Step by Step Korean Excerpt

Written by Dr. In Ku Kim-Marshall ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

STEP BY STEP

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

Korean

1

through 15 Action Verbs

Table of Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... 3 About this book

...............................................................................................................

How to use this book

....................................................................................................

6 8

Unit 1 The Korean Alphabet, hangeul (한글) 1. Korean Sounds and Hangeul Letters .................................................... 10 2. How to Read Korean Words .................................................................. 12 3. How to Construct Korean Words.......................................................... 21 4. How to Write Korean Words.................................................................. 23

Unit 2 Korean Sentences with 15 Action Verbs Introduction

................................................................................................

Chapter 1. 가다 [ga－da]－ to go

.........................................................

34 38

Chapter 2. 공부하다 [gong－bu－ha－da]－ to study .................. 42 Chapter 3. 마시다 [ma－si－da]－ to drink

......................................

46

Chapter 4. 만나다 [man－na－da]－ to meet

.................................

50

Chapter 5. 말하다 [mal－ha－da]－ to speak

.................................

54

...............................................................

58

Review Exercises 01~05

Chapter 6. 먹다 [meok－da]－ to eat

.................................................

62

Chapter 7. 보다 [bo－da]－ to see ....................................................... 66 Chapter 8. 사다 [sa－da]－ to buy

.......................................................

Chapter 9. 오다 [o－da]－ to come

.....................................................

70 74

Chapter 10. 인사하다 [in－sa－ha－da]－ to greet ....................... 78 Review Exercises 06~10

4

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

...............................................................

82

Chapter 11. 일어나다 [i－reo－na－da]－ to get up Chapter 12. 읽다 [ik－dda]－ to read

....................

86

.................................................

90

Chapter 13. 있다 [it－dda]－ to have .................................................. 94 Chapter 14. 전화하다 [jeon－hwa－ha－da]－ to call

.................

98

Chapter 15. 좋아하다 [jo－a－ha－da]－ to like ........................... 102 Review Exercises 11~15 Answer Key

.............................................................

106

.............................................................................................

110

Unit 3 Korean Culture

Introduction ............................................................................................. 117

1. 세종대왕 [se－jong－dae－wang] : King Sejong the Great and hangeul, the Korean alphabet ..... 119 2. 태극기 [tae－geug－gi] : The Korean National Flag

.............

120

3. 단군 [dan－gun] : The Founder of Gojoseon, “the Oldest Kingdom of Korea”(2333 B.C. ~ 108 B.C.) 121 4. 추석 [chu－seok] : Harvest Moon Festival

...............................

122

5. 돌[dol]·환갑[hwan-gap] : Korean Family Celebrations ..... 123 6. 윷 [Yut] 놀이 [nori] : Traditional Korean Game

......................

125

7. 불고기 [bulgogi]·김치 [kimchi] : Korean Food

......................

126

..........................................................

130

Appendix A. Pronunciation Rules Continued

B. Basic Korean Grammar : Review ....................................................... 131

Vocabulary List

.............................................................................................

141

5

About this book

Starting to learn a new language can be an intimidating experience for students, especially if they are using a self－study method. This book is a fun and easy way to help students learn to read and speak simple Korean. Sample sentences built with 15 commonly used verbs will introduce simple vocabulary and basic points of Korean grammar. This way, students can make progress right from the start. They can then build on the knowledge gained here by continuing with the rest of this three-book series. The characteristic elements of this textbook are: beginning level study with the most common verbs and nouns introduction of basic Korean grammar rules for verb usage repetition of sentences on each page, allowing the student to learn vocabulary and grammar at the same time introduction of the basic sentence structure in the present tense grammar notes on each page vocabulary lists at the end of each page making it easy for the student to learn important words verbs followed by exercises to reinforce the knowledge of the verb’ s use pictures that enable the student to relate what they’ re learning to a visual image

6

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

conversational sentences which help the student learn simple conversational language discussion of Korean culture and customs The author hopes that the learner can develop knowledge and interest in Korean and that he/she will continue to deepen his/her understanding of the Korean language and culture.

7

How to use this book

Read each sentence and its meaning. Look at each picture and associate the meaning. Complete the various exercises and word searches including the cross word puzzles in this book. Study the grammar notes which can help the learner understand the important grammar points.

8

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

Unit 1 The Korean Alphabet, hangeul

Unit 1 : The Korean Alphabet, hangeul (한글) When first introduced by King Sejong in 1446, hangeul had 28 letters of which only 24 are in use today. The 10 basic vowels and 14 single consonants of hangeul expand to 21 vowels and 19 consonants for a total of 40 letters in combination. The following are the sound values and names of each letter.

1. Korean Sound and Hangeul Letters a. Consonants : 19 letters Single Consonant : 14 letters Hangeul Letter

ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ

Sound Value

[g/k] [n] [d/t] [r/l] [m] [b/p] [s/sh] [*/－ng] [j] [ch] [k] [t] [p] [h]

Name of letter

Example

기역 니은 디귿 리을 미음 비읍 시옷 이응 지읒 치읓 키읔 티읕 피읖 히읗

goat nose dog red moon big soft * George cheese kite table paper hat

[gi－yeok] [ni－eun] [di－geut] [ri－eul] [mi－eum] [bi－eup] [si－ot] [i－eung] [ji－eut] [chi－eut] [ki－eut] [ti－eut] [pi－eup] [hi－eut]

silent, when a word starts with this letter“ㅇ” ; －ng, at the end of a word.

10

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

Double Consonant : 5 letters Hangeul letter

Sound value

ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ

[kk] [tt] [pp] [ss] [jj]

Name of letter

쌍기역 쌍디귿 쌍비읍 쌍시옷 쌍지읒

[ssang－gi－yeok] [ssang－di－geut] [ssang－bi－eup] [ssang－si－ot] [ssang－ji－eut]

b. Vowels : 21 letters Single Vowel : 10 letters Hangeul Letter

ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ

Sound Value Name of letter

[a] [ya] [eo] [yeo] [o] [yo] [u] [yu] [eu] [i]

아 야 어 여 오 요 우 유 으 이

[a] [ya] [eo] [yeo] [o] [yo] [u] [yu] [eu] [i]

Example

father yacht about young home yo－yo mood you put bee

Vowels by themselves must always be preceeded by“o”(silent), because Korean words always begin with a consonant.

Ex.

아기 [a－gi] baby 어머니 [eo－meo－ni] mother

우유 [u－yu] milk 오리 [o－ri] duck

11

Double Vowel : 11 letters Hangeul letter

Sound value

ㅐ ㅒ ㅔ ㅖ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅢ

[ae] [yae] [e] [ye] [wa] [wae] [we] [weo] [we] [wi] [eui]

Name of letter Example

애 얘 에 예 와 왜 외 워 웨 위 의

[ae] [yae] [e] [ye] [wa] [wae] [we] [weo] [we] [wi] [eui]

cat yam bet, pen yes wine quack when wonder when we －

2. How to Read Korean Words In Korean, each letter has a unique sound associated only with that letter. The following are examples of how to read the consonants (c) and vowels (v) that form each word.

Ⅰ.

ㄱ + ㅏ

ㄱ 가 [ga]

[g]

Ⅱ.

[a]

ㄱ + ㅏ [g] [a] + ㄱ [k]

고 [go]

+ ㅗ

각 [gak]

[g]

[o]

ㄱ [g] + ㅗ [o] + ㅅ[t]

곳 [got]

At the end of a word, ㄱ is pronounced as [k], ㅅ is pronounced as [t], when the word is not followed by another word.

12

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

Ⅲ.

ㄱ +ㅏ [g] [a] + ㅂ ㅅ [p] [Ø]

값 [gap]

ㄱ [g] + ㅗ [o] + ㄹ ㅅ [l] [Ø]

곬 [gol]

When the double consonants ㅂㅅ and ㄹㅅ are used as final consonants and are followed by ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ or ㅈ, they are pronounced as single finals [p], and the ㅅ is not pronounced.

Reading Practice : Read each word aloud. a. Consonants : 19 letters ㄱ [g] ㄴ [n] ㄷ [d] ㄹ [r]*

고기

[go－gi]

meat

기차

[gi－cha]

train

구두

[gu－du]

shoes

고추

[go－chu]

red－pepper

나비

[na－bi]

butterfly

누나

[nu－na]

elder sister

노루

[no－ru]

deer

나무

[na－mu]

tree

다리

[da－ri]

leg, bridge 도라지 [do－ra－ji]

도토리 [do－to－ri] acorn

두부

라디오 [ra－di－o]

radio

러시아 [reo－si－a]

Russia

ruby

토요일 [to－yo－il]

Saturday

루비

[ru－bi]

[du－bu]

bellflower tofu

* If a word starts with“ㄹ,”you pronounce it [r], but if a word ends with“ㄹ,”you pronounce it [l].

ㅁ [m] ㅂ [b] ㅅ [s] ㅇ [Ø]*

머리 모자 바다 보리 사자 수저

[meo－ri] [mo－ja] [ba－da] [bo－ri] [sa－ja] [su－jeo]

head hat sea barley lion spoon and chopsticks 아버지 [a－beo－ji] father duck 오리 [o－ri]

모기 무 바지 비누 소나무 스승

[mo－gi] [mu] [ba－ji] [bi－nu] [so－na－mu] [seu－seung]

mosquito radish trousers soap pine tree teacher

어머니 [eo－meo－ni] mother 우유 [u－yu] milk

* Initial“o”is silent.

13

자유 [ja－yu]

freedom

자두 [ja－du]

plum

주사 [ju－sa]

injection

지구 [ji－gu]

globe

차 [cha]

car, tea

초 [cho]

candle

층 [cheung]

floor

치마 [chi－ma]

skirt

코 [ko]

nose

소쿠리 [so－ku－ri]

basket

키 [ki]

height

코끼리 [ko－ggi－ri]

elephant

타자기 [ta－ja－gi] typewriter

투수 [tu－su]

pitcher

토끼 [to－ggi]

rabbit

타조 [ta－jo]

ostrich

파도 [pa－do]

wave

포도 [po－do]

grape

피부 [pi－bu]

skin

파리 [pa－ri]

fly

하마 [ha－ma]

hippo

허리 [heo－ri]

waist

휴지 [hyu－ji]

tissue

호도 [ho－do]

walnut

까치 [gga－chi]

magpie

꾸러미 [ggu－reo－mi] bundle

꼬마 [ggo－ma]

kid

꿈 [ggum]

dream

따다 [dda－da]

to pick

띠 [ddi]

belt

뜨다 [ddeu－da]

to rise

또다시 [ddo－da－si]

again

ㅃ [bb]

빵 [bbang]

bread

빠르다 [bba－reu－da] to be fast

바쁘다 [ba－bbeu－da] to be busy

기쁘다 [gi－bbeu－da] to be happy

ㅆ [ss]

싸우다 [ssa－u－da] to fight

쏘다 [sso－da]

to shoot

쓰다 [sseu－da]

to write

쌀 [ssal]

rice

ㅉ [jj]

짜다 [jja－da]

to be salty

쪽 [jjok]

piece, direction

찌다 [jji－da]

to steam

찌개 [jji－gae]

stew

ㅈ [j] ㅊ [ch] ㅋ [k] ㅌ [t] ㅍ [p] ㅎ [h] ㄲ [gg] ㄸ [dd]

b. Vowels : 21 letters ㅏ [a] ㅑ [ya] ㅓ [eo] ㅕ [yeo]

14

가수 [ga-su]

singer

나비 [na-bi]

butterfly

다리 [da-ri]

leg, bridge

아기 [a-gi]

baby

야구 [ya-gu]

baseball

야자수 [ya-ja-su] palm tree

야만 [ya-man]

savage

대야 [dae-ya]

washbowl

거리 [geo-ri]

street

머리 [meo-ri]

head

버스 [beo-seu]

bus

허리 [heo-ri]

waist

여자 [yeo-ja]

woman

벼 [byeo]

rice plant

여우 [yeo-u]

fox

여름 [yeo-reum]

summer

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

소 [so]

cow

오이 [o-i]

cucumber

호수 [ho-su]

lake

모자 [mo-ja]

hat

표 [pyo]

ticket

효 [hyo]

filial piety

교수 [gyo-su]

professor

요리 [yo-ri]

cooking

구두 [gu-du]

shoes

두부 [du-bu]

tofu

부모 [bu-mo]

parents

주소 [ju-so]

address

뉴스 [nyu-seu]

news

유리 [yu-ri]

glass

유자 [yu-ja]

citron

휴지 [hyu-ji]

tissue

그네 [geu-ne]

swing

스키 [seu-ki]

ski

크다 [keu-da]

to be big

흐르다 [heu-reu-da] to flow

이사 [i-sa]

moving

비누 [bi-nu]

soap

기차 [gi-cha]

train

지구 [ji-gu]

globe

배추 [bae-chu]

cabbage

배 [bae]

ship / pear

새우 [sae-u]

shrimp

해 [hae]

sun

ㅔ [e] (ㅓ+l)

세모 [se-mo]

triangle

가게 [ga-ge]

shop

ㅖ [ye] (ㅕ+l)

예 [ye]

yes

시계 [si-gye]

watch

세계 [se-gye]

world

차례 [cha-rye]

order

ㅘ [wa] (ㅗ+ㅏ)

과자 [gwa-ja]

cookies

화가 [hwa-ga]

painter

와요 [wa-yo]

come

왕 [wang]

king

ㅙ [wae] (ㅗ+ㅐ)

돼지 [dwae-ji]

pig

왜 [wae] why, old name of Japan

왜요 [wae-yo]

why

쾌차 [kwae-cha] complete recovery

ㅚ [we] (ㅗ+l)

외교 [we-gyo]

diplomacy

외가 [we-ga] mother’ s family

회사 [hwe-sa]

company

외국 [we-guk] foreign country

ㅝ [weo] (ㅜ+ㅓ)

추워요 [chu-weo-yo] cold

더워요 [deo-weo-yo] hot

매워요 [mae-weo-yo] spicy

원숭이 [weon-sung-i] monkey

위 [wi]

up / stomach

뒤 [dwi]

behind, rear

귀 [gwi]

ear

쥐 [jwi]

rat

의사 [eui-sa]

doctor

의자 [eui-ja]

chair

예의 [ye-eui]

politeness

의회 [eui-hwae]

congress

ㅗ [o] ㅛ [yo] ㅜ [u] ㅠ [yu] ㅡ [eu] ㅣ [i] ㅐ [ae] (ㅏ+l)

ㅟ [wi] (ㅜ+l) ㅢ [eui] (ㅡ+l)

나그네 [na-geu-ne] vagabond, traveler 제주도 [je-ju-do] Jeju Island

15

Reading PracticeⅡ: continued c. Third position consonants : 8 pronunciation groups In Korean, the 2nd and 3rd consonants in a word are referred to as 받 침. 받침 must always be 1 or 2 consonants and all fall into eight pronunciation groups: 1

ㄱ, ㅋ and ㄲ are pronounced as [k], when the word is not followed by another vowel. Ex.

k] 속 [sok inside k] kitchen 부엌 [bu-eok

k] Korea 한국 [han-guk k] 밖 [bak outside

2

ㄴ is pronounced as [n n]. This letter sound does not change, whatever the position. Ex.

nun n] 눈 [n eye, snow n-gae] fog 안개 [an

n-ji] letter 편지 [pyeon n] towel 수건 [su-geon

3

ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ and ㅆ are pronounced as [tt], when the word is not followed by another vowel. Ex.

곧 [gott] 빗 [bitt] 낮 [natt] 빛 [bitt] 밑 [mitt] 있다 [itt-dda]

soon comb daytime light bottom to have

숟가락 [sutt-ga-rak] 옷 [ott] 잊다 [it-dda] 꽃 [ggott] 끝 [ggeutt]

spoon clothing to forget flower end

17

4

ㄹ is pronounced as [ll], when the word ends with“ㄹ.” Ex.

달 [dall] moon 얼굴 [eol-gull] face

가을 [ga-eull] autumn 딸기 [ddall-gi] strawberry

And if a word ends with“ㄹ”and is followed by another “ㄹ,”you pronounce both [l]. Ex.

달라요 [dall-lla-yo] (it) is different 몰라요 [moll-lla-yo] (I) do not know

5

ㅁ is pronounced as [m m]. This letter sound does not change, whatever the position. Ex.

m] spring 봄 [bom m] night, chestnut 밤 [bam

m-sim m] lunch 점심 [jeom m] heart 마음 [ma-eum

6

ㅂ and ㅍ are pronounced as a short [p p]at the end of a final syllable Ex.

p] 앞 [ap front p] class 수업 [su-eop

p] 옆 [yeop side p] occupation 직업 [ji-geop

7

ㅇ is pronounced as [-ng], when a word ends with “ㅇ.” Ex.

ng] river 강 [gan ng] ball 공 [gon

ng] 방 [ban room ng-guk] England 영국 [yeon

8

ㅎ becomes silent [ø], when it is at the end of a syllable and is followed by a vowel. Ex.

18

ㅎ

ø(silent)

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

아 [jo o-a] that’ 좋아 s fine 으면 [jo o-eu-myeon] If (you) like 좋으

But when ㅎ is at the end of a syllable that is followed by the consonants ㄱ, ㄷ, or ㅈ, the pronunciation of the consonants changes to the aspirated consonants [ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅊ] respectively. Ex.

ㅎ+ㄱ

k] [k

ko] put and 놓고 [no-k ko](it’ 좋고 [jo-k s) fine and

ㅎ+ㄷ

[tt]

놓다 [no-tta] to put 좋다 [jo-tta] to be good

ㅎ+ㅈ

ch] [c

chi] 좋지 [jo-c chi] 놓지 [no-c

Pronunciation Note : “Liaison” (연음법칙) When the consonant is at the end of a syllable and is followed by a vowel, it is pronounced at the beginning of the next syllable. Ex.

에 [so-g ge] 에 [han-gu-g ge] 속에 inside 한국에 에 [bu-eo-k ke] in the kitchen 에 [ba-g gge] 부엌에 밖에 이 [bi-c chi] 에 [mi-tte] under, on the bottom 빛이 밑에 에 [na-jje] si] 낮에 during the day 옷이 [o-s 이 [su-eo-b bi] class 이 [ji-geo-b bi] 수업이 직업이 으로 [a-p peu-ro] to the front 에 [yeo-p pe] 앞으 옆에

in Korea outside the light is the clothes are the job is to the side

Reading PracticeⅢ: 안녕하세요? [an-nyeong-ha-se-yo] (안녕!) Hello, Hi Used as a greeting in the morning, in the afternoon, and in the evening.

안녕히 가세요. [an-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo] Good-bye Saying good-bye in a situation when one stays at a place and the other departs.

안녕히 계세요. [an-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo] Good-bye This phrase is used by the person who departs from the place.

19

3. How to Construct Korean Words There are six ways to construct Korean words using Hangeul. These 6 ways can be sub-divided into two parts, each consisting of 3 types of word constructions, as described below in part A and B. Construction of a Korean word must always begin with a single or double consonant.

Part A (1-3) When the first vowel in a word is“ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅓ, ㅕ, or l,” the word is constructed by having the letters arranged horizontally. (c-consonant: v -vowel) 1. Horizontal combination of a consonant with one of these 5 vowels Ex.

c+v

ㄱ+ㅏ

가

2. Horizontal combination of 2 consonants and a vowel. The 1st consonant stands side by side with a vowel. The 2nd consonant is written below the combined c+v. The 2nd consonant is 받침 [bat-chim]). 받침 can be 1 or referred to as the third position (받 2 consonants but must always be a consonant. Ex.

c+v c

(받침)

ㄱ+ㅏ ㄱ

각

3. Horizontal combination of 3 consonants and a vowel. (c+v+2 consonants) Ex.

c+v c c

(받침)

ㄱ+ㅏ ㅂ ㅅ

값

21

Part B (4-6) When the final vowel in the word is,“ㅗ, ㅛ, ㅜ, ㅠ or ㄱ ㅡ,”the word is constructed by having the letters arranged vertically. 4. Vertical combination of a consonant with one of these 5 vowels (ㅗ, ㅛ, ㅜ, ㅠ or ㅡ). Ex.

c + v

ㄱ + ㅗ

고

5. Vertical combination of 2 consonants and a vowel. Ex.

c + v + c

(받침)

ㄱ + ㅗ + ㅅ

곳

6. Vertical combination of 3 consonants and a vowel. (c+v+2 consonants). Ex.

22

c + v + c c

(받침)

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

ㄱ + ㅗ + ㄹ ㅅ

곬

4. How to Write Korean Words The easiest way to learn to write hangeul is to follow the prescribed stroke order below using squared paper.

a. Consonants : 19 letters The fourteen consonants are shown below in Korean alphabetical order with the direction and sequence of the strokes. The romanized letters are their sound value.

ㄱ

g

ㄲ gg ㄴ

n

ㄷ d/t 23

ㄸ dd ㄹ r/l ㅁ

m

ㅂ b/p ㅃ bb ㅅ 24

s

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

ㅆ

ss

ㅇØ ㅈ

j

ㅉ

jj

ㅊ ch

25

26

ㅋ

k

ㅌ

t

ㅍ

p

ㅎ

h

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

b. Vowels : 21 letters There are a total of twenty-one different vowel-syllables. In the table below, the vowels are listed in Korean alphabetical order

ㅏ

a

ㅐ ae ㅑ ya ㅒ yae ㅓ eo 27

ㅔ

e

ㅕ yeo ㅖ ye ㅗ

o

ㅘ wa ㅙ wae 28

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

ㅚ oe ㅛ yo ㅜ

u

ㅝ weo ㅞ we

29

ㅟ

ui

ㅠ yu ㅡ eu ㅢ eui l

30

i

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

Exercises 1. Write the fourteen consonants in the

.

ㄱ- - - - - - - - - - - - 2. Fill in the boxes alphabetically.

ㄱ- -ㄷ- -ㅁ-ㅂ- 3. Write the ten vowels in the

ㅏ-

-

-

-

-ㅈ-ㅊ- -ㅌ- -ㅎ

.

-

-

-

-

-

4. Please fill in the gaps in alphabetical order.

ㅏ-

-

-ㅕ-

-ㅛ

-ㅠ-

-ㅣ

5. Write the words in alphabetical order.

ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ 가지 치마 자두

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

호수 파도 타다

나무 사자 크다

오이 마음 다리

라디오 불고기

⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭

31

Unit 2 : Introduction In Korean, verbs are conjugated in 4 different forms depending on whom is being addressed. These forms are: Polite formal, Polite informal, Plain and Intimate Speech style (See detail in Appendix, page 135) You will learn in Unit 2

1.

How to conjugate verbs in the present tense using the polite informal form (Vst+-아요/어요/여요): (Vst : abbreviation of Verb Stem) The infinitive form of every Korean verb consists of the stem and the -다 ending.

Ex.

가다 (to go)

공부하다 (to study)

가 다

공부하 다

stem

ending

stem

ending

When conjugating the verb, -다 is dropped and the polite informal form is added to the stem. All verbs fall into one of three groups, which determines the conjugation:

34

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

a.

When the Vst ends with the vowel ㅏ or ㅗ, then the ending changes this way ⇒ Vst+-아요 Ex.

가다 (to go)

가+-아요

가요

stem

오다 (to come)

오+-아요

와요

stem

b.

When the Vst ends with any vowel except ㅏ or ㅗ, then the ending changes this way ⇒ Vst+-어요

먹다 (to eat)

먹+-어요

먹어요

stem

입다 (to wear)

입+-어요

입어요

stem

c.

When the Vst ends with“하다”verb ending, such as 공부하다, 좋아하다, then the ending changes this way ⇒ 하+-여요 which is contracted as Vst+-해요

공부하다 (to study)

공부하+-여요

공부해요

stem

일하다 (to work)

일하+-여요

일해요

stem

35

Note: When conjugating some verbs, certain vowel combinations occur, which are then contracted. The following are examples of contraction rules: Ex.

contraction

2.

Verb

Example: polite informal conjugation (Vst+-아/어/여요)

아＋아 = ㅏ [a]

가다 (to go)

가＋－아요

가요

오＋아 = ㅘ [wa]

오다 (to come)

오＋－아요

와요

우＋어 = ㅝ [weo]

주다 (to give)

주＋－어요

줘요

어＋어 = ㅓ [eo]

서다 (to stand)

서＋－어요

서요

이＋어 = ㅕ [yeo]

마시다 (to drink)

마시＋－어요

마셔요

아＋여 = ㅐ [ae]

일하다 (to work)

일하＋－여요

일해요

How to construct a Korean Sentence : The Korean sentence is structured in Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order. The verb is always at the end of the sentence. Unlike in English, the Korean subject is followed by a subject particle (-이/가) and the object is followed by an object particle(-을/를). Ex.

subject

object

아기가

우유를 마셔요. (The baby drinks milk.)

subject particle

object particle

Note: The verb in the Korean language never changes regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural, personal pronoun third person (he, she, it), or a proper noun (Georgetown University). Also, Korean never uses capital letters or cursive.

36

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

For the rest of this course, verbs (in the vocabulary list) will be written with the stem in a larger font than the ending: Ex.

가다 ⇒ 가

verb stem + 다

ending

먹다 ⇒ 먹

verb stem + 다

ending

공부하다 ⇒ 공부하

verb stem + 다

ending

37

Chapter. 01 가다 (to go) 나는 학교에 가요. I go to school.

Vocabulary 가다 어디(에) 나(는) 학교(에)

38

to go 가요 (가+－아요)－present tense (to) where I (topic marker) (to) school / 학교－school

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

가요. 가요. 어디에 가요? 학교에 가요. 나는 나는 학교에 가요. Grammar Notes －은/는

Topic marker. When attached to a noun, it shows the subject of the sentence, or“contrast,” (See p.132) Subject of the sentence ⅰ. When the noun ends in a consonant,“－은” Ex. 수진은 학교에 가요. (수진－Sujin) As for Sujin, she is going to school. ⅱ. When the noun ends in a vowel,“－는” Ex. 나는 대학교에 가요. (대학교－university) As for me, I am going to the university.

어디

“where”

－에

“in,” “at,”or“to.”Used after place or time nouns to show location or direction. Ex. 학교에 가요. I go to school. 뉴욕에 가요. (뉴욕－New York) I go to New York.

39

Exercises 01 1. Fill in the blanks with“은”or“는” . ⓐ 나(

) 학교에 가요.

ⓑ 앨버트( ⓒ 수진(

) 학교에 가요. (앨버트－Albert) ) 집에 가요. (수진－Sujin / 집－home)

가다 (to go)

ⓓ 어머니(

) 가게에 가요. (어머니－mother / 가게－store)

ⓔ 우리들(

) 학교에 가요. (우리들－we)

2. Fill in the blanks with“에”. ⓐ 나는 학교(

) 가요.

ⓑ 앨버트는 뉴욕( ⓒ 수진은 서울(

) 가요. (뉴욕－New York) ) 가요. (서울－Seoul)

ⓓ 우리들은 한국(

) 가요. (한국－Korea)

3. Translate into Korean. ⓐ I go to school.

ⓑ Albert goes to New York.

ⓒ We go to Florida.

ⓓ Sujin goes to Seoul.

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STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

Ex.

Ch. 01

4. Read the sentence. Which word is the verb? Mark your answer in each line.

나는 학교에 가요. ⓑ 가요.

ⓒ 학교

ⓓ에

ⓐ 가요.

ⓑ 학교

ⓒ는

ⓓ나

ⓐ 학교

ⓑ나

ⓒ에

ⓓ 가요.

가다 (to go)

ⓐ나

5. Read each sentence. Choose the sentence that is written correctly. Mark your answer. ⓐ 학교에 가요 나는. ⓑ 가요 나는 학교에. ⓒ 나는 가요 학교에. ⓓ 나는 학교에 가요. 6. Answer the following questions, using the answers given in parentheses. ⓐ 어디에 가요? (학교) ⓑ 수진은 어디에 가요? (집－home) ⓒ 친구는 어디에 가요? (뉴욕－New York / 친구－friend) ⓓ 앨버트는 어디에 가요? (한국－Korea) ⓔ 어머니는 어디에 가요? (가게－store)

41

Chapter. 02 공부하다 (to study) 나는 한국말을 공부해요. I study Korean.

Vocabulary 공부하다

나(는) 한국말(을)

42

to study 공부해요 (공부하+－여요)－present tense I (topic marker) Korean language (object particle)

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

공부해요. 공부해요. 나는 공부해요. 나는 나는 공부해요. 나는 한국말을 공부해요. Grammar Notes －을/를

Object particle. It comes after a noun and shows the“object” of the verb. i. When a noun ends in a consonant, “－을” Ex. 친구가 한국말을 공부해요. (친구－friend) ii. When a noun ends in a vowel, “－를” Ex. 친구가 영어를 공부해요. (영어－English) My friend studies English.

Personal Pronoun

These forms are used when the speaker talks to a subordinate or an equal. singular

I you he she it

*－들

plural 나 너 그 그녀 그것

we you they

우리(들)* 너희(들) 그들 그것들

Plural marker Ex. 학생 (student)

학생들 (students) / 아이 (child)

아이들 (children)

43

Exercises 02

Ch. 02

1. Fill in the blanks with“을”or“를.” ⓐ 앨버트는 한국말(

) 공부해요.

ⓑ 수진은 영어(

) 공부해요. (영어－English)

ⓒ 나는 독일어(

) 공부해요. (독일어－German)

공부하다 (to study)

ⓓ 수미는 스페인어( ⓔ 친구는 중국어(

) 공부해요. (수미－Sumi / 스페인어－Spanish) ) 공부해요. (중국어－Chinese)

2. Translate into Korean. ⓐ My friend studies Korean. (my－내) ⓑ Sujin studies English. (Sujin－수진) ⓒ We study Spanish. (we－우리들) ⓓ My friend studies Chinese. (Chinese－중국어) ⓔ I study Japanese. (Japanese－일본어) ⓕ We study German. (we－우리들)

3. Read the sentences and choose the one that is written correctly. Mark your answer. ⓐ 한국말을 수진 공부해요. ⓑ 공부해요 나는 영어를 ⓒ 우리들은 공부해요 영어 ⓓ 우리들 영어를 공부해요. ⓔ 우리들은 한국말을 공부해요.

44

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

Ch. 02

4. Form a correct sentence from each group of words given below. ⓐ 독일어, 수진, 공부하다

공부하다 (to study)

ⓑ 공부하다, 나, 스페인어

ⓒ 앨버트, 한국말, 공부하다

ⓓ 영어, 우리들, 공부하다

5. The following sentences are scrambled. Please write them correctly. ⓐ 공부해요 중국어를 나는

ⓑ 영어를 수미는 공부해요 (수미－Sumi)

ⓒ 앨버트는 공부해요 스페인어를

ⓓ 공부해요 독일어를 수진은

45

Chapter. 03 마시다

(to drink)

동생이 물을 마셔요. My younger sibling drinks water.

Vocabulary 마시다 내 동생(이) 물(을) 운동 후에 지금

46

to drink 마셔요(마시+－어요)－present tense my (shortened form of 나의－my) younger sibling (subject particle) water (object particle) exercise after now

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs