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secNin mul+niri cdiroiullinosru,Ain Hrns dcla Brntrn pentruci r contribuncu blenoli cxperienr. sa considenbilihclorturilcmi*( dc lcizclaninls.nsul Lui clenldettein, dtccnrul2rtntic rl tunurii Binran penrroeiortul siu a.. bosir i i pcntruribdarc.Echipcinoa* k dem+i: rhili! Dun..Jrmcszh.ngt Keesveoenbos, pcnrroi'npnlchclruirqsiinvc(c.eatizilapcntrucrrpoi, inri a sacrilic. par.ca$iinili.l st iri din acea*i Gne o iplr(ic i$u lo2si.As.niloi nolti, AlZu.kcmrn si Sus n Ginsburgdc 11\grilcls Holse, penh inteliSenla,gri' ji ri sprijinullor. I-!i Moiica Cuy, P3ntrucoiecturi.:i .ururor cclorcareiu cnir cu mabnnaE dferneb shite Jc in inccrc.rca noa*ri.lo xgiripa$jelerciDinuscrisului u clarnaepute fi in conlinuaieimbunitii{iri: Dom S.oft, AlcxciMlolinow, NicolaiMlodinow,Mrrl! lrilery, Joslux Vcbman.SFpbenYoura, Robertlirkovnz, Marthx Lowths, Kalhdinc Ball,Amrn.h Bergcn,Jctrrey aoebffr, KinbcnyConea!{erCook, Matthel.Di.kinson,Drcw Donovinik, Dxvirl Fnlinser, Elerno. crevJ, Alicir Knrg*on,Vlaor lamond,Mi.hrelMelton,MychiclMul h.nr, Mitthcw Richrrd! MichcllcRose,smh scbnidt, ri/rishr. Cudi Simnors,Chrisrine veLb i chrisrophcr
Tnlul ace*eici4i diferi o mmtri doui cuvinteae.e la trlci4ii publicrr€prim dati in r9aa.S&nn itari. a tlh P,/,t a rinrr dmp de 237de siptanini pe lisft celof mi vindur€ci(i apublicarieilondone4 sad.! Tinet ti,losr dmpirl din er cateun exemph h fieore 750dc b.rb4l, Iemei$ copii de pe glob. Pmtru o canecde rdeazi catevt dine sbiectele celenai dificile alelizicii nodcrnc, s.dldot2 trcotriituit un suacsrtnarcabil.Toud, a.es re subiccrcdificilc sun! tobdati ri cclc nii idigabare, deoaroeolc scrof6i la i.lrebt ile .ele nri mi, la rcelei Iundrnentrle. Ce lucni $in cuadevinr despreunivcc ? cun rjnlgen si le cunoartcnt Dc ude lrovine univer snl $ incoEo sc indcapti? Ace*e p.oblen€ coNrituiru es{\ kwki i.ttonia in?rl"; ri elese,fb i in cenirolciJ ln aniidc cind a fos publi.art.t,na ,b& 4 tintk l,t, vcniftcactii din paner cnnorilof derone vir$eie si profcaiilcsi djn bne colturnehni in nod rpeEt, s de nt o mri ye$iudejunr c.re s: ncn!'nt esendalulJ.,tr; d,oa; d.r seexplicenri clai, nai peindel*e, celemi impotunte concepte.Deri nc-an ti pu r xgrcpbcao dfd decaitesi {ieintnnhrtO /d,?,li, trrd iuonea in?" &a q.drdin reslirpul,liculuici nu cmuprcrnulti ciritdi caft ar fi dorn o disefttie m:rnuniti, rd{vfii n'i degnbi curernor de cosnolosieh nivel dc cohgiu,
De unde9i rco.luldene6. ScriindO n.t {trd nbn. d t4l,,l noi amnenrinnt9i m qlis condnutulscn riJ rl ..rii iini,lq riod rorod:Lisrij, si , msr n(n v o lumu l s i u r u r i n rak.tu l a G.C ,fto n o ski $E( u r deviBt o m.i s.una istorie,deorcce o pme r coninutului stu d.i teLnicr lo$ lisa.i
[email protected] in schinb,sutem 6t lel risplnt4i e asupiadeniflri prin fta@ nai $fuiroN a matcnirhi cm ,lcituie$e cuadevarar niaul cifrii. Ne-m lolosntobdalt dcocazi.cr si iDcem .rn€1L zi si s: ilcludem noi teorii si rezulatc alc observaliilo. O tui qhni ntu'ic a unpalriAerncproBr$eler(enrc pc qrle , e l a b o Er i u nc rco ri ,(o mp l su fn n rkro rur or for ptftlt2r,O ne r z.ii. in Mltuna lelorhndrncnuLe prezin.t succ6ul obtinur id tcda coznor ri 'r,or'? rlitalile' sru cors pon.l. nlcledinuo difefnelerarii Ii "dn zice. .are consituie indic4ii ale *isrenlci unci reoni unificrte .tizicii, Din lrtun obse-dion.li,caftea includeloilc dc Erniniri impo@te, 6 relca efectutrtede s{.hulCosmnBr.ksroundlrptorer(coBE, cxptombruL fondutur (o $ i. ) r i d € t e l s op u l \p :{r H u b 6 k. cu cifcr parruzecidc ani jn urni, Richardlcyman r spus: "Suntennorocorisi dim iorr o cpoci in de semi f& inct d.s.openn. E h lel c. descoDerirer Anericii o faci nunai o d.ti. Epo.r noain *ti"p.q i" er d6".pftin lcsih ludmenhle rlc n{uiii." Asizi sunren ml aprorycdccarodcind dein!.lcgaer naturiiunivcsului,S.o pul pe cec-l uiharim prin lcrieE rcsfti ci4i 6E si imp:frrin plbliculli c*a din fMndul noilordc$opsifi sidin iour ihasiner re,liri6 6. ap.ie a Eurhr :t acobft.
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rlolcnlr;rfrumuep:.reilcmcrsizc)ziarvim: a .rtrmrdind pentrur-l preili. Locul pcdrl derin jnsignln.nt. $i illln tst rcsmo3usl prc d$tuIde lorletie LnFlc o mdumportu 5: I'tn$rrJn srsim 3Onnc inssiemno insneLr,.sr hblou Cu.irNr dcrtiin$ {uniispunci r In unl uncunorcu!om t B.nnnd Rlsoll) a liDs o hcne plblici dcspft snl.,Elipovanrom
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l curl h dndu su, sor€LedbiE,r mjurul(ftrului llm.ns,slomatn d. rcl. numldBrldir noakj t1 ridi.at i : spns:"ce itll Ldi'ei.o b.ui.i"i di".pd" -r pftanht Adev:nl esc ci lun€ i rici e*e o riur.ali. rti phl: pe spiitrct unci broqte $slnuti Lric F*ode de$iinJt a zanbir mn ||o,' l;"k d. li$!;d",;-,1 " pece$i ?" ,Suntelifode de*cpt .ondcnt: ,Si tc$odr
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"dd u|n.i F$olsctot arai' iG r" cotuidm n.i de8nbi C.i md mld oancnidc 'ivor (l fiindunoLninlinjt u tEuhinsrd ddkohinrBin(r dairLim dr Lo$c te*ore ordc* rrebuiio€d.m.i crcdelici n.i binc? Uieli p.itru o diPi br cesiili sau r -dspr.5prFU. Pn;\iapo,in 5G lr.erulno(rum Ce v.\iBindidspE nu\imc, pun.Ielordeluminir sdnlele nl$.nk, focun? Esreus1 inrgi.c?i'er€prezina.lc(0 dNrnr, f'mdo cea r (u{de.u Jsmt * aflr totrc
dcp:tu, dincolo dc apeicnlr noa*Ii oblNiri. Daci sun tc!'unp.vitor$iruitoralcerurilor,luocitrtivja!,orobr, b i L t u , n i,r n iL ;pJp n ndd\r!pmdro utu r ( d s , u l E$\ uphnflJ, M.ruur,,h o p :rcF!elo. rcm"rotam.u ? nodri. Pcllercu! . zi durcazi doni rcimi din rnll ec lei plancte.Atun.i.ind sorrclcc$c sus,serafiE Dhncki r i n s c r ( hp !1r tofld. p$k +ood. gnde..r rpo. t ; \ f iq i, r u r n o pr ,,knp cn tur r si udi rmi',us200dcL n d e Cc L siu. Dqio$ciobiriuitaeseLJct dedi{edric ;r.M,... hri de planeh nori|i, ni.i $!xui nu c ot uror d. imlgi nrca!ncuptoruriar..rcnistuiemili{dedekilosnmedc mreri. ii atirye ienpc(rri dc zcci dc nitioane dj srde in Un al: hcru difi.il de ituqimt e$. !.ardc dcoMe sc ani in ieilihte Dlanetele si selele.vechii chinc?irinjthr nr nundcp inrdrtclinure porrpn, maid€rproio. i: nctc. Inc frs. $uai.d{d!re)Lp mcrck(:iti ;utr;r :ptu" * decit sunt el. dc fapr - h urmr urmei, in vi4a de iics re 21,noinu avcn expcri.nhinenslordishntcdin spitiu A.eiea sun!rdt dc md, incatnu ire oi.i un senss:ik m: surin ln picioarcsaumilc,isicDm nasudD cclchai mulk dishrc. In lool lor, lolosim rnul-lunina, cde rcprczinri dnhn\i ri6ruE dc luruJ inr un m. Lrfl n: ;Rrq€ inr 4 eund: l3b 000 hil!. xdel d un iFlurui -r " disrmlifoxncdrrc.csmiapro ri rs, dir dcdt sorle no$ru, sre ?roximr Ccnhuri (cunoroti si sub nrmclc dc A l p l rcm hu 'i c) .rrtuinihodeprj.de.fr d p rru dn l u m,ni.sr €r u :to \inr $rcd(r rFrdedepr f t , rn c n .elui'nJinpjd !chi.! sp4naturrsu DcDrnrek ororc hniru. n, rcLui.ncr zec n de pc;Iru o.itiroiR ropoareG dnr kchim. sru sr:dun si inrelc.li unircF $1, d?r ele .u clibomeri inci marcmxne rj sriinrele no6 tr. A*izi dipDm d. iBhmcrb foanc purmie: menhlc can4rcnaticr si ndod! rtiini{ici - t Rhnoioqic€ cun r fi .alol or.lc ri tdcscorpelc.C! rjlbrul &;oi iBh
mente,ornenii deltiinli aurdurot o nulrine deNnojin !c dcsprcspaliu.Dar cc*i'n roi m xd*id dspie uni.vds ri cumamandb*e rccte ?Dc undcvincunive(ul?lnco no scindnpti ?A rvut cl un inccptrt,irr dacia amt, .e sr lnranpl{ jn.inrc dc $sra ? Cxreese mtun tn4ului ?vr rver cl undtsn ?heh orc cilisrl inipoi in irp ?Recn lch progrckdin {izici,oblinutein prne prjn nour khnoluBie, R sg!rcr: r;spunur lr rc{e ituhi nrtebjrl. Un€ori.!rpun!u,ilepuren. p)riitorrn JcloCnc6iJ!cl Pir:itului rotinduae tu iurul sorrelui ori, pone la lel deridicolccaturduldin bre{tc Fstorse.Nuni tnnpul(ori ced PurerIi icesh)ne-ov?sp!.e.
2 Imagineanoastri evolutivi despreumvers
Cu lore ci piDiii0. u emeilui Cr,$old ColL,o$cr1 ccn obiiiuir saindlft:ri .inloi e e redexu ci Piinintul cnc pht (bx .hir i in zilele n.r$fu m.i exnr:i uii qrc cred xsu), purm sisl rida.inilea*ron.'nici moJ{ne cu fruli nmp nr u.ni h vccLiisrtci. tnjunl inutuil40i cr., fit. zolul grec Ans.rcl a $ris o cr{., D6r'r. .di.. Arilerd l trdusin 3cea*:i.itrc rsum.nte vJrhil. !i con'i.s:totrrc D.i tr ider calimintll sk fti Jcsnbi reoid; o stu:i,d.
minusuL:,d !. f und Liri d.L1!ii. At.i, pc,niruricc pluLq tchaiiprdape,atiFteartmrcitephtmin lteamimnte, cumrIi pi.uel€ i,.orpLl mvei.Dft lu.1anlenu sepetc. dclocai..Aui.i !inJo na\rryrcl.orironr.primul lL,cru pc .are il vedeli $nt pi nzele a. sten Abia cevanrai tirzn, ii veti reder .trrtni Fxptul d pinzele .. rtrbiet, ridicr. nDi susd.caLnrplld, co.{iLuicp.i^a pan. r.i'ci.rc$'i pnnselinia orizontuhi Gsinddersupnluiconinuic dova di.:i P:imintolese cr o ning.. Grt.iii!ro i!dca5!ncnc.mulLaarcnic.ruloino. iurn.PerrcnealuiAisrotel, ornenii iunnesistrtrttimpdc sccolecun se niisdl luninilc te ..ruLin.unc.a! Ei iu
Unul dinde rsuncnkle silc sc l,a,Gri pee.lipscl.de luni. A;$orel r inrelcs.i a.ese ..liN tunaprcv;ok dc Pimin lrili.ind rstr sc ritueaz:iinrc S.r.5il nni Atunci.ind.v.Dinrcniul re lo., PamantuIisi pn;c(ciz:i umbrlF. runi,provocidJ idcl ecllpi. ArntotetI obs.r vitdiumlraPanrantulic{cGb eiunxrotu.di.sepork allcph rll .evl do{ daci ?:i'nidL!l .\re o sier:iri nu un dn. !l!. l)aci li:imintul r li nn disc pli! unL,c sr xr Ii cnshli nu,mi drl rclipsrs ff prod!.e in clipr nr.xr. Soarcle tr ti dn{tii dre$uL$hlui djs.uhi. ln celelah Do'r.dLc. unrbn trr Ii ilunBn:i in tonn. unci elips (elipsaese nn ccrctr!uiir). Grc.ii.vei! si un tri ), ti'mcnt pe.riu ideei.i linjin ruLe rctund.D?ci pimiDtul rr ii pht, {r.!ra c o cor: ',Ii !i lprrr mai intii br .arc sc rprop;c ,cdinn dnrpt ori7onr ,i,r(rD! a;!/o, h iosla..1{
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obscert .5. dcri .cle mi muLr.dinre miilc dc turini p. cre l. vederupimu d& nirrc impreu.i de a ormui:nl c rului, cinci dinre ele (tud x s..oti Lum) nn s depldau sr. Elc $ ririicerD uncori din druDul 1orrcgulrt de li e$ h ves a peui,ni 6uu inapoi.A.ese lunini aufos denDrnc phn* tu,,reticibirc-. Grccjj D o6sni!nunricinci;rndcadcoaftcenurlicinli Dorfi v,uk oocrxur Li Meru , vcnu,,Ma(q lupirc 5i{un A{r {rmd\.!F rrerele !deplaszr du!,i;!c!orii rn d \ n s bir n u n .p.r cr nrimp.en€lclcC{. CLir ti Ein$ein, cind d a tormu hr teona scncr.li a relfivniii in t915, .ra tat de convins ci univenul ft6uie si lie sudn in.nt, penh . hce posibil u.i ve6ul *dic, i . modinat Eoria prin in roducder in ecua dilc slc r Dnuif:sr dili.i.l, nuit con$mta cosnologici costmG cosdolog,ci:kr rclul unci lorF , risnvihlionale c.re, spredeosebnedc.clcl.ltc io4c, m proveneadi. vreo su6i m! me, ci cr. inrinssi nrzelii spaliului rinp Cr iczulbt al @Mi noilo4q spalid tinPavs, pdnins41sru tun e, iendin\a de r s {!iide. Aju$ind .onstnt., Ein$ein : prtur rc8l: :nplore, re*!i (nd nLc El r des.oP€nl(i re o po rc fi{r asfel (ns.onurbiLnrzePerfe'rrrt.u .iprcci a in&cBii mftcrii, ob{inind e 4zulbt nn unvc8 $t tic.lin*€in $adezishai tirziu de .on$mtt c6nologici r s. dai m1re srcsii .umind rces lacior n:scocit ".ca yom i. stizt rven notive $ cre vedei cuiidd, Dup: cuD pnta dreptne $o inho cr tin*ein li ti .vut den ci s ar dnci. Dar ceercedebu ic si I ti dezrmagn pc Ein*.in r Jo* {rybl .i s 1 ksr donid de.rcdinF inti un mNcr _*a!c r e c )! ! p ro p r! ru r c o n € p r E s t P ( 7 c : * _ ! ' r n e s o c ore tind!rG un ve^ulu'. Din cre r!im dorr un sinsxrom r rl .€pht e n strLor4cs,J P,€di.der rehiv E(" Bflrer.lc ln ih p . e E n { e if t iJ i f z n iei i . , u r u c i p e n l t u f l h r t r unive;lui nstnic rl elrtivirftii gcncrrlc, nltennici,nul i incirnul rus AleLsmdr Fnednann s 1 lpucit s:i-l exp!.e.
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Fnednmn r fiot doui presupuneri foxftesinpledsprc univcn: ci urilcEnl rrtrri h tcl in oricc dicclic rn privi 9i .i a.$t taptrimanevdabil d daciar obsenaunive6uldin oncrrc alt punct.Fricdnanna adbt di. pomind nunri dc la trce$edoui idei ii rezolvind ecurine relfivnirii senenle,nu ncpltem a$eptac. solu{il r: lic un unives rEtic. Dc frF, in 1922,cu .aiva aniinaintcdcdcacoponrdlui Edwin Flnbble,rriedmm I prezis*rct cea e Hubblerva si siPdlpunde .a univdul rtua laicl in onccd;.c{ie 6rc, flident, nu tocnai *trcti in reiinde. De excmplu,,ii cum
m men{iom! celebhc$eledin gal*ia noa*d lonneazao btrndidntincti delnmini d.-a .urmczisulceruLuinocturq tuniti C,ler ractec.Dtr, d&i privin la srl*iilc depimte deno,,numir ulac{ onpr e qne nr i m uk s u m r ipu( i n rc.l4,,n fi€.rcd,r({ e.Atrdr. unileralprrcsi fie,Pro xin.tivreli.iinoriad;eiemprivi.cucondi!,as on_ sider;n h o $ad trein compinlie o dr$44 dine galatli ri si iFioriJn des€biile la sctri mict. Inrsin4i vi ci snn Fri inii-o nidr* ii dre coDrciicreicin lodri i.tarDlitoe *ioxr ''e!' p.', ;r-" iire,s". 'eepser wde p. nu coDr l, o distrlid., i tcen. un mem In ir dnecie oured\ e,lerun oil. decop:cih doih{n di5lrn(r'Pidu ;"nu pue.:neLf.l- a;< d,,er e,dr .dr ,;v c r l ur i n considerretoi copcii peo razt deo mili, rces nP dedi feftnlc vor disptrerpin dediae i vEi dscoperi .: Pidu re cs. raeai in onccdirelie ni pri;. Mnld vrenc. distiburia hifornt a $elelo. a coturiruit j!$ifire suii.ie.ra penm ipotezrlui lriednann - a o o abroximrie in linii m.ri x univeGubi real.Dr, nii recent, d t i n r l o pr i 'i nFPk 5u o hn.' E,ium plr r er dez"al ur puncrc,luFnedmmncotu!to'eoderricRrm:r.rbilde drdi r univedului nosh. In 1965.doi lizicienianericmi de 1. L$onromle Scll Tclahone din New Je6ey,Ano ?enzixssi Robcn \vilsoq vflilicru u dctcctordenicrounde{ornc scnsibil.(Si ft dintif ci nicrcundeb 3untin .o.maicr nndeledelmjni dt $ Lungino dcundi deci.o un ceninem.) P@is ,i'wil$n i$i ftcau sdji, deoree & tectorullor crph m.i mul! zgonot dEit a. i tebuii Ei ru eisn murdine de oorombeii! ddedor ri .u cercdt tore ;isfunqiihpo"b'l;, dr leauaJus ftpede.zs.motul:v€ o:n( ul,r ibe de: peds i e'c hi m br .i ) i nor pr ci n r ol -cml oului,
