprdsgs tndhdh a`k` rdsultgf` fd su dxpdrndhang adhtrglnzgfg lg rdadpanñh t`tgl jgc` uh fdpgrtgkdht` óhna`, lgs dxadpan`hds prnhanpglds s`h gqudll`s irghfds dkprdsgs a`h plghtgs kóltnplds. Lg rdadpanñh dstg dstrdamgkdhtd lnigfg g lg a`kprg, yg qud pr`jgjldkdhtd dl 9?% fd l`s ags`s, dl fdpgrtgkdht` jgc` lg rdsp`hsgjnlnfgf fdl fdpgrtgkdht` fd a`kprg. 1. VN_@Q FD GLKGAÎH Dl glkgaîh pudfd sdr uhg dkprdsg kghuegaturdrg, fnstrnjunf`rg, ` uhg tndhfg fd pr`fuat`s fd a`hsuk`. L`s glkgadhds sd pudfdh fnedrdhangr sdióh3

 

6. @ZIGHNSGANÑH3 L`s glkgadhds pudfdh dstgr adhtrglnzgf`s ` fdsadhtrglnzgf`s. Qd fg dl prnkdr ags` aughf` fdl dstgjldankndht` (eçjrnag) rdóhd dh su pr`png sdfd t`f`s l`s glkgadhds, kndhtrgs qud sd prdsdhtg dl sdiuhf` ags` aughf` mgy sdat`rds fdl glkgaîh sntugf`s dh `tr`s luigrds. Dh aught` l`s glkgadhds pudfdha`kuhnagfgs. dstgr a`hstntunf`s p`r l`aglds óhna`sg` lg p`ra`he`rkganñh uhg sdrnd fd nhtdrhg, l`aglds sdpgrgf`s ` sdaan`hds Lg fnsp`hnjnlnfgf fd uh l`agl óhna` `jlnig g tdhdr rduhnf`s t`f`s l`s kgtdrnglds, p`r l` qud su a`htr`l sd mgad kçs fneëanl, dspdanglkdhtd sn tgl l`agl rdsultg kuy irghfd y a`htndhd a`lukhgs ` dstghtdrëgs qud fnenaultgh lg vnsnjnlnfgf. 4. K@UNKNDHV@ FD KGVDZNGL KGVDZNGL Fdsfd dl puht` fd vnstg fdl k`vnkndht` fd l`s kgtdrnglds p`fdk`s fnstnhiunr glkgadhds a`h trghsp`rtd kdaghnzgf` (enc`, sdkn-enc`, kñvnlds) kgs ` kdh`s dldvgf` y glkgadhds snh kdaghnzganñh. DL VDAM@ qud sd pudfdh tdhdr dh lg nhtdkpdrnd snh hdadsnfgf gliuhg fd pr`tdaanñh y   Gqudll`s pgrg l`s auglds h` mgy fufg gliuhg s`jrd su rdsnstdhang g lgs nhaldkdhangs fdl tndkp`.   L`s qud pudfdh dstgr g lg nhtdkpdrnd a`h lg a`hfnanñh fd qud lg dstghang sdg furghtd a`rt` tndkp`, y jgc` pgrtnaulgrds snstdkgs fd pr`tdaanñh.   L`s qud tndhdh qud sdr pudst`s g aujndrt` (y gquë sd fnstnhiudh góh dh a`hfnan`hds fd a`hsdrvganñh) 

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QDIÓH LGQ @_DZGAN@HDQ _grg dl dcdranan` rgan`hgl fdl glkgadhgcd, dxnstdh dh idhdrgl, l`aglds pgrg lgs sniundhtds dxnidhangs3 

  Zdadpanñh l`s kgtdrnglds, l`s auglds pudfdh sdr g jgc` su vdzlgfnstrnjunf`s dh l`aglds fd lldigfg yfddstghang dvdhtugl (g vdads nhalus` rdsp`hsgjnlnfgf fdl suknhnstrgf`r), dh dspdrg fd sdr rdinstrgf`s a`htgjldkdhtd d nhirdsgf`s dh dl pr`pn` l`agl fd rdadpanñh f`hfd tndhdh luigr lgs `pdrgan`hds fd fdsdkjglgcd y a`htr`l (hukîrna` y fd a`htr`l).   Dspdrg fd lgs kdraghaëgs, ghtds fd lg a`he`rknfgf fd lg vdrnenaganñh.   Fdsdkjglgcd fd l`s pr`fuat`s, mgy ags`s dh qud ds a`hvdhndhtd fdstnhgr l`aglds sdpgrgf`s g tgl dxnidhang.   Glkgadhgkndht` pr`pngkdhtd fnam`. 

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VN_@ FD KGVDZNGL Lg kdraghaëg qud rdsiugrfg, aust`fng, a`htr`lg y gjgstdad uh glkgaîh pudfd sdr lg sniundhtd3

 

  5. GLKGAÎH FD KGVDZNG _ZNKG ^ _GZVDQ A@K_@HDHVDQ3 Dstd glkgaîh tndhd a`k` euhanñh prnhanpgl dl gjgstdankndht` `p`rtuh` fd kgtdrngs prnkgs ` pgrtds a`kp`hdhtds g l`s fdpgrtgkdht`s fd pr`fuaanñh. GLKGAÎH FD KGVDZNGQ L`s kgtdrnglds guxnlngrdsGT]NLNGZDQ3 ` tgkjnîh llgkgf`s nhfnrdat`s s`h t`f`s gqudll`s qud h` s`h a`kp`hdhtds fd uh pr`fuat` pdr` qud sd rdqundrdh pgrg dhvgsgrl` ` dkpgagrl`. _`fdk`s kdhan`hgr l`s lujrnaghtds, irgsg, a`kjustnjld, dtnqudtgs, dhvgsds, dhv gsds, dta. GLKGAÎH FD _Z@FTAV@Q DH _Z@ADQ@3 Qn l`s kgtdrnglds dh pr`ads` ` grtëaul`s sdkn-tdrknhgf`s s`h iugrfgf`s jgc` aust`fng y a`htr`l, nhtdhan`hglkdhtd prdvnst`s p`r lg pr`irgkganñh, sd pudfd fdanr qud dstçh dh uh glkgaîh fd kgtdrnglds dh pr`ads`. GLKGAÎH FD _Z@FTAV@Q VDZKNHGF@Q3 Dl glkgaîh fd pr`fuat`s tdrknhgf`smgstg prdstg sdrvnan` glfdfdpgrtgkdht` vdhtgs iugrfghf` y a`htr`lghf` lgs dxnstdhangs dl k`kdht` fdspgamgr l`s fd pr`fuat`s g l`s alndhtds. GLKGAÎH FD MDZZGKNDHVGQ3 Th glkgaîh fd mdrrgkndhtgs y dqunp`, jgc` lg aust`fng fd uh dhagrigf` dspdanglnzgf` pgrg dl a`htr`l fd dsgs mdrrgkndhtgs, dqunp` y ótnlds qud sd prdstgh g l`s fnstnht`s fdpgrtgkdht`s y `pdrgrn`s fd pr`fuaanñh ` fd kghtdhnkndht`. Agjd kdhan`hgr3 jr`ags, kgamudl`s, pndzgs fd dskdrnl, dta. GLKGAÎH FD KGVDZNGLDQ FD FDQ_DZFNAN@3 L`s pr`fuat`s pgrtdssglvgkdht` ` kgtdrnglds rdamgzgf`s p`r tdhdr dl fdpgrtgkdht` fd a`htr`l aglnfgf y qud h` tndhdh ` rdpgrganñh, fdjdh uh a`htr`l sdpgrgf`2 dstdy qudfg p`r l` idhdrgl, jgc` dl aunfgf` fdl fdpgrtgkdht` knsk`. GLKGAÎH FD KGVDZNGLDQ @JQ@LDV@Q3 L`s kgtdrnglds `js`ldt`s s`h l`s qud mgh snf` fdsa`htnhugf`s dh lg pr`irgkganñh fd lg pr`fuaanñh p`r egltg fd vdhtgs, p`r fdtdrn`r`, p`r fdsa`kp`snanñh ` p`r mgjdrsd vdhanf` dl plgz` fd agfuanfgf. Lg rgzñh fd tdhdr uh glkgaîh dspdangl pgrg dstd tnp` fd ags`s, ds qud l`s kgtdrnglds `js`ldt`s h` fdjdh `aupgr l`s dspgan`s fnsp`hnjlds pgrg gqudll`s qud s`h fd a`hsuk` gatugl. GLKGAÎH FD FDU@LTAN@HDQ3

 

Gquë lldigh lgs fdv`luan`hds fd l`s alndhtds, dh dl sd sdpgrgh y algsnenagh l`s pr`fuat`s pgrg rdpr`ads`, fdspdrfnan` y/` dhtrgfg g glkgaîh.

Fdhtr` fdl snstdkg il`jgl fd kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds, dl snstdkg fd glkgadhgcd pr`p`ran`hg lgs nhstglgan`hds, dl dqunp`, dl pdrs`hgl y lgs tîahnags hdadsgrngs pgrg rdanjnr, glkgadhgr y dkjgragr kgtdrng prnkg, pr`fuat`s dh pr`ads` y pr`fuat`s tdrknhgf`s. Lgs nhstglgan`hds, dqunp` y tîahnags fd glkgadhgkndht` vgrëgh kuam` fdpdhfndhf` fd lg hgturgldzg fdl kgtdrngl qud sd kghdcgrç. _grg fnsd÷gr uh snstdkg snstdkg fd glkgadhgcd y rds`lvdr l`s pr`jldkgs pr`jldkgs a`rrdsp`hfndhtds ds hdadsgrn` t`kgr dh a`hsnfdrganñh lgs agrgatdrëstnags fdl kgtdrngl, a`k` su tgkg÷`, pds`, furgjnlnfgf, vnfg dh ghgqudlds y tgkg÷` fd l`s l`tds.   L`s gspdat`s da`hñkna`s tgkjnîh cudigh uh pgpdl rdldvghtd gl fnsd÷gr l`s snstdkgs fd glkgadhgcd. Qd nhaurrd dh a`st`s fd glkgadhgkndht` y rdaupdrganñh, pdr` h` sd girdig hnhióh vgl`r g l`sfd pr`fuat`s. l` tght`, lg nhvdrsnñh dh dqunp`s fd glkgadhgkndht` y kghdc` kgtdrnglds, _`r gsë a`k` dh supdrenand fd j`fdig, fdjdrçh tdhdr a`k` jgsd lg rdfuaanñh kçxnkg fd l`s a`st`s uhntgrn`s fd glkgadhgkndht` y kghdc`. @tr`s egat`rds qud fdjdh t`kgrsd dh a`hsnfdrganñh gl fnsd÷gr snstdkgs fd glkgadhgcd a`kprdhfdh dl a`htr`l fdl tgkg÷` fdl nhvdhtgrn` y lg ujnaganñh fdl knsk`, lgs nhstruaan`hds dspdanglds s`jrd lgs nhspdaan`hds fd aglnfgf, lgs kdfnfgs rdlgtnvgs gl surtnf` y dkpgqud fd pdfnf`s, dl ghfgkngcd pgrg rdadpanñh y dkjgrqud, dl hókdr` gpr`pngf` fd ghfdhds pgrg dkjgrqud y rdadpanñh, gsë a`k` dl kghtdhnkndht` fd rdinstr`s. 7.-Agrig uhntgrngfd uhntgrng3 3 agrig uhntgrng g lg agrig a`hstntunfg p`r dkjglgcds fd trghsp`rtd Qd fg dl h`kjrd qud grrdilgh ` ga`hfnan`hgh uhg andrtg aghtnfgf fd kgtdrngl pgrg p`snjnlntgr su kghnpulganñh, trghsp`rtd y glkgadhgkndht` a`k` sn eudsd uhg uhnfgf. Lg agrig uhntgrng ds uh a`hcuht` fd agrig a`htdhnf` dh uh rdanpndhtd qud e`rkg uh t`f` óhna` dh aught` g lg kghnpulganñh, glkgadhgkndht` ` trghsp`rtd. Lg e`rkganñh fd agcgs uhntgrngs sd mgadh g trgvîs fd uh fngp`sntnvg llgkgf` pglldt (plgtge`rkg), qud ds uh dstrgf` fd kgfdrg dsqudkgtnzgf` fd fnvdrsgs fnkdhsn`hds. Qus kdfnfgs a`hvdhan`hglds jçsnags s`h 77??kk x 77??kk a`k` pgtrñh nhtdrhgan`hgl n htdrhgan`hgl pgrg gfdaugrsd g l`s fnvdrs`s kdfn`s fd trghsp`rtd y glkgadhgkndht`. L`iëstnag fd glkgadhgkndht`3

 

Fdhtr` fdl snstdkg il`jgl fd kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds, dl snstdkg fd glkgadhgcd pr`p`ran`hg lgs nhstglgan`hds, dl dqunp`, dl pdrs`hgl y lgs tîahnags hdadsgrngs pgrg rdanjnr, glkgadhgr y dkjgragr kgtdrng prnkg, pr`fuat`s dh pr`ads` y pr`fuat`s tdrknhgf`s. Lgs nhstglgan`hds, dqunp` y tîahnags fd glkgadhgkndht` vgrëgh kuam` fdpdhfndhf` fd lg hgturgldzg fdl kgtdrngl qud sd kghdcgrç. _grg fnsd÷gr uh snstdkg fd glkgadhgcd lgs y rds`lvdr l`s pr`jldkgs a`rrdsp`hfndhtds dspds`, hdadsgrn` t`kgr t`kgrvnfg dh a`hsnfdrganñh agrgatdrëstnags fdl kgtdrngl, a`k` su tgkg÷`, furgjnlnfgf, dh ghgqudlds y tgkg÷` fd l`s l`tds.  L`s gspdat`s da`hñkna`s tgkjnîh cudigh uh pgpdl rdldvghtd gl fnsd÷gr l`s snstdkgs fd glkgadhgcd. Qd nhaurrd dh a`st`s fd glkgadhgkndht` y rdaupdrganñh, pdr` h` sd girdig hnhióh vgl`r g l`s pr`fuat`s. _`r l` tght`, lg nhvdrsnñh dh dqunp`s fd glkgadhgkndht` y kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds, gsë a`k` dh supdrenand fd j`fdig, fdjdrçh tdhdr a`k` jgsd lg rdfuaanñh kçxnkg fd l`s a`st`s uhntgrn`s fd glkgadhgkndht` y kghdc`. @tr`s egat`rds qud fdjdh t`kgrsd dh a`hsnfdrganñh gl fnsd÷gr snstdkgs fd glkgadhgcd a`kprdhfdh dl a`htr`l fdl tgkg÷` fdl nhvdhtgrn` y lg ujnaganñh fdl knsk`, lgs nhstruaan`hds dspdanglds s`jrd lgs nhspdaan`hds fdrdadpanñh aglnfgf, lgs kdfnfgs rdlgtnvgs gl surtnf` y dkpgqud fd pdfnf`s, dl ghfgkngcd pgrg y dkjgrqud, dl hókdr` gpr`pngf` fd ghfdhds pgrg dkjgrqud y rdadpanñh, gsë a`k` dl kghtdhnkndht` fd rdinstr`s. Gatnvnfgfds qud sd rdglnzgh dh uh snstdkg fd glkgadhgcd3   Fdsagrigr l`s vdmëaul`s qud nhirdsgh.   Gaukulgr dl kgtdrngl rdanjnf` dh uhg uhg z`hg fd ghfgkngcd.   Dxgknhgr lg aghtnfgf y lg aglnfgf aglnfgf fdl kgtdrngl y gsnihgrld uh luigr fd glkgadhgkndht`.   Vrghsp`rtgr dl kgtdrngl gl luigr fd glkgadhgkndht`.   A`l`agr dl kgtdrngl dh dl luigr gsnihgf`. •

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  Zdtnrgr dl dl kgtdrngl kgtdrngl fd su luigr fd glkgadhgkndht` y a`l`agrl` dh lg lëhdg fd surtnf` fd pdfnf`s, dh ags` fd qud sd utnlnad fnamg lëhdg.   Lldhgr lgs ñrfdhds fd pdfnf` dh su ags`.   Algsnenaganñh y dkpgqud dh su ags`.   Girupgkndht` pgrg dkjgrqud.   Agrig y vdrnenaganñh fd l`s vdmëaul`s qud dirdsgh.

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A`htr`l gfknhnstrgtnv` fdl snstdkg fd glkgadhgcd3 Gs`angf` gl kghdc` eësna` y glkgadhgkndht` fd l`s kgtdrnglds sd dhaudhtrg dl snstdkg fd a`htr`l gfknhnstrgtnv`. Îstd sd dhagrig fd l` sniundhtd3   F`aukdhtganñh fd lg rdadpanñh fd kgtdrnglds pgrg enhds a`htgjlds.   Udrnenaganñh fd lg aglnfgf aglnfgf y lg aghtnfgf aghtnfgf fd l`s jndhds rdanjnf`s. •

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  Gatuglnzganñh fd l`s rdinstr`s rdinstr`s fd nhvdhtgrn` pgrg pgrg qud sd kudstrdh l`s jjndhds ndhds rdanjnf`s.   Tjnaganñh dh su luigr fd t`f t`f`s `s l`s jndhds jndhds dh glkgadhgkndht`.   Gatuglnzganñh fd l`s rdinstr`s rdinstr`s fd nhvdhtgrn` pgrg pgrg qud kudstrdh l`s dk dkjgrquds. jgrquds.   H`tnenaganñh fd l`s dkjgrquds dkjgrquds gl fdpgrtgkdht` fd a`htgj a`htgjnlnfgf nlnfgf pgrg qud îstd

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rdglnad lg egaturganñh. Kuam`s snstdkgs fd a`htr`l gfknhnstrgtnv` s`h gut`kgtnzgf`s ` sd a`htr`lgh p`r kdfn` fd a`kputgf`rgs. Wud fnam`s snstdkgs rdsultdh kçs da`hñkna`s qud l`s kghuglds fdpdhfdrç fd l`s egat`rds sniundhtds3   Dl hókdr` fd grtëaul`s fd lëhdg glkgadhgf`s.   Dl hókdr` fd alndhtds g qundhds sd gtndhfd.   Dl v`lukdh fd jndhds dkjgragf`s. Dh idhdrgl, lg gut`kgtnzganñh y dl a`htr`l a`kputgrnzgf` rdsultgh kçs a`hvdhndhtds, dh l` qud g a`st` sd rdendrd, pgrg lgs nhstntuan`hds y adhtr`s fd fnstrnjuanñh qud tndhdh irgh aghtnfgf fd grtëaul`s dh lëhdg fd glkgadhgkndht`, y kuam`s puht`s pgrg fnstrnjunr lgs gyufgs mukghntgrngs. Dstruaturg y kghdc` fd J`fdigs3 •

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Eniurg 1. Glkgadhgkndht` dh J`fdigs. Dh uhg j`fdig ` glkgaîh jndh fnsd÷gf`, sd utnlnzg t`f` dl dspgan` fnsp`hnjld y lg kghnpulganñh sd rdfuad gl këhnk` nkprdsanhfnjld6. Thg vdz a`h`anfgs lgs rdstrnaan`hds fdl dfnenan` y dldinf` dl dqunp` gpr`pngf` pgrg lg gatnvnfgf fd kghdc` fd gjgstdankndht`s dh dkdridhangs, sd pudfd fdtgllgr lg fnstrnjuanñh dh plghtg fdl glkgaîh3 6

Dh auglqundr tnp` qud fd fnstrnjuanñh plghtg,ydxnstdh augtr` a`kp`hdhtds   Dl dspgan` `aupgh `aupgh l`sfd grtëaul`s dl dqunp` fd k kghnpulganñh ghnpulganñh 3 •

 

  a`h sus m`liurgs a`rrdsp`hfndhtds.   L`s pgsnll`s pgsnll`s dhtrd lgs kdraghaëgs kdraghaëgs pgrg dl gaads` fnrdat` fnrdat` g lgs knskgs.   L`s pgsnll`s trghsvdrsglds, pdrpdhfnaulgrds g l`s ghtdrn`rds.   Dl rdst` fd lgs zz`hgs, `hgs, fdfnagfgs fdfnagfgs g `rfdhgr pr`fuat`s, agrig agrig y

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fdsagrig, sglnfgs fd dkdridhang. Ghamurg fd pgsnll`s3 Lg ghamurg fd l`s pgsnll`s fdpdhfdrç fd lg hgturgldzg fd lgs gatnvnfgfds qud tdhigh luigr dh dll`s. Dstgs pudfdh sdr fd augtr` tnp`s3   Zdp`snanñh ` rda`infg fd dldkdht`s dldkdht`s utnlnzghf` dl knsk` pgsnll` y rda`rrnf`s dh uh s`l` sdhtnf`.   Zdp`snanñh y rda`infg fd dldkdht`s utnlnzghf` dl knsk` pgsnll` y rda`rrnf`s dh gkj`s sdhtnf`s.   Zdp`snanñh y rda`infg fd dldkdht`s dldkdht`s utnlnzghf` utnlnzghf` pgsnll`s fnedrdhtds y rda`rrnf`s dh uh s`l` sdhtnf`.   Zdp`snanñh y rda`infg fd dldkdht`s dldkdht`s utnlnzghf` utnlnzghf` pgsnll`s fnedrdhtds y rda`rrnf`s dh gkj`s sdhtnf`s. Lg ghamurg fdl pgsnll` ds dl dspgan` lnjrd kçs pdqud÷` dhtrd t`f`s l`s dxnstdhtds a`k` sdpgrganñh fd pglldts, dldkdht`s ` dstghtdrëgs. Qu fnkdhsnñh vndhd fdtdrknhgfg dh irgh kdfnfg p`r dl rgfn` fd inr` fd l`s dqunp`s ` pdrs`hgs qud mgadh dl agriud y fdsagriud fd dldkdht`s y p`r dl tgkg÷` fd l`s dldkdht`s ` pglldts kghnpulgf`s. _grg pglldts rdatghiulgrds, dl gham` fdl pgsnll` fdpdhfdrç fdl lgf` fdl pglldt qud sd utnlnad a`k` prnhanpgl6. •

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Eniurg 6. Gham` fd pgsnll`s y glturg fd ghgqudlds dh euhanñh fd l`s dqunp`s fd k`vnlnzganñh. _grg aglaulgr dl hókdr` fd mnldrgs fd muda`s pgrg dstnjgs qud agjdh dh uh glkgaîh a`hvndhd a`hsnfdrgr uh lnjrd kñful` fd glkgadhgcd p`r qud uh pgsnll` kçs snf`s dstnjgs kçs dl dspgan` gl e`hf` fd lg dstnjg.a`kpudst` _grg dll` mgy a`hsnfdrgr lg

 

kghnpulganñh fd lgs dstnjgs sd rdglnzg p`r su lgf` kgy`r ` p`r dl kdh`r. H`rkglkdhtd sd l`irg uhg kgy`r utnlnzganñh fdl dspgan` aughf` lgs mnldrgs fd dstghtdrëgs sd a`l`agh dh lg knskg fnrdaanñh qud lg kgy`r fnrdaanñh fdl dspgan` fnsp`hnjld (l`hintuf). _`r l` tght`, pgrg fdtdrknhgr dl hókdr` fd kñful`s fd glkgadhgcd qud agjdh dh uh glkgaîh sd fnvnfd su ghamurg (kdh`r fnkdhsnñh) p`r dl gham` fdl kñful`. Lg glturg ótnl tdhdr fdpdhfd fd lg glturg fd lg dstnjg a`h uh su dspgan` agrig y lnjrd fd lgdhtrd glturg tdam`. Gquë mgy qud dh audhtg lg hdadsnfgf fd fdcgr lg fdl agrig y lg jgsd fdl ghgqudl supdrn`r. Lg glturg fd agfg dspgan` sdrç63 Glturg agrig + Dstnjg + Glturg ghgqudl + Dspgan` lnjrd. Dh a`hsdaudhang, dl hókdr` fd glturgs dh lgs auglds pudfdh glkgadhgrsd dstnjgs fdpdhfd fd lg glturg fd lg aujndrtg. Vgkjnîh fdjd dxnstnr uh dspgan` lnjrd dhtrd lg agrig fd lgs dstnjgs fd lg glturg supdrn`r y dl tdam` ` auglqundr algsd fd `jstçaul` tglds a`k` tujdrëgs ` luads. Dstd dspgan` lnjrd ds hdadsgrn` tght` dh lg z`hg fd dstghtdrëgs a`k` dh lg z`hg fd pgsnll`s. A`hvndhd fdstgagr qud lg glturg a`kóh pgrg t`f`s l`s muda`s s`lgkdhtd dstgrëg  custnenagfg dl ags` fd fdjd qud t`fgs lgs euhanñh pgldtgsfd glkgadhgfgs lg knskg gl glturg. turg. Lg glturg fddhagfg muda` dstgr dh l`s grtëaul`stuvndrgh qud sd vgh g glkgadhgr dh îl.

Eniurg 4. Glturg fd dspgan`s fnsp`hnjlds pgrg glkgadhgcd. Fnstrnjuanñh dh j`fdig a`h dldkdht`s dh ghgqudlds3 Lg fnstrnjuanñh dh plghtg fd uh glkgaîh dh dl augl l`s grtëaul`s sd a`l`agh s`jrd ghgqudlds sd fdtdrknhg fd uhg e`rkg snknlgr g lg ghtdrn`rkdhtd dxpudstg. Dh dstd ags`, dl kñful` fd glkgadhgcd a`hstg fd3

 

Qupdrenand fdl ghgqudl + pgsnll` p gsnll` + supdrenand fdl ghgqudl. Lg ghamurg fdl pgsnll` fdpdhfdrç fd lgs gatnvnfgfds qud sd rdglnad dh îl y fdl tnp` fd dqunp` dkpldgf`. Mgjntuglkdhtd lg rdp`snanñh fd l`s ghgqudlds ds kghugl y, dh a`hsdaudhang, dl rgfn` fd inr` fd lg agrrdtnllg h` a`hfnan`hgrç lg ghamurg fdl pgsnll`. G lg m`rgqud fd sd encgrvgh lg supdrenand fdlyghgqudl mgyfdqud tdhdr dh prdvnst`s. audhtg dl Gl tgkg÷` fd l`s grtëaul`s g glkgadhgr l`s hnvdlds nhvdhtgrn`s niugl qud dh dl ags` fd dldkdht`s pgldtnzgf`s, sd pudfd kdc`rgr lg utnlnzganñh fdl dspgan` dkpldghf` ghgqudlds fd fnedrdhtd tgkg÷`, guhqud dst` `rninhgrç uhg pîrfnfg fd eldxnjnlnfgf. _gsnll`s trghsvdrsglds3 trghsvdrsglds3 L`s pgsnll`s trghsvdrsglds sd utnlnzgh pgrg gaadfdr g l`s pgsnll`s fd trgjgc`. _udst` qud dh dsdhang s`h dspgan`s kudrt`s, aught`s kdh`s dxnstgh kdc`r. Idhdrglkdhtd su hókdr` vndhd encgf` p`r lgs fnsp`snan`hds a`htrg nhadhfn`s, a`h dl enh fd pr`p`ran`hgr vëgs fd dsagpd ` sglnfgs fd dkdridhang, guhqud tgkjnîh fdpdhfd fd egat`rds a`k` lg aghtnfgf fd gaads`s hdadsgrn`s, dl hókdr` fd agrrdtnllgs dldvgf`rgs utnlnzgfgs y lg ujnaganñh z`hg fdpuds algsnenaganñh. qud fd lgs lgs dstghtdrëgs s`jrdpgsdh l`s 1? k fd fd lg l`hintuf, fnsknhuydDsdlfdsdgjld rdhfnkndht` pdrs`hgsh`qud kghdcgh agrrdtnllgs. Dh dedat`, g pgrtnr fd dsd vgl`r, dkpndzgh lgs fnenaultgfds pgrg l`aglnzgr lgs dstnjgs y lgs dqunv`agan`hds gl dldinr pgsnll` sup`hdh irghfds rda`rrnf`s nhótnlds. S`hgs fd rdadpanñh y fdspgam` fd dldkdht`s3 Aughf` sd fnsd÷g uh glkgaîh sd prdstg kuamg gtdhanñh g lgs z`hgs fd prdpgrganñh fd pdfnf`s y fd glkgadhgcd dh irghfds uhnfgfds. Qnh dkjgri`, lgs z`hgs fd rdadpanñh y fdspgam` tgkjnîh fdjdh sdr adhtr` fd nhtdrîs prn`rntgrn`. Qn lg z`hg ds fdkgsngf` pdqud÷g, lg gatnvnfgf sd vdrç sdrngkdhtd lnkntgfg y gpgrdadrçh audll`s fd j`tdllg qud sd pr`pgigrçh g `trgs çrdgs fdl glkgaîh. H`rkglkdhtd, dstgs z`hgs s`h lgs qud sd sgarnenagh aughf` surid uhg hdadsnfgf fd kgy`r dspgan` fd glkgadhgcd. H` dxnstdhegat`rds3 eñrkulgs pgrg plghnenagr dstgs z`hgs, pdr` mgjrç qud tdhdr dh audhtg l`s sniundhtds   Vnp`s y tgkg÷`s fd vdmëaul`s.   Kdfn`s fd gaads` g lg z`hg.   Hdadsnfgfds fd dspgan` pgrg algsnenaganñh, algsnenaganñh, a`kpr`jganñh, `rfdh y a`htr`l.   Agrgatdrëstnags fd l`s dldkdht`s y su eluc` fd dhtrgfg ‑ sglnfg.   Agrgatdrëstnags fd lgs uhnfgfds fd agrig.   Hókdr` fd kudllds fd agrig y fdsagrig hdadsgrn`s. @trgs z`hgs3 Gfdkçs fd lgs çrdgs prnhanpglds fd trgjgc`, tgkjnîh ds hdadsgrn` fdstnhgr dspgan` pgrg lgs `enanhgs fd j`fdig, gsd`s, agrig fd jgtdrëgs. Mgy tdhfdhang g `lvnfgrsd fd dstgs •

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z`hgs y tdhdrlgs dh audhtg s`l` g p`stdrn`rn. Lgs `enanhgs fd lg j`fdig fdjdh dstgr

 

adrag fdl trgjgc` pgrg qud snrvgh fd gp`y`. Lgs z`hgs fd agrig fd jgtdrëgs tndhdh qud dstgr vdhtnlgfgs y tdhdr uh tgkg÷` suenandhtd. Vgkjnîh ds nkp`rtghtd sd÷glgr qud dl dspgan` hdadsgrn` pgrg dstgs gatnvnfgfds h` fdjd dxtrgdrsd fdl fdstnhgf` dspdaëenagkdhtd g glkgadhgcd. Zdstrnaan`hds nkpudstgs gl dfnenan` j`fdig63 Gl a`heniurgr lg fnstrnjuanñh dh plghtg fdl dqunp`, `enanhgs y fdkçs sdrvnan`s fd uh glkgaîh y fdhtr` fd lgs rdstrnaan`hds nkpudstgs p`r dl pr`pn` dfnenan`, sd fdjd nhtdhtgr knhnknzgr dl hókdr` fd egat`rds agpgads fd pr`v`agr rdtrgs`s y fd dldkdht`s qud sup`high tgrdgs a`h uhg furganñh a`hsnfdrgjld. Aughf` sd dstç plghnenaghf` uhg hudvg nhstglganñh, dl fnsd÷` fdl dfnenan` sd gcustgrç g lgs hdadsnfgfds prdvnstgs, pdr` aughf` sd trgtg fd kdc`rgr dl euhan`hgkndht` fd uh glkgaîh yg dxnstdhtd mgy qud gfgptgrsd g lgs agrgatdrëstnags fdl dfnenan`. Dh dstd óltnk` ags`, fdjd a`hsnfdrgrsd l`s sniundhtds gspdat`s3   Zdstrnaan`hds3 pnlgrds, glturg, e`rkg, e`rkg, sdrvnan`s, pudrtgs, kudllds kudllds fd agrig, rdsnstdhang fdl sudl`.   Dspgan` h` h` ótnl pgrg glkgadhgcd3 `enanhgs, gsd`, gsd`, j`tnquëh. •

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  Eluc` fd pr`fuat`s dxnstdhtds.   Gatnvnfgfds fd kghnpulganñh y glkgadhgcd.   U`lukdh fnsp`hnjld3 kçxnk` y tgsg fd utnlnzganñh.   S`hgs fd a`hidstnñh y agusgs fd fnamg a`hidstnñh. Furghtd dl fnsd÷` fd lg fnstrnjuanñh dh plghtg, l`s dldkdht`s dstruaturglds fdl dfnenan` fdjdh a`htdkplgrsd a`h uhg pdrspdatnvg qud pdrkntg3   Dlnknhgr tght`s dst`rj`s y rdstrnaan`hds a`k` sdg p`snjld.   A`hsnfdrgr agkjn`s agkjn`s dh llgg ujnaganñh fd lgs `enanhgs y fd `trgs fdpdhfdhangs fd sdrvnan`.   A`hsnfdrgr lg utnlnzganñh fdl dhtrdsudl` pgrg `e `enanhgs nanhgs y pgrg glkgadhgcd fd grtëaul`s lnidr`s.   Gpr`vdamgr ` dvntgr lgs lnkntgan`hds lnkntgan`hds fdjnfgs g pudrtgs, sudl`s, ttdam`s, dam`s, kudllds, gsadhs`rds.   A`kpr`jgr lgs rdstrnaan`hds fd lg dstruaturg, tglds a`k` a`k` lg rdsnstdhang fdl sudl`. Vgkjnîh mgjrç qud a`hsnfdrgr l`s sniundhtds egat`rds3 Ldinslganñh s`jrd sdiurnfgf d mnindhd3   S`hgs fd sdiurnfgf.   Gyufgs vnsuglds.   Dqunp`.   Qnkulgar`s fd dkdridhangs.   Kghdc` fd kdraghaëgs pdlnir`sgs. •

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   Qd÷glds y agrtdlds. Fnsp`hnjnlnfgf fd trgcds pr`tdat`rds.

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  _rnkdr`s Guxnln`s.

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Eniurgs 5 y 9. Kghtdhdr sglnfgs fdspdcgs y snstdkgs a`htrg nhadhfn` fd eçanl gaads`. Ldinslganñh a`htrg nhadhfn`s3   Qnstdkg fd pulvdrnzganñh fdl giug (srpnhbldr).   Qnstdkg fd glgrkg.   Dqunp` a`htrg nhadhfn`s. •

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  Qglnfgs fd dkdridhang.   Nhstruaanñh y pr`adfnkndht`s a`htrg nhadhfn`.   Agtdi`rëg fdl rndsi`.   S`hgs a`h pr`mnjnanñh fd eukgr.   Qd÷glds. Nhstglgan`hds fdl dfnenan`3   _uht`s fd gaads` (vdmëaul`s y pdrs`hgs).   Agknh`s.   Nluknhganñh.   Vgkg÷`, e`rkg y ujnaganñh fd nhstglgan`hds.   Qdiurnfgf.   _ns`s y agrigs qud s`p`rtgh.   Dqunp` fd gaads` g dspgan`s fd glkgadhgkndht`.   Dhdriëg y agldegaanñh.   Glturg fd trgjgc` fnsp`hnjld y gz`tdgs.   @enanhg d nhstglgan`hds fd sdrvnan`. Nhstglgan`hds fdl luigr3   Gaads`s y sglnfgs.   Qdiurnfgf.   Agrrdtdrgs y z`hgs fd sdrvnan`.   Uëgs fd gaads` pgrg l`s j`kjdr`s. •

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   Kudllds y z`hgs fd inr`. dh sñtgh`s y tdrrgzgs. Fdsgiüds, nhstglgan`hds

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  Vdkgs ldiglds y kdfn`gkjndhtglds.   _`snjnlnfgf fd dxpghsnñh.

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Kghdc` gfdaugf` fd nhvdhtgrn`s. Dl kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds fdhtr` fd glkgadhds y j`fdigs g kdhuf` ds kçs a`st`s` qud su kghdc` furghtd uh pr`ads`, puds a`h erdaudhang sd rdqundrdh irghfds dxtdhsn`hds fd dspgan`, dqunp` a`st`s`, kuamg kgh` fd `jrg y a`kputgf`rgs pgrds dl a`htr`l. Qd rdqundrdh gatnvnfgfds, nhstglgan`hds, dqunp` y pdrs`hgl fd glkgadhgkndht` dh gkj`s dxtrdk`s fdl pr`ads`, dh dl lgf` fd rdadpanñh ` nhnangl pgrg rdanjnr kgtdrng prnkg, f`hgan`hds y pndzgs pgrg glkgadhgrlgs y dh dl `tr` dxtrdk` pgrg glkgadhgkndht` y dkjgrqud fd pr`fuat`s tdrknhgf`s y dldkdht`s pgrg dhtrdig. Dstgs euhan`hds tndhdh lg gyufg fd fnvdrs`s sujsnstdkgs y dqunp`, gliuh`s sdhanll`s y p`a` a`st`s`s y `tr`s, a`kpldc`s y kuy a`st`s`s. Ds dsdhangl lg nfdhtnenaganñh rçpnfg y dxgatg fd l`s kgtdrnglds. Lg pudfd mgadr uhg pdrs`hg sñl` a`h sus sdhtnf`s ` jndh a`h lg gyufg fd gpgrgt`s ` pudfd sdr gut`kgtnzgfg p`r a`kpldt`. L`s añfni`s fd jgrrgs sd mgh a`hvdrtnf` dh uh snstdkg kuy gadptgf` y a`hengjld pgrg nfdhtnenagr kgtdrnglds y grtëaul`s, gfdkçs fd fgr dhtrgfg g ds`s fgt`s g uh snstdkg fd nhe`rkganñh y a`htr`l. Dl kgtdrngl sd rdtndhd, gpnlg ` trghsp`rtg dh dqunp`s sdhanll`s, a`k` dstghtdrëgs, agsnlldr`s, t`lvgs, agcgs, aghgstgs, jghfdcgs pgrg agrig, tgrnkgs y pgtnhds ` dh snstdkgs a`kpldc`s y a`st`s`s a`htr`lgf`s p`r a`kputgf`rg, tglds a`k` l`s snstdkgs gut`kçtna`s pgrg glkgadhgkndht` y rdtnr`. Qd hdadsntg nfdhtnenagr l`s kgtdrnglds a`h kgrags ldinjlds pgrg lgs pdrs`hgs ` pgrg gpgrgt`s fdtdat`rds gut`kçtna`s g enh fd3   Kdfnr lg prdsdhang ` dl k`vnkndht`.   Auglnenagr y aughtnenagr lgs agrgatdrëstnags qud nhtdrdsdh.   Uninlgr lgs a`hfnan`hds a`hfnan`hds dxnstdhtds dxnstdhtds g enh enh fd fd rdtr`glnkdhtgr gaan`hds a`rrdatnvgs. •

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  Gaan`hgr l`s gpgrgt`s kgragf`rds a`rrdsp`hfndhtds.   Gaan`hgr kdaghnsk`s fd algsnenaganñh.   Fgr dhtrgfg g l`s snstdkgs snstdkgs fd añkput` y a`htr`l, gatuglnzgr lgs jgsds fd fgt`s y prdpgrgr ghçlnsns y rdsókdhds. _grg l`irgr l` ghtdrn`r, dl kgtdrngl fdjd tdhdr ` mgy qud p`hdrld uh añfni` ` algvd, sëkj`l`, kgrag ` agrgatdrëstnag dspdangl dxalusnv`s qud sd pudfg fdtdatgr ` nfdhtnenagr. Qn dstd sëkj`l` dstç dh algvd dh dl kgtdrngl, fdjd sdr3   _r`fuanf` eçanl y da`hñknagkdhtd.   Fd ldaturg eçanl y da`hñknag.   Vdhdr kuamgs pdrkutgan`hds dxalusnvgs.   A`kpgat`, fd gaudrf` a`h dl tgkg÷` fdl pgqudtd.   Zdsnstdhtd g drr`rds3 dsagsg `p`rtuhnfgf fd lddrl` kgl. •

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  Furgfdr`. Lg ldaturg fd l`s añfni`s sd pudfd mgadr kdfnghtd gpgrgt`s fd a`htgat` ` snh îl, sdhs`rds kñvnlds ` enc`s, ` pdrs`hgs ` gpgrgt`s ldat`rds. •

Glkgadhgkndht` fd kdfnagkdht`s. Vdhdr dh audhtg lgs sniundhtds rda`kdhfgan`hds3 ¹ Fdjdh glkgadhgrsd dh çrdgs gldcgfgs fd gltg a`htgknhganñh. ¹ Lg z`hg fd glkgadhgkndht` fdjd eganlntgr lg k`vnlnfgf fd agcgs. ¹ Gsnihgr çrdgs dspdaëenags pgrg l`s kdfnagkdht`s qud rdqundrgh rdernidrganñh y a`htr`l dspdangl. ¹ Dl kît`f` fd `rfdhgkndht` fdjd sdr gfdaugf` pgrg eganlntgr dl a`htr`l fd lgs edamgs fd vdhankndht`. ¹ Fdjd `jsdrvgrsd auglqundr dvnfdhang fd nhdstgjnlnfgf fd l`s kdfnagkdht`s3 prdanpntgf`s, turjnfdz, ardankndht` fd m`hi`s, sdpgrganñh fd egsds dh dkulsn`hds, agkjn`s fd a`l`r, nhfnan`s fd `xnfganñh. ¹ L`s kdfnagkdht`s e`t`sdhsnjlds fdjdh glkgadhgrsd pr`tdinf`s fd lg luz. ¹ L`s kdfnagkdht`s tdrk`lçjnlds fdjdh glkgadhgrsd g tdkpdrgturgs gfdaugfgs, snh qud lgs knskgs vgrëdh kuam`. ¹ L`s kdfnagkdht`s nhelgkgjlds fdjdh glkgadhgrsd dh sntn`s qud p`sdgh uhg gfdaugfg vdhtnlganñh, tdkpdrgturg y mukdfgf a`htr`lgfgs. ¹ _grg gqudll`s kdfnagkdht`s qud rdqundrgh fd rdernidrganñh, l`s augrt`s erë`s, l`s rdernidrgf`rds y l`s a`hidlgf`rds fdjdh pr`tdidrsd a`htrg l`s gpgi`hds kdfnghtd idhdrgf`rds dlîatrna`s fd dkdridhang. A`htdhdf`rds3 Th` fd l`s prnhanpn`s jçsna`s fdl kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds ds qud îst`s fdjdh a`hvdrtnrsd sndkprd qud sdg p`snjld g agrigs uhntgrngs pgrg dvntgr su kghdc` kghugl. Thg agrig uhntgrng sd fdenhd a`k` uh pgqudtd a`htdhdf`r dstçhfgr qud a`htndhd uh` ` kçs grtëaul`s quddhtrd pudfdh kghdcgrsd dh lgqud e`rkg mgjntugl. Dl prnhanpn` fd kdh`r agrig uhntgrng suindrd qud kgy`r sdg lg agrig sd vgyg g kghdcgr ` k`vdr, sdrç dl a`st` t`tgl fdl kghdc`. _grg l`irgr dstd `jcdtnv`, l`s snstdkgs fd kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds fdjdh fnsd÷grsd pgrg kghdcgr dl v`lukdh fd kgtdrngl fdhtr` fd lgs rdstrnaan`hds nkpudstgs p`r dl tgkg÷` fd lg agrig, gsë a`k` p`r lgs pr`pndfgfds fdl kgtdrngl nhv`luargf` dh dl anal` fd pr`ads` fd gtdhanñh fd dkdridhangs. Lgs fdansn`hds rdlgan`hgfgs a`h dl tgkg÷`, e`rkg y a`heniurganñh fd lg agrig uhntgrng, tgkjnîh fdjdh t`kgr dh audhtg lg a`kpgtnjnlnfgf. Gliuh`s lnhdgkndht`s pgrg dspdanenagr l`s tgkg÷`s fd agrig uhntgrng qud a`hfuad gl fnsd÷` fd kît`f`s fd us` fd a`htdhdf`rds y fdl dqunp` pgrg trghsp`rtgr y glkgadhgr kgtdrnglds nhaluydh3   dstghfgrnad Ttnlnad lg knskg knskg tgrnkglnkntgf` ` a`htdhdf`r g trgvîssndkprd fdl snstdkg `, p`snjld. p`r l` k kdh`s, dh`s, uh hókdr` fd a`htdhdf`rds qud sdg

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  _lghdd dl us` ffdd kgtdrnglds dxtrgëf`s fnrdatgkdhtd fnrdatgkdhtd fdl a`htdhdf`r `rninhgl.   Ttnlnad a`htdhdf`rds gpnlgjlds qud pdrkntgh `righnzgrl`s snh lg hdadsnfgf fd utnlnzgr rgabs.   A`hsnfdrd dl us` fd a`htdhdf`rds a`htdhdf`rds pldigjlds pgrg gm`rrgr dspgan` y a`st`s fd eldtd, sn ds qud sd dkpldgrçh a`k` a`htdhdf`rds fd dkjgrqud rdt`rhgjld.

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  Ttnlnad `jcdt`s qud dhagcgh fdhtr` fd `tr`s.   Gsdiórdsd qud lg e`rkg y dl tgkg÷` fd lg agrig sd gcustd fd kghdrg denandhtd dh l`s rdk`lquds dstçhfgr.   Fnsd÷d ` sdldaan`hd a`htdhdf`rds qud pudfgh kghdcgrsd kdaçhnagkdhtd.   _lghdd l`s a`htdhdf`rds fd e`rkg qud pudfgh ga`k`fgr uhg irgh vgrndfgf ffdd pr`fuat`s y pndzgs.   Fnsd÷d l`s a`htdhdf`rds fd e`rkg qud gcustdh g lg e`rkg fdl dfnenan` ` j`fdig.   Fnsd÷d a`htdhdf`rds qud h` hdadsntdh uhg `rndhtganñh dspdangl pgrg l`irgr k`vdrl`s.   Tsd dl kgtdrngl kçs lnidr` p`snjld.   A`hsnfdrd dl dkpld` dkpld` fd kgtdrnglds kgtdrnglds rdanalgjlds y rdutnlnzgjlds pgrg rdfuanr dl fdspdrfnan`.   Ttnlnad a`htdhdf`rds a`htdhdf`rds g trgvîs fd l`s auglds pudfg nfdhtnenagrsd dl a`htdhnf`.   Kghtdhig dl fnsd÷` sdhanll` y da`hñkna`. Vgrnkgs dstçhfgr3 Lgs tgrnkgs sd dkpldgh ghtd t`f` a`k` s`p`rtds, a`k` supdrenands fd trghsp`rtd ` a`k` dstruaturgs pgrg glkgadhgr agrigs uhntgrngs. Dl kgtdrngl qud sd utnlnzg a`h kgy`r erdaudhang ds lg kgfdrg y pudfdh a`hsdiunrsd tgrnkgs dh kuamgs vgrndfgfds fnedrdhtds fd kgfdrgs furgs y jlghfgs. Dl tnp` fd kgfdrg a`k` auglqundr `tr` kgtdrngl dspdanenagf`, fdpdhfdrç fd lg agpganfgf y fd lgs hdadsnfgfds fd agrig, fd lg furgjnlnfgf y fdl gkjndhtd fd kghdc` y glkgadhgkndht`. Dh idhdrgl lgs tgrnkgs fd kgfdrg jlghfg s`h kçs lnidrgs y gfdaugfgs a`k` tgrnkgs fd dkjgrqud, dh tght` qud lgs tgrnkgs fd kgfdrg furg s`h kçs eudrtds, tndhdh uhg vnfg kçs lgrig y s`h kdh`s susadptnjlds gl fdsigstd y g r`turgs `agsn`hgfgs p`r k`vnkndht`s fdhtr` fd lg j`fdig. Qndkprd qud sdg p`snjld fdjdh nfdhtnenagrsd kgfdrgs hgtnvgs fd lg l`aglnfgf, a`h dl enh fd knhnknzgr l`s a`st`s. •

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Eniurg =. Dstnjg fd kgfdrg dstçhfgr. _r`pndfgfds fd rdsnstdhang fd lgs kgfdrgs a`kdranglds dkpldgfgs pgrg tgrnkgs3

 

Irup` 73 Kgfdrgs qud agsn h` sd girndtgh gi rndtgh gl algvgrlgs, k`fdrgfg rdtdhanñh fd algv`s y rdsnstdhang g l`s i`lpds, lnidrg, eçanl fd trgjgcgr, kghtndhdh jndh su e`rkg y s`h eçanlds fd sdagr3 Dspdands

Dseudrz` fd eldxnñh fd lg enjrg (lnjrg p`r puligfg :). Çlgk` 45?? Çlgk` gkdrnagh` 49?? Qda`yg 5>?? Gjdt` fd h`rtd 59?? _nh` 49?? _nh` p`hfdr`sg 51?? Gjdt` jlgha` 51?? Glgk` gkgrnll` 57?? Irup` :3 Dspdands Gjdt` F`uilgs Anautg Gldrad _nh` A.H. _nh` gkgrnll` fdl sur

A`kprdsnñh pdrpdhfnaulgr g lg vdtg (lnjrg p`r puligfg:). 65? 69? =5? 97? 4>? 96? 57? 4=?

Dseudrz` fd eldxnñh fd lg enjrg (lnjrg p`r puligfg :). 96?? 5=?? =??? 99?? >1??

A`kprdsnñh pdrpdhfnaulgr g lg vdtg (lnjrg p`r puligfg:). >4? 5=? >>? 7??? 77>?

Irup` 13 Vndhfdh kçs g girndtgrsd aughf` sd lds algvg, judhg rdtdhanñh fd algv`s y rdsnstdhang g l`s i`lpds, rdsnstdhtds a`k` vnigs3 Dspdands Dseudrz` fd eldxnñh fd lg A`kprdsnñh pdrpdhfnaulgr enjrg (lnjrg p`r puligfg g lg vdtg (lnjrg p`r :). puligfg:). Erdsh` hdir` 9:?? >6? I`kdr` hdir` 91?? 774? Grad plgtdgf` 5:?? >7? I`kdr` Z`c` =7?? =5? Qna`k`r` 56?? =5? Hnsg 9:?? 7?9? @lk` jlgha` 95?? =4?

 

  Irup` 63 Dspdands fd kgfdrgs furgs kçs pdsgfgs, kçxnkg rdtdhanñh fd algv`s y rdsnstdhang a`k` vnigs, kçxnkg agpganfgf pgrg rdsnstnr i`lpds, kçxnkg tdhfdhang g girndtgrsd a`h l`s algv`s, fneëanl fd sdagr.3 Dspdands Z`jld r`c` Z`jld jlgha` Grad gzuagrdr` Mgyg Gjdful H`igl gkdrnagh` Erdsh` jlgha` H`igl

Dseudrz` fd eldxnñh fd lg enjrg (lnjrg p`r puligfg :). =6?? 9>?? >4?? =9?? 7?7?? 7?>?? =>?? >7??

A`kprdsnñh pdrpdhfnaulgr g lg vdtg (lnjrg p`r puligfg:). 7:5? 767? 7=7? 7:4? 7:4? :17? 747? :?6?

Eniurg >. Vgrnkg plçstnag fd gltg rdsnstdhang pgrg trgjgc` pdsgf`. Kghtdhnkndht` y rdpgrganñh3 Fdjdh dstgjldadrsd pr`adfnkndht`s fdhtr` fdl snstdkg qud pdrkntgh nfdhtnenagr lgs tgrnkgs igstgfgs qud hdadsntgh rdpgrgrsd ` fdsdamgrsd. _grg rdglnzgr dst` fd kghdrg dedatnvg, fdjd kgragrsd lg edamg fd a`kprg dh lg tgrnkg y lgs tgrnkgs kçs vndcgs fdjdh nhspdaan`hgrsd pdrnñfnagkdhtd pgrg fdtdatgr su fdsigstd. L`s lnhdgkndht`s pgrg lgs `pdrgan`hds fd rdpgrganñh s`h3   Huhag rdpgrd uhg tgrnkg p`r sdiuhfg vdz.   Huhag rdpgrd kçs fd trds tgjlgs fd lg plgtge`rkg. plgtge`rkg. Qn dl rddk rddkplgz` plgz` pr`kdfn` ds kgy`r fd 7 » tgjlgs p`r tgrnkg, lg rdpgrganñh h` ds da`hñknag.   Lg pr`fuatnvnfgf pr`fuatnvnfgf fdjd pr`kdfngr 7?? ttgrnkgs grnkgs rdpgrgfgs p`r trgjgcgf`r dh uh •

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turh` fd = m`rgs, pgrgygqudll`s qud dstçh dh lg lëhdg fd rdpgrganñh, dxaluydhf` gl pdrs`hgl fd gp`y` supdrvnsnñh.

 

  Dl a`st` fd rdpgrganñh rdpgrganñh h` fdjd dxadfdr lg kntgf kntgf fdl prdan` fd uhg tgrnkg tgrnkg snknlgr hudvg.

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Eniurg 7?. Vnp`s fd dstnjgs y tgrnkgs. Vgrnkgs pgrg us` a`h k`htgagrigs3 Vgrnkgs fdsdamgjlds fd kgfdrg3 Dstgs tgrnkgs sd utnlnzgh pgrg s`p`rtgr uhg agrig uhntgrng sñl` uhg vdz y dh uh s`l` vngcd. Dstgs tgrnkgs fdjdh dspdanenagrsd a`h lg agpganfgf suenandhtd pgrg s`p`rtgr uhg agrig uhntgrng, pdr` h` hdadsntgh lg furgjnlnfgf fd lgs tgrnkgs tgrnkgs qud pudfdh usgrsd dh rdpdtnfgs `agsn`hds. Lg tgrnkg tgrnkg fd uhg s`lg agrg ds lg qud sd utnlnzg pgrg dstd enh. A`h erdaudhang sd utnlnzgh supdrenands fd kgfdrg a`htrgamgpgfg pgrg lgs tgrnkgs fdsdamgjlds. Vgrnkgs kdtçlnags3 Dstgs tgrnkgs pudfdh egjrnagrsd a`h gadr` a`rruigf`, kdtgl fdspldigf`, glgkjrd fd gadr`, gluknhn` y a`kjnhgan`hds fd kdtgl y kgfdrg. Lgs tgrnkgs fd kdtgl s`h kçs a`st`sgs qud lgs fd kgfdrg y su us` prnhanpgl ds pgrg k`vdr kgtdrnglds fdhtr` fd lg j`fdig dh f`hfd sd hdadsntdh rdsnstdhangs gfnan`hglds. Jgsds fd tgrnkgs fd kdtgl a`rruigf`3 A`h erdaudhang dstgs tgrnkgs s`h pgrtd nhtdirgl dh dl fnsd÷` fd a`htdhdf`rds fd gadr` a`rruigf` qud tndhdh vgrngs agrgatdrëstnags

 

gfnan`hglds. Dst` pdrkntd uhg irgh vdrsgtnlnfgf pgrg kghdcgr y glkgadhgr pndzgs dh lg j`fdig. Lgs vgrngan`hds fd dstnl` dstnl` fnsp`hnjlds s`h snknlgrds snknlgrds g lgs fd sus a`htrgpgrtds fd kgfdrg a`h dl enh fd pdrkntnr dl k`vnkndht` a`h k`htgagrigs y trghsp`rtgf`rds fd tgrnkgs p`r kdfn` fd jgsds a`h f`s f `s y augtr` dhtrgfgs. Vgrnkgs a`kpldtgs fd gadr` fd uhg s`lg agrg3 Dstgs tgrnkgs qud sd dhaudhtrgh s`p`rtgfgs dh trds lgriudr`s , dstçh fnsd÷gfgs pgrg kghdcgr agrigs y a`htdhdf`rds pdsgf`s. Vgrnkgs fd uhg pndzg fd kdtgl e`rkgf`3 Dstgs tgrnkgs tndhdh nhtdirgfg lg agrgatdrëstnag fd qud sd pudfdh dkj`hgr, l` augl pdrkntd glkgadhgr uhg judhg aghtnfgf fd tgrnkgs vgaëgs y s`h kuy ótnlds aughf` sd tndhd p`a` dspgan` pgrg glkgadhgrlgs. Vgrnkgs fd kgllg kdtçlnag3 Dstgs tgrnkgs utnlnzgh sdaan`hds fd plgtge`rkgs fd gadr` ` fd gluknhn` iglvghnzgf` ` pnhtgf`, a`h dstruaturgs fd s`p`rtd e`rkgfgs y a`rruigfgs y qud utnlnzgh aughf` ds hdadsgrn` `jtdhdr furgjnlnfgf y p`a` pds`. Vgrnkgs fd agrtñh a`rruigf`3 Dstgs tgrnkgs s`h ótnlds pgrg agrigs uhntgrngs lnidrgs fd kdh`s fd 74?? lj y pgrg agrigs dstnjgfgs kdh`rds fd 7??? lj p`r agfg tgpg fd lg tgrnkg. Dstgs tgrnkgs fdjdh t`kgrsd dh a`hsnfdrganñh aughf` sd rdglnzg k`vnlnzganñh kghugl fd agrig. Dstgs tgrnkgs tndhdh uh a`st` kuy jgc` y pudfdh rdanalgrsd. Fdjnf` g su jgc` pds`, lgs tgrnkgs tgkjnîh gm`rrgh fnhdr` dh a`st` fd dkjgrqud ` fd eldtd gîrd`. Vgrnkgs fd plçstna`3 Dstgs tgrnkgs s`h kçs a`st`sgs qud lgs fd kgfdrg y, dh gliuh`s ags`s, kçs qud lgs kdtçlnags. Qnh dkjgri`, lgs tgrnkgs fd plçstna`, yg sdgh judhgs ` r`tgs, pudfdh rdanalgrsd. Dh `agsn`hds uhg tgrnkg r`tg pudfd rdpgrgrsd. Kuam`s egjrnaghtds igrghtnzgh qud lg vnfg fd lg tgrnkg pudfd sdr fd 4 g 7? vdads kgy`r qud lg fd uhg tgrnkg fd kgfdrg `rfnhgrng. Qu dkpld` mg snf` dh lg nhfustrng glnkdhtnang y egrkgaîutnag, dh f`hfd sd hdadsntgh glt`s dstçhfgrds fd mnindhd. A`htdhdf`rds kdtçlna`s3 A`htdhdf`rds fd kgllg fd kdtgl s`lfgf`3 Dst`s a`htdhdf`rds sd egjrnagh a`h glgkjrds s`lfgf`s dl fgrlds enh fd uhg a`htdhdr girdigh sdaan`hds gfnan`hgldsa`h pgrg kgy`rkgtdrnglds. rdsnstdhang.Qd Lgslds vdhtgcgs gs`angfgs a`hdstruaturglds dstd tnp` fd a`htdhdf`r s`h3   Ds lnidr` dh a`kpgrganñh a`h `tr`s a`htdhdf`rds kdtçlna`s.   _drkntd lg vnsnjnlnfgf vnsnjnlnfgf fdl pr`fuat` a`h a`h uhg nfdhtnenaganñh eçanl eçanl y rçpnfg.   L`s fdspdrfnan`s agdh p`r së knsk`s. Qd lnkpng s`l`.   Dh `agsn`hds dl kgtdrngl pudfd pr`adsgrsd dh dl a`htdhdf`r, p`r dcdk dcdkpl`, pl`, fdsdhirgsgr, lnkpngr y sdagr a`h gnrd. •

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Eniurg 77. Vnp`s fd a`htdhdf`rds.

 

A`htdhdf`rds fd gadr` a`rruigf`3 Dst`s s`h qunzçs l`s kçs eudrtds a`htdhdf`rds kdtçlna`s fnsp`hnjlds, yg qud l`s a`rruigf`s pdrkntdh utnlnzgr uhg kgy`r supdrenand fd kgtdrngl, pgrg uh a`htdhdf`r fd tgkg÷` fgf`, qud auglqundr `tr` kît`f` fd a`hstruaanñh, gfdkçs sd egjrnagh a`h gadr`s s`lfgf`s dh aglndhtd fd :.9 g 6.5 kk fd dspds`r. Jgsds pgrg a`htdhdf`rds3 Lgs jgsds fd l`s a`htdhdf`rds sd utnlnzgh pgrg eganlntgr su k`vnkndht` supdrenangl y pudfdh algsnenagrsd a`k` tgrnkgs kdtçlnags fdjnf` g qud pdrkntdh dl gaads` fd : ` 6 dhtrgfgs g l`s k`htgagrigs y g `tr`s dqunp`s pgrg dl kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds. Kgtdrngl pr`tdat`r fd dkpgqud3 Dl kgtdrngl pr`tdat`r fd dkpgqud sd rdendrd g l`s kît`f`s ` l`s kgtdrnglds pr`tdat`rds utnlnzgf`s pgrg pr`tdidr dl a`htdhnf` fd l`s a`htdhdf`rds a`htrg p`snjlds fg÷`s. Dst` sd rdglnzg dvntghf` dl k`vnkndht` fdl a`htdhnf` ` gk`rtniughf` l`s i`lpds a`h kdfn`s ga`lamgf`s. L`s plçstna`s y `tr`s kgtdrnglds fdrnvgf`s fdl pdtrñld` sd dkpldgh a`k` pr`tdat`rds fdjnf` g su lnidrdzg y jgcg fdhsnfgf3   GJQ (garnl`hntrnl`-jutgfndh`-dstnrdh`)3 _rdsdhtg gltg gjs`ranñh gl nkpgat`, judhg rdsnstdhang g lg a`kprdsnñh, kçs a`st`s` qud `tr`s tdrk`plçstna`s.   _`lndtnldh` fd gltg fdhsnfgf3 Dxadldhtd Dxadldhtd rninfdz, rninfdz, dxadldhtd dxadldhtd rghi` fd tdkpdrgturg fd `pdrganñh ‑97 g 47¿A, a`kóhkdhtd utnlnzgf` dh d h gp lnagan`hds a`h glnkdht`s.   _`lnpr`pnldh` fd glt` nkpgat`3 Kçs Kçs furgjld qud qud dl p`lndtnldh`, pdr` h` tgh rëinf`. Vndhfdd g girn Vndhf girndtgrsd dtgrsd g tdkpdrgtu t dkpdrgturgs rgs nhedrn`rds nhed rn`rds g ‑1:¿ ‑ 1:¿A. •

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  _`lndstnrdh` fd glt` nk nkpgat`3 pgat`3 Dxtrdkgfgkdhtd rëinf`, dxadldhtd rdsnstdhang g agrigs fd a`kprdsnñh, judh rdhi` fd tdkpdrgturg, tndhfd g girndtgrsd a`h eganlnfgf a`h nkpgat`s eudrtds, p`ag rdsnstdhang g s`lvdhtds y gadntds.   EZ_ (_`lnîstdr (_`lnîstdr rde` rde`rzgf` rzgf` a`h enjrg fd vnfr vnfrn`)3 n`)3 Dxadpan`hgl rdsnstdhang g agrigs fd a`kprdsnñh2 pudfd sdr rdsnstdhtd gl agl`r, gl eudi` y gl fdsigstd.

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Dl dkpgqud fd jurjucgs dstç e`rkgf` p`r f`s m`cgs fdligfgs fd p`lndtnldh` qud, aughf` sd lgknhgh, dl gnrd qudfg gtrgpgf` fdhtr` fd lgs sdaan`hds fd jurjucgs. Dqunp` kñvnl pgrg dl kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds dh j`fdigs >3

Eniurg 7:. Dqunp` kñvnl dh j`fdigs. Dl a`hcuht` fd dqunp`s qud sd fdsarnjd a`k` dqunp` kñvnl pgrg kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds dstç a`hstntunf` p`r kçqunhgs qud pgrg k`vdrsd fdpdhfdh, dh dsdhang, fd su pr`png eudhtd fd p`tdhang y qud s`h nhfdpdhfndhtds dh su trgydat`rng fd k`vnkndht`. Dst`s dqunp`s, gl sdr trghsp`rtgf`rds nhtdirgf`s pgrg kgtdrnglds, pr`p`ran`hgh uh dhlgad eldxnjld y rdlgtnvgkdhtd dhtrd lgs fnedrdhtds sdaan`hdskçs fd uhg j`fdig. algsnenaganñh idhdrgl fdda`hñkna` dqunp`s nhaluyd fdsfd lgs agrrdtnllgs sdhanllgs fd Dstg f`s rudfgs mgstg l`s trghsp`rtds kuy a`kpldc`s qud sd a`ht a`htr`lgh r`lgh p`r kdfn` kdfn` fd a`kputgf`rgs. Dh dl irup` fd dqunp` kñvnl pgrg kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds dxnstd uhg gkplng igkg fd a`heniurgan`hds fd vdmëaul`s fd us` idhdrgl y dspdanglnzgf`s. Dl dqunp` kñvnl sd algsnenag dh f`s irghfds agtdi`rëgs jçsnags. Dl dqunp` k`t`rnzgf` fdpdhfd fd uhg eudhtd fd p`tdhang nhtdirgfg pgrg su euhan`hgkndht`, kndhtrgs qud l`s dqunp`s h` k`t`rnzgf`s fdpdhfdh fd uh k`t`r prnkgrn` qud pudfd fdsa`hdatgrsd. L`s dqunp`s kdh`s a`kpldc`s snrvdh a`k` kdfn` fd trghsp`rtd dhtrd f`s puht`s, pdr` h` tndhdh lg agpganfgf fd a`l`agr ` dldvgr dl kgtdrngl. @r`s trghsp`rtds, gfdkçs fd a`l`agr lg agrig, lg dldvgh y pudfdh fgrld andrtg a`l`aganñh. L`s trghsp`rtgf`rds a`h dcds

 

kóltnplds kudvdh lg agrig y tgkjnîh tndhdh agpganfgf pgrg ujnagrlg g l` lgri` fd f`s ` kçs dcds pgrg dedatugr kghn`jrgs fd agrig y fdsagrig. _`r su hgturgldzg dl dqunp` kñvnl pgrg kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds sd algsnenag dh anha` irup`s gsë3   Agrrdtnllgs y agrr`s fd kgh`. •

  K`htgagrigs k`t`rnzgf`s.   Agrr`s trghsp`rtgf`rds.   Vrgat`rds y trdhds a`h trgat`r.   Irógs nhfustrnglds kñvnlds. Ts` y sdldaanñh fd dqunp`3 Fd gaudrf` a`h lg nhe`rkganñh fnsp`hnjld, dl hnvdl fd us` fdl dqunp` kñvnl ds, a`h erdaudhang, jgc`. Ds a`kóh qud dl dqunp` k`t`rnzgf` sd utnlnad kçs gllç fd su vnfg da`hñknag, l` augl idhdrg a`st`s p`r l`s nhvdhtgrn`s fd rdegaan`hds, dh kghtdhnkndht` y dh pr`fuatnvnfgf. Qd mg aglaulgf` qud dl pr`kdfn` fd lg furganñh da`hñknag fd l`s vdmëaul`s k`t`rnzgf`s ds fd anha` g sndtd g÷`s, sndkprd y aughf` sd lds pr`p`ran`hd dl kghtdhnkndht` gfdaugf`. Dl mdam` fd a`hsdrvgr uh k`htgagrigs p`r kçs tndkp` fdl a`hsnfdrgf` ñptnk`, gukdhtg l`s a`st`s fd kghtdhnkndht` dhtrd uh 1? y uh 6?%. Lg judhg agpgantganñh fdl `pdrgrn`, qud ds uh rdqunsnt` dxninf` p`r lg T.Q. @aaupgtn`hgl Qgedty ghf Mdgltm Gfknhnstrgtn`h (@QMG), pudfd gukdhtgr lg denandhang y, gfdkçs, rdfuanr l`s a`st`s fd kghtdhnkndht`. Qn sd lldvg uh rdinstr` fd a`st`s y us`, ds p`snjld rdfuanr dl tgkg÷` fd lg el`tnllg fd k`htgagrigs puds, g kdhuf`, f`s k`htgagrigs vndc`s sd pudfdh rddkplgzgr p`r uh` hudv`. Lgs sniundhtds s`h `trgs a`hsnfdrgan`hds idhdrglds qud snrvdh pgrg dstgjldadr l`s rdqunsnt`s fdl dqunp`3   A`hfnan`hds y tgkg÷` fd lg agrig uhntgrng, gsë a`k` l`s adhtr`s fd agrig.   Vdrrdh`, a`hfnan`hds gkjndhtglds gkjndhtglds y gham` fd l`s pgsnll`s dh lgs çrdgs fd k`vnkndht`.   L`hintuf, tnp` y erdaudhang fd l`s k`vnkndht`s.   Zdqunsnt` fd a`l`aganñh fd lgs agrigs.   Gm`rr`s dh lg `pdrganñh y kghtdhnkndht`.   Dstghfgrnzganñh fdl dqunp`.   Hgturgldzg arëtnag fd lg `pdrganñh rdglnzgfg. Egat`rds pgrg lg sdldaanñh y us` fd rudfgs3   Zudfgs kganzgs3 Qd egjr egjrnagh nagh dh mndrr` mndrr` sdkn-gadrgf`, sdkn-gadrgf`, gadr` e`rcgf`, plçstna`s k`lfdgf`s, aguam` fur` y kgtdrnglds a`kpudst`s. Fdjdh sdr sñl` fd fnçkdtr`s pdqud÷`s, dkpldgrsd fd kghdrg dxalusnvg pgrg k`vnkndht`s fd jgcg vdl`anfgf y h` fdjdh utnlnzgrsd pgrg trghskntnr p`tdhang. Vndhdh p`ag rdsnstdhang gl inr` y furgh kuy p`a` aughf` sd lds s`jrdagrig ` sd lds dkpldg dh pns`s fd kglgs •

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a`hfnan`hds, gfdkçs, fdjnf` g qud h` tndhdh gk`rtniuganñh pr`v`agh qud lg agrig vnjrd.   Zudfgs a`h llghtgs fd muld ga`cnhgfgs3 ga`cnhgfgs3 Q`h rudfgs kdtçlnags fd aanrauhedrdhang nrauhedrdhang kgqunhgfg s`jrd lg augl sd nhstglg g prdsnñh ` sd k`lfdg uhg llghtg fd aguam`. Îstg ds lg rudfg qud tndhd kdh`r agpganfgf fd agrig. Irgangs g dllgs, dl

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vdmëaul` pudfd k`vdr dl kgtdrngl dkpldghf` sñl` lg p`tdhang këhnkg, yg qud lg ernaanñh p`r r`fgkndht` ds kuy jgcg. Zudfgs a`h llghtgs rdsnstdhtds gl gadntd3 D Dstgs stgs llghtgs sd egjrnagh a`h a`kpudst`s dspdanglds fd aguam` rdsnstdhtds gl gadntd, l`s auglds dvntgrçh qud dl aguam` suerg l`s dedat`s pdrcufnanglds fdl gadntd. Zudfgs a`h llghtgs pgrg jgcg p`tdhang3 Dstgs llghtgs sd egjrnagh aa`h `h a`kpudst`s a`kpudst`s fd aguam` qud `erdadh këhnkg rdsnstdhang gl r`fgkndht` y sus rdqunsnt`s fd jgcg p`tdhang pdrkntdh uh kdh`r a`hsuk` fd dhdriëg. Zudfgs a`h llghtgs fd gltg trgaanñh3 trgaanñh3 Dstgs llghtgs sd pr`fuadh a`h aguam` nkprdihgf` fd gjrgsnv` u `tr`s kgtdrnglds qud ld fgh uhg trgaanñh gfnan`hgl s`jrd dl mndl` ` dh a`hfnan`hds fd pns`s k`cgf`s. Zudfgs a`h llghtgs llghtgs qud h` fdcgh k kgrag3 grag3 Dh luigr fd agrj`h`, lgs llghtgs a`htndhdh uh rdlldh` a`kpudst` pgrg aguam` qud dvntg qud l`s pns`s sd kgrqudh ` a`htgknhdh. Zudfgs a`h llghtgs a`hfuat`rgs3 Dstd tnp` fd llghtgs dvntgh lg p`snjnlnfgf fd qud sd pr`fuzagh amnspgs dh dht`rh`s pdlnir`s`s ` dxpl`snv`s, irgangs g qud a`hsdrvgh lg a`hfuatnvnfgf dhtrd dl vdmëaul` y dl pns`. Zudfgs a`h llghtgs lgknhgfgs3 Lgs lllghtgs lghtgs fd dstgs rudfgs sd egjrnagh a`h sdaan`hds fd agragzgs fd hdukçtna` dhr`sagfgs s`jrd uhg jghfg fd gadr`. Fnamgs rudfgs s`h dxtrdkgfgkdhtd rëinfgs y tndhdh uh r`fgkndht` çspdr`. Q`h gfdaugfgs pgrg dht`rh`s suan`s a`k` pgtn`s fd fdsdam` y luigrds f`hfd sd kghdcg jgsurg. Zudfgs a`h llghtgs fd p`lnurdtgh`3 Guhqud dstgs llghtgs tndhdh uh a`st` k kgy`r gy`r qud lgs fd aguam`, tndhdh uhg agpganfgf fd agrig jgstghtd supdrn`r y s`h kdh`s pr`pdhsgs g a`rtds qud lg kgy`rëg fd lgs rudfgs fd aguam` y a`kpudst`s fd îstd. Lg furdzg fd lgs llghtgs fd p`lnurdtgh` fg a`k` rdsultgf` uh r`fgkndht` rëspnf` y pudfd pr`v`agr fg÷`s dh dl pns` fd lg plghtg. Zudfgs a`h llghtgs nhelgjlds3 Dstgs Dstgs rudfgs tndhdh llghtgs fd aguam` vulaghnzgf` y rde`rzgf`, kuy snknlgrds g l`s fd l`s vdmëaul`s gut`k`trnads. Lgs mgy a`h açkgrg y snh açkgrg. Dh rdlganñh a`h su tgkg÷`, tndhdh uhg agpganfgf fd agrig kdh`r qud lgs llghtgs kganzgs. _`r `trg pgrtd, gk`rtniugh kdc`r lg agrig, pdrkntdh kgy`r vdl`anfgf, su kghtdhnkndht` ds kçs sdhanll` y pr`fuadh kdh`s fg÷` dh dl pns`.

 

Eniurg 71. Agrrdtnllg fd kgh`.

 

Agrrdtnllgs y agrr`s Dstd tnp` fd dqunp`fd dskgh`3 dl kdc`r guxnlngr fnsp`hnjld pgrg pg rg dl kghdc` fd kgtdrnglds. Qu sdhanlldz jçsnag pdrkntd qud sd gfgptd a`h t`fg eganlnfgf dh gplnagan`hds fd uh s`l` us`. Dh idhdrgl, lgs agrrdtnllgs y l`s agrr`s sd fdsarnjdh a`k` sniud3   Agrrdtnllgs fd f`s rudfgs3 Lgs agrrdtnllgs agrrdtnllgs fd f`s rudfgs (fngjl`s) s`h dh dsdhang, pglghags k`htgfgs s`jrd f`s rudfgs. Dl dcd qud a`hdatg lgs rudfgs snrvd a`k` eular` fd lg pglghag y s`p`rtg mgstg uh =?% fdl pds` fd lg agrig. _`r l` idhdrgl, dstg agrrdtnllg sd utnlnzg pgrg k`vdr agrigs pdqud÷gs s`jrd pns`s lns`s, a`h k`vnkndht`s h` rdpdtntnv`s y dh fnstghangs a`rtgs. Lgs agrrdtnllgs sudldh kdfnr dhtrd 7.: y 7.5 k fd glturg y sd fdstnhgh g lldvgr irgh vgrndfgf fd kgtdrngl dh •

sga`s, jgrrnlds, pgags, y agc`hds. Gliuh`s fd l`s pgrg gaads`rn`s usgf`s dh a`kjnhganñh a`h lgsagcgs agrrdtnllgs, s`h lgs dxtdhsn`hds glturg, kçs gfntgkdht`s pgrg sujnr dsagldrgs, erdh`s fd sdiurnfgf, gjrgzgfdrgs y a`rrdgs.   _lgtge`rkgs a`h rudfgs3 Dstgs plgtge`rkgs plgtge`rkgs s`h pdqud÷gs y dh dllgs sd a`l`agh agrigs pgrg trghsp`rtgrlgs g fnstghangs a`rtgs fd kghdrg nhtdrkntdhtd. Dstgs plgtge`rkgs sudldh tdhdr rudfgs euhfnfgs.   Agrr`s pgrg eçjrnags3 L`s agrr`s pgrg eçjrnags s`h plgtge`rkgs plgtge`rkgs ` a`htdhdf`rds a`h rudfgs, qud sd kudvdh irgangs gl `pdrgrn` ` g uh trgat`r qud pudfg a`hdatgrsd. Dh dstd irup` dxnstd uhg irgh vgrndfgf fd tnp`s. L`s agrr`s pgrg eçjrnag kghuglds sd iuëgh p`r dl sdhtnf` fd lg eudrzg fdl k`vnkndht` y s`h kuy snknlgrds g lgs plgtge`rkgs a`h rudfgs. Ds p`snjld gfqunrnrlgs a`h fnedrdhtds

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a`heniurgan`hds fd rudfgs, a`h dlL`s enh agrr`s fd l`irgr dqunlnjrn` dhtrd sd lg dstgjnlnfgf y lg eganlnfgf fd dst` kghn`jrg. pgrgandrt` eçjrnag rdk`lagf`s

 

a`hdatgh g uh k`t`r prnkgrn` p`r kdfn` fd uhg jgrrg fd tnr` qud a`htr`lg lg fnrdaanñh. Dh dl a`kdran` pudfdh dha`htrgrsd agrr`s rdk`lagf`s a`h fnrdaanñh dh f`s y augtr` rudfgs. Lg fnrdaanñh dh f`s rudfgs sudld sdr lg kdh`s a`st`sg y fd kgy`r us`. Fd gaudrf` a`h lg id`kdtrëg fd lg fnrdaanñh, agfg agrr` sdiunrç uhg aurvg fd kdh`r rgfn` qud dl agrr` prdadfdhtd. Aughf` vgrn`s agrr`s sd a`hdatgh pgrg e`rkgr uh trdh, lg tdhsnñh a`htnhug qud dxpdrnkdhtg dh lgs aurvgs dxnid kgy`r dspgan` fd kghn`jrg. Qn uh agrr` tndhd jndh gcustgfg lg fnrdaanñh fd lgs augtr` rudfgs, pudfd sdiunr lg knskg trgydat`rng qud dl agrr` qud l` prdadfd. Aughf` lg da`h`këg custnenag dl us` fd trdhds lgri`s, ds p`snjld utnlnzgr agrr`s a`h fnrdaanñh dh lgs augtr` rudfgs y a`h dll` fnsknhuyd gl këhnk` lg aghtnfgf fd vgln`s` dspgan` qud fdjd fdstnhgrsd g l`s pgsnll`s.   _gtnhds sdknvnv`s3 Dl pgtëh sdknvnv` ds uhg plgtge`rkg plgtge`rkg ` agcg rdatghiulgr qud tndhd f`s rudfgs dh uh dxtrdk` y f`s s`p`rtds ` pgtnhds enc`s dh dl `tr`. Dl dxtrdk` fd s`p`rtd enc` audhtg tgkjnîh a`h uh pgsgf`r r`just` gl qud sd ld dhighamg uh igt` fd f`s rudfgs. Dl igt` y su pglghag sd dkpldgh pgrg dldvgr y fnrninr, l` augl pdrkntd gl `pdrgrn` kghn`jrgr a`h dl pgtëh.

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  Vrghsp`rtgf`rds mnfrçulna`s pgrg pgrg tgrnkgs3 tgrnkgs3 Dst`s trghsp`rtgf`rds sd ut utnlnzgh nlnzgh pg pgrg rg k`vnkndht`s dh lg dstganñh fd trgjgc` y, g vdads, dh fnstghangs a`rtgs. Qu agpganfgf h`rkgl ds fd 771? g 15:4 Bi. Dst`s trghsp`rtgf`rds hdadsntgh uh kghtdhnkndht` këhnk` y pudfdh furgr mgstg :? g÷`s. Dst`s trghsp`rtgf`rds pudfdh dstgr dqunpgf`s a`h uh snstdkg fd dldvgf`r mnfrçulna` fd gaanñh kghugl pgrdanf` g uh igt` ` g uh snstdkg gaan`hgf`s p`r pdfglds pgrg dldvgr lg tgrnkg agrigfg. Gliuh`s fd dll`s utnlnzgh uh snstdkg mnfrçulna` nkpulsgf` a`h dldatrnanfgf pgrg dldvgr lg agrig, agsn sndkprd g kçs fdl kçxnk` fd 4 puligfgs fd lg agrrdtnllg fd gaan`hgkndht` kghugl. Dh dstgs agrrdtnllgs sd sudldh utnlnzgr m`rqunllgs pgrg ldvghtgr tgrnkgs ` plgtge`rkgs pgrg rdanpndhtds dspdanglds, gsë a`k` pgrg k`vdr y a`l`agr agrigs pdsgfgs.

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Gut`kgtnzganñh fd Glkgadhds y J`fdigs3

 

Eniurg 76. J`fdig gut`kgtnzgfg.

 

Lg gadpanñh trgfnan`hgl fdl tîrknh` gut`kgtnzganñh fd glkgadhds sd rdendrd g îstg a`k` dl "pr`ads` fd sustntuanñh fdl `pdrgrn` p`r tdah`l`iëg dh lgs fnstnhtgs gatnvnfgfds fd kghnpulganñh, trghsp`rtd, glkgadhgkndht`,... ". Jgc` dstg fnrdatrnz sd mgh rdglnzgf` lg kgy`r pgrtd fd l`s pr`ydat`s fd gut`kgtnzganñh l`iëstnag fd lg fîagfg fd l`s `amdhtg,  custnenagf`s agsn sndkprd p`r l`s `jcdtnv`s fd gukdht` fd lg agpganfgf y fd lg pr`fuatnvnfgf. Gl kgridh fdl fnspdrs` jglghad `jtdhnf` dh dst`s pr`ydat`s, dstg a`hadpanñh yg agfuag fd lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd glkgadhds mg pr`v`agf` vgrngs rdglnfgfds qud p`fdk`s a`hstgtgr553   Dxnstdhang fd hukdr`sgs nslgs fd gut`kgtnzganñh, gut`kgtnzganñh, ds fdanr, fd nhstglgan`hds fnsd÷gfgs snh uhg a`hadpanñh il`jgl fd lg pr`jldkçtnag g kdc`rgr, fgf` qud  cuht` g çrdgs ` gatnvnfgfds gltgkdhtd gut`kgtnzgfgs dxnstdh `trgs t`tglkdhtd kghuglds.   Dsagsg nhtdirganñh fd l`s snstdkgs fd kghf` y a`htr`l fd dstgs nhstglgan`hds a`h l`s snstdkgs fd nhe`rkganñh l`iëstnag fd lg a`kpg÷ëg.   Gaads` prçatnagkdhtd dxalusnv` g snstdkgs fd kghnpulganñh y trghsp`rtd  trghsp`rtd  gut`kgtnzgf`s fd a`kpg÷ëgs a`h uh glt` v`lukdh fd gatnvnfgf. Dh a`htrgstd g dstg gadpanñh alçsnag fdl tîrknh`, ard` qud dl vdrfgfdr` nhtdrîs dstrgtîina` fd lg gut`kgtnzganñh gut`kgtnzganñh fd  fd glkgadhds ds lg qud lg a`hanjd a`k` dl "pr`ads` fd kdc`rg fdl a`std y aglnfgf fd lg idstnñh y `pdrganñh fdl glkgaîh `jtdhnf` g trgvîs fd lg nkplghtganñh d nhtdirganñh fd tdah`l`iëgs". tdah`l`iëgs ". Q`h vgrn`s l`s a`kp`hdhtds dstrgtîina`s lnigf`s g dstg vnsnñh k`fdrhg fd lg gut`kgtnzganñh. Dh prnkdr luigr, mgy qud fdstgagr qud cuht` g pr`fuatnvnfgf y agpganfgf, lg kdc`rg fd lg aglnfgf fd sdrvnan` sd prdsdhtd m`y a`k` uh `jcdtnv` prn`rntgrn`. Nhvdrtnr dh aglnfgf ds kçs nhtdrdsghtd qud nhvdrtnr dh agpganfgf dh kuamgs a`kpg÷ëgs f`hfd dl sdrvnan` sd dhtndhfd a`k` uh egat`r fnedrdhangf`r nkp`rtghtd. •

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Dh sdiuhf` luigr, a`htdkplgr idstnñh y `pdrganñh a`k` dl jnh`kn` g gut`kgtnzgr gagjg a`h dsg ergikdhtganñh grtnenangl fd f`s agrgs fd lg knskg k`hdfg qud pr`v`agjg fnsd÷`s fd glkgadhds kuy gut`kgtnzgf`s pdr` fdenandhtdkdhtd idstn`hgf`s, ` lg kdhan`hgfg dsagsg nhtdirganñh a`h l`s snstdkgs fd nhe`rkganñh l`iëstnag. Ds fdanr, y dh algvd dstrgtîinag, lg gut`kgtnzganñh fdjd eganlntgr lg idstnñh l`iëstnag nhtdirgl. _`r óltnk`, auglqundr pr`ads` fd gut`kgtnzganñh fd glkgadhds fdjd pdrsdiunr lg engjnlnfgf fdl st`ab, y prdansgkdhtd ds lg engjnlnfgf fdl st`ab lg a`hfnanñh hdadsgrng d nkprdsanhfnjld pgrg uhg idstnñh l`iëstnag denandhtd. Qnh st`abs prdans`s, l`s snstdkgs fd gpr`vnsn`hgkndht`, K.Z._., F.Z._., ` auglqundr `tr` snstdkg fd plghnenaganñh ` idstnñh l`iëstnag sdrçh nhdenagads. Lg gut`kgtnzganñh fdl glkgaîh fdjd a`hsnfdrgrsd a`k` uh kdfn` fd engjnlnfgf fdl st`ab qud eganlntg y p`snjnlntg lg kdc`rg fd t`fgs lgs gatnvnfgfds fd idstnñh l`iëstnag fd lg a`kpg÷ëg. Lg nkp`rtghang fdl fnsd÷` dh lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd glkgadhds Dl k`tnv` fd `t`rigr uhg nkp`rtghang dspdangl gl fnsd÷` dh lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd glkgadhds ds a`hsdaudhang fd lg a`hstgtganñh fd qud uh snstdkg gut`kgtnzgf` h` sñl` fdjd euhan`hgr, snh` qud fdjd gpr`vdamgr gl kçxnk` l`s rdaurs`s y p`snjnlnfgfds fd lgs tdah`l`iëgs nkplghtgfgs `ptnknzghf` su rdhfnkndht`. Dstg gsdvdrganñh, guhqud pufndrg pgrdadr uhg `jvndfgf, g kdhuf` sd `jsdrvg nhaukplnfg, sndhf` lg igrghtëg kçs sñlnfg fdl rdt`rh` fd lg nhvdrsnñh. Q`jrd fnsd÷` y gut`kgtnzganñh fd glkgadhds a`hvndhd mgadr f`s rdeldxn`hds fnstnhtgs fd gaudrf` gl tnp` fd gut`kgtnzganñh gl qud h`s rdenrgk`s. Gplnaganñh fd tdah`l`iëgs pgrg lg gut`kgtnzganñh `pdrgtnvg (a`kóhkdhtd llgkgf`s glkgadhds gut`kçtna`s) ` nkplghtganñh fd snstdkgs fd idstnñh fd glkgadhds a`h rgfn`erdaudhang. Fnsd÷` fd glkgadhds gut`kçtna`s  L`s snstdkgs gut`kgtnzgf`s pgrg glkgadhgkndht` y rdaupdrganñh sd utnlnzgh pgrg rdglnzgr uh glkgadhgkndht` fd gltg fdhsnfgf, gsë a`k` pgrg `jtdhdr uhg gltg denandhang dh lg a`l`aganñh y rdtnr` fd kgtdrnglds. Lg kdaghnzganñh y gut`kgtnzganñh fd lgs gatnvnfgfds qud sd rdglnzgh dh l`s glkgadhds dxnidh uhg irgh nhvdrsnñh fd agpntgl y uh dstufn` fd egatnjnlnfgf a`kpldt` qud custnenqud lg nhvdrsnñh. Dl îxnt` fdl dqunp` kdaghnzgf` y gut`kgtnzgf` tgkjnîh dxnid dl a`kpr`kns` gjs`lut` fd l`s fnrdatnv`s pgrg qud îst`s gp`ydh lgs egsds fd plghnenaganñh, fnsd÷`, gfqunsnanñh, nhstglganñh y, dh dspdangl, lg a`rrdaanñh fd egllgs. Ghtds, dl tndkp` qud trghsaurrëg dhtrd lg plghnenaganñh y dl grrghqud drg fd 1 g÷`s, pdr` gmñrrgl`s egjrnaghtds fd dst`s snstdkgs sd dhagrigh fd l`s a`kp`hdhtds fd k`f` prd nhidhndrnl a`k` s`h l`s a`htr`lds y dstghtds pgrg rdfuanr dl tndkp` fd nhnan` fd `pdrgan`hds. Dl dhagrigf` fd lg plghnenaganñh pudfd dstufngr lg p`snjnlnfgf fd rdaurrnr g snstdkgs gut`kgtnzgf`s y kdaghnzgf`s, sndkprd y aughf` dxnstgh gliuhgs ` t`fgs lgs a`hfnan`hds sniundhtds3

 

  Aughf` dxnstg dxnstg uhg irgh irgh vgrndfgf fd grtëaul`s dh glkgaîh.   Aughf` sd glkgadhdh grtëaul`s fd irgh v`lukdh.   Aughf` sd tdhig uhg r`tganñh fd nhvdhtgrn`s jgstghtd dldvgfg.   Aughf` sd glkgadhgh grtëaul`s fd tdkp`rgfg.   Aughf` dl a`st` fdl tdrrdh` y dl dspgan` fd pns` sdg kuy kuy glt`.   Aughf` l`s a`s a`st`s t`s fd kgh` fd `jrg sdgh glt`s.   Aughf` sd tdhig lg hdadsnfgf fd fgr uh sdrvnan` rçpnf`.   Aughf` sdg prdedrnjld dl glkgadhgkndht` gldgt`rn`.   Aughf` lgs uhnfgfds glkgadhgfgs sdgh fd uh tgkg÷` uhne`rkd. L`s snstdkgs kdaghnzgf`s pgrg glkgadhgkndht` y rdtnr`, yg sdgh gut`kgtnzgf`s ` h`, glaghzgh su kgy`r fdhsnfgf fd glkgadhgkndht` aughf` l`s jndhds sd glkgadhgh g glturgs supdrn`rds fd l`s dstghtds a`hvdhan`hglds. Dh lg gatuglnfgf sd utnlnzg dl glkgadhgkndht` fd glt` aujnagcd, fdsfd l`s 5 mgstg l`s 1?k. Aughf` lgs glturgs sdgh kgy`rds fd 5k dl snstdkg pudfd a`hvdrtnrsd dh lg dstruaturg fdl dfnenan` y, sd gfmdrnrçh g îstg kur`s y tdam`. Dl fnsd÷` fd uhg nhstglganñh fd glkgadhgkndht` gut`kgtnzgfg sudld sdr kuy a`kpldc`. L`s prnhanpglds k`tnv`s fd dstg fnenaultgf s`h3   L`s snstdkgs gut`kçtna`s sudldh `jlnigr g rdplghtdgr l`s k`f`s `pdrgtnv`s y `righnzgtnv`s vnidhtds.   Dl a`kp`rtgkndht` a`kp`rtgkndht` fd dst`s snstdkgs snstdkgs fdpdhfd fd uh dldvgf` hók hókdr` dr` fd vgrngjlds.   Lg kgy`rëg kgy`rëg fd lgs vgrngjlds dstçh nhtdrrdlgan`hgfgs dhtrd së, fd e`rkg qud h` pudfdh `ptnknzgrsd gnslgfgkdhtd. Gliuhgs vgrngjlds tndhdh hgturgldzg gldgt`rng.   Lg eldxnjnlnfgf a`kplnag lgs rutnhgs y gli`rntk`s fd a`htr`l. a`htr`l.   Lgs tîahnags fd fnsd÷` a`hvdhan`hglds h` pdrkntdh rdglnz rdglnzgr gr uh fnsd÷` il`jgl tdstdgf`, sndhf` ga`hsdcgjld rdaurrnr g lg snkulganñh a`k` tîahnag fd •

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dxpdrnkdhtganñh fdfdlgeuhan`hgkndht` a`hfuatg fdl p`snjlds. snstdkg pgrg a`kprdhfdr y dvglugr lgs fnedrdhtds `pan`hds Lg snkulganñh pdrkntd3   Udrnenagr lg gusdhang fd pr`jldkgs fd dqunp`s. Dstufngr su utnlnzganñh. Nfdhtnenagr audll`s fd j`tdllgs. A`kp`rtgkndht` ghtd gvdrëgs, hdadsnfgfds fd kghtdhnkndht`. A`kp`rtgkndht` ghtd pna`s. Dstgfëstnags s`jrd hnvdlds fd pr`fuatnvnfgf,...   Dh fdenhntnvg, lg snkulganñh gyufg g fdsaujrnr3 Lg kdc`r a`heniurganñh fd dqunp`s. Lg kdc`r gltdrhgtnvg fd a`htr`l.

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  ^ l` kçs nkp`rtghtd ds qud trgjgcghf` trgjgcghf` a`h uhg vdrsnñh vdrsnñh fd lgj`rgt`rn` fdl glkgaîh (k`fdl` nhe`rkçtna`) sd knhnknzgh l`s a`st`s`s agkjn`s p`stdrn`rds g lg nhstglganñh.

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Añfni` fd Jgrrgs. L`s añfni`s fd jgrrgs s`h uhg e`rkg sdhanllg y denagz pgrg nfdhtnenagr y a`htr`lgr l`s kgtdrnglds. Mgy fnsp`hnjlds fnvdrs`s tnp`s fd añfni`s fd jgrrgs. Guhqud pudfdh sdr kultna`l`rds, sndkprd f`knhgh l`s añfni`s dh jlgha` y hdir` p`rqud s`h p`snjlds kgy`rds aghtnfgfds fd pdrkutgan`hds, kdfnghtd lg gltdrganñh fd sus ghamurgs, prdsdhang y sdaudhangs. Agsn t`f`s l`s añfni`s dstçh lnkntgf`s g nhe`rkganñh hukîrnag, pdr` dh gliuh`s sd pudfd nhalunr agrgatdrds gleghukîrna`s ` sëkj`l`s dspdanglds. Kuam`s s`h fnintglds jnhgrn`s y tndhdh uh jnt gfnan`hgl fd pgrnfgf pgrg fdtdatgr l`s drr`rds. Dh agfg añfni` mgy uh irup` fd jgrrgs dh uhg sdaudhang dxalusnvg, ` jndh fd dspgan`s g vdads fd ghamurgs vgrngjlds, pgrg rdprdsdhtgr agfg hókdr`, ldtrg ` sëkj`l`57. @tr` snstdkg ds dl añfni` 1>, qud a`fnenag nhe`rkganñh gleghukîrnag gl pdrkntnr qud agfg sëkj`l` tdhig > jnts (ujnagan`hds) g l` lgri` fd lg jgrrg, trds fd l`s auglds fdjdh dstgr dh @H. Dl añfni` 1> l` ardñ Nhtdkda (Lyhhw``f, YG) niugl qud dl añfni` >1, qud rdqundrd kdh`s dspgan` p`rqud pdrkntd kçs tgkg÷`s fd jgrrgs y dspgan`s. Dl Añfni` Thnvdrsgl fd _r`fuat` (T_A), ds `trg vgrnghtd fdl añfni` fd jgrrgs y sd utnlnzg kuam` dh l`s dhvgsds fd grtëaul`s pgrg vdhtg dh fdtglld. L`s añfni`s fd jgrrgs sd nkprnkdh ` dstçh nkprds`s dh dhi`kgf`s, sd pnhtgh ` sd trgzgh a`h uh lçsdr. Q`h fd ldaturg ñptnag a`h dxpl`rgf`rds (saghdrs) sdhanll`s y kçs a`kplnagf`s qud pr`fuadh fnjuc`s fd rdtëaul` dh dl `jcdt` pgrg agptgr dl añfni` fd jgrrgs snh qud nkp`rtd su p`snanñh, ` kdfnghtd lçsdr m`l`irçena` qud dhvudlvdh uh agkp` fd mgads fd luz glrdfdf`r fd uh grtëaul` fd a`heniurganñh nrrdiulgr. L`s snstdkgs fd idstnñh fd glkgadhds a`h rgfn`erdaudhang L`s snstdkgs kçs fdsgrr`llgf`s fd idstnñh fd glkgadhds sd mgh dha`htrgf` sndkprd a`h uhg lnkntganñh3 dl luigr f`hfd sd idhdrgjg y sd rdqudrëg lg nhe`rkganñh h` drg uh puht` enc`, snh` kñvnl, y p`r tght` lg a`hdxnñh dhtrd fnam` puht` y dl `rfdhgf`r sd fdjëg mgadr utnlnzghf` glióh tnp` fd nkprds`. Dst`, qud gpgrdhtdkdhtd pudfd pgrdadr nhtrghsadhfdhtd, tndhd uhgs rdpdrausn`hds nkp`rtghtësnkgs, yg qud nkpnfd qud lg `pdrgtnvg fdl glkgaîh pudfg sdr idstn`hgfg y `ptnknzgfg fnrdatgkdhtd y dh tndkp` rdgl p`r uh `rfdhgf`r. Lg gpgrnanñh fd l`s snstdkgs fd rgfn`erdaudhang mg pdrkntnf` gagjgr a`h dstg sntuganñh. _grg dhtdhfdr quî ds uh snstdkg fd idstnñh fd glkgadhds a`h rgfn`erdaudhang a`hvndhd mgadr f`s gpr`xnkgan`hds3 lg tdah`lñinag y lg l`iëstnag. Fdsfd dl puht` fd vnstg tdah`lñina`, uh snstdkg fd idstnñh fd glkgadhds a`h rgfn`erdaudhang ds uh dcdkpl` agrgatdrëstna` fd nhtdirganñh fd tdah`l`iëgs3

 

  Vdrknhglds fd trghsknsnñh fd fgt`s p`r rgfn`erdaudhang.   Ldat`rds lçsdr fd añfni` fd jgrrgs.   Nkpldkdhtganñh fd tîahnags fd `ptnknzganñh `pdrgtnvg dh tndkp` rdgl.

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Dstgs tdah`l`iëgs dstçh gl sdrvnan` fd uh `jcdtnv`3 lg a`hstruaanñh fd uhg mdrrgkndhtg fd idstnñh sdhanllg y dedatnvg. _dr`, snh fufg lg pdrspdatnvg kçs nhtdrdsghtd fd dstd tnp` fd snstdkgs ds lg l`iëstnag. Th snstdkg fd idstnñh fd glkgadhds a`h rgfn`erdaudhang, fnsd÷gf` fd gaudrf` g l`s gatuglds rdt`s l`iëstna`s, y vdrfgfdrgkdhtd gut`kçtna`, trghse`rkg rgfnaglkdhtd lg dxpl`tganñh fdl glkgaîh nhstglghf` uh k`fdl` l`iëstna` hudv` y gvghzgf`, jgsgf` dh lg plghnenaganñh a`htnhug, dl sdiunkndht` fd lg gatnvnfgf y dl nhvdhtgrn` dh tndkp` rdgl, lg `righnzganñh jgsgfg dh uh `righnirgkg plgh`, lg `ptnknzganñh fd lg gatnvnfgf y lg prçatnag fdsgpgrnanñh fd lgs gatnvnfgfds gfknhnstrgtnvgs. L`s prnhanpglds jdhdenan`s `jtdhnf`s a`h lg nkplghtganñh fd uh snstdkg fd idstnñh fd glkgadhds a`h rgfn`erdaudhang s`h3   Zdfuaanñh fd trgjgc`s gfknhnstrgtnv`s,  gfknhnstrgtnv`s,  lg dlnknhganñh fd f`aukdht`s fd trgjgc` (lnstgf`s fd prdpgrganñh, rdp`snanñh, ...), rdfuad l`s trgjgc`s •

gfknhnstrgtnv`s gl fdsgpgrdadr lgs tgrdgs fd dknsnñh-fnstrnjuanñh fd l`s knsk`s.

  Fnsknhuanñh fd drr`rds p`r3  p`r3 

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- Algrnfgf dh lgs ñrfdhds. - A`htr`l t`tgl fd agfg tgrdg (amdqud` a`h ldat`r lçsdr fd pglldt y/` ujnaganñh). - Qdiunkndht` p`rkdh`rnzgf` fd lg gatnvnfgf fd agfg `pdrgrn`. L` qud pr`fuanrç uhg rdfuaanñh fd3 - Lgs gh`kglëgs y trgjgc`s idhdrgf`s p`r drr`rds dh lg ujnaganñh fd rdedrdhangs. - Dl a`std fd supdrvnsnñh fd pdfnf`s. - Lgs rdalgkgan`hds fd alndhtds.   Gukdht` fd lg pr`fuatnvnfgf fdjnf` g fnstnht`s egat`rds3 `ptnknzganñh fd rda`rrnf`s, `ptnknzganñh fd lg gsnihganñh fd trgjgc`s, Dl gukdht` fd lg

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pr`fuatnvnfgf dh glkgadhds f`hfd sd mg nhstglgf` rgfn`erdaudhang sd dhaudhtrg dh t`rh` gl 74%.   A`htr`l fd pr`fuatnvnfgf y sdiunkndht` fd lg gatnvnfgf fdl glkgaîh dh tndkp` rdgl y rdgl y fnrdatgkdhtd fd l`s idhdrgf`s p`r dl `rfdhgf`r snh hdadsnfgf fd lg pgrtnanpganñh dh dstg tgrdg fd hnhióh `tr` rdaurs` (mukgh` ` tîahna`).   Fnsknhuanñh fdl tndkp` fd rdspudstg fdl glkgaîh. glkgaîh. Qd dlnknhg dl pr`adsgkndht` fd pdfnf`s dh l`tds, lg dknsnñh y a`henrkganñh fd lnstgf`s fd trgjgc` y gfdkçs, sd p`snjnlntg lg dknsnñh fdl gljgrçh ` egaturg dh dl knsk` nhstghtd qud sd tdrknhg fd prdpgrgr dl pdfnf`.   Z`tganñh fd dxnstdhangs. Dh agfg rdp`snanñh ` sglnfg fd pglldt a`kpldt` ds dl `rfdhgf`r qundh dlnid dl pglldt kçs ghtniu`, igrghtnzçhf`sd fd dstg e`rkg lg

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hdadsgrng r`tganñh fd lgs dxnstdhangs.

 

  Qnkplnenaganñh fd lg a`kpr`jganñh fd nhvdhtgrn`.  nhvdhtgrn`.   utnlnzghf` tdrknhglds fd

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rgfn`erdaudhang lg a`kpr`jganñh fd nhvdhtgrn` sd pudfd rdglnzgr fd uhg e`rkg rçpnfg y sdhanllg, snh hnhióh s`p`rtd dsarnt`. _grg agfg ujnaganñh dl tdrknhgl nhfnag dl tnp` fd rdedrdhang y lg aghtnfgf fd uhnfgfds qud dl `rfdhgf`r tndhd rdinstrgfgs. Qn mgy fnsardpghangs lg a`rrdaanñh fd nhvdhtgrn` sd rdglnzg fdsfd dl knsk` tdrknhgl.

  A`h`ankndht` fdl st`ab fd sntuganñh fdl glkgaîh dh tndkp` rdgl. L`s

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tdrknhglds fd rgfn`erdaudhang nhe`rkgh fd agfg k`vnkndht` dh dl knsk` k`kdht` dh qud îstd sd pr`fuad, p`r tght` l`s fgt`s a`htdhnf`s dh dl `rfdhgf`r rdedrdhtds g nhvdhtgrn`, ujnaganñh fd rdedrdhangs, sntuganñh fd pdfnf`s, ... s`h uh rdeldc` prdans` fdl dstgf` rdgl fdl glkgaîh. Dst` p`snjnlntg rdjgcgr dl st`ab fd sdiurnfgf, rdfuanr st`abs, rdsp`hfdr rçpnfgkdhtd g auglqundr fdkghfg fd nhe`rkganñh (dstgf` fd uh pdfnf`, p`r dcdkpl`) y eganlntg dl kghtdhnkndht` fdl kgpg fd glkgaîh.   Gukdht` fd lg agpganfgf fdl glkgaîh. Dl fdsegsd dhtrd lg rdglnzganñh fd k`vnkndht`s y lg gatuglnzganñh fd ujnagan`hds dh dl `rfdhgf`r pr`v`ag uhg

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fnsknhuanñh fd lg agpganfgf fdl glkgaîh p`r a`hsnfdrgr `aupgf`s muda`s qud dstçh vgaë`s. Gl dlnknhgr dstd fdsegsd vëg gatuglnzgan`hds dh tndkp` rdgl sd a`hsniud gukdhtgr lg agpganfgf fnsp`hnjld fdl glkgaîh.   Kdc`rg fdl a`htr`l fd nhanfdhangs. Dl snstdkg fdjd a`htr`lgr gut`kçtnagkdhtd andrtgs nhanfdhangs (pglldt kgl ujnagf`, muda` `aupgf`, ...) y fdjd pdrkntnr qud l`s `pdrgrn`s fd glkgaîh nhe`rkdh fd `trgs (r`turgs, e`rkgt` nha`rrdat`, ...). Lg adhtrglnzganñh fd t`fgs dstgs nhanfdhangs igrghtnzg dh t`f` k`kdht` lg engjnlnfgf fd lg nhe`rkganñh.   Fnsknhuanñh fd lgs egltgs fd glkgaîh. Dh dl k`vnkndht` fd dhtrgfg sd fdjdh prn`rnzgr gut`kçtnagkdhtd lg dhtrgfg fd pglldts dh r`turg fd st`ab. Gfdkçs, agfg p`snjld egltg fd sdrvnan` sd fdjd rds`lvdr dh dl óltnk` k`kdht`, aughf` fdjg

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rda`idrsd lg kdraghaëg.

  Kdc`rg dh lg dldaanñh fd ujnagan`hds dh lgs dhtrgfgs. Dl a`h`ankndht` fd lg

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ujnaganñh fd lgs rdedrdhangs dh tndkp` rdgl (muda`s `aupgf`s y vgaë`s) pdrkntd qud pgrg agfg dhtrgfg sd pudfg dldinr lg kdc`r fd lgs ujnagan`hds.   Kdc`rg fdl pudst` fd trgjgc`. Dl prdpgrgf`r ` dl a`hfuat`r fd lg agrrdtnllg rdglnzgh su trgjgc` fngl`ighf` a`h dl "adrdjr` fdl glkgaîh". Dst` fnihnenag dl pudst` fd trgjgc` y ds k`tnv` fd sgtnsegaanñh pgrg dl `pdrgrn`. V`fgs dstgs vdhtgcgs sd pudfdh snhtdtnzgr dh trds3 - Nhardkdht` fd lg pr`fuatnvnfgf. - Nhardkdht` fd lg aglnfgf fd sdrvnan`. - Eldxnjnlnfgf pgrg rdsp`hfdr g a`kp`rtgkndht`s nkprdvnsnjlds fd lg fdkghfg y g lg •

euturg fnkdhsnñh fd lg a`kpg÷ëg. a`kpg÷ëg.

 

Vdah`l`iëgs pgrg lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd glkgadhds Dxnstdh uhg irgh vgrndfgf fd tdah`l`iëgs fnrninfgs g lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd glkgadhds. Thg algsnenaganñh kuy idhdrgl fd dstgs tdah`l`iëgs nfdhtnenag f`s irghfds irup`s. Vdah`l`iëgs pgrg lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd lg `pdrganñh3 Glkgadhds gut`kçtna`s a`h trghsdldvgf`rds ` snstdkgs GQ/ZQ. Udmëaul`s iungf`s gut`kçtnagkdhtd ` GIU'Q. Qnstdkgs gîrd`s3 p`wdr ghf erdd, gut`k`t`rds. Vrghsp`rtgf`rds fd anhtg, agfdhg ` r`fnll`. _gldtnzgf`rds, r`j`ts-kghnpulgf`rds. Vdah`l`iëgs pgrg lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd lg idstnñh3 euhfgkdhtglkdhtd snstdkgs fd trghsknsnñh fd fgt`s p`r rgfn`erdaudhang y snstdkgs fd nfdhtnenaganñh gut`kçtnag. Lgs tdah`l`iëgs fnrninfgs g lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd lg `pdrganñh rdsudlvdh uhg gkplng igkg fd pr`jldkgs auy` ghçlnsns sdrëg nkp`snjld gj`rfgr dh dstd jrdvd dspgan`. _dr` sn sd mgad uhg gjstrgaanñh fd sus gplnagan`hds, sd fdsaujrd qud dh l`s dht`rh`s l`iëstna`s susadptnjlds fd sdr gut`kgtnzgf`s a`heluydh gl kdh`s trds agrgatdrëstnags a`kuhds3 . Lgs agrigs fdjdh sdr s dr eçanlkdhtd kghnpulgjlds. Dh lg kgy`rëg fd l`s ags`s dst` dxnid lg utnlnzganñh fd uh s`p`rtd (a`htdhdf`r, pglldt, agcg,...) qud pdrkntg lg kghnpulganñh gut`kçtnag fd lg kdraghaëg3 dstgjnlnfgf fd lg agrig, uhne`rknfgf fd fnkdhsn`hds, pds`s. . Lg `pdrgtnvg g gut`kgtnzgr fdjd sdr snstdkgtnzgjld, y p`r tght`, guhqud sd gplnqudh lgs tdah`l`iëgs kçs eldxnjlds, lg s`luanñh sndkprd sd dhkgrag fdhtr` fd uh`s lëkntds kçs ` kdh`s rëinf`s. . L`s pr`ydat`s sudldh rdqudrnr nhvdrsn`hds fneëanlds fd gj`rfgr dh nhstglgan`hds fd tgkg÷` kdfn` ` pdqud÷`. L`s lëkntds nkpudst`s p`r dst`s rdqudrnkndht`s s`h kuy nkp`rtghtds. Ge`rtuhgfgkdhtd lgs fdh`knhgfgs tdah`l`iëgs fnrninfgs g lg gut`kgtnzganñh fd lg idstnñh pdrkntdh lg plghnenaganñh, fnrdaanñh y sdiunkndht` fd lg gatnvnfgf fdl glkgaîh fd e`rkg gut`kçtnag y denandhtd, utnlnzghf` a`k` dldkdht`s `pdrgtnv`s tdah`l`iëgs a`hvdhan`hglds (agrrdtnllgs, trghspgldtgs). :.-Grkgrn`s3 Kudjld adrrgf` p`r kdfn` fd pudrtgs a`h dstghtds ` pdramgs qud snrvd pgrg iugrfgr `jcdt`s ` prdhfgs. Lgs pudrtgs pudfdh sdr trgfnan`hglds ` a`rrdfdrgs utnlnzçhf`sd lgs sdiuhfgs dh luigrds fd pgs` dstrdam` yg qud hdadsntg kdh`r dspgan`. Grkgrn`s, dl a`rgzñh fd lg agsg

 

  L`s grkgrn`s s`h dl a`rgzñh fd lg agsg. Dl luigr f`hfd iugrfgk`s hudstrgs prdhfgs fd vdstnr y hudstr`s sdardt`s kçs prdangf`s. Th muda` f`hfd ga`k`fgr andht`s fd a`sgs qud h` sgjdk`s kuy jndh fñhfd ujnagr. Q`h nhfnspdhsgjlds dh l`s f`rknt`rn`s y girgfdanf`s dh l`s sgl`hds y augrt`s fd jg÷`2 agfg mgjntganñh fd lg agsg fdjndrg tdhdr su a`rgzñh pgrtnaulgr a`h lg e`rkg fd uh grkgrn`. AGFG A@QG DH QT QNVN@ ^ TH QNVN@ _GZG AGFG A@QG Th grkgrn` jndh fnstrnjunf` fdjd a`hstgr fd muda`s suenandhtds pgrg gljdrigr agfg uhg fd lgs prdhfgs y dedat`s pdrs`hglds dh pdredat` `rfdh. L` nfñhd` ds a`htgr a`h dspgan` suenandhtd y `righnzgrl` fd tgl k`f` fnedrdhangf`s qud t`f` dstîa`hjndh a`l`agf`. us`s3 Dl grkgrn` nfdgl fdjndrg a`hstgr fd fnedrdhtds kñful`s l`s sniundhtds -Thg z`hg gltg pgrg iugrfgr kgldtgs, j`ls`s ` r`pg fd eudrg fd tdkp`rgfg. -Th pdramdr` dspdangl pgrg a`rjgtgs qud pudfd a`l`agrsd dh lg pudrtg. -Th kñful` dh kdfnfgs 77?x 5? a`h pdramdr` pgrg agknsgs y `tr` fd lgs knskgs fnkdhsn`hds pgrg gkdrnaghgs. -F`s kñful`s a`h pdramdr`s dxtrgëjlds pgrg a`ligr pghtgl`hds y eglfgs. -Thg z`hg fd a`ligf`r a`h glturg fd gl kdh`s 75? ak pgrg a`l`agr vdstnf`s lgri`s y gjrni`s. -Sgpgtdr` pgrg îl y dllg dh lg pgrtd nhedrn`r, g sdr p`snjld adrrgf`. -Kñful`s fd agc`hds pgrg a`kpldkdht`s y r`pg nhtdrn`r. -Dstghtds ` kñful`s pgrg cdrsdys tght` pgrg îl a`k` pgrg dllg DQVD DQ KN DQ_GAN@, DQVD DQ KN GZKGZN@. Dl dstnl` fd grkgrn` fdpdhfd dh lg kgy`rëg fd lgs `agsn`hds fdl dspgan` fd qud fnsp`hdk`s pgrg ujnagrl`. G irghfds rgsi`s dxnstdh augtr` tnp`s fd grkgrn`s3 Vrgfnan`hgl, dkp`trgf`, vdstnf`r y grkgrn` vdstnf`r. Dl grkgrn` trgfnan`hgl ds trgfnan`hgl ds dl qud mgjntuglkdhtd e`rkg pgrtd ` a`hcuht` a`h dl rdst` fd l`s dhsdrds fdl f`rknt`rn`, sndhf` sus gagjgf`s y fda`rganñh dxgat`s gl rdst` fdl k`jnlngrn`. Dh idhdrgl ds a`hsnfdrgf` uh kñful` `pan`hgl fdl f`rknt`rn` p`rqud lg irgh kgy`rëg fd lgs mgjntgan`hds, dh lgs dfnenagan`hds k`fdrhgs, fnsp`hdh fd uh muda` pgrg grkgrn` dkp`trgf`. Qu prnhanpgl fdsvdhtgcg dstrnjg dh lg aghtnfgf fd dspgan` qud `aupgh, góh gsë, sniudh sndhf` dldkdht`s fd irgh utnlnfgf dh sglgs fd dstgr, rdanjnf`rds y ‑ dh fnkdhsn`hds kçs rdfuanfgs- dh augrt`s fd jg÷`. Qus vdhtgcgs 3 pudfd a`hsdrvgrsd sn h`s kufgk`s

 

fd pns` y tndhd dl dhaght` fd sdr uhg pndzg kultn-euhan`hgl, gfgptgjld g auglqundr dstghang fd lg agsg, a`h uh snkpld agkjn` fd gpgrndhang dh su gspdat` dxtdrn`r. Dl grkgrn` dkp`trgf` ds dkp`trgf` ds kuy denagz dh mgjntgan`hds fd pdqud÷` ` kdfngh` tgkg÷`. A`k` su pr`pn` h`kjrd nhfnag, sd dhaudhtrgh dkp`trgf`s dh uh muda` fdstnhgf` g tgl dedat` fdhtr` fd lg knskg mgjntganñh, egv`rdandhf` gsë uh kgy`r gpr`vdamgkndht` fdl dspgan` ótnl. L`s nhtdrn`rds fdl grkgrn` pudfdh sdr trgtgf`s fd fnedrdhtds kghdrgs sdióh dl p`fdr gfqunsntnv` fd qud fnsp`hig dl alndhtd. _udfdh sdr pnhtgf`s, dkpgpdlgf`s ` amgpdgf`s a`h kgfdrg jgrhnzgfg. Dstg óltnkg `panñh ds lg kçs prçatnag y furgfdrg snh fufg gliuhg. L`s erdhtds fdl grkgrn` tgkjnîh pudfdh dsa`idrsd dh euhanñh fd hudstr`s pgrtnaulgrds iust`s ` hdadsnfgfds3 pudrtgs a`rrdfdrgs, pldigjlds ` fd gpdrturg t`tgl. Dl gagjgf` fd dstgs pudrtgs sndkprd qudfg g hudstrg dldaanñh. _udfd mgadrsd a`kjnhgr a`h dl rdst` fdl f`rknt`rn` ` sdhanllgkdhtd `ptgr p`r uhgs pudrtgs fd dspdc` qud fgrçh kçs gkplntuf g lg dstghang. 1.-Dstghtds3 Grkgrn` a`h ghgqudlds ` dhtrdpg÷`s y p`r l` idhdrgl snh pudrtgs Vnp`s fd dstghtds  dstghtds  Dstghtdrëgs fnsd÷gfgs pgrg auglqundr e`rkg fd j`tdllg3 j`tdllg3   Agfg j`fdig tndhd uhg a`kjnhganñh fd dstghtdrëgs fd glkgadhgkndht` y fdslnzghtds. _grg `erdadr uhg vdrsgtnlnfgf t`tgl, F`kdtna ld `erdad snkultçhdgkdhtd f`s bnts fnedrdhtds e`rkgf`s p`r3   : dstghtds dxtrgëjlds   : dstghtds enc`s fd glkgadhgkndht` a`h gjrgzgfdrgs Dqunpgkndht` dstçhfgr3 dxtrgëjld rgëjld   77? j`tdllgs3 7 dstghtd fd glkgadhgkndht` + 7 dstghtd dxt   75? j`tdllgs3 : dstghtds fd glkgadhgkndht` + 7 dstghtd dxtrgëjld •

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  :?? j`tdllgs3 1 dstghtds fd glkgadhgkndht` + 7 dstghtd dxtrgëjld Añk` glkgadhgr j`tdllgs Juriuhfy  Juriuhfy  •

Glkgadhgkndht` dh dstghtdrëgs y dstruaturgs ds truaturgs

 

@jcdtnv`s Lgs nhstglgan`hds fd glkgadhgkndht` dh dstghtdrëgs y dstruaturgs pdrkntdh glkgadhgr pr`fuat`s dh glturg. Dstd tnp` fd glkgadhgkndht` dxp`hd gl pdrs`hgl fd k`htgcd y dxpl`tganñh g fnedrdhtds rndsi`s. Dl `jcdtnv` fd dstg HV_ ds lg fdsarnpanñh fd l`s tnp`s fd glkgadhgkndht` dh dstghtdrëgs y dstruaturgs, nhfnaçhf`sd l`s rndsi`s rdlgan`hgf`s a`h dl fnsd÷`, k`htgcd y furghtd l`s trgjgc`s fd dxpl`tganñh, gsë a`k` lgs kdfnfgs fd prdvdhanñh y pr`tdaanñh dh agfg ags`. Fdenhnanñh. Vnp`s y agrgatdrëstnags Dl glkgadhgkndht` dh dstghtdrëgs y dstruaturgs a`hsnstd dh sntugr l`s fnstnht`s tnp`s y e`rkgs fd agrig dh dstghtds y dstruaturgs glvd`lgrds fd glturg vgrngjld, snrvnîhf`sd pgrg dll` fd dqunp`s fd kghutdhanñh kghugl ` kdaçhnag. Dxnstdh fnstnht`s tnp`s fd glkgadhgkndht` dh dstghtdrëgs y dstruaturgs3   Glkgadhgkndht` dstçtna`3 snstdkgs dh l`s qud dl fnsp`sntnv` fd glkgadhgkndht`

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y lgs agrigs pdrkghdadh nhkñvnlds furghtd t`f` dl pr`ads`.   Glkgadhgkndht` kñvnl3 snstdkgs dh l`s qud, sn jndh lgs agrigs uhntgrngs pdrkghdadh nhkñvnlds s`jrd dl fnsp`sntnv` fd glkgadhgkndht`, dl a`hcuht` fd gkj`s dxpdrnkdhtg k`vnkndht` furghtd t`f` dl pr`ads`.

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Dstg HV_ trgtgrç dl glkgadhgkndht` dstçtna` dh dstghtdrëgs y dstruaturgs. L`s dldkdht`s kçs agrgatdrëstna`s fd lgs dstghtdrëgs y dstruaturgs fd glkgadhgkndht` sd kudstrgh, cuht` a`h lg h`kdhalgturg fd l`s knsk`s, dh lgs eniurgs 7 y :.

 

Eni. 73 Dstghtdrëgs

Eni. :3 Dstruaturgs  Dstruaturgs  Zndsi`s dh dl fnsd÷`, lg a`hstruaanñh y dl k`htgcd L`s prnhanpglds rndsi`s rdlgan`hgf`s a`h dl fnsd÷`, a`hstruaanñh y k`htgcd fd dstd tnp` fd glkgadhgkndht`s s`h3   Agëfg fd agrigs ` dldkdht`s fd lgs agrigs s`jrd pgsnll`s ` z`hgs fd trgjgc`s

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fdjnf` g3 g. Fde`rkganñh fd lg nhstglganñh n hstglganñh p`r nhergfnkdhsn`hgkndht` fd lgs dstghtdrëgs a`k` a`hsdaudhang fd uhg fdenhnanñh drrñhdg p`r pgrtd fdl alndhtd fd sus hdadsnfgfds, prnhanpglkdhtd fdl pds` y fnkdhsnñh fd sus agrigs, ` jndh p`r nhsuenandhtd rdsnstdhang kdaçhnag fd lgs dstghtdrëgs fdjnf` g lgs agrgatdrëstnags fd l`s kgtdrnglds a`hstntutnv`s, fnkdhsn`hgf` y a`heniurganñh fd l`s dldkdht`s, e`rkgs y id`kdtrëg fd lgs uhn`hds fd lgs dstruaturgs. Vgkjnîh pudfd tdhdr su `rnidh dh uhg k`fnenaganñh fd lgs dstghtdrëgs snh a`hsultgr a`h dl egjrnaghtd ` g su nhdstgjnlnfgf p`r sudl` fde`rkd. j. Am`quds a`htrg lgs dstruaturgs fd l`s gpgrgt`s ` vdmëaul`s fd kghutdhanñh, qud pudfdh fgr luigr g fdsdhighamd fd l`s lgriudr`s y dhsgkjlds p`r lg gaanñh fd uh dseudrz` vdrtnagl, fde`rkgan`hds dlçstnags ` pdrkghdhtds fd l`s dldkdht`s, ` jndh fdspl`kd fd agrigs y/` dldkdht`s p`rtghtds.

 

  Am`quds dhtrd vdmëaul`s ` gtr`pdll`s g pdgt`hds3 lgs prnhanpglds agusgs fd dst`s

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rndsi`s pudfdh sdr uhg nluknhganñh kgl fnsd÷gfg ` nhstglgfg qud pr`fuzag fdslukjrgkndht`s ` jndh sdg nhsuenandhtd, y uhg dsagsg ghamurg fd l`s pgsnll`s, tdhndhf` dh audhtg dl fnkdhsn`hgf` fd l`s gpgrgt`s y agrigs qud fdjdh anraulgr p`r dll`s. Kdfnfgs fd prdvdhanñh dh dl fnsd÷` y k`htgcd Açlaul` y fnsd÷` Qd jgsg dh l`s sniundhtds gspdat`s fd lg euturg nhstglganñh3   Hgturgldzg y rdsnstdhang fdl sudl`.   Qnstdkgs fd trgjgc`.   Fnkdhsn`hds, pds`s, l`aglnzganñh y tnp` fd r`tganñh fd agrigs.

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Qdióh dll` dl egjrnaghtd fdjdrç rdkntnr uh nhe`rkd tîahna` qud a`kprdhfg, dhtrd `tr`s, l`s fgt`s id`kîtrna`s, plgh fd agrigs qud prdansd, lg sntuganñh fd lgs agrigs pdsgfgs, dspdanenaganñh l`s kgtdrnglds y agrgatdrëstnags fd l`sfdfnedrdhtds fd lg dstruaturg. L`sfdaçlaul`s pgrg fdk`strgr lg agpganfgf agrig fddldkdht`s l`s dldkdht`s sustdhtgf`rds sd p`frçh a`kpldkdhtgr ` sustntunr a`h dhsgy`s. Dh l`s dhsgy`s pgrg fdtdrknhgr lg agpganfgf fd agrig fd nhstglgan`hds y dldkdht`s fd glkgadhgcd, lg sdiurnfgf a`htrg lg r`turg fdjd sdr fd gl kdh`s 7,= fd lg agrig prdvnstg (sukg fd lg agrig kçxnkg ótnl gfknsnjld y l`s pds`s pr`pn`s fd lg nhstglganñh). Qd fdjd pgrtnr fd uh vgl`r kdfn` p`hfdrgf` gsdiurgf` dstçtnagkdhtd. V`fgs lgs nhstglgan`hds fdjdrëgh tdhdr uh audrp` kçxnk` fd 6 k. ( ghamurg) y agrigs niuglds ` nhedrn`rds g 6.4 Vh. p`r pgr fd lgriudr`s. Fdjdrëgh g÷gfnrsd dh lgs dstghtdrëgs pgs`s pdgt`hglds pdrpdhfnaulgrds g lgs mnldrgs fd glkgadhgkndht` aughf` su l`hintuf dxadfg fd l`s 6? k. Dh uhg knskg mnldrg, lgs fnstghangs dhtrd f`s pgsgcds a`hsdautnv`s h` dxadfdrç fd :? k. Dstgjnlnfgf Lg dstgjnlnfgf y agpganfgf fd agrig fd lgs nhstglgan`hds fdjd nr ga`kpg÷gfg fd uhg rninfdz suenandhtd dh sdhtnf` l`hintufnhgl y trghsvdrsgl, fd kghdrg qud lg edamg kçxnkg fd l`s dldkdht`s sustdhtgf`rds, fdjdrëg sdr, gl a`l`agr lg agrig h`knhgl, dh dl ags` fd kgtdrnglds kdtçlna`s niugl g 7/:??, y dh t`f`s l`s fdkçs kgtdrnglds niugl g 7/74? fd lg fnstghang dhtrd gp`y`s a`htniu`s.

 

  Eni. 13 Fnstghang dhtrd s`p`rtds. _ghfd` kçxnk` gfknsnjld fd l`s dldkdht`s sustdhtgf`rds   sustdhtgf`rds

Qglv` dh dl ags` fd qud mujndrg eudrzgs m`rnz`htglds fdtdrknhgjlds, sd fdjdrëgh a`hsnfdrgr, pgrg gvdrniugr lg dstgjnlnfgf y agpganfgf fd agrig fd nhstglgan`hds fd glkgadhgcd, qud s`p`rtgh lg a`rrdsp`hfndhtd agrig h`knhgl, y eudrzgs m`rnz`htglds fd 7/:?? fd lg agrig kçxnkg gfknsnjld p`r dstghtd, gatughf` dstg eudrzg g lg glturg a`rrdsp`hfndhtd. Gfdkçs mgy qud a`hsnfdrgr uhg eudrzg m`rnz`htgl óhnag fdsplgzgjld, qud dh dl ags` fd dstghtdrëgs agrigfgs y fdsagrigfgs g kgh`, ds fd p`r l` kdh`s 4 Bi., pgrg dl rdst` fd lgs dstghtdrëgs ds a`k` këhnk` fd 14 Bi.

Eni. 63 A`htr`l g dseudrz`s m`rnz`htglds  m`rnz`htglds 

 

Dh idhdrgl sd pudfdh a`hsnfdrgr a`k` dstgjlds, a`h uhg agpganfgf fd agrig suenandhtd y uhg p`snanñh vdrtnagl, lgs dstghtdrëgs agrigfgs y fdsagrigfgs g kgh`, sn lg glturg fdl óltnk` dstghtd a`h agrig h` ds supdrn`r gl quëhtupl` fd su pr`euhfnfgf. Lg dstgjnlnfgf fdjdrëg dstgr igrghtnzgfg dh auglqundr egsd fd lg gatnvnfgf. Dst` sd pudfd glaghzgr, sdióh lg a`hstruaanñh, jndh p`r kdfn` fdl pr`pn` pds`, jndh kdfnghtd dldkdht`s qud pdrkntgh lg uhnñh dhtrd dstghtdrëgs, tght` dhtrd së a`k` a`h pgrtds gfdaugfgs fdl dfnenan`, ` a`h auglqundr `tr` tnp` fd nhstglgan`hds qud gsdiurdh lg dstgjnlnfgf. Dh nhstglgan`hds f`hfd sd s`jrdpgsd lg rdlganñh glturg e`hf` nhfnagfg ghtdrn`rkdhtd, y pgrg lgs dstghtdrëgs snh agrig, sd fdjdrç a`hsnfdrgr nhfdpdhfndhtdkdhtd fd lg agrig qud s`p`rtdh, uhg eudrzg m`rnz`htgl fd 7/4? fd lg agrig fd agfg uhg fd lgs uhnfgfds gpnlgfgs, gatughf` agfg eudrzg dh lg a`rrdsp`hfndhtd supdrenand fd gp`y` fd lg uhnfgf, gsë a`k` uhg eudrzg m`rnz`htgl gfnan`hgl fd p`r l` kdh`s 74 Bi gatughf` g lg glturg fd lg supdrenand dh qud sd gp`yg lg óltnkg agrig. Qd fdjdh a`hsnfdrgr lgs eudrzgs m`rnz`htglds tght` dh fnrdaanñh l`hintufnhgl a`k` dh fnrdaanñh gl e`hf`, pdr` h` gatughf` snkultçhdgkdhtd. Lg plghdnfgf y m`rnz`htglnfgf fd l`s sudl`s fd l`s l`aglds fdjdrçh sdr tglds, qud lgs t`ldrghangs vdrtnaglds fd lgs dstruaturgs sdgh rdspdtgfgs snh uh gau÷gkndht` dxadsnv`. Lg prdsnñh dcdranfg p`r uh k`htghtd s`jrd dl sudl` ds euhanñh fd lg agrig s`jrd lgs dstghtdrëgs y fd lg supdrenand fd gp`y`. Thg prdsnñh fdkgsngf` dldvgfg tndhd dl rndsi` fd pr`v`agr uh puhz`hgkndht` fdl sudl` qud pudfd `rninhgr fde`rkgan`hds y uh fdrrukjgkndht` fd lgs dstghtdrëgs. _grg dvntgr dstd edhñkdh`, dh euhanñh fd lg rdsnstdhang fdl m`rkniñh, sd fdjdrçh encgr jgc` l`s pnds fd l`s k`htghtds dldkdht`s fd rdpgrt` ` plgags fd hnvdlganñh.

 

  Eni. 43 _r`tdat`rds fd dstruaturgs p`rtghtds y plgags fd hnvdlganñh  hnvdlganñh 

Dh dstghtdrëgs encgs, qud sd agriudh ` fdsagriudh a`h kdfn`s kdaçhna`s, qud h` sd fdsplgadh s`jrd vëgs, fdjdh fnsp`hdr fd pr`tdaan`hds dh lgs dsqunhgs dxtdrn`rds ` qud a`nhanfgh a`h pgsnll`s fd trghsnt`, a`hsnstdhtds dh uhg pr`tdaanñh ghtn-dkjdstnfgs fd gl kdh`s ?,1 k. fd glturg fd fnkdhsn`hds suenandhtds pgrg gjs`rjdr l`s i`lpds y pnhtgfgs fd uh a`l`r vnst`s` (Qd pudfd a`hsnfdrgr qud lgs fnkdhsn`hds fd uhg pr`tdaanñh ghtndkjdstnfg s`h suenandhtds, sn îstg pudfd gjs`rjdr a`k` këhnk` uhg dhdriëg fd 6? Bi.k).

 

  Eni. 53 Kdfnfgs idhdrglds fd sdiurnfgf  sdiurnfgf 

Ds euhfgkdhtgl tgkjnîh, gsdiurgr uh a`rrdat` grrn`strgkndht` fd lg dstruaturg a`hsnfdrgfg dh a`hfnan`hds fd kçxnkg agrig. Dl vudla` fd dstghtdrëgs p`r îstg agusg `agsn`hg lg kgy`rëg fd gaanfdhtds p`r nhdstgjnlnfgf. A`k` h`rkg jçsnag pgrg dl ags` fd dstghtdrëgs h` pgldtnzgfgs sd fdjdrçh grrn`strgr aughf` sd supdrd lg rdlganñh ghamurg/glturg fd 7/4 y tdhdr lg prdaguanñh fd sucdtgrlgs g pgrdf ` dldkdht` dstruaturgl enc`. _gsnll`s fd anraulganñh y fd sdrvnan` Lg ghamurg fd l`s pgsnll`s fd sdhtnf` óhna` fdjdrëg sdr a`k` këhnk` dl fd lg ghamurg fdl vdmëaul` a`h agrig gukdhtgf` dh 7 k. Dh ags` fd anraulganñh dh gkj`s sdhtnf`s h` fdjdrëg sdr nhedrn`r g lg ghamurg fd l`s vdmëaul`s ` fd lgs agrigs gukdhtgfg dh 7.6? k. Lg ghamurg këhnkg sdrç fd 7.:? k. Lg ghamurg fd l`s pgsnll`s pg snll`s sdauhfgrn`s sdrç fd a`k` këhnk` 7,?? k.

 

  Eni. 93 _gsnll`s dhtrd dstghtdrëgs d stghtdrëgs   H` sd fdjd glkgadhgr hgfg dh l`s pgsnll`s fd anraulganñh.   _grg qud lgs dxtrdknfgfds fd l`s pnds (pgrtd jgcg fd l`s k`htghtds) h` dstîh

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s`kdtnfgs g i`lpds ` am`quds, fdjdh nhstglgrsd pr`tdaan`hds dh l`s pnds fd lgs dsaglgs ` jgstnf`rds g hnvdl fdl sudl` y fd rdsnstdhang suenandhtd, encgf`s gl sudl` d nhfdpdhfndhtds fd sus pnds sdióh l` nhfnagf` dh dl gpgrtgf` dstgjnlnfgf. Dstgs pr`tdaan`hds mgh fd tdhdr e`rkgs rdf`hfdgfgs y agrdadr fd grnstgs vnvgs. (Udr Eni. 4).   Ds rda`kdhfgjld dh l`s pgsnll`s prnhanpglds p`r l`s qud anraulgh agrrdtnllgs dldvgf`rgs, kghtdhdr a`lgtdrglkdhtd g lgs knskgs y fd e`rkg fnedrdhangfg z`hgs fd pgs` dxalusnvgkdhtd pdgt`hgl. Mgy qud dxtrdkgr lgs prdaguan`hds dh l`s dhtrdaruzgkndht`s fd pgsnll`s kdfnghtd sd÷glnzganñh y kdfn`s qud eganlntdh lg vnsnjnlnfgf, p`r dc. dspdc`s gfdaugf`s.   Dh l`s pgsnll`s fd anraulganñh dh l`s qud sd aruadh agrrdtnllgs y/` pdgt`hds sd mgh fd dxtrdkgr gl kçxnk` lgs prdaguan`hds.   H` anraulgr a`h lg agrig dldvgfg p`r l`s pgsnll`s fd anraulganñh. Qd÷glnzganñh •

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L`s pgsnll`s fdjdrëgh dstgr sd÷glnzgf`s kdfnghtd pnhturg gkgrnllg fdlnkntghf` lgs z`hgs fd pgs` y l`s lëkntds fd lgs agrigs sntugfgs s`jrd lgs dstghtdrëgs. Ga`hfnan`hgkndht` fd l`s glvî`l`s _grg dvntgr dl fdsdhighamd fd l`s lgriudr`s y dhsgkjlds dh sus puht`s fd uhnñh a`h l`s k`htghtds, sd fdjdh nhstglgr uhgs algvncgs ` igtnll`s fd sdiurnfgf, qud h` pudfdh sgagrsd fd e`rkg gaanfdhtgl dh a`hfnan`hds h`rkglds fd trgjgc`.

 

  Lg sdpgrganñh dhtrd l`s lgriudr`s fd uh knsk` hnvdl fdjdrç sdr lg gpr`pngfg pgrg uh a`rrdat` gp`y` fd lg uhnfgf fd agrig. Qn h` ds p`snjld ` h` s`h agrigs h`rkglnzgfgs sd mgh fd nhstglgr dldkdht`s guxnlngrds qud pdrkntgh dl a`rrdat` gp`y`. Dst`s dldkdht`s guxnlngrds h` fdjdh p`fdrsd inrgr fd su p`snanñh h`rkgl. Ga`hfnan`hgr l`s glvî`l`s fd lgs dstghtdrëgs fdstnhgfgs g glkgadhgkndht` fd agrigs a`h jgsd fd a`heniurganñh pgrtnaulgr, a`h gaads`rn`s fd rdsnstdhang gpr`pngfg, pdredatgkdhtd gfgptgf`s g lg id`kdtrëg fd lgs agrigs dh audstnñh y uhnf`s g l`s lgriudr`s fd e`rkg s`lnfgrng. Lgs plgtge`rkgs snh trçhsnt` fd vdmëaul`s k`t`rnzgf`s, fdjdrëgh dstgr prdvnstgs pgrg uhg agrig rdiulgrkdhtd rdpgrtnfg fd a`k` këhnk` :4? Bi/k: sndkprd qud uhg agrig nhfnvnfugl fd 7?? Bi. a`l`agfg dh dl puht` kçs fdsegv`rgjld h` dxncg uhgs fnkdhsn`hds kgy`rds fd lg plgtge`rkg. L`s sudl`s fd lgs plgtge`rkgs qud h` sdgh adrrgf`s, p`r dc. Dkpgrrnllgf`s ` amgpgs pdre`rgfgs, fdjdrëgh sdr a`hadjnf`s fd tgl kghdrg, qud sd dvntd dl pdlnir` fd lg agëfg fd `jcdt`s qud supdrdh l`s 1? k. k fd fnçkdtr` g lgs pdrs`hgs qud sd dhaudhtrdh fdjgc`. Lgs plgtge`rkgs fd nhstglgan`hds fd vgrn`s pns`s fdjdrëgh dstgr uhnfgs dhtrd së kdfnghtd dsagldrgs guxnlngrds pgrg dl sdrvnan` g dstghtdrëgs. Agfg 7= dsagl`hds a`k` kçxnk` fdjdrëg mgjdr uh fdsaghsnll` a`h uhg l`hintuf ótnl fd gl kdh`s =?? kk. Lg glturg jgc`: lgs t`f` dl fd gham` fdl pgsnll` a`k` lnjrd këhnk` k. dsagldrgs Dl tgkg÷`dhkëhnk` lg mudllg sdrç fdjdrëg fd :1? kdfnr kk ydhdlvdrtnagl fd lg a`htrgmudllg :?? kk. Lg glturg këhnkg lnjrd fd l`s pgsnll`s dldvgf`s sdrç fd : k. Lgs plgtge`rkgs y dsagldrgs fdjdh tdhdr jgrghfnllgs fd uhg glturg këhnkg fd 7 k, jgrrg nhtdrkdfng y r`fgpnds. Lg rdsnstdhang fd lg jgrghfnllg sdrç sdr ç fd a`k` këhnk` 74? bi/k. Dh l`s puht`s fd agrig y fdsagrig fd lgs plgtge`rkgs sd pudfdh nhstglgr jgrghfnllgs gjgtnjlds ` fdsplgzgjlds. Lgs jgrghfnllgs h` fdjdh gjrnrsd mgang geudrg y fdjdh fnsp`hdr fd dldkdht`s fd sdiurnfgf qud nkpnfgh su gjdrturg gaanfdhtgl.

 

Qñl` dh puht`s fd agrig f`hfd lg jgrghfnllg dstî rdtnrgfg fdl j`rfd fd lg plgtge`rkg, sd pudfdh a`l`agr agfdhgs, sndkprd qud mgllg uhg fnstghang fd ?,=? k mgstg dl j`rfd fd lg plgtge`rkg. Dh lg pgrtd trgsdrg fd l`s glvd`l`s, y g pgrtnr fd : k. fd glturg fdjdrçh sntugrsd kdfn`s kgtdrnglds (p`r dc. kgllgs ` snknlgrds) qud nkpnfgh qud lg agrig yg glkgadhgfg pudfg fdsprdhfdrsd ` agdr s`jrd l`s pgsnll`s fd anraulganñh ` sdrvnan`. Dh dstghtdrëgs f`jlds qud sd agrigh p`r l`s f`s lgf`s a`h kdfn`s kdaçhna`s y qud h` dstî igrghtnzgf` uh a`rrdat` p`snan`hgkndht` fd lg uhnfgf fd glkgadhgcd, sd mgh fd a`l`agr t`pds sdpgrgf`rds pgrg dvntgr dl fdsplgzgkndht` fd lg agrig gl dstghtd fdl e`hf`. Dl fnsp`sntnv` fdjdrëg tdhdr uhg glturg këhnkg fd 7:4 kk. Qd p`frëg prdsanhfnr fd îstd fnsp`sntnv` aughf` dhtrd lgs uhnfgfds nhtr`fuanfgs p`r gkj`s lgf`s dstî prdvnstg uhg fnstghang fd sdiurnfgf sd iurnfgf fd 7?? k. k.

Eni. =3 Qdpgrgf`rds dhtrd dstghtdrëgs gf`sgfgs  gf`sgfgs 

Q`jrd lgs agrgs p`stdrn`rds fd l`s audrp`s snkplds sntugf`s gl j`rfd fd l`s pgsnll`s fd anraulganñh, z`hgs fd trçhsnt` ` pudst`s fd trgjgc`, nhstglgr fnsp`sntnv`s fd rdtdhanñh gfgptgf`s g lgs agrigs glkgadhgfgs (pghdlds rghurgf`s ` a`htnhu`s dta). _r`l`higr, 7 k a`k` këhnk`, lgs dsaglgs ` jgstnf`rds sntugf`s dh l`s j`rfds fd l`s pgsnll`s fd anraulganñh. K`htgcd Dl k`htgcd l` fdjd mgadr dl a`hstruat`r, dstghf` pr`mnjnf` utnlnzgr dldkdht`s rdaupdrgf`s fd `trgs dstghtdrëgs vndcgs sdgh fdl tnp` qud sdgh.

 

Ghtds fd encgr lgs dstghtdrëgs g lgs dstruaturgs fdl dfnenan` fdjd vdrnenagrsd qud îstgs l` pdrkntdh. Dh dl ags` fd tdhdr qud fnsp`hdr p`r dhankg fdl pgsnll` dldkdht`s fd uhnñh dhtrd dstghtdrëgs, îst`s mgh fd dstgr sndkprd p`r dhankg fd lgs agrigs y tdhndhf` dh audhtg uh cudi` këhnk` fd gl kdh`s 7? ak. pgrg agrig y fdsagrig. Lgs dstghtdrëgs mgh fd qudfgr k`htgfgs vdrtnaglkdhtd. Lgs fdsvngan`hds fd l`s k`htghtds fd lg dstghtdrëg g lg lëhdg fd pl`kgfg dh fnrdaanñh l`hintufnhgl ` trghsvdrsgl h` fdjdh sdr supdrn`rds g 7/:?? fd lg glturg M fdl k`htghtd a`hsnfdrgf`. L`s puht`s fd encganñh fd dldkdht`s sustdhtgf`rds y dstghtds h` fdjdh supdrgr uhg fnedrdhang fd 7/1?? lg fnstghang dhtrd l`s k`htghtds L.

Eni. >3 Fdsvngan`hds kçxnkgs gfkntnfgs rdspdat` g lg vdrtnagl y m`rnz`htgl dh dl k`htgcd fd dstghtdrëgs  dstghtdrëgs  Nluknhganñh Qd rda`kndhfgh l`s sniundhtds vgl`rds lukëhna`s pgrg gsdiurgr uhg judhg vnsnjnlnfgf dh pgsnll`s y dstghtdrëgs. Fnstnhiunk`s dhtrd vgl`r rda`kdhfgf` y vgl`r këhnk` p`r fdjgc` fdl augl h` sd pudfd pdrkntnr qud sd dhaudhtrd uhg nhstglganñh. Qd fdjdh sntugr l`s snstdkgs fd nluknhganñh p`r dhankg fd l`s pgsnll`s fd e`rkg qud sd tdhig uhg nluknhganñh suenandhtd s`jrd lgs z`hgs fd trgjgc` y dvntgr dl fdslukjrgkndht` fd l`s `pdrgrn`s.

 

 

A`k` h`rkg idhdrgl sd fdjdh sntugr eudrg fdl glaghad fd l`s gpgrgt`s ` agrrdtnllgs fd kghutdhanñh y sus agrigs y, dh auglqundr ags` pr`tdidr a`htrg i`lpds l`s gpgrgt`s fdl snstdkg fd glukjrgf` fd dkdridhang. K`fnenaganñh fd lgs dstghtdrëgs d stghtdrëgs Auglqundr k`fnenaganñh fd l`s dldkdht`s fd lgs dstghtdrëgs a`k` a`hsdaudhang fd qud g su vdz sd fdjdh k`fnenagr lgs e`rkgs ` pds` fd lgs agrigs, fdjdrç mgadrsd fd gaudrf` a`h dl egjrnaghtd ` nhstglgf`r, dl auçl fdjdrç rdglnzgr l`s açlaul`s hdadsgrn`s pgrg su gfdauganñh. Dh auglqundr ags` lgs k`fnenagan`hds fdjdrçh mgadrsd a`h lgs dstghtdrëgs vgaëgs. Zndsi`s pgrg dl pdrs`hgl fd dxpl`tganñh Dl pdrs`hgl fd dxpl`tganñh dstç s`kdtnf` g uhg sdrnd fd rndsi`s y egll`s `righnzgtnv`s qud sd dxp`hdh g a`htnhuganñh3 g. Agëfg fd agrigs s` s`jrd jrd z`hgs fd pgs` ` trgjgc` trgjgc` fdjnf` g3   Ttnlnzganñh fd dldkdht`s fd agrig (pgldtgs dta. ) snh tdhdr t`fgs lgs igrghtëgs fd rdsnstdhang y pudstg dh sdrvnan`.   Kgl k`htgcd fd lgs agrigs s`jrd l`s dldkdht`s fd agrig qud pdrkntdh qud s`jrdsgligh fd lg z`hg pdrnkdtrgl fd l`s knsk`s. Dstd pr`jldkg sd gadhtóg sn sd a`hfuad nkprufdhtdkdhtd dl vdmëaul` y dl sudl` dstç dh kgl dstgf` ( giucdr`s ) ` prdsdhtg pdhfndhtds ` fdshnvdlds.   Gusdhang ` fnsp`sntnv` fd rdtdhanñh fdedatu`s` (rdfds, kgllgs, euhfgs, dta. ).   A`l`aganñh fdedatu`sg fdl dldkdht` fd agrig s`jrd l`s lgriudr`s ` su nhgfgptganñh g lg plgtge`rkg fd agrig.   A`l`aganñh fd lg agrig dh glvd`l`s yg `aupgf`s prdvngkdhtd.   Kglg gprdanganñh fd lg glturg fd a`l`aganñh fd lg agrig p`r pgrtd fdl a`hfuat`r fdl dqunp` fd trghsp`rtd. j. Muhfnkndht` fd lgs plgtge`rk plgtge`rkgs gs fd agrig p`r3 `

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  Q`jrdagrigs l`aglds ` idhdrglds qud pr`fuadh s`lnantgan`hds fde`rkghf`

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gliuh`s dldkdht`s fd lg dstruaturg. Dstgs s`jrdagrigs tndhdh a`k` `rnidh dl rdpgrt` nhgfdaugf` fd lgs agrigs s`jrd lgs dstghtdrëgs3 agrigs kçs pdsgfgs sntugfgs dh lgs pgrtds gltgs.   H` rdspdtgr l`s lëkntds kçxnk`s fd agrig gfknsnjlds p`r fdsa`h`ankndht` fdl pds` rdgl fd lgs agrigs kghnpulgfgs.   I`lpds ` am`quds fd lgs agrrdtnllgs fd dldvganñh ` fd su agrig pr`v`aghf` fde`rkgan`hds fd l`s dldkdht`s fd lg dstruaturg pdrcufnaghf` lg dstgjnlnfgf fdl a`hcuht`. a. I`lpds y gtr`pdll`s fnvdrs`s p`r vdmëaul`s vdmëaul`s fd kghutdhanñh kghutdhanñh fdjnf`s g3   H` dxnstnr plgh fd anraulganñh qud pr`v`ag am`quds dhtrd agrrdtnllgs y pdgt`hds dh l`s pgsnll`s fd sdrvnan` p`r f`hfd fdjdh pgsgr erdaudhtdkdhtd ` dstgr trgjgcghf` dh lg a`hedaanñh ` fnvnsnñh fd lgs agrigs, prdpgrganñh fd pdfnf`s, dta. f. Am`quds dhtrd vdmëaul`s kndhtrgs anraulgh p`r l`s pgsnll`s fd anraulganñh ` kghn`jrgh dh z`hgs fd dspgan` rdfuanf`. d. I`lpds dhtrd vdmëaul`s y dstruaturgs a`k` a`hsdaudhang fd qud l`s pgsnll`s s`h s`h fdkgsngf` dstrdam`s pgrg lgs agrgatdrëstnags tîahnags fd lgs agrrdtnllgs (ghamurg, rgfn` fd inr`, tnp` fd agrig, dta.). Kdfnfgs fd prdvdhanñh dh lg dxpl`tganñh A`hstntuanñh y fnsp`snanñh fd lgs agrigs g. Dldkdht`s fd agrigs (pgldtgs, (pgldtgs, dta.)   Fdjdh fnsp`hdrsd l`s pr`fuat`s s`jrd dldkdht`s h`rkglnzgf`s prdedrdhtdkdhtd dur`pgldtgs qud sdgh agpgads fd s`p`rtgr lg agrig fdp`sntgfg y qud g su vdz pdrkntgh dl glkgadhgcd s`jrd lgs dstghtdrëgs.   Aughf` dstîh dh kgl dstgf` fdjdh rddkplgzgrsd y fdstrunr lgs vndcgs ` fdtdrn`rgfgs. `

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  L`s `jcdt`s fdp`sntgf`s h` fdjdh s`jrdpgsgr l`s lëkntds pdrnkdtrglds,

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glturg y pds` kçxnk`.   Lgs pgldtgs ` dldkdht`s fd agrig fdl tnp` pdrfnf` h`rkglnzgfgs ` h` p`r sdr fd rdsnstdhang nhsuenandhtd, s`l` pudfdh utnlnzgrsd dh glvd`l`s pr`vnst`s fd plghamgs fd rdsnstdhang suenandhtd y fdsdamgrl`s uhg vdz utnlnzgf`s. j. A`hedaanñh y sdpgrganñh fd agrigs   Dh dl ags` dh qud sd fdjgh rdglnzgr l`s trgjgc`s fd a`hedaanñh y sdpgrganñh fd agrigs dh l`s pgsnll`s îstgs sd fdjdh mgadr fd e`rkg qud sd dvntdh p`snjlds gaanfdhtds.   Aughf` dl tgkg÷`, e`rkg ` rdsnstdhang fd l`s `jcdt`s h` pdrkntg `jtdhdr uhg agrig fd a`mdsnñh suenandhtd a`k` pgrg `p`hdrsd g su agëfg, îstgs `

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sdrçh nhk`vnlnzgfgs a`h lg gyufg fd fnsp`sntnv`s fd rdtdhanñh (euhfgs fd kgtdrngl plçstna` rdtrgatnl, rdfds, anhtgs, eldcds, dta.).

 

a. _rdpgrganñh fd pdfnf`s p`r pdrs`hgs   H` sd p`frçh mgadr prdpgrgf`s fd pdfnf`s dh l`s hnvdlds glt`s fd l`s pgsnll`s sn h` ds a`h l`s dldkdht`s gfdaugf`s pgrg dll`, dstghf` dstrnatgkdhtd pr`mnjnf` sujnrsd dh lgs dstghtdrëgs. f. Kghnpulganñh fd agrigs   Lgs pgldtgs y a`htdhdf`rds mgh fd sdr kghnpulgf`s a`h lg agrrdtnllg kçs gpr`pngfg (Kdfnfgs fd lg m`rqunllg, agpganfgf fd agrig, dta.). A`htr`l fd lgs `pdrgan`hds fd glkgadhgkndht` y fdsglkgadhgkndht`3 `

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Lg sntuganñh fd lgs agrigs sdrç `righnzgfg fd e`rkg qud sd rdspdtd dl "plgh fd agrig" prdvngkdhtd dstgjldanf` a`h dl a`hstruat`r y qud rdsdrvg snstdkçtnagkdhtd lgs pgrtds jgcgs pgrg lgs agrigs kçs pdsgfgs. Nhfnagan`hds fd agrigs kçxnkgs gfknsnjlds Dh lgs dstghtdrëgs pgrg glkgadhgcd fd dldkdht`s pgldtnzgf`s sd fdjd a`l`agr uh nhfnagf`r fd agrigfdkçxnkg gfknsnjld p`r hnvdl, sntugf` dh luigr vnsnjld prdedrnjldkdhtd dh lgs agjdadrgs lgs dstghtdrëgs. A`hfnan`hds fd dxpl`tganñh _grg gsdiurgr uhgs a`hfnan`hds fd dxpl`tganñh sdiurgs sd fdjdrçh aukplnr lgs sniundhtds rda`kdhfgan`hds3   Lnkpngr fd p`lv` lgs luknhgrngs y eudhtds luknh`sgs fd e`rkg rdiulgr y pr`adfdr

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g su sustntuanñh sn mgad egltg.   Kghtdhdr lnjrd fd t`f` `jstçaul` l`s pgsnll`s fd sdrvnan` y anraulganñh fd lgs agrrdtnllgs fd kghutdhanñh gsë a`k` l`s pgsnll`s pdgt`hglds.   _r`mnjnr dl pgs` fd pdrs`hgs p`r l`s pgsnll`s fd sdrvnan`, y sn dxadpan`hglkdhtd sd mgad, p`hdr uhg sd÷gl fd pr`mnjnanñh fd dhtrgfg g l`s vdmëaul`s fd kghutdhanñh. Kghtdhnkndht` •

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Ds nkp`rtghtd lldvgr g agj` uh gfdaugf` pr`irgkg pdrnñfna` fd kghtdhnkndht` fd t`fgs lgs nhstglgan`hds fd gaudrf` a`h dl a`hstruat`r fd lgs knskgs, qud fdjdrç a`htdkplgr dhtrd `tr`s l`s sniundhtds gspdat`s3   Fdspuîs fd uh i`lpd, rddkplgzgr auglqundr dldkdht` fde`rkgf` vdrnenaghf` lg

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vdrtnaglnfgf fd lgs dsagldrgs, g kdhuf` fdsplgzgfgs fd su pl`kgfg (vdrtnagl). Dl dldkdht` hudv` fdjdrç sdr nfîhtna` gl sustntunf`. Dh auglqundr ags` y kndhtrgs h` sd mgyg rdpgrgf` sd fdjdrç fdcgr eudrg fd us` lg dstghtdrëg dh audstnñh.

 

  Gsdiurgr uhgs nhspdaan`hds fngrngs qud fdtdatdh gh`kglëgs eçanlkdhtd vnsnjlds

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tglds a`k`3 dldkdht`s fde`rkgf`s, fdedat`s fd vdrtnaglnfgf, fdjnlntgkndht` fdl sudl`, egltg fd igtnll`s fd sdiurnfgf, agrigs fdtdrn`rgfgs dta. y pr`adfdr g su rdpgrganñh nhkdfngtg.   Agfg g÷` sd fdjdrç mgadr uhg rdvnsnñh a`kpldtg fdl dstgf` fd lgs dstruaturgs p`r pgrtd fd uh tîahna` dspdanglnzgf` y gatugr dh a`hsdaudhang.   V`fgs lgs `jsdrvgan`hds rdlgtnvgs gl dstgf` fd lgs dstruaturgs y sudl` ds ga`sdcgjld qud sdgh a`hsnihgfgs dh uh rdinstr` dh dl qud sd mgrçh a`hstgr, edamg, hgturgldzg fd lg gh`kglëg rdinstrgfg, trgjgc`s mdam`s pgrg rdkdfngrlg y su edamg. Vgkjnîh sd fdjdrçh a`hsnihgr nhe`rkgan`hds rdlgtnvgs g lgs agrigs. Lnkpndzg •

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Qd fdjdh lldvgr g agj` lnkpndzgs pdrnñfnags ` fdspuîs fd auglqundr nhanfdhtd qud pr`v`qud uh fdrrgkd, qud fdjdrç mgadrsd fd nhkdfngt`.

6.-Grkgz`hds3 A`hcuht` fd pgrtds qud s`stndhdh lg a`hstruaanñh (euhanñh fd "gp`y`"). Qd fnstnhiudh : tnp`s fd grkgz`hds3 dl grkgzñh vdrtnagl3 qud tndhd p`r euhanñh sup`rtgr lgs pgrdfds y tdam`s fd uhg a`hstruaanñh. Qd trgtg prnhanpglkdhtd fd lgs vnigs - dl grkgzñh fdl tdcgf`3 dldkdht`s m`rnz`htglds fdl grkgzñh qud s`p`rtgh lg aujndrtg y qud fdtdrknhgh su nhalnhganñh. Grkgz`hds ` jgstnf`rds pgrg tgrnkgs3 L`s grkgz`hds pgrg tgrnkgs s`h ótnlds aughf` l`s kgtdrnglds h` tndhdh rninfdz ` dstgjnlnfgf pgrg gpnlgrl`s dh dl pns` y aughf` mgy irgh hókdr` fd uhnfgfds fd glkgadhgkndht` dh dxnstdhang. Dl grkgzñh pgrg tgrnkgs sd a`hdatg a`h lg tgrnkg y qudfg p`r dhankg fdl kgtdrngl2 snrvd a`k` dstruaturg pgrg a`l`agr `trg tgrnkg. G vdads sd vgrngs mnldrgs fdpgrg tgrnkgs y dst` dspgan` dh dl fdsfd pns` p`r a`ha`l`agh jgstnf`rds ` dstghtds tgrnkgs qudgm`rrg rdqundrdh gaads` l`sa`kpgrganñh pgsnll`s. Dl jgstnf`r sd pudfd fdsk`htgr sn h` sd rdqundrd gp`y` pgrg lg agrig qud dstç dh lg tgrnkg 4.-_lgtge`rkg pgrg Vr`ha`s3 Lgs plgtge`rkgs pgrg tr`ha`s Y``f-Knzdr kghtndhdh dl LV1?? `aupgf` gl p`snan`hgr l`s tr`ha`s g sdr a`rtgf`s y agrigrl`s dh dl gsdrrgfdr` aughf` ds hdadsgrn`. Fnsp`hnjlds dh f`s lgri`s fnstnht`s, dstgs plgtge`rkgs mnfrçulnags sd a`htr`lgh fdsfd lg dstganñh fdl `pdrgf`r. L`s tr`ha`s s`h a`hfuanf`s g l` lgri` fd lg plgtge`rkg p`r uhg agfdhg nkpulsgfg Lggplgtge`rkg dqunpgfg a`h uh erdh`/agrigf`r, qud sd dhagrig fd mnfrçulnagkdhtd. qud sñl` uh tr`ha` lg vdz sdg dstç agrigf` dh dl gsdrrgfdr`.

 

 

Qnstdkg fd Kghdc` fd Kgtdrnglds  Kgtdrnglds  Kdsg trghsp`rtgf`rg G l`s nhidhndr`s fd Y``f-Knzdr sd lds `aurrnñ uhg kghdrg jrnllghtd fd sgagr lgs tgjlgs fdl gsdrrgfdr` y gfdkçs rdfuanr lg agrig fd trgjgc`. Lg kdsg trghsp`rtgf`rg Y``fKnzdr utnlnzg lg irgvdfgf pgrg mgadr dl trgjgc`. Fdspuîs fd qud dl kgtdrngl lldig g lg kdsg trghsp`rtgf`rg, dl `pdrgf`r pudfd fgrld uhg pgtgfg g lg pndzg a`rtgfg pgrg qud agnig g uh lgf` (g `tr` trghsp`rtgf`r ` g uh çrdg fd glkgadhgkndht`) ` pudfd fdcgr qud lg tgjlg jgcd gut`kçtnagkdhtd p`r uhg kdsg a`h r`fnll`s f`hfd ds fdtdhnfg y sucdtgfg. Dstd fnsd÷` óhna` dlnknhg dl us` fd agfdhgs, dhirghgcds d nhalus` k`t`r dlîatrna`. Lg kdsg trghsp`rtgf`rg pudfd dstgr mdamg pgrg sdr usgfg p`r fndstr`s ` zurf`s

5.- _gldtgs fd kgfdrg  kgfdrg 

 

Ds uhg jghfdcg fd agrig a`hstntunfg dsdhanglkdhtd p`r f`s pns`s uhnf`s dhtrd së p`r lgriudr`s ` fgf`s, ` p`r uh pns` gp`ygf` s`jrd pnds ` s`p`rtds y auyg glturg dstç rdfuanfg gl këhnk` a`kpgtnjld pgrg su kghnpulganñh a`h m`rqunllgs kdtçlnags ` trghspgldtgs.

Zdutnlnzgr pgldtgs fd tnp` pdrfnf` Fdl kdfn` utnlnzgf` a`k` sucdanñh p`r r`zgkndht` a`h grnstgs ` aght`s vnv`s ` rdanjnr uh trgt` fur`.

Eni. ::  ::  Kdfnfgs prdvdhtnvgs A`h `jcdt` fd uhnenagr lgs pgldtgs dkpldgfgs dh lg dldvganñh y trghsp`rtd fd kgtdrnglds dh `jrgs fd a`hstruaanñh, sd fdjdrëgh utnlnzgr prdedrdhtdkdhtd pgldtgs fd kgfdrg, rdvdrsnjlds, fd f`s dhtrgfgs, snh glgs, fd =?? x 7.:?? kk., auygs agrgatdrëstnags sd fdenhdh dh lg h`rkg THD 6>->?: m7. Lgs pgldtgs fdjdrëgh lldvgr lg kgrag fdl egjrnaghtd y lg agrig h`knhgl fd utnlnzganñh, dxprdsgfg dh Bnl`irgk`s, dh agrgatdrds hdir`s.

 

H` sd fdjdrëgh rdutnlnzgr lgs pgldtgs fd tnp` pdrfnf`, fdjnîhf`sd kgragr a`h ldtrdr` glusnv` dh agrgatdrds hdir`s y fdsdamgrsd fdspuîs fd utnlnzgfgs g enh fd dvntgr p`snjlds drr`rds. Lg agrig pgldtnzgfg fdjdrëg rduhnr lgs sniundhtds a`hfnan`hds3 Lg agrig h` rdjgsgrç lgs a`hfnan`hds y pdrëkdtr` fd lg pgldtg (=?? x 7.:?? kk.). Lg glturg kçxnkg fd lg pgldtg a`h lg agrig fdjdrëg sdr fd 7.??? kk. Dl pds` jrut` fd lg pgldtg y lg agrig h` fdjdrëg dxadfdr fd 9?? bis. Lg agrig sd sucdtgrç a`hvdhndhtdkdhtd g lg pgldtg p`r kdfn` fd zuhamgf` ` dkpgagf`. Lg sucdanñh fdl kgtdrngl sd p`frç lldvgr g agj` a`h eldcds fd gadr` qud fdjdrçh aukplnr lg h`rkg THD 6>-=?7, ` jndh fd `tr` kgtdrngl niuglkdhtd rdsnstdhtd. Dl hókdr` fd eldcds vdhfrç fdtdrknhgf` p`r lgs fnkdhsn`hds fd lgs pndzgs ` kgtdrnglds trghsp`rtgf`s y pgrg qud qudfd igrghtnzgf` dh auglqundr ags` lg dstgjnlnfgf fd l`s knsk`s. Aughf` lg sucdanñh sd lldvd g agj` kdfnghtd dl dkpgagf` fd lg uhnfgf fd agrig a`h p`lnvnhnl` u `tr` kgtdrngl, sd fdjdrç tdhdr dh audhtg lg p`snjld r`turg fdl knsk` p`r lgs grnstgs fd l`s kgtdrnglds trghsp`rtgf`s, dl trgt` fur` g qud dstçh dxpudst`s dh lgs `jrgs, gsë a`k` l`s dseudrz`s g qud pudfdh dstgr s`kdtnf`s furghtd lg dldvganñh ` trghsp`rtd fdhtr` fd lgs knskgs, fdjnîhf`sd pr`adfdr dh tglds ags`s g igrghtnzgr lg dstgjnlnfgf fd lg agrig kdfnghtd uh zuhamgf` gfnan`hgl. _grg lg dldvganñh ` trghsp`rtd fd pndzgs sudltgs tglds a`k` lgfrnll`s, jglf`sgs, tdcgs, nh`f`r`s, dta. fnspudst`s s`jrd uhg pgldtg ` jghfdcg fd agrig y fd gqudllgs agrigs pgldtnzgfgs auyg dstgjnlnfgf h` dstî igrghtnzgfg, sd fdjdrëg fnsp`hdr dh `jrg fd uh adra` ` grkgzñh kdtçlna` gfgptgjld g lg knskg fd e`rkg gut`kçtnag gl pr`adfdrsd g lg antgfg `pdrganñh (Enis. :1 y :6).

 

Eni. :1  :1 

 

Eni. :6  :6 

Qd pr`mnjnrç lg dldvganñh fd agrigs pgldtnzgfgs auyg dstgjnlnfgf h` dstî fdjnfgkdhtd igrghtnzgfg. Dh ags` fd h` fnsp`hdr dh `jrg fd uh adra` ` grkgzñh kdtçlna` gfgptgjld g lg pgldtg, sd fdjdrçh trgsvgsgr l`s kgtdrnglds g uhg pgldtg agcg ` a`htdhdf`r ` g `tr` kdfn` gfdaugf` pgrg pr`adfdr g su dldvganñh ` trghsp`rtd (Eni. :4).

Eni. :4  :4 

L`s kgtdrnglds g irghdl dhvgsgf`s dh sga`s qud sd dldvdh ` trghsp`rtdh s`jrd pgldtgs, niuglkdhtd fdjdrçh sucdtgrsd a`hvdhndhtdkdhtd g lgs knskgs ` gf`ptgr lg s`luanñh nhfnagfg ghtdrn`rkdhtd. gh tdrn`rkdhtd. L`s kgtdrnglds g irghdl sd dldvgrçh ` fdsplgzgrçh kdfnghtd jgtdgs, cgulgs, agrr`s cgulgs, plgtge`rkgs, pgldtgs-agcgs ` a`htdhdf`rds auy` pdrëkdtr` dstî a`kpldtgkdhtd adragf`, h` dxnstndhf` dh lgs knskgs gjdrturgs qud pdrkntgh dl pgs` fd l`s kgtdrnglds trghsp`rtgf`s. L`s kgtdrnglds trghsp`rtgf`s h` fdjdrëgh s`jrdpgsgr dl j`rfd supdrn`r fd lg jgtdg ` a`htdhdf`r utnlnzgf`.

 

Fdspuîs fd lg utnlnzganñh fd lgs jgtdgs, cgulgs, plgtge`rkgs, pgldtgs y a`htdhdf`rds sd fdjdrëgh nhspdaan`hgr pgrg fdtdatgr p`snjlds fdtdrn`r`s dh l`s knsk`s y pr`adfdr dh a`hsdaudhang ghtds fd su rdutnlnzganñh. Dh lgs jgtdgs, cgulgs ` plgtge`rkgs kdtçlnags fdjdrç tdhdrsd dh audhtg lg p`snjld a`rr`snñh fd l`s dldkdht`s qud lg e`rkgh, t`kçhf`sd lgs kdfnfgs `p`rtuhgs. Aughf` lgs grnstgs vnvgs fd l`s kgtdrnglds trghsp`rtgf`s pudfgh fg÷gr l`s kdfn`s fd sucdanñh p`hndhf` dh pdlnir` lg dstgjnlnfgf fd l`s knsk`s, sd fdjdrëgh nhtdrp`hdr aght`hdrgs qud a`htrgrrdstdh fnam` dedat`. Aughf` sd dldvdh ` trghsp`rtdh vniudtgs, tgjl`hds, dta. s`jrd m`rqunllgs kdtçlnags (dldvgf`rds fd vnigs) lg l`hintuf fd lgs vniudtgs fdjdrëg s`jrdpgsgr gkplngkdhtd lgs pgtnllgs s`jrd lgs qud sd gp`ygh y, gsnknsk`, sd gtgrçh tdhnîhf`sd dh audhtg, gfdkçs, dl p`snjld fdslnzgkndht` t`tgl ` pgrangl fd lg agrig ghtd uhg dvdhtugl nhalnhganñh fdl dldvgf`r (Eni. :5).

Eni. :5  :5 

Lg j`ag fd sglnfg fdl m`rkniñh dh lg t`lvg fd m`rkni`hgf` fdjdrç adrrgr pdredatgkdhtd, pgrg dvntgr agëfgs fdl kgtdrngl g l` lgri` fd su trgydat`rng. H`rkgs pgrg a`hsultg NZGH@Z   NZGH@Z THD 6> >?? 7ª Zdvnsnñh3 Vdrknh`l`iëg fd lgs pgldtgs.

 

THD 6> >?7 7ª Zdvnsnñh3 _gldtgs sdhanllgs fd us` idhdrgl THD 6> >?: m 73 _gldtgs fd kgfdrg fd =?? x 7.:?? kk. THD 6> >?: m :3 _gldtgs fd kgfdrg fd 7.??? x 7.:?? kk. THD 6>->?:-99 _grtd NNN3 _gldtgs fd kgfdrg, _gldtg Dur`pdg fd kgfdrg, fd =?? x 7. :?? kk. H@ZKG FD AGLNFGF  AGLNFGF  THD 6> >?63 _gldtgs-agcgs fd us` idhdrgl THD 6> >?4 m 73 Adra` pldigjld fd kgfdrg pgrg pgldtgs fd =?? x 7. :?? kk. THD 6>->?9-9>3 _gldtgs fd tnp` pdrfnf` pgrg us` h` dspdanenagf`, a`h glgs, fd 7.??? x 7.:?? kk. THD 6> >?1 m 73 Kît`f`s fd dhsgy` fd lgs pgldtgs fd kgfdrg. A`kpr`jganñh fd lgs agrgatdrëstnags idhdrglds. THD 6> >?1 m :3 Kît`f`s fd dhsgy` fd lgs pgldtgs fd kgfdrg. Dhsgy`s fd eldxnñh g lg agrig. THD 6> >?1 m 13 Kît`f`s fd dhsgy` fd lgs pgldtgs fd kgfdrg. Dhsgy` fd agëfg lnjrd s`jrd çhiul`. THD 6>->?5-9>3 Kît`f`s fd dhsgy` kdaçhna`s fd lgs pgldtgs. THD 6>->?=-9>3 Agrigs pgldtnzgfgs y pgldtgs agcgs. KÎV@F@Q IDHDZGLDQ FD DHQG^@  DHQG^@  _HD 6>->?>3 AGZIGQ A@HQVZTAAN@H

_GLDVNSGFGQ

A@H

FDQVNH@

G

@JZGQ

FD

THD 6> =?73 Eldcds fd gadr`, pgrg dkjglgcds. THD 41 7==3 Kgtdrnglds plçstna`s. Kgtdrnglds fd _`lndtnldh`. Agrgatdrëstnags y dhsgy`s. THD 41-:94-9>3 _lçstna`s. _DLNATLG ZDVZGAVNL FD _@LNDVNLDH@ FD JGCG FDHQNFGF. Agrgatdrëstnags y kît`f`s fd dhsgy`.

 

THD 6>-?:=-94 _grtd UNNN3 Dkjglgcds kdtçlna`s pgrg kdraghaëgs pdlnir`sgs. DQ_DANENAGAN@HDQ ^ DHQG^@Q. THD 6>-?:=-95 _grtd N]3 Dkjglgcds tdxtnlds pgrg kdraghaëgs pdlnir`sgs. DQ_DANENAGAN@HDQ ^ DHQG^@Q. THD 6>-?:=-95 _grtd ]3 Dkjglgcds fd plçstna` pgrg kdraghaëgs pdlnir`sgs. DQ_DANENAGAN@HDQ ^ DHQG^@Q. JNJLN@IZGEËG (7) THD 6> >??. Vdrknh`l`iëg fd lgs pgldtgs. pgldtgs. (:) _HD 6>->?>. Agrigs pgldtnzgfgs a`h fdstnh` g `jrgs fd a`hstruaanñh. a`hstruaanñh. (1) THD 6> >?4 m 7. Adra` pldigjld fd kgfdrg pgrg pgldtgs fd =?? x 7. :?? kk. kk . (6) THD 6> =?7. Eldcds fd gadr`, pgrg dkjglgcds. dkjglgcds. Nhstgllgtn`h fd st`abgid dh rgy`hhgids kdtgllnquds. Enamd _rgatnqud fd Qdaurntî DF 1? y DF 17 Zdvnstg Vrgvgnl dt Qdaurntî H³ 6>?-6>7-6>1. 7>>: (:) N. Z. G. H. @. Z. H`rkg THD 4=.??1-9= Glkgadhgkndht` Kgfrnf 7>9=