Steel Frame Design Manual: Italian NTC 2018
February 16, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Utooh Gr`no Dosacl N`lu`h At`ha`l LTE :906
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl N`lu`h At`ha`l LTE :906 gkr OT@JU®
AUK OT@9::601N01 Zov 9 Yrkudhy dovohkpod al tfo _latod Ut`tos kg @norae`
Gojru`ry :901
Ekpyracft
Ekpyracft Eknputors & Utrueturos, Ale., 0136-:901 @hh racfts rosorvod. Tfo EUA Hkck®, U@Y:999®, OT@JU®, `ld U@GO® `ro rocastorod tr`don`rbs kg Eknputors & Utrueturos, Ale. S`tef & Ho`rlTN as ` tr`don`rb kg Eknputors & Utrueturos, Ale. @dkjo® `ld @erkj`t® `ro rocastorod tr`don`rbs kg @dkjo Uystons Alekrpkr`tod.
Tfo eknputor prkcr`ns U@Y:999® `ld OT@JU® `ld `hh `sskea`tod dkeunolt`takl `ro prkpraot`ry `ld ekpyracftod prkduets. Skrhdw Skrhdwado ado racfts kg kwlorsfapkr rost watf Eknputors & Utrueturos,alAle. uso prakr kg tfoso prkcr`ns roprkduetakl kg dkeunolt`takl `ly_lhaeolsod gkrn, watfkut wrattol `utfkraz`takl grkn Eknputors & Utrueturos, Ale., as oxphaeathy prkfajatod. Lk p`rt kg tfas pujhae`takl n`y jo roprkdueod kr dastrajutod al `ly gkrn kr jy `ly no`ls, kr stkrod al ` d`t`j`so kr rotraov`h syston, watfkut tfo prakr ooxphaeat xphaeat wrattol pornassakl kg tfo pujhasfor. pujhasfor. Gurtfor algkrn`takl `ld ekpaos kg tfas dkeunolt`takl dkeunolt `takl n`y jo kjt`alod grkn= Eknputors & Utrueturos, Ale. fttp=//www.esa`norae`.ekn/ algkIesa`norae`.ekn (gkr color`h algkrn`takl) suppkrtIesa`norae`.ekn (gkr toeflae`h suppkrt) suppkrtIesa`norae`.ekn
DAUEH@ANOZ EKLUADOZ@JHO TANO, OGGKZT @LD OVYOLUO F@WO CKLO ALTK TFO DOWOHKYNOLT @LD TOUTALC KG TFAU UKGTS@ZO. FKSOWOZ, TFO _UOZ @EEOYTU @LD _LDOZUT@LDU TF@T LK S@ZZ@LTQ AU OVYZOUUOD KZ ANYHAOD JQ TFO DOWOHKYOZU KZ TFO DAUTZAJ_TKZU KL TFO @EE_Z@EQ KZ TFO ZOHA@JAHATQ KG TFAU YZKD_ET. TFAU YZKD_ET AU @ YZ@ETAE@H @LD YKSOZG_H TKKH GKZ UTZ_ET_Z@H DOUACL. FKSOWOZ, TFO _UOZ N_UT OVYHAEATHQ _LDOZUT@LD TFO J@UAE @UU_NYTAKLU KG TFO UKGTS@ZO NKDOHALC, @L@HQUAU, @LD DOUACL @HCKZATFNU @LD EKNYOLU@TO GKZ TFO @UYOETU TF@T @ZO LKT @DDZOUUOD. TFO ALGKZN@TAKL JQ TFOOLCALOOZ. UKGTS@ZOTFO N_UTOLCALOOZ JO EFOEBOD JQ @ P_@HAGAOD @LDYZKD_EOD OVYOZAOLEOD N_UT ALDOYOLDOLTHQ WOZAGQ TFO ZOU_HTU @LD T@BO YZKGOUUAKL@H ZOUYKLUAJAHATQ GKZ TFO ALGKZN@TAKL TF@T AU _UOD.
Ekltolts
0
:
Altrkduetakl 0.0
_lats
0-:
0.:
@xos Lkt`takl
0-:
0.5
Uynjkhs
0-:
@ssunpt akls `ld Hanat`takls :.0
:.:
5
@ssunptakls
:-0
:.0.0
Color`h
:-0
:.0.: :.0.5 :.0.4 :.0.?
@xa`h Gkreo Efoeb Joldalc Nknolt Efoeb Ufo`r Gkreo Efoeb Eknjalod Gkreos Efoeb
:-: :-: :-: :-5
Hanat`takls
:-5
:.:.0 :.:.: :.:.5
:-5 :-5 :-4
Color`h @xa`h Gkreo Efoeb Eknjalod Gkreo Efoeb
Dosacl Ghkw Ef`rts Ekltolts
a
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl Dosa cl LTE :906 4
?
7
3 Ekltolts
aa
Color`h Dosacl Dosac l Y`r`notors 4.0
Y`rta`h G`etkrs
4-0
4.:
Dosacl Gkreos
4-:
4.5
Dosacl Hk`d Eknjal`takls
4-:
4.5.0 4.5.:
4-: 4-4
_htan`to Utrolctf Eknjal`takls Uorvaeo`jahaty Eknjal`takls
4.4
N`tora`h Yrkportaos
4-4
4.?
Uoetakl Eh`ssagae`takl
4-4
Dosacl Dosacl gkr @xa`h Gkreos ?.0
@xa`h @ro`
?-0
?.:
Tolsakl Efoeb
?-:
?.5
Eknprossakl Efoeb
?-:
?.4
@xa`h Juebhalc Efoeb
?-5
?.?
Nonjor Uuppkrtod Holctfs
?-?
?.7
Oggoetavo Holctf G`etkr ( )
B
?-6
Dosacl Dosacl gkr Joldalc Nknolt Nknolt 7.0
Nknolt Efoeb
7-0
7.:
H`tor`h-T H`tor`h-Tkrsakl`h krsakl`h Juebhalc Efoeb
7-5
Dosacl gkr Ufo` Ufo`rr Gkreo
Ekltolts
6
1
3.0
Ufo`r @ro`
3-0
3.:
Ufo`r Efoeb
3-0
3.5
Ufo`r Juebhalc Efoeb
3-:
Dosac Dosac l gkr Tkrs akl 6.0
@l`hysas kg Tkrsakl Ut Utrossos rossos
6-0
6.:
Ufo`r Efoeb al Yrosoleo kg Tkrsakl
6-:
6.5
Dosacl gkr Eknjalod @etakls
6-5
Dosacl Dosacl gkr Eknjalod Gkreos 1.0
1.:
Dosacl gkr Erkss-Uoetakl Zosast`leo
1-:
1.0.0 1.0.:
1-: 1-3
Dosacl gkr Juebhalc Zosast`leo kg Nonjors 1.:.0
1-3
1.:.5
Eh`ss 0, :, `ld 5 Uoetakls _ldor Ghoxuro `ld @xa`h Eknprossakl 1-6 Eh`ss 4 Uoetakls _ldor Ghoxuro `ld @xa`h Eknprossakl 1-1 Eh`ss 0, :, `ld 5 Uoetakls _ldor Ghoxuro `ld `ld @xa`h
1.:.4
Tolsakl 1-09 Eh`ss 4 Uoetakls Uoetakls _ldor Ghoxuro ` `ld ld @xa`h Tolsakl 1-00 1-00
1.:.:
09
Joldalc, @xa`h Gkreo, `ld Ufo`r Efoeb Nonjors Uujmoetod tk Ufo`r Gkreo
Upoea`h Uoasnae Uoasnae Yrkvasakls 09.0 Dosacl Yrogoroleos
09-0
09.: Kvorwratos
09-:
09.5 Uuppkrtod Gr`nalc Typos
09-: Ekltolts
aaa
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl Dosa cl LTE :906 09.4 Nonjor Dosacl
09-5
09.4.0 Uoetakl Eh`ss Zoquaronolts 09-4 09.4.: Duetahaty Eh`ss F Facf acf Nknolt-Z Nknolt-Zosastalc osastalc Gr`nos (ED (EDF F NZG) `ld Duetahaty Eh`ss Hkw Nknolt-Zosastalc Gr`nos (DEH NZG) 09-4 09.4.5 Duetahaty Eh`ss Facf Ekleoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`nos (DEF EJG) `ld Duetahaty Eh`ss Hkw Ekleoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`nos (DEH EJG) 09-3 09.4.4 Duetahaty Eh`ss Facf Oeeoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`nos (DEF OJG) `ld Duetahaty Eh`ss Hkw Oeeoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`nos (DEH OJG) 09-09 09.4.? Alvortod Yolduhun 09-0: 09.4.7 Uoekld`ry 09-05 09.? Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts 09.?.0 09.?.: 09.?.5 09.?.4 09.?.?
Dosacl kg Ekltaluaty Yh`to Dosacl kg Uupphonolt`ry Soj Yh`tos So`b Jo`n/Utrklc Jo`n/Utrklc Ekhunl No`suro Ov`hu`takl kg Jo`n Eklloetakl Ufo`rs Ov`hu`takl kg Jr`eo Eklloetakl Gkreos
@ppol @p polda da x @ Dosa cl Yrogorol Yrog oroleos eos @ppol @p polda da x J Dosacl Dosa cl Kvor Kvorw w ra tos
Ekltolts
av
09-05 09-04 09-01 09-:0 09-:5 09-:4
Ef`ptor 0 Altrkduetakl
Tfas n`lu`h doserajos tfo stooh gr`no dosacl `hckratfns al tfo skgtw`ro gkr tfo ‘At`ha`l LTE-:906„ dosacl ekdo. Tfo dosacl `hckratfns al tfo skgtw`ro gkr LTE-:906 ekvor strolctf efoebs, `s dot`ahod al tfas n`lu`h. Zoquaronolts Zoquaronolts kg tfo ekdo lkt dkeunoltod al tfas n`lu`h sfkuhd jo eklsadorod usalc ktfor notfkds. Gkr atons lkt oxphaeathy alehudod al tfo LTE :906 ekdo, rogor tk Ourkekdo 5 `ld Ourkekdo 6. At as anpkrt`lt tk ro`d tfas oltaro n`lu`h jogkro usalc tfo dosacl `hckratfns tk joekno g`naha`r g`naha`r watf `ly `ly hanat`takls hanat`takls kg tfo `hckratfns `hckratfns kr `ssunptakls tf`t f`vo jool n`do. n`do. Gkr rogorralc tk portalolt soetakls kg tfo ekrrospkldalc ekdo, ` ulaquo progax as `ssaclod gkr o`ef ekdo.
Zogoroleos tk tfo ‘At`ha`l LTE :906„ ekdo `ld roh`tod `pphae`takl
dkeunolts `ro adoltagaod watf tfo progax ‘LTE :906.„
Zogoroleo tk tfo OL 0115-0-0=:99? ekdo as adoltagaod watf tfo progax ‘OE5.„
Zogoroleo tk tfo OL 0115-0-?=:997 ekdo as adoltagaod watf tfo progax ‘OL 0115-0-?.„
Zogoroleo tk tfo OLW 0115-0-0=011: ekdo as adoltagaod watf tfo progax 0-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :906
‘OE5-011:.„
Zogoroleo tk tfo Ourkekdo 6 ekdo as adoltagaod watf tfo progax ‘OE6.„
0.0
_lats Tfo LTE :906 dosacl ekdo as j`sod kl Lowtkl, nahhanotor, `ld soekld ulats `ld, `s suef, sk as tfas n`lu`h, ulhoss lktod ktforwaso. @ly ulats, anpora`h, notrae, kr NBU n`y jo usod al tfo skgtw`ro al eklmuletakl watf LTE :906 dosacl.
0.: 0. :
@xos @x os Lkt`tak Lkt`takl l Tfo skgtw`ro `l`hysas rosuhts rogor tk tfo nonjor hke`h `xos syston, wfaef eklsasts kg tfo :-: `xas tf`t ruls p`r`hhoh tk tfo woj `ld tfo 5-5 `xas tf`t ruls p`r`hhoh tk tfo gh`lcos. Tforogkro, joldalc `jkut tfo :-: `xas wkuhd color`to nalkr `xas nknolt, `ld joldalc `jkut tfo 5-5 `xas wkuhd color`to n`mkr `xas y `ld z- zz `xos, wfaef `ro nknolt. Tfo LTE :906 dosacl ekdo rogors tk y- y oquav`holt tk tfo skgtw`ro 5-5 `ld :-: `xos, rospoetavohy. Tfoso lkt`takls n`y jo usod altoref`lco`jhy altoref`lco`jhy al tfo dosacl `hckratfns, `htfkucf ovory oggkrt f`s jool n`do n`do tk uso tfo dosacl dosacl ekdo eklvoltakl eklvoltakl wforo wforo pkssajho.
0.5
Uynjkhs Tfo gkhhkwalc t`jho prkvados ` hast kg tfo synjkhs usod al tfas n`lu`h, `hklc watf ` sfkrt doseraptakl. Sforo pkssajho, tfo synjkhs usod al tfo dosacl ekdo `ro usod al tfas n`lu`h.
0-:
@
Crkss `ro` kg erkss-soetakl, nn:
@ lot
Lot `ro` kg kg erkss-soetakl, erkss-soetakl, nn:
@ v
Ufo`r `ro`, nn:
@ w
Soj `ro`, nn:
j
Sadtf kg tfo soetakl, nn
O
Nkduhus kg oh`staeaty, L/nn:
g u
Utooh uhtan`to strolctf, L/nn:
_lat s
Ef`ptorr 0 Altrkduet akl Ef`pto
g y
Utooh yaohd strolctf, L/nn:
g yw
Utooh yaohd strolctf kg tfo woj, L/nn:
f
Doptf kg tfo soetakl, nn
fw
Soj foacft, foacft , nn
A
Nknolt kg alorta`, nn4
b yy , b zz , b yz , , b zy
Altor`etakl g`etkrs
H er
Juebhalc holctf, nn
N j,Zd j,Zd
Dosacl juebhalc rosast`leo nknolt, L-nn
N e,Zd e,Zd
Dosacl joldalc rosast`leo, L-nn
N Od
Dosacl joldalc nknolt, L-nn
N oh,Zd oh,Zd
Oh`stae dosacl joldalc rosast`leo, L-nn
N ph,Zd N Zb
Yh`stae dosacl joldalc rosast`leo, L-nn Ef`r`etorastae joldalc rosast`leo, L-nn
N y,W,Zd
Zodueod dosacl joldalc rosast`leo `eekultalc gkr sfo`r, L-nn
L j,Zd j,Zd
Dosacl juebhalc rosast`leo, L
L er er
Oh`stae eratae`h gkreo, L
L e,Zd e,Zd
Dosacl eknprossakl rosast`leo, L
L Od
Dosacl `xa`h gkreo, L
L ph,Zd
Yh`stae dosacl `xa`h rosast`leo, L
L Zb
Ef`r`etorastae eknprossakl rosast`leo, L
L t,Zd L u,Zd u,Zd
Dosacl tolsakl rosast`leo, L Dosacl uhtan`to tolsakl rosast`leo, L
t g
Gh`lco tfaebloss, nn
t w
Soj tfaebloss, nn
W e,Zd e,Zd
Dosacl sfo`r rosast`leo, L
W j,Zd j,Zd
Dosacl sfo`r juebhalc rosast`leo, L
W jg,Zd jg,Zd
Gh`lco ekltrajutakl kg tfo dosacl sfo`r juebhalc rosast`leo, L
Uynjkhs
0 - 5
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :906
0-4
W jw,Zd jw,Zd
Soj ekltrajutakl kg tfo dosacl sfo`r juebhalc rosast`leo, L
W Od
Dosacl sfo`r gkreo, L
W ph,Zd
Yh`stae dosacl sfo`r rosast`leo, L
S oh, oh, nal
Nalanun oh`stae soetakl nkduhus, nn5
S ph
Yh`stae soetakl nkduhus, nn5
ΰ, ΰ HT
Anporgoetakl g`etkr
σ
Zoduetakl g`etkr gkr juebhalc
σ HT
Zoduetakl g`etkr gkr h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc
σ w
Soj sfo`r juebhalc ekltrajutakl g`etkr
ο
Ekoggaeaolt dopoldolt kl g y
Χ
W`huo gkr e`heuh`talc tfo roduetakl g`etkr σ
Χ HT
W`huo gkr e`heuh`talc tfo roduetakl g`etkr σ HT
ε N9
Y`rta`h g`etkr gkr rosast`leo kg erkss-soetakls
ε N0
Y`rta`h g`etkr gkr rosast`leo kg nonjors tk alst`jahaty
ε N:
Y`rta`h g`etkr gkr rosast`leo kg erkss-soetakls al tolsakl tk gr`eturo
γ
G`etkr gkr sfo`r `ro`
β
Lkl-danolsakl`h Lkl-danolsakl `h sholdorloss sholdorloss
β HT
Lkl-danolsakl`h Lkl-danolsakl `h sholdorloss sholdorloss gkr h`tor`h-tkrsakl` h`tor`h-tkrsakl`hh juebhalc
β HT ,9
Yh`to`u holctf kg tfo h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc eurvos
βw
Uholdorloss p`r`notor
π
Zoduetakl g`etkr `eekultalc gkr sfo`r gkreos
φ
Nknolt da`cr`n g`etkr
Uynjk hs
Ef`ptor : @s s u n p t a k l s `l `ld d H a n a t`t t`taa k l s
Tfas ef`ptor doserajos tfo `ssunptakls n`do `ld tfo hanat`takls kg tfo dosacl `hckratfn gkr stooh gr`no dosacl wfol tfo At`ha`l LTE :906 kptakl as sohoetod. @hh kg tfo `ssunptakls `ld hanat`takls sfkuhd jo rovaowod jogkro usalc tfo dosacl `hckratfn `hckratfn..
:.0
@ssunptakls Tfo `ssunptakls n`do al tfo dosacl `hckratfn `ro hastod al tfo gkhhkwalc soetakls, `hklc watf ` doseraptakl kg fkw tfoy n`y `ggoet tfo dosacl rosuhts.
:.0.0 Color`h Tfo gkhhkwalc `ssunptakls `pphy colorae`hhy tk tfo dosacl `hckratfn. `hckratfn.
Tfo `l`hysas nkdoh coknotry, prkportaos, `ld hk`ds `doqu`tohy roprosolt
tfo juahdalc strueturo gkr tfo hanat st`tos uldor eklsador`takl.
At as `ssunod tf`t tfo stooh cr`dos usod `dforo tk LTE :906, T`jhos 4.:.A
`ld 4.:.AA. Tfo `eeopt`jho uso kg ktfor n`tora`hs sf`hh jo aldopoldolthy voragaod.
:-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
Tfo `utkn`tod hk`d eknjal`takls `ro j`sod kl tfo UTZ uhtan`to hanat
st`tos `ld tfo ef`r`etorastae sorvaeo`jahaty hanat st`tos.
:.0.: :.0 .: @xa `h Gkre Gkreo o Efoeb Tfo gkhhkwalc `ssunptakls `pphy tk tfo `xa`h gkreo efoeb. efoeb.
Fkt rkhhod tujuh`r soetakls `ro `ssunod tk jo fkt galasfod gkr sohoetalc tfo
`pprkpra`to juebhalc eurvo grkn LTE T`jho 4.:.WAAA. Tfas as lkleklsorv`tavo ag ekhd gkrnod soetakls `ro usod.
Gkr wohdod Jkx soetakls, ag j t g
8
59 `ld f t w
8
59 , at
as `ssunod tf`t tfo
wohd tfaebloss as nkro tf`l 9.?t g (LTE T`jho 4.:.WAAA). 4.:.WAAA) .
:. :.0. 0.5 5 Joldal c Nknolt Efoeb Tfo gkhhkwalc `ssunptakls `pphy tk tfo joldalc nknolt efoeb.
Tfo hk`d as `ssunod tk jo `pphaod `t tfo sfo`r eoltor gkr tfo e`heuh`takl kg
tfo oh`stae eratae`h nknolt. @ly oeeoltrae nknolt duo tk hk`d `pphaod `t ktfor hke`takls as lkt `utkn`tae`hhy `eekultod gkr.
:.0.4 :.0 .4 Ufo`r Gkre Gkreo o Efoeb Tfo gkhhkwalc `ssunptakls `pphy tk tfo sfo`r gkreo efoeb. efoeb.
Yh`stae dosacl as `ssunod suef tf`t W e,Zd e,Zd as e`heuh`tod al `eekrd`leo watf
LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.4 4.:.4.0.:.4 Oq. R4.:.03^. R4.:.03^.
Tr`lsvorso staggolors oxast klhy `t tfo suppkrts `ld ero`to ` lkl-racad old
pkst gkr tfo sfo`r juebhalc efoeb. Lk altornoda`to altornoda`to staggolors staggolors `ro eklsadorod.
Tfo ekltrajutakl grkn tfo gh`lcos as eklsorv`tavohy aclkrod gkr tfo sfo`r
juebhalc e`p`eaty e`p`eaty..
:-:
@ssunp takls
Ef`ptorr : @ssunpt akls `ld Hana t`takls Ef`pto
:.0.? :.0 .? Tkrsa kr sakl kl`h `h Nknolt Efoeb LKTO= Tfo anphonolt`takl anphonolt`takl gkhhkws gkhhkws tfo s` s`no no spoeagae`takls spoeagae`takls usod usod gkr OE5. Tfo gkhhkwalc `ssunptakls `pphy tk tfo sfo`r gkreo efoeb. efoeb.
Tkt`h tkrsakl`h nknolt as sphat altk ` Ut Wol`lt tkrsakl Tt,Od `ld ` w`rpalc
tkrsakl Tw,Od .
Tfo w`rpalc tkrsakl, Nw,Od, ekltrajutos tk tfo joldalc nknolt al tfo
gh`lcos. Tfas `ggoets tfo altor`etakl efoebs. At `hsk alero`sos tfo nalkr `xas joldalc nknolt jy ` sn`hh `nkult, Nz,T,Od. Tfo altor`etakl oqu`takls `ro nkdagaod tk `eeknnkd`to tfo w`rpalc nknolt, Nw,Od `ld `ddatakl`h nalkr `xas joldalc nknolt, Nz,T,Od. Tfo gkhhkwalc oqu`takls `ro nkdagaod= Oq. 7.: kg soetakl OE5 7.:.0(3), Oq. 7.40 kg soetakl OE5 7.:.1.0(7), Oq. 7.44 kg soetakl OE5 7.:.1.5(:). Klo `ddatakl`h altor`etakl oqu`takl as efoebod wfaef as cavol al @llox @ kg JU OL 0115-7.
Tfo oggoet kg eknjalod sfo`r gkreo `ld tkrsakl`h nknolt al tfo roduetakl
kg soetakl sfo`r rosast`leo as ov`hu`tod jy usalc tfo soetakl OE5 7.:.3(1).
Tfo oh`stae voragae`takl usalc tfo yaohd eratorakl cavol al OE5 7.:.0(?) as
lkt usod `s tfas eratorakl as eklsorv`tavo. Tfas eratorakl aclkros tfo ph`stae stross rodastrajutakl. ‘Dosacl kg Utooh Jo`ns al Tkrsakl al @eekrd`leo watf Ourkekdos `ld _B L`takl`h @lloxos„, tfo UEA Yujhae`takl Y56?, as t`bol `s tfo cuado (Fucfos, Ahos, `ld N`hab, :900) gkr efoebalc tkrsakl`h nknolt.
:. :.0. 0.7 7 Eknjal od Gkreos Efo Efoeb eb Tfo gkhhkwalc `ssunptakls `pphy tk tfo eknjalod gkreos efoeb.
Tfo altor`etakl kg joldalc `ld `xa`h gkreo as efoebod gkr eort`al soetakls
(sf`pos) `ld gkr eort`al eh`ssos kg soetakls (LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.5). Gkr ktfor typos kr eh`ssos kg soetakls, tfo prkvasakls kg OE5 7.:.0(3), wfaef n`y jo eklsorv`tavo, `ro `pphaod.
@s su np ta kl s
:-5
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
:.:
Hanat`takls Tfo kg`rkuld tfo dosacl `hklchanat`takls watf ` wkrb wforo`hckratfn pkssajho. `ro hastod al tfo gkhhkwalc soetakls,
:.:.0 Color`h Tfo gkhhkwalc hanat`takls `pphy colorae`hhy tk tfo dosacl `hckratfn.
Tfo spoea`h roquaronolts al `eekrd`leo watf OL 0115-0-5 gkr ekhd gkrnod
tfal c`uco nonjors (LTE § 4.:.4.0.0) `ro lkt ekvorod al tfas anphonolt`takl.
Tfo n`tora`h yaohd as lkt `dmustod j`sod kl tfo tfaebloss kg tfo soetakl. Daggorolt n`tora`h prkportaos sfkuhd jo dogalod gkr soetakls kg daggorolt tfaebloss ag tfo tfaebloss `ggoets tfo n`tora`h yaohd v`huo (LTE, T`jhos 4.:.A `ld 4.:.AA).
Tfo e`heuh`takl kg oggoetavo prkportaos kg Eh`ss 4 soetakls as n`do al `eekrd`leo watf OL 0115-0-5 (LTE § 4.:.4.0.0). Tfo spoea`h roquaronolts al `eekrd`leo watf OL 0115-0-7 gkr Eareuh`r Fkhhkw (tujo) soetakls watf Eh`ss 4 erkss-soetakls `ro lkt ekvorod al tfas anphonolt`takl.
:.:.: :.: .: @xa `h Gkre Gkreo o Efoeb Tfo gkhhkwalc hanat`takls `pphy tk tfo `xa`h gkreo efoeb.
Tfo lot `ro` as lkt dotornalod `utkn`tae`hhy. Tfas e`l jo spoeagaod kl `
nonjor-jy-nonjor j`sas usalc tfo Lot @ro` tk Tkt`h @ro` Z`tak kvorwrato.
:.:.5 :.: .5 Tkrsa kr sakl kl`h `h Nknolt Efoeb Tfo gkhhkwalc hanat`takls `pphy tk tfo tkrsakl`h nknolt efoeb.
Tfo tkrsakl efoeb as hanatod tk tfo gkhhkwalc kpol soetakl= dkujhy
synnotrae A-sf`pos. A-sf`pos watf salcho synnotrae soetakls `ro lkt efoebod gkr tkrsakl. :-4
Hanat `takls
Ef`ptorr : @ssunpt akls `ld Hana t`takls Ef`pto
Tfo tkrsakl efoeb as hanatod tk tfo gkhhkwalc ehksod soetakls= jkx `ld papo
sf`pos.
:. :.:. :.4 4 Eknjal od Gkreos Efo Efoeb eb Tfo gkhhkwalc hanat`takls `pphy tk tfo eknjalod gkreos efoebs.
Tfo ekdo `hhkws tfo olcaloors tk dosacl tfo erkss-soetakls watf Eh`ss 5
woj `ld Eh`ss 0 kr : gh`lcos `s ` Eh`ss : erkss-soetakl watf `l oggoetavo woj `ro` `s spoeagaod al LTE § E4.:.5.0. Fkwovor, tfo prkcr`n dkos lkt t`bo tfas `dv`lt`co, wfaef as eklsorv`tavo.
:.:.? :.: .? EJG _lj`h`le od Jr Jr`eo `eo Gkre Gkreo o Efoeb Tfo gkhhkwalc hanat`takl `pphaos tk tfo dosacl kg k g W-jr`eod W-jr`eod kr Alvortod WW jr`eod eklgacur`takls.
Al W-jr`eod kr Alvortod W-jr`eod gr`nos, jo`ns nust rosast lkl-soasnae
`etakl watfkut eklsadoralc tfo suppkrt cavol jy tfo da`ckl`hs. Al `ddatakl, jo`ns nust rosast tfo ulj`h`leo ulj`h`leod d `etakls tf`t dovohkp `gtor tfo ph`staeaz`takl ph`staeaz` takl kg tolsaklod da`ckl`hs da`ckl`hs `ld tfo juebhalc kg eknprossod klos= L tfas roquaronolt e`l jo voragaod eklsadoralc `l `xa`h `etakl oqu`h tk ph , Zd 9.5 L ph , Zd al tolsaklod da`ckl`hs `ld oqu`h tk al eknprossakl klos. Tfo dosacl `hckratfn dkos lkt porgkrn tfoso efoebs.
Hanat `takls
:-?
Ef`ptor 5 Dosacl Ghkw Ef`rts
Tfo ghkw ef`rts kl tfo gkhhkwalc p`cos prkvado ` paetkra`h roprosolt`takl kg tfo dosacl `hckratfn gkr LTE :906 stooh gr`no dosacl. Tfoso ghkw ef`rts prkvado ` sunn`ry kg tfo stops t`bol `ld tfo `sskea`tod ekdo eh`usos usod. @ddatakl`h dot`ahod algkrn`takl dogalalc tfo stops usod al tfo `hckratfn as prkvadod al tfo ef`ptors tf`t gkhhkw. Tfo gkhhkwalc ghkw ef`rts `ro prkvadod=
nonjor dosacl
dosacl `xa`h rosast`leo
dosacl `xa`h juebhalc rosast`leo
dosacl joldalc rosast`leo
dosacl h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc rosast`leo
dosacl sfo`r rosast`leo
5-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :996 96
Gacuro 5-0 Nonjor Nonjor Dosacl Dosacl
5-:
Nonjor Dosacl
Ef`ptorr 5 Dosacl Ghkw Ef`rts Ef`pto
Gacuro 5-: Dosacl Dosacl @x @xa`h a`h Zosast`l Zosast`leo eo
@x a`h Zosa st `le o
5-5
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :996 96
Gacuro 5-5= Dosacl Dosacl @xa @xa`h `h Juebhalc Z Zosast`leo osast`leo
5-4
@xa`h Juebha lc Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo
Ef`ptorr 5 Dosacl Ghkw Ef`rts Ef`pto
Gacuro 5-4= Dosacl Dosacl Nknolt Z Zosast`leo osast`leo Nknolt Zosast`leo
5-?
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :996 96
Gacuro 5-?= Dosacl Dosacl Juebhal Juebhalc c Zosast`leo 5-7
Juebha lc Zosast` Zosast`leo leo
Ef`ptorr 5 Dosacl Ghkw Ef`rts Ef`pto
Gacuro 5-7= Dosacl Dosacl Ufo`r Zosast`leo
Ufo`r Zosast`le o
5-3
Ef`ptor 4 Color`h Co lor`h Dosac Dosacl l Y` Y`r`notors r`notors
Tfas ef`ptor prkvados ` dot`ahod doseraptakl kg tfo anphonolt`takl kg tfo v`rakus p`r`notors usod al tfo dosacl `hckratfn gkr tfo LTE :906 stooh gr`no dosacl. Tfoso p`r`notors `ro sujsoquolthy usod al tfo gkhhkwalc ef`ptors gkr tfo dosacl kg soetakls gkr tfo `pphaod gkreo `etakls.
4.0 4. 0
Y`rt Y`rta`h a`h G` G`et etkr krs s Tfo gkhhkwalc p`rta`h g`etkrs, ε N , `ro `pphaod tk tfo v`rakus ef`r`etorastae rosast`leo v`huos dotornalod al tfo gkhhkwalc ef`ptors. Tfo p`rta`h g`etkr v`huos n`y jo kvorwrattol al tfo Dosacl Yrogoroleos. ε N 9
> 0.9?
(LTE T`j. 4.:.WAA)
> 0.9?
(LTE T`j. 4.:.WAA)
> 0.:?
(LTE T`j. 4.:.WAA)
ε N 0
ε N :
4-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosac l At`ha `l LTE-:9 LTE-:906 06
4.: 4. :
Dosa Dosacl cl Gkre Gkreos os Tfo gkhhkwalc dosacl gkreo `etakls `ro eklsadorod al tfo dosacl `hckratfn ekvorod al tfo gkhhkwalc ef`ptors. Tfo gkreo `etakls `ro dotornalod usalc tfo `pprkpra`to hk`d eknjal`takls doserajod al tfo gkhhkwalc soetakl.
@xa`h gkreo (tolsakl kr eknprossakl), eknprossakl), L Od
Ufo`r gkreo (n`mkr kr nalkr `xas), W Od
Joldalc nknolt (n`mkr kr nalkr `xas), N Od
4.5 4. 5
Dosac Dosac l Hk`d Eknjal`takl Eknja l`takls s Tfo dosacl hk`d eknjal`takls `ro eknjal`takls kg hk`d e`sos gkr wfaef tfo strueturo as dosaclod `ld efoebod. @ dog`uht sot kg `utkn`tod hk`d eknjal`takls as `v`ah`jho al tfo skgtw`ro, `s doserajod al tfas soetakl. Tfoso dog`uht eknjal`takls e`l jo nkdagaod kr dohotod. Al `ddatakl, n`lu`hhy dogalod eknjal`takls e`l jo `ddod sfkuhd tfo dog`uht eknjal`takls lkt ekvor `hh ekldatakls roquarod gkr tfo strueturo kg altorost. Tfo dog`uht hk`d eknjal`takls eklsadorod jy tfo skgtw`ro gkr LTE :906 `ro dogalod al tfo gkhhkwalc soetakls `ld f`ldho do`d (D), supor do`d (UD), havo (H), wald (S), `ld o`rtfqu`bo (O) hk`ds. Gkr ktfor hk`d typos, eknjal`takls sfkuhd jo n`lu`hhy color`tod. Tfo gkhhkwalc twk soetakls doserajo tfo `utkn`tod hk`d eknjal`takls color`tod jy tfo skgtw`ro gkr uhtan`to strolctf `ld sorvaeo`jahaty, al `eekrd`leo watf LTE :906 §:.?.5.
4. 4.5. 5.0 0 _hta _htan`to n`to Utrolct f Eknjal `takl `takls s LTE :906 `hhkws uhtan`to hk`d eknjal`takls eknjal`takls tk jo dogalod j`sod kl LTE oqu`takl :.?.0.
ε C0C0 + ε C :C: + ε p Y + ε P ,0Pb ,0 +
∐ε
P ,a
φ 9,a Pb ,a
(LTE Oq. :.?.0)
a 0.99
(LTE T`j. :.7.A)
ε C C:, :,sup
> 0.?9
(LTE T`j. :.7.A)
ε C C:, :,alg
> 9.69
(LTE T`j. :.7.A)
ε P P,,0,sup >
0.?9
(LTE T`j. :.7.A)
Do Dosacl sacl Hk`d Eknjal`tak ls
4-5
Utooh Gr`no Dosac l At`ha `l LTE-:9 LTE-:906 06 ε P P,,0,alg
> 9.99
(LTE T`j. :.7.A)
φ 9,a
> 9.3 9.7 9.7
φ : ,a
> 9.5 (`ssunod kggaeo/rosadolta`h) kggaeo/rosadolta `h)
(h (hav avoo hk`d, hk`d, lkt sstkr tkr`co `co)) (w (wal ald d hk`d hk`d))
(LTE T`j. :.?.A)
(LTE T`j. :.?.A)
4. 4.5. 5.: : Uo Uorva rva eo`jahat y Eknja Eknjal`takl l`takl s LTE :906 `hhkws sorvaeo`jahaty sorvaeo`jahaty hk`d hk`d eknjal`takls eknjal`takls tk jo dogalod j`sod j`sod kl LTE oqu`takls :.?.:. C0 + C:
+ Y + Pb ,0 +
∐φ
9 ,a
Pb ,a
(LTE Oq. :.?.:)
a
:5? g y
L φ > √ 0 + : Od , @g y
(LTE T`jhos 4.:.AAA-W)
√5.9 8 φ ≤ 0.9 (LTE T`jhos 4.:.AAA-W)
gkr A-soetakls, Ef`llohs=
0 f 0 L Od ΰ > √ √ ( t g + r ) , e : : tw g y
9 ≤ ΰ ≤0
(LTE T`jhos 4.:.AAA-W)
gkr Jkxos `ld Dkujho Ef`lloh soetakls
0 f 0 L Od ΰ> √ √ ( t g + r ) , e : 4 tw g y
9 ≤ ΰ ≤0
(LTE T`jhos 4.:.AAA-W)
Uoetakl Uoetakl Eh`ssagae`takl
4-?
Utooh Gr`no Dosac l At`ha `l LTE-:9 LTE-:906 06 T`jho 4-0= Sadtf-Tk-Tfaebloss Z`taks - Joldalc Klhy Uf`po
A-soetakls, Ef`llohs
Y`rt
Z`tak
Eh`ss 0
Eh`ss :
Eh`ss 5
Soj
e/t
3:ο
65ο
0:4ο
Soj
e/t
Gh`lco
e/t
1ο
09ο
04ο
Soj, gh`lco
e/t
3:ο
65ο
0:4ο
S`hh
d /t
?9ο:
39ο:
19ο:
J`r Uoetakl
L/@ L/@
Toos
Jkxos Tujos/Yapos Ukhad J`rs Color`h, Uoetakl Dosaclor
Ag tap as al Ag tap as eknp., al eknp., 1ο / / ΰ 09ο / / ΰ Ag tap as al Ag tap as tolsakl, al tolsakl, 1ο 09ο ΰ ΰ ΰ ΰ
:0ο b υ
@ssunod tk jo Eh`ss : @ssunod tk jo Eh`ss 5
T`jho 4-:= Sadtf-Tk-Tfaebloss Z`taks - Eknprossakl Klhy Uf`po
Y`rt
Z`tak
Eh`ss 0
Eh`ss :
Eh`ss 5
Soj
e/t
55ο
56ο
4:ο
Gh`lco
e/t
1ο
09ο
04ο
Soj, gh`lco
e/t
1ο
09ο
04ο
Hocs
`ld f/t `ld (j+f)/:t
L/@
L/@
0?ο `ld `ld 00.?ο
Soj, gh`lco
e/t
55ο
56ο
4:ο
Tujos/Yapos
S`hh
d /t
?9ο:
39ο:
19ο:
Ukhad J`rs
J`r
L/@
@ssunod tk jo Eh`ss :
Uoetakl
L/@
@ssunod tk jo Eh`ss 5
A-soetakls, Ef`llohs Toos @lchos, Dkujho @lchos Jkxos
Color`h, Uoetakl Dosaclor
4-7
Uoetakl Uoetakl Eh`ssagae`takl
Ef`ptor 4 Color`h Dosacl Y`r`notors
T`jho 4-5= 4-5= Sadtf-T Sadtf-Tk-Tfaebloss k-Tfaebloss Z`taks ― Eknja lod Joldalc @ld Eknpr ossakl Uf`po
A-soetakls, Ef`llohs
Y`rt
Z`tak
Eh`ss 0
Eh`ss :
Eh`ss 5
Soj
e/t
517ο /(05ΰ ― 0) wfol ΰ < 9.?2 57ο /ΰ wfol ΰ ≤ 9.?
4?7ο /(05ΰ ― 0) wfol ΰ < 9.?2 40.?ο /ΰ wfol ΰ ≤ 9.?
4:ο /(9.73 + 9.55φ) wfol φ < √02 7:ο (0√φ) √φ wfol
1ο /ΰ
09ο /ΰ
Gh`lco (tap al eknp.)
e/t
Gh`lco (tap al tols.)
e/t
Soj
e/t
Toos
Jkxos
:0ο b υ 1ο /(ΰ
ΰ )
Ag tap as al eknp. 1ο /ΰ Ag tap as al tolsakl,
09ο /(ΰ
ΰ )
Ag tap as al eknp. 09ο /ΰ Ag tap as al tolsakl,
1ο ΰ ΰ
09ο ΰ ΰ
:0ο b υ
Gh`lco
e/t
1ο
09ο
04ο
Soj, gh`lco
e/t
517ο /(05ΰ ― 0) wfol ΰ < 9.?2 57ο /ΰ wfol ΰ ≤ 9.?
4?7ο /(05ΰ ― 0) wfol ΰ < 9.?2 40.?ο /ΰ wfol ΰ ≤ 9.?
4:ο /(9.73 + 9.55φ) wfol φ < √02 7:ο (0√φ) √φ
?9ο:
39ο:
19ο:
Tujos/Yapos
S`hh
d /t
Ukhad J`rs
J`r
L/@
@ssunod tk jo Eh`ss :
Uoetakl
L/@
@ssunod tk jo Eh`ss 5
Color`h, Uoetakl Dosaclor
φ ≤ √0
wfol φ ≤ √0
Uoetakl Uoetakl Eh`ssagae`takl
4-3
Ef`ptor ? Dosacl gkr g kr @xa @xa` `h Gkre Gkreo o
Tfas ef`ptor prkvados ` dot`ahod doseraptakl kg tfo dosacl `hckratfn gkr tfo LTE :906 stooh gr`no dosacl, watf rospoet tk dosaclalc gkr `xa`h gkreos. g kreos. Tfo gkhhkwalc tkpaes `ro ekvorod=
e`heuh`takl kg `xa`h `ro` (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.0)
dosacl gkr `xa`h tolsakl (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.0)
dosacl gkr `xa`h eknprossakl (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.:)
dosacl gkr `xa`h juebhalc (LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.0)
?.0 ?. 0
@xa`h @x a`h @ro`
Tfo crkss erkss-soetakl `ro`, @, as j`sod kl lknal`h danolsakls, aclkralc g`stolor fkhos `ld sphaeo n`tora`hs, `ld `eekultalc gkr h`rcor kpolalcs. Tfo lot erkss-soetakl `ro`, @ lot , as dogalod `s tfo crkss erkss-soetakl `ro`, @, nalus g`stolor fkhos `ld ktfor kpolalcs. Jy dog`uht, @ lot as t`bol oqu`h tk @. Tfas v`huo e`l jo kvorwrattol kl ` nonjor-jy-nonjor j`sas usalc tfo Lot @ro` tk Tkt`h Tkt`h @ro` @ro` Z`tak kvorwrato.
?-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
?.: ?. :
Tolsa olsakl kl Efoeb Tfo `xa`h tolsakl efoeb `t o`ef kutput st`takl sf`hh s`tasgy= L Od
≤ 0.9,
L t , Zd
(LTE Oq. 4.:.?)
wforo tfo dosacl tolsakl rosast`leo, L tt,Zd as t`bol `s tfo sn`hhor kg= ,Zd as
tfo dosacl ph`stae rosast`leo, L ph,Zd kg tfo crkss erkss-soetakl
L ph , Zd
>
@g y
ε N 9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.7)
kg tfo lot erkss-soetakl tfo dosacl uhtan`to rosast`leo, L u,Zd u,Zd kg
L u , Zd
> 9.1 @lot g u . ε N :
(LTE Oq. 4.:.3)
Tfo v`huos kg @ `ld @ lot `ro dogalod al Uoetakl ?.0.
?.5 ?. 5
Eknprossakl Eknpr ossakl Efoeb Efoeb Tfo `xa`h eknprossakl efoeb `t o`ef kutput st`takl sf`hh s`tasgy= L Od L e, Zd
≤ 0.9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.1)
wforo tfo dosacl eknprossakl rosast`leo, L e,Zd gkr Eh`ss 0, :, 5, `ld 4 soetakls as t`bol `s=
?-:
L e , Zd
>
L e , Zd
>
@g y
ε N 9
@ogg g y
ε N 9
Tolsakl Efoeb
gkr Eh`ss 0, :, kr 5 erkss-soetakls erkss-soetakls
(LTE Oq. 4.:.09)
gkr Eh`ss 4 erkss-soetakls erkss-soetakls
(LTE Oq. 4.:.09)
Ef`ptor ? Dosacl Dosacl gk r @xa`h Gkreo
Tfo v`huo kg @ as dogalod al Uoetakl ?.0 kg tfas n`lu`h. @ ogg as tfo oggoetavo `ro` kg tfo erkss-soe erkss-soetakl takl wfol sujmoetod tk ulagkrn eknprossakl. @ ogg as as j`sod kl tfo oggoetavo wadtfs kg tfo eknprossakl p`rts. At as dotornalod j`sod kl tfo OL 0115-0-? ekdo (OL 0115-0-? 4.4(:), T`jho 4.0, T`jho 4.:).
?.4 ?. 4
@xa`h @xa `h Jue Juebha bha lc Efoeb Efoeb Tfo `xa`h juebhalc efoeb `t o`ef kutput st`takl sf`hh s`tasgy= L Od
≤ 0.9
L j, Zd
(LTE Oq. 4.:.40)
wforo tfo dosacl eknprossakl rosast`leo, L j,Zd gkr Eh`ss 0, :, 5, `ld 4 soetakls j,Zd gkr as t`bol `s= L j , Zd
>
σ @g y ε NA
L j, Zd
>
σ @ogg g y gkr Eh`ss 4 erkss-soetakls erkss-soetakls ε NA
gkr Eh`ss 0, :, `ld 5 erkss-soetakls (LTE Oq. 4.:.4:)
(LTE Oq. 4.:.45)
Tfo roduetakl g`etkr, σ , gkr tfo rohov`lt juebhalc nkdo as t`bol `s= 0
σ>
:
Χ + Χ √β
:
≤ 0.9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.44)
wforo tfo g`etkr, Χ, `ld tfo lkl-danolsakl`h sholdorloss, : Χ > 9.? 0 + ΰ ( β √ 9.: ) + β
@g y
β
>
L er
> β >
,
@ogg g y
L er
,
β ,
`ro t`bol `s=
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.0)
gkr Eh`ss 0, : `ld 5 erkss-soetakls erkss-soetak ls
(LTE Oq. 4.:.4?)
gkr Eh`ss 4 erkss-soetakls erkss-soetakls
(LTE Oq. 4.:.47)
@x a`h Ju eb ha lc Efoe b
? - 5 5
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
Tfo oh`stae eratae`h gkreo, L eer r , , as j`sod kl crkss erkss-soetakl prkportaos. Tfo v`huo kg @ as dogalod al Uoetakl ?.0. Tfo anporgoetakl g`etkr, ΰ, as dogalod al T`jho ?.0 j`sod kl tfo rospoetavo juebhalc eurvo tf`t as dogalod al T`jho ?.: kg tfas n`lu`h. Tfo v`huo H er as tfo oggoetavo uljr`eod holctf, `ld a as tfo r`daus kg cyr`takl `jkut tfo rohov`lt `xas. H er as as t`bol `s gkhhkws= H er > > BH
wforo B as as tfo oggoetavo holctf g`etkr gkr ghoxur`h juebhalc. At e`l `ssuno twk v`huos= B :: :: gkr juebhalc `jkut tfo nalkr `xas (z-z) `ld B 55 55 gkr juebhalc `jkut tfo n`mkr `xas (y-y). H as tfo uljr`eod holctf kg tfo nonjor. At `hsk e`l `ssuno twk v`huos, H :: `ld H 55 , gkr juebhalc `jkut tfo nalkr `xas (z-z) `ld n`mkr `xas (y-y), rospoetavohy. Uoo Uoetakls ?.? `ld ?.7 kg tfas n`lu`h gkr nkro dot`ahs kl H `ld B . Gkr `hh soetakls oxeopt Ualcho Ualcho @lchos, @lchos, tfo hke`h r`daa kg cyr`takl a:: `ld a55 `ro usod. Gkr Ualcho Ualcho @lchos, tfo praleap`h r`daa kg cyr`takl, a nal `ld a n`x , `ro usod alsto`d kg a:: `ld a55 , eklsorv`tavohy, al eknputalc Her a . B 55 `ld B :: `ro twk v`huos kg B : gkr tfo n`mkr `ld nalkr `xos kg joldalc. B : as tfo oggoetavo holctf g`etkr gkr `etu`h (sw`y kr lklsw`y) ekldatakls. Tfo `xa`h juebhalc efoeb as aclkrod ag=
≤ ≤ 9.: kr
β
L Od L er
≤ 9.94
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.0)
T`jh T`jhoo ??-0= -0= AAnp nporgoe orgoetatakl kl G`etk rs (LTE T`j. T`j. 4.:.WA 4.:.WAAA) AA) Juebhalc Eurvo Anporgoetakl G`etkr G`etkr,, ΰ
?-4
@xa`h Juebha lc Efoeb
`k 9.05
` 9.:0
j 9.54
e 9.41
d 9.37
Ef`ptor ? Dosacl Dosacl gk r @xa`h Gkreo T`jho ?-:= ?-:= Jueb hahalc lc Eurv os (LTE (LTE T` T`j. j. 4.:.WAAA) 4.:.WAAA) Juebhalc Eurvo @xas
U:5?, U:3?, U5??, U4:9
U479
t g ≤ 49 nn
N`mkr Nalkr
` j
`9 `9
49 8 t g ≤ 099 nn
N`mkr Nalkr
j e
` `
t g ≤ 099 nn
N`mkr Nalkr
j e
` `
t g < 099 nn
N`mkr Nalkr
d d
e e
N`mkr Nalkr
j e
j e
N`mkr
e
e
Nalkr
d
d
fkt galasfod
`ly
`
`9
j/t g < 59 kr f/t w < 59
`ly
j
j
j/t g 8 59 kr f/t w 8 59
`ly
e
e
Ef`lloh, Too, Dkujho Ef`lloh, Color`h, Ukhad Uoetakls, Uoetakl Dosaclor
lklo
`ly
e
e
@lcho `ld Dkujho Dkuj ho @lcho Uoetakls
lklo
`ly
j
j
Uoetakl Uf`po
Hanats
f/j < 0.:
Zkhhod A-soetakls f/j ≤ 0.:
t g ≤ 49 nn
Sohdod A-soetakls t g < 49 nn
Fkhhkw Tujo `ld Yapo Uoetakls Sohdod Jkx
Lkto= Tfo v`huos v`huos gkr `, ` 9 , j, e `ld d `ro `s dogalod al T`jho ?-0.
?.? ?. ?
Nonjor Nonjor _lsupp krtod krt od Holctfs Tfo ekhunl ulsuppkrtod holctfs `ro roquarod tk `eekult gkr ekhunl sholdorloss oggoets gkr ghoxur`h juebhalc `ld gkr h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc. Tfo prkcr`n `utkn`tae`hhy `utkn`tae`hhy dotornalos tfo ulsuppkrtod holctf r`takls, wfaef `ro spoeagaod `s ` gr`etakl kg tfo gr`no kjmoet holctf. Tfkso r`taks tanos tfo gr`no kjmoet holctfs cavo tfo uljr`eod holctfs gkr tfo nonjor. Tfkso r`taks `hsk e`l jo kvorwrattol jy tfo usor kl ` nonjor-jy-nonjor nonjor-jy-nonjor j`sas, ag dosarod, usalc tfo dosacl kvorwrato kptakl.
Nonjorr _lsuppkrt od Holctfs Nonjo
? - ?
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
Twk ulsuppkrtod holctfs, H 55 `ld H :: , `s sfkwl al Gacuro ?-0, `ro tk jo eklsadorod gkr ghoxur`h juebhalc. Tfoso `ro tfo holctfs jotwool suppkrt pkalts kg tfo nonjor al tfo ekrrospkldalc daroetakls. Tfo holctf H 55 ekrrospklds tk alst`jahaty `jkut tfo 5-5 `xas (n`mkr `xas), `ld H :: ekrrospklds tk alst`jahaty `jkut tfo :-: `xas (nalkr `xas). Tfo holctf H HTJ, lkt sfkwl al tfo gacuro, as `hsk usod gkr h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc e`usod jy n`mkr daroetakl joldalc (a.o., joldalc `jkut `jkut tfo 5-5 `xas).
Gacuro ?-0 _lsuppkrtod _lsuppkrtod holctfs H 55 `ld H ::
Al dotornalalc tfo v`huos gkr H :: `ld H 55 kg tfo nonjors, tfo prkcr`n roekclazos v`rakus `spoets kg tfo strueturo tf`t f`vo `l oggoet kl tfkso holctfs, suef `s nonjor eklloetavaty, da`pfr`cn eklstr`alts, `ld suppkrt pkalts. Tfo prkcr`n `utkn`tae`hhy `utkn`tae`hhy hke`tos tfo nonjor nonjor suppkrt pkalts `ld ov`hu`tos tfo ekrrospkldalc ulsuppkrtod holctf. At as pkssajho gkr tfo ulsuppkrtod holctf kg ` gr`no kjmoet tk jo ov`hu`tod jy tfo prkcr`n `s cro`tor tf`l tfo ekrrospkldalc nonjor holctf. Gkr ox`npho, `ssuno ` ekhunl f`s ` jo`n gr`nalc altk at al klo daroetakl, jut lkt tfo ktfor, `t ` ghkkr hovoh. Al tf`t e`so, tfo ekhunl as `ssunod tk jo suppkrtod al klo daroetakl klhy `t tf`t stkry hovoh, `ld ats ulsuppkrtod holctf al tfo ktfor daroetakl wahh oxeood tfo stkry foacft.
?-7
Nonjor Nonjor _lsuppkrt od Holctfs
Ef`ptor ? Dosacl Dosacl gk r @xa`h Gkreo
Jy dog`uht, tfo ulsuppkrtod holctf gkr h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc, H HTJ, as t`bol tk jo oqu`h tk tfo H :: g`etkr. Uanah`r tk H :: `ld H 55 , H HTJ e`l jo kvorwrattol. Tfo ulsuppkrtod holctf gkr nalkr daroetakl joldalc gkr h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc `hsk e`l jo dogalod nkro proeasohy jy usalc ‘proeaso„ jr`ealc pkalts al tfo H`tor`h Jr`ealc kptakl, wfaef as `eeossod usalc tfo Dosacl nolu < H`tor`h Jr`ealc eknn`ld. Tfas `hhkws tfo usor tk dogalo tfo h`tor`h jr`ealc kg tfo tkp, jkttkn, kr jktf gh`lcos. Tfo jr`ealc e`l jo ` pkalt jr`eo kr ekltalukus jr`ealc. Tfo prkcr`n e`heuh`tos tfo uljr`eod holctf tk dotornalo `xa`h e`p`eaty j`sod kl tfo hanat st`to kg ghoxur`h juebhalc grkn tfas dogalatakl. @ly jr`ealc `t tfo tkp kr jkttkn, kr jktf, as eklsadorod olkucf gkr ghoxur`h juebhalc al tfo nalkr daroetakl. Sfaho efoebalc nknolt e`p`eaty gkr tfo hanat st`to kg h`tor`htkrsakl`h juebhalc (HTJ) `t ` st`takl, tfo prkcr`n dyl`nae`hhy e`heuh`tos tfo jr`ealc pkalts kl tfo eknpro eknprossakl ssakl gh`lco `t tfo hogt `ld `ld `t tfo racft kg kg tfo efoeb st`takl eklsadoralc tfo sacl kg nknolt da`cr`n. Tfas dogalatakl `ggoets klhy tfo uljr`eod holctfs gkr nalkr daroetakl joldalc ( H :: ) `ld h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc ( H HTJ ). Tfas ‘ox`et„ notfkd kg jr`ealc dogalatakl dkos lkt `hhkw tfo usor tk dogalo uljr`eod holctfs gkr n`mkr daroetakl joldal joldalc c ( H 55 ). Tforo `ro tfroo skureos kg uljr`eod holctf r`tak= (0) ‘`utkn`tae„ e`heuh`takl, (:) ‘proeaso„ jr`ealc dogalatakl, (5) kvorwratos, watf alero`salc prakraty al eklsador`takls. ‘@utkn`tae„ e`heuh`takl kg tfo uljr`eod holctf as j`sod kl nonjor eklloetavaty eklsadoralc klhy tfo nonjors tf`t f`vo jool dogalod al tfo nkdoh. Tfas nassos tfo taly jr`ealc nonjors. Fkwovor, suef `utkn`tae`hhy e`heuh`tod jr`ealc holctfs `ro hk`d eknjal`takl (nknolt da`cr`n) aldopoldolt. Tfas e`l jo ropkrtod o`sahy. Uanah`rhy, tfo kvorwrattol v`huos `ro hk`d eknjal`takl aldopoldolt. Tfas `hhkws tfo prkcr`n tk ropkrt tfo kvorwrattol uljr`eod holctf o`sahy. Fkwovor, ag tfo nonjor f`s ` ‘proeaso„ jr`ealc dogalatakl, tfo uljr`eod holctf e`l jo daggorolt `t daggorolt st`takls kg tfo nonjor `hklc tfo holctf. @hsk at e`l jo hk`d eknjal`takl dopoldolt. Tfus, wfol tfo uljr`eod holctf as ropkrtod al tfo dot`ahod dosacl algk, at as ropkrtod porgoethy eklsadoralc `hh tfroo skureos `s loodod. Fkwovor, Fkwovor, wfol ropkrtalc uljr`eod holctf kl tfo nkdoh sfkwl al tfo `etavo waldkw, tfo prkcr`nropkrtod v`huo eknos grkn ‘`utkn`tae„ e`heuh`takl kr grkn tfo kvorwratos ag tfo usor f`s kvorwrattol at.
Nonjorr _lsuppkrt od Holctfs Nonjo
? - 3
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
?.7 ?. 7
Oggoetavo Oggoetav o Holctf G`etk G`etk r (B ) Tfo oggoetavo holctf notfkd gkr e`heuh`talc nonjor `xa`h eknprossavo strolctf f`s jool usod al v`rakus gkrns al sovor`h st`jahaty j`sod dosacl ekdos. Tfo notfkd kracal`tos grkn e`heuh`talc oggoetavo juebhalc holctfs, BH, `ld as j`sod kl oh`stae/aloh`stae st`jahaty tfokry. Tfo oggoetavo juebhalc holctf as usod tk e`heuh`to `l `xa`h eknprossavo strolctf, L j,Zd j,Zd , tfrkucf `l onparae`h ekhunl eurvo tf`t `eekults gkr coknotrae anporgoetakls, dastrajutod yaohdalc, `ld rosadu`h strossos prosolt al tfo erkss-soetakl. Tforo `ro twk typos kg B -g`etkrs -g`etkrs al tfo ‘At`ha`l LTE :906„ ekdo. Tfo garst typo kg B -g`etkr -g`etkr as usod gkr e`heuh`talc tfo Ouhor `xa`h e`p`eaty `ssunalc tf`t `hh kg tfo nonjor mkalts `ro fohd al ph`eo, a.o., lk h`tor`h tr`lsh`takl as `hhkwod. Tfo rosuhtalc `xa`h e`p`eaty as usod al e`heuh`takl kg tfo b g`etkrs. g`etkrs. Tfas B -g`etkr -g`etkr as l`nod `s B 0 al tfas dkeunolt. Tfo prkcr`n e`heuh`tos tfo B 0 g`etkr `utkn`tae`hhy j`sod kl lklsw`y ekldatakl. Tfas B 0 g`etkr as `hw`ys hoss tf`l 0. Tfo prkcr`n `hhkws tfo usor tk kvorwrato B 0 kl ` nonjor-jy-nonjor j`sas. Tfo ktfor B -g`etkr -g`etkr as usod gkr e`heuh`talc tfo Ouhor `xa`h e`p`eaty `ssunalc tf`t `hh tfo nonjor mkalts `ro groo tk sw`y, a.o., h`tor`h tr`lsh`takl as `hhkwod. Tfo -g`etkr as l`nod `s rosuhtalc `xa`h e`p`eaty as usod al e`heuh`talc L j,Zd j,Zd . Tfas B -g`etkr B : al tfas dkeunolt. Tfas B : as `hw`ys cro`tor tf`l 0 ag tfo gr`no as ` sw`y gr`no. Tfo prkcr`n e`heuh`tos tfo B : g`etkr `utkn`tae`hhy j`sod kl sw`y ekldatakl. Tfo prkcr`n `hsk `hhkws tfo usor tk kvorwrato B : g`etkrs kl ` nonjor-jy-nonjor j`sas. Ag tfo gr`no as lkt ro`hhy ` sw`y gr`no, tfo usor sfkuhd kvorwrato tfo B : g`etkrs. Tfo `utkn`tod B : -g`etkr e`heuh`takl as turlod kgg ag tfo usor sots tfo ‘Eklsador Y-Doht` Dklo;„ tk jo ‘Qos„ al tfo progoroleos. Al tfas e`so, `hh tfo ekhunls, jo`ns, `ld `ld jr`eos `ro `ssaclod `ssaclod B : -g`etkrs kg ulaty. Jktf B 0 `ld B : f`vo twk v`huos= klo gkr n`mkr n`mkr daroetakl `ld tfo ktfor gkr nalkr daroetakl, B 0nalkr :n`mkr . :nalkr , B :n`mkr 0n`mkr , B :nalkr 0nalkr , B 0n`mkr Tforo as `lktfor B -g`etkr. -g`etkr. B htj htj gkr h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc. Jy dog`uht, B htj htj as t`bol `s oqu`h tk B :nalkr :nalkr . Fkwovor, tfo usor e`l kvorwrato tfas kl ` nonjor-jynonjor j`sas.
?-6
Oggoetavo Holctf G`etkr G`etkr (B)
Ef`ptor ? Dosacl Dosacl gk r @xa`h Gkreo
Dotornal`takl B : G`etkrs=
Tfo B --g`etkr g`etkr `hckratfn f`s jool dovohkpod gkr juahdalc-typo strueturos, wforo tfo ekhunls `ro vortae`h `ld tfo jo`ns `ro fkrazklt`h, `ld tfo jof`vakr as j`sae`hhy tf`t kg ` nknolt-rosastalc nknolt-rosastalc gr`no gkr wfaef tfo B -g`etkr -g`etkr e`heuh`takl as roh`tavohy eknphox. Gkr tfo purpkso kg e`heuh`talc B -g`etkrs, -g`etkrs, tfo kjmoets `ro adoltagaod `s ekhunls, jo`ns, `ld jr`eos. @hh gr`no kjmoets p`r`hhoh tk tfo ]`xas `ro eh`ssagaod `s ekhunls. @hh kjmoets p`r`hhoh tk tfo V -Q ph`lo ph`lo `ro eh`ssagaod `s jo`ns. Tfo ron`aldors `ro eklsadorod tk jo jr`eos. Tfo jo`ns `ld jr`eos `ro `ssaclod B -g`etkrs -g`etkrs kg ulaty. Al tfo e`heuh`takl kg tfo B -g`etkrs -g`etkrs gkr ` ekhunl kjmoet, tfo prkcr`n garst n`bos tfo gkhhkwalc gkur staggloss sunn`takls sunn`takls gkr o`ef mkalt al tfo struetur`h nkdoh= U ex
U ey
O e A e >∐ e x H Oe A e >∐ H e y
Oj A j >∐ j x H Oj A j >∐ H j y
U jx
U j y
wforo tfo x `ld y sujserapts ekrrospkld tk tfo chkj`h V `ld `ld Q daroetakls daroetakls `ld tfo e `ld j sujserapts rogor tk ekhunl `ld jo`n. Tfo hke`h :-: `ld 5-5 torns OA :: H:: `ld OA 55 H55 `ro rkt`tod tk cavo eknpklolts `hklc tfo chkj`h V `ld Q daroetakls daroetakls tk gkrn tfo ( OA H ) x `ld ( OA H ) y v`huos. Tfol gkr o`ef ekhunl, tfo mkalt sunn`takls `t OLD-A `ld tfo OLD-M kg tfo nonjor `ro tr`lsgkrnod j`eb tk tfo ekhunl hke`h 0-:-5 ekkrdal`to syston, `ld tfo C-v`huos gkr OLD-A `ld tfo OLD-M kg tfo nonjor `ro e`heuh`tod `jkut tfo :-: `ld 5-5 daroetakls `s gkhhkws= A
C
A
>
::
U
A
U
A
C
A
>
55
U
A
U
e ::
M
C
M
>
::
j :: e 55
j 55
U
M
U
e ::
M
C
M
U 55
>
M
U
j ::
e 55
j 55
Ag ` rkt`takl`h roho`so oxasts `t ` p`rtaeuh`r old (`ld daroetakl) kg `l kjmoet, tfo ekrrospkldalc v`huo kg C as sot tk 09.9. Ag `hh docroos kg groodkn gkr ` p`rtaeuh`r mkalt `ro dohotod, tfo C-v`huos gkr `hh nonjors eklloetalc tk tf`t mkalt wahh jo Oggoetavo Holctf G`etkr G`etkr (B)
? - 1
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
sot tk 0.9 gkr tfo old kg tfo nonjor eklloetalc tk tf`t mkalt. Gal`hhy, ag C A `ld M C `ro blkwl gkr ` p`rtaeuh`r daroetakl, tfo ekhunl B : -g`etkr gkr tfo ekrrospkldalc daroetakl as e`heuh`tod jy skhvalc tfo gkhhkwalc roh`taklsfap gkr ΰ= ΰ
:
√ 57
A
M
A
+C
C C
7(C
M
)
>
ΰ
t`l ΰ
(sw`y)
grkn wfaef B : > ω/ΰ. Tfas roh`taklsfap r oh`taklsfap as tfo n`tfon`tae`h gkrnuh`takl gkr tfo ov`hu`takl kg B -g`etkrs -g`etkrs gkr nknolt-rosastalc gr`nos `ssunalc sadosw`y tk jo ulalfajatod. Gkr ktfor strueturos, suef `s jr`eod gr`no strueturos, tfo B -g`etkrs -g`etkrs gkr `hh nonjors `ro usu`hhy ulaty `ld sfkuhd jo sot sk jy tfo usor. Tfo gkhhkwalc `ro skno anpkrt`lt `spoets `sskea`tod watf tfo ekhunl B -g`etkr -g`etkr `hckratfn=
@l kjmoet tf`t f`s ` pal `t tfo mkalt uldor eklsador`takl wahh lkt oltor tfo staggloss sunn`takls e`heuh`tod provakushy. @l kjmoet tf`t f`s ` pal `t tfo g`r old grkn tfo mkalt uldor eklsador`takl wahh ekltrajuto klhy ?9% kg tfo e`heuh`tod OA v`huo. v`huo. @hsk, jo`n nonjors tf`t f`vo lk ekhunl nonjor `t tfo g`r old grkn tfo mkalt uldor eklsador`takl, suef `s e`ltahovors, wahh lkt oltor tfo staggloss sunn`takl. Ag tforo `ro lk jo`ns gr`nalc altk ` p`rtaeuh`r daroetakl kg ` ekhunl nonjor, tfo `sskea`tod C-v`huo wahh jo algalaty. Ag tfo C-v`huo `t `ly klo old kg ` ekhunl gkr ` p`rtaeuh`r daroetakl as algalaty, tfo B -g`etkr -g`etkr ekrrospkldalc tk tf`t daroetakl as sot oqu`h tk ulaty. Ag rkt`takl`h roho`sos oxast `t jktf olds kg `l kjmoet gkr ` p`rtaeuh`r daroetakl, tfo ekrrospkldalc ekrrospkldalc B -g`etkr -g`etkr as sot tk ulaty.
Tfo `utkn`tod B -g`etkr -g`etkr e`heuh`takl prkeoduro kee`sakl`hhy e`l color`to `rtagaea`hhy facf B --g`etkrs, g`etkrs, spoeagae`hhy uldor eareunst`leos alvkhvalc sbowod jo`ns, gaxod suppkrt ekldatakls, `ld uldor ktfor ekldatakls wforo tfo prkcr`n n`y f`vo daggaeuhty roekclazalc tf`t tfo nonjors `ro h`tor`hhy suppkrtod `ld B -g`etkrs -g`etkrs kg ulaty `ro tk jo usod. Tfo `utkn`tod B -g`etkr -g`etkr e`heuh`takl as turlod kgg ag tfo usor sots tfo ‘Eklsador Y-Doht` Dklo;„ tk jo ‘Qos„ al tfo progoroleos. Al tfas e`so, `hh tfo ekhunls, jo`ns, `ld jr`eos `ro `ssaclod B -g`etkrs -g`etkrs kg ulaty.
? - 09
Oggoeta vo Holct f G`etkr (B)
Ef`ptor ? Dosacl Dosacl gk r @xa`h Gkreo
@hh B -g`etkr -g`etkr prkdueod jy tfo prkcr`n e`l jo kvorwrattol jy tfo usor. Tfoso v`huos sfkuhd jo rovaowod `ld `ly ul`eeopt`jho v`huos sfkuhd jo
roph`eod.
Tfo jo`ns `ld jr`eos `ro `ssaclod B -g`etkrs -g`etkrs kg ulaty.
Dotornal`takl B 0 G`etkrs=
Ag C A `ld C M `ro blkwl gkr ` p`rtaeuh`r daroetakl, daroetakl, tfo ekhunl B 0 -g`etkr gkr tfo ekrrospkldalc daroetakl as e`heuh`tod jy skhvalc tfo gkhhkwalc roh`taklsfap roh`taklsfap gkr ΰ= A
C C
4
M
C A + C M ΰ t`l ( ΰ : ) ΰ + : 0 √ t` l ΰ + ( ΰ : ) √ 0 > 9 :
(lkl-sw`y)
grkn wfaef B 0 > ω/ΰ. Tfas roh`taklsfap r oh`taklsfap as tfo n`tfon`tae`h gkrnuh`takl gkr tfo ov`hu`takl kg B 0 -g`etkr gkr nknolt-rosastalc gr`nos `ssunalc sadosw`y tk jo alfajatod. Tfo e`heuh`takl kg C A `ld C M gkhhkws tfo s`no prkeoduro `s tf`t gkr B : -g`etkr wfaef as `hro`dy doserajod al tfas soetakl.
Oggoetavo Holctf G`etkr G`etkr (B)
? - 00 00
Ef`ptor 7 Dosacl gkr Joldalc Nknolt
Tfas ef`ptor prkvados ` dot`ahod doseraptakl kg tfo dosacl `hckratfn gkr tfo LTE :906 stooh gr`no dosacl wfol dosaclalc gkr joldalc nknolts. Tfo gkhhkwalc tkpaes `ro ekvorod=
dosacl gkr joldalc nknolt (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.5 `ld § 4.:.4.0.:.7)
dosacl gkr h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc (LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.:)
7.0 7. 0
Nknolt Efoeb Tfo nknolt efoeb `t o`ef kutput st`takl sf`hh s`tasgy= N Od N e, Zd
≤ 0.9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.00)
wforo tfo dosacl nknolt rosast`leo, N e,Zd e,Zd , as t`bol `s=
Eh`ss 0 kr : soetakls
N e , Zd
> N ph ,Zd >
S ph g y
ε N 9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.0:)
7-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosac l At`ha `l LTE-:9 LTE-:906 06
Eh`ss 5 soetakls
N e , Zd
> N oh .Zd > Sohε,nal g y
(LTE Oq. 4.:.05)
N 9
Eh`ss 4 soetakls
N e , Zd
>
Sogg ,nal g y
ε N 9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.04)
Tfo ph`stae `ld oh`stae soetakl nkduhus v`huos, S ph `ld S ooh,h,nal `ro p`rt kg tfo gr`no soetakl dogalatakl. S ogg, ogg, nal as tfo oggoetavo soetakl nkduhus, ekrrospkldalc tk tfo gajor watf tfo n`xanun oh`stae stross, kg tfo erkss-soetakl wfol sujmoetod klhy tk nknolt ,nal as j`sod kl tfo oggoetavo wadtfs kg tfo `jkut tfo rohov`lt `xas. S ogg ,nal eknprossakl p`rts. At as dotornalod j`sod kl OL 0115-0-? ekdo (OL 0115-0-? 4.4(:), T`jho 4.0, T`jho 4.:).
Tfo oggoet kg facf sfo`r kl tfo dosacl nknolt rosast`leo, N e,Zd e,Zd , as eklsadorod ag= W Od
≯ 9.?W e , Zd
(LTE Oq. 4.:.59)
Tk `eekult gkr tfo oggoet kg facf sfo`r al A-F-dkujhy synnotrae soetakls, sujmoetod tk n`mkr `xas nknolt, tfo rodueod dosacl ph`stae rosast`leo nknolt as t`bol `s=
N y ,W , Zd
π @: S ph , y √ 4t wv g yb > ≤ N y ,e , Zd ε N 9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.5:)
wforo π `ld @ @ v `ro t`bol `s= :
:W π > Od √ 0 W e , Zd
@v 7-:
> fwt w
Nknolt Efoeb
(LTE Oq. 4.:.50)
Ef`ptorr 7 Do Ef`pto Dosacl sacl gkr Jolda lc Nknolt
Gkr `hh ktfor soetakls, tfo rodueod dosacl ph`stae rosast`leo nknolt as t`bol `s= N y,W,Zd > (0 √ π) N e,Zd .
7.: 7. :
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.3)
H`tor`h-T H`tor`h-Tkrs krsak akl`h l`h Juebha Jue bha lc Efo Efoeb eb Tfo h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc efoeb `t o`ef kutput st`takl sf`hh s`tasgy= N Od N j, Zd
≤ 0.9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.46)
wforo tfo dosacl juebhalc rosast`leo nknolt, N j,Zd j,Zd , as t`bol `s= N j , Zd
> σHT S y
g y
ε NA
(LTE Oq. 4.:.41)
`ld tfo soetakl nkduhus, S y , as dogalod j`sod kl tfo soetakl eh`ssagae`takl=
√ Eh`ss 0 kr : soetakls S y
> S ph , y
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.:)
√ Eh`ss 5 soetakls S y
> S oh, y
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.:)
√ Eh`ss 4 soetakls S y
> S ogg , y
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.:)
S ph , S oh oh , `ld S ogg ogg f`vo jool doserajod al tfo provakus soetakl.
Tfo roduetakl g`etkr σ HT as as t`bol `s=
0 σ HT > ⋏ ≤ 0 0 (LTE Oq. 4.:.?9 `ld 4.:.?5) : : g Χ + Χ √ κ ⋏ β : ⋏ HT HT HT β HT g 0
0
H`tor`h-Tkrsakl`h H`tor` h-Tkrsakl`h Juebh alc Efoeb
7-5
Utooh Gr`no Dosac l At`ha `l LTE-:9 LTE-:906 06
wforo tfo g`etkr Χ, tfo lkl-danolsakl`h sholdorloss, β HT , κ `ld g ekoggaeaolts `ro t`bol `s=
Χ HT > 9.?0 + ΰ HT ( β HT √ β HT ,9 ) + κ ⋏ β HT : ΰ HT β HT >
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.:)
as tfo anporgoetakl g`etkr (soo T`jho 7.:) S y g y N er
(LTE Oq. 4.:.?0)
β HT HT,9 ,9 > 9.: κ>0 :
g
9.? (0 √ b e ) ⋏ 0 √ : > 0 √ 9.
b e
(β
HT
√ 9.6
) (LTE Oq. 4.:.?:)
as ` ekrroetavo g`etkr tf`t t`bos altk `eekult tfo oggoetavo dastrajutakl kg tfo nknolts al tfo gr`no (soo T`jho 7-0)
Tfo oh`stae eratae`h nknolt, N eer r , as j`sod kl crkss erkss-soetakl prkportaos `ld as t`bol `s= 9.?
: ω: OA A H CA N er > φ : z w + er: T ω OA z Her A z
wforo A z , A w , `ld A TT `ro tfo nalkr `xas alorta`, w`rpalc eklst`lt, `ld tkrsakl eklst`lt, rospoetavohy2 H er as tfo oggoetavo uljr`eod holctf gkr tfo h`tor`htkrsakl`h juebhalc nkdo, `ld φ as dogalod `s=
φ > 0.3? √ 0.9?
7-4
N J N @
:
N + 9 .5 J N @
H`tor`h-Tkrsakl`h H`tor`h-Tkrsakl`h Juebha lc Efoeb
T` T`jh jhoo 77-0= -0= Ekrroet avo av o G`etk r (LTE T`jho `jh o 4.:.V)
Ef`ptorr 7 Do Ef`pto Dosacl sacl gkr Jolda lc Nknolt
wforo N @ `ld N J `ro tfo old nknolts watf N J ≤ N @ . Tfo v`huo kg φ as `hsk t`bol `s 0.9 ag tfo uljr`eod holctf as kvorwrattol. Tfo v`huo kg φ e`l jo kvorwrattol kl ` nonjor-jy-nonjor j`sas. LKTO= tfo gkhhkwalc p`r`cr`pf eh`ragaos tfo e`heuh`takl kg joldalc ekldatakls, wfaef f`s `hro`dy jool anphonoltod.
φ gkr
lkl ulagkrn
Tfo provakus oqu`takl as v`had klhy gkr ` halo`r dastrajutakl kg joldalc nknolts `hklc tfo ohonolt. Gkr lkl-ulagkrn nknolt da`cr`n, φ as e`heuh`tod `s gkhhkws=
H`tor`h-Tkrsakl`h H`tor` h-Tkrsakl`h Juebh alc Efoeb
7-?
Utooh Gr`no Dosac l At`ha `l LTE-:9 LTE-:906 06
φ >
0:.? N n`x :.? N n`x
+ 5 N @ + 4 N J + 5N E
≤ :.3
wforo N n`x > `jskhuto v`huo kg n`xanun nknolt al uljr`eod socnolt N @ > `jskhuto v`huo kg nknolt `t qu`rtor pkalt kg tfo uljr`eod socnolt N J > `jskhuto v`huo kg nknolt `t eoltorhalo kg tfo uljr`eod socnolt N E > `jskhuto v`huo kg nknolt `t tfroo-qu`rtor pkalt kg tfo uljr`eod socnolt Foro, H er as tfo oggoetavo uljr`eod holctf gkr tfo h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc nkdo. Her
> B HTJ HHTJ
wforo B HTJ as tfo oggoetavo holctf g`etkr gkr tfo h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc nkdo, `ld H HTJ as tfo uljr`eod holctf gkr tfo h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc nkdo. Gkr nkro dot`ahs kl tfoso twk g`etkrs, pho`so rogor tk Uoetakls ?.? `ld ?.7 al Ef`ptor ? kg tfas n`lu`h. Tfo anporgoetakl g`etkr, ΰ HT , as dogalod al T`jho 7-: j`sod kl tfo rospoetavo juebhalc eurvo eurvo tf`t as dogalod al T`jho 7-5 (LTE T`j. T`j. 4.:.WAA). 4.:.WAA). Tfo h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc rosast`leo kg Ef`llohs, Dkujho Ef`llohs, Toos, @lchos, Dkujho @lchos, `ld A-soetakls as e`heuh`tod `s doserajod provakushy. H`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc as lkt eklsadorod gkr Tujuh`r, Jkx, kr Ukhad soetakls. Gkr Color`h soetakls, tfo h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc rosast`leo as t`bol `s tfo dosacl oh`stae nknolt rosast`leo (LKTO= gkr Uoetakl Dosaclor Uoetakls tfo v`huo kg σ HT as e`heuh`tod ox`ethy `s gkr ktfor eh`ssae`h sf`pos).
7-7
H`tor`h-Tkrsakl`h H`tor`h-Tkrsakl`h Juebha lc Efoeb
Ef`ptorr 7 Do Ef`pto Dosacl sacl gkr Jolda lc Nknolt T`jho 7-:= Anporgoetak l G`etkrs (LTE T`jho 4.:. 4.:.AV AV `) Juebhalc Eurvo Anporgoetakl G`etkr, ΰ HT RLDY^
`
j
e
d
9.:0
9.54
9.41
9.37
T`jho 7-5= Juebh alc Eurvos (LTE T T`jho `jho 4.:. 4.:.AV AV j) Uoetakl Uf`po
Hanats
Juebhalc Eurvo
Zkhhod A-soetakls
f/j ≤ : f/j < :
j e
Sohdod A-soetakls
f/j ≤ : f/j < :
e d
-
d
Ktfor soetakls
Lkto= Tfo j, e, `ld d ``ro ro prosoltod al T T`jho `jho 7-:.
H`tor`h-Tkrsakl`h H`tor` h-Tkrsakl`h Juebh alc Efoeb
7-3
Ef`ptor 3 Dosa Do sacl cl ggkr kr Ufo` Ufo`rr Gkre Gkreo o
Tfas ef`ptor prkvados ` dot`ahod doseraptakl kg tfo dosacl `hckratfn gkr tfo LTE :906 stooh gr`no dosacl wfol dosaclalc gkr sfo`r gkreos. Tfo gkhhkwalc tkpaes `ro ekvorod=
3.0
e`heuh`takl kg sfo`r `ro` (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.4)
dosacl gkr sfo`r (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.4) 4.:.4.0.:.4)
dosacl gkr sfo`r juebhalc (LTE § E4.:.4.0.5.4)
Ufo`r @ro` @r o` Tfo sfo`r `ro`, @ v , gkr v`rakus soetakl sf`pos as t`bol grkn tfo dogalatakl cavol al tfo ekdo (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.4).
3.:
Ufo`r Efoeb Tfo sfo`r efoeb `t o`ef kutput st`takl sf`hh s`tasgy= W Od W e, Zd
≤ 0.9
(LTE Oq. 4.:.07)
wforo tfo dosacl sfo`r rosast`leo W e,Zd as t`bol `s= e,Zd as 3-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
W e , Zd >
(
5
@v g y
)
(LTE Oq. 4.:.03)
ε N 9
3.5 3. 5
Ufo`r Ufo`r Juebha Jue bha lc Efoeb Efoeb Gkr wojs kg A-soetakls, Jkxos, Ef`llohs, Dkujho Ef`llohs, Toos, `ld Dkujho @lchos watfkut altornoda`to staggolors, sfo`r juebhalc as efoebod ag= fw tw
3:
<
γ
:5?
⋏
g y
.
(LTE Oq. 4.:.:3)
Tfo sfo`r `ro` g`etkr, γ as as t`bol `s= γ > > 0.9.
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.4)
Tfo dosacl sfo`r rosast`leo W e,Zd as t`bol `s= e,Zd as We , Zd
> Wj, Zd > Wjw, Zd + Wjg , Z d ≤
γ g yw fwt 5ε NA
(LTE Oq. E4.:.47)
wforo W jw, jw, Zd as tfo ekltrajutakl grkn tfo woj, t`bol `s= W jw,Zd
>
σ w g yw fw t . 5ε NA
(LTE Oq. E4.:.43)
β w as t`bol `s=
β w
>
9.37
g yw
τ er
(LTE Oq. E4.:.?9)
wforo=
τer > b τ υ O
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.4.0) :
t ω: ⋏ O ⋏ t : υ O > > 019999 ⋏ : 0: ⋏ (0 √ ξ ) ⋏ fw fw 3-:
Ufo`r Ufo`r Juebh alc Efoeb
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.4.0)
Ef`ptor 3 Dosacl gkr Ufo` Ufo`rr Gkreo
`ssunalc tf`t tr`lsvorso staggolors oxast klhy `t suppkrts= :
?.54 + 4.99 4. 99 fw b τ > ?.54 H
(LTE Oq. E4.:.?0)
al wfaef H as tfo sp`l kg tfo jo`n. Tfo tr`lsvorso staggolors `t tfo suppkrts `ro `ssunod tk ero`to klhy ` lkl-racad old pkst, ho`dalc tk tfo sfo`r ekltrajutakl g`etkr joalc t`bol `s=
γ σ w > 9.65 β w
ag ag
β w 8 9.65 γ β w ≯ 9.65 γ
(LTE T`j. E.4.:.WAA)
Tfo ekltrajutakl grkn tfo gh`lcos, W jg,Zd jg,Zd , as eklsorv`tavohy aclkrod. W jjg g Zd > 9. , Zd >
Ufo`rr Juebh alc Efoeb Ufo`
3-5
Ef`ptor 6 Dosac Do sacl l gk gkrr T Tkrsa krsa kl
Tfas ef`ptor prkvados ` dot`ahod doseraptakl kg tfo dosacl `hckratfn gkr tfo LTE :906 stooh stooh gr`no dosacl dosacl wfol dosaclalc gkr tkrsakl, tkrsakl, wfaef gkhhkws JU OL 0115-7 @llox @. Tfo gkhhkwalc tkpaes `ro ekvorod=
`l`hysas kg tkrsakl roh`tod strossos (UEA Yujhae`takl 56?)
dosacl gkr sfo`r al prosoleo kg tkrsakl (OE5 7.:.3)
dosacl gkr eknjalod `etakls (OE5 7.:.0(3), 7.:.1.0(7), 7.:.1.5(:), @llox @ kg JU OL 0115-7)
6.0 6. 0 @l`hysas @l`hys as kg Tkrsak kr sakl l Utrossos tross os Al dkalc tkrsakl`h stross efoeb tfo jkkb ‘Dosacl kg Utooh Jo`ns al Tkrsakl al @eekrd`leo watf Ourkekdos `ld _B L`takl`h @lloxos„, tfo UEA Yujhae`takl Y56?, as t`bol `s tfo cuado (Fucfos, Ahos, `ld N`hab, :900). Yho`so eklsuht tfo jkkb gkr tfo dot`ahs. Tfo tkrsakl efoeb as hanatod tk tfo gkhhkwalc kpol soetakl= dkujhy-synnotrae Asf`pos `ld tk tfo gkhhkwalc ehksod soetakls= jkx `ld papo sf`pos. A-sf`pos watf salcho synnotrae soetakls `ro lkt efoebod gkr tkrsakl.
6-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosac l LTE :906
Tfo oh`stae voragae`takl usalc tfo yaohd eratorakl cavol al OE5 7.:.0(?) as lkt usod `s tfas eratorakl as eklsorv`tavo. Tfas eratorakl aclkros tfo ph`stae stross rodastrajutakl.
6.: 6. : Ufo`r Ufo`r Efoeb al Yrosole Yrosoleo o kg Tkrsa kr sakl kl Al prosoleo kr `jsoleo kg tkrsakl, tfo prkcr`n `hw`ys porgkrns tfo rocuh`r sfo`r efoeb `s doserajod al soetakl 3.:. Gkr eknjalod sfo`r gkreo `ld tkrsakl`h nknolt, tfo ph`stae sfo`r rosast`leo as rodueod grkn W ph , Zd tk W ph ,T . Zd `eekultalc gkr tfo tkrsakl`h oggoets. Tfo sfo`r efoeb `t o`ef kutput st`takl sf`hh s`tasgy= W Od W ph .T , Zd
≤ 0.9 ,
(OE5 7.:.3(1))
wforo W ph ,T .Zd as t`bol `s gkhhkws=
W ph ,T , Zd
τt , Od W (A-Uf`pos) > 0√ 0.:? ( g y 5 ) ε N 9 ph , Zd
(OE5 7.:.3(1))
W ph ,T , Zd
τt , Od W (Fkhhkw Uf`pos) > 0√ ( g y 5 ) ε N 9 ph , Zd
(OE5 7.:.3(1))
Tfo roduetakl g`etkr
πT > W ph ,T,T ,Zd
W ph ,Z ,Zd as cavol `s gkhhkws=
τt,Od 0 √ , 0.:? ( g y 5 ) ε N 9 W ph ,T ,Zd πT > > W ph ,Zd τt,Od 0 √ , ( g y 5 ) ε N 9 wforo 6-:
τt,Od as tfo Ut Wol`lt tkrsakl.
Ufo`r Efoeb al Yrosoleo kg Tkrsa kl
gkr Asf`pos,
gkr Jkxos `ld Yapos,
Ef`ptorr 6 Dosacl gkr T Ef`pto Tkrsakl krsakl
6.5 Dosacl Dosacl gkr Eknja lod @etakl s Al `jsoleo kg tkrsakl, tfo eknjalod `etakls `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc nknolts kr `xa`h gkreo, sfo`r gkreos, `ld joldalc nknolts `ro ov`hu`tod `eekrdalc tk tfo ekdo eh`usos. Tfo dot`ahs f`vo jool sunn`razod al Ef`ptor 6. Al prosoleo kg tkrsakl, tfo tkt`h tkrsakl`h nknolt T Od as sphat altk ` Ut Wol`lt tkrsakl T t,Od `ld ` w`rpalc tkrsakl, T w,Od . Tfo w`rpalc nknolt, N w,Od ekltrajutos tk tfo joldalc nknolt al tfo gh`lcos. Tfas `ggoets tfo altor`etakl efoebs. At `hsk alero`sos tfo nalkr `xas joldalc nknolt jy ` sn`hh `nkult, N z ,T ,Od . Tfo altor`etakl oqu`takls `ro nkdagaod tk `eeknnkd`to tfo w`rpalc nknolt, N w,Od `ld `ddatakl`h nalkr `xas joldalc nknolt, N z ,T ,Od . Tfo gkhhkwalc oqu`takls `ro nkdagaod= Oq. 7.: kg soetakl OE5 7.:.0(3), Oq. 7.40 kg soetakl OE5 7.:.1.0(7), Oq. 7.44 kg soetakl OE5 7.:.1.5(:). Klo `ddatakl`h altor`etakl oqu`takl as efoebod wfaef as cavol al @llox @ kg JU OL 0115-7. Tfo dot`ahs f`vo jool cavol al Ef`ptor 6.
Dosacl Dosacl gkr Eknjalod @etakl s
6-5
Ef`ptor 1 Dosac Do sacl l gk gkrr Eknjal Eknjalod od G Gkre kreos os
Tfas ef`ptor prkvados ` dot`ahod doseraptakl kg tfo dosacl `hckratfn gkr tfo LTE :906 stooh gr`no dosacl, watf rospoet tk dosaclalc gkr eknjalod gkreos. Tfo gkhhkwalc tkpaes `ro ekvorod=
Dosacl gkr erkss-soetakl rosast`leo=
― dosacl gkr joldalc `ld `xa`h gkreo
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.3-6)
― dosacl
gkr joldalc, sfo`r, `ld `xa`h gkreo (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.1)
― dosacl
gkr joldalc `ld sfo`r (LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.7)
Dosacl gkr st`jahaty kg nonjors
― prasn`tae prasn`tae
nonjors al joldalc nonjors joldalc `ld `ld `xa`h eeknprossakl knprossakl (LTE § E4.:.4.0.0.5) E4.:.4.0.0.5)
― prasn`tae prasn`tae
nonjors al joldalc `ld nonjors `ld `xa`h tolsakl (LTE § E4.:.4.0.0.5) E4.:.4.0.0.5)
1-0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
1.0 1. 0
Do Dosac sac l gkr Erkss-U Erkss -Uoetakl oetakl Zosas Zosas t`leo t`leo
1.0.0 1.0 .0
Jolda lc lc,, @xa @xa`h `h Gkre Gkreo, o, `ld Ufo` Ufo`rr Efoeb Tfo eknjalod oggoet kg `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc nknolts as efoebod al tfo s`no w`y wfotfor tfo `xa`h gkreo as ` tolsaho gkreo kr ` eknprossakl gkreo. Tforo `ro nalkr oxeoptakls tf`t `ro lktod al tfo rohov`lt soetakls.
1.0.0. 1.0 .0.0 0 Eh`ss 0 `ld : Erks s-Uoeta kls kl s Gkr A `ld F soetakls, tfo eknjalod `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc as efoebod jy t`balc tfo gkhhkwalc sunn`takl kg tfo utahaz`takl r`taks gkr o`ef gkreo eknpklolt= :
?l
N + N ≤ 0 N L , y , Zd N L , z , Zd y , Od
l>
L Od L ph, Zd
z , Od
(LTE Oq. 4.:.56)
(LTE Oq. 4.:.57)
N L ,y ,Zd `ld N L ,z ,Zd `ro eknputod `s gkhhkws= N L , y , Zd
0√ l > N ph , y , Zd ≤ N ph , y , Zd 0 √ 9.?`
(LTE Oq. 4.:.55)
gkr l ≤ `,
N ph ,z ,Zd ,
N L ,z ,Zd > N 0 √ l √ ` : , gkr l < ` ph ,z ,Zd 0√ `
(LTE Oq. 4.:.54-5?)
wforo, l>
`>
1-:
L Od L ph ,Zd
@ √ :j g t g @
(LTE Oq. 4.:.57)
≤ 9.?
Do Dosacl sacl gkr Erkss-Uoetakl Zosast`leo Zosast`leo
(LTE Oq. 4.:.53)
Ef`ptor 1 Dosacl Dosacl gkr Eknjalod Gkreo
Gkr ktfor typos kg soetakls, LTE :996 rogors tk Ourkekdo 5. Gkr Fkhhkw Zoet`lcuh`r soetakls, tfo eknjalod `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc as efoebod jy t`balc tfo gkhhkwalc sunn`takl kg tfo utahaz`takl r`taks gkr o`ef gkreo eknpklolt= ΰ
κ
N y ,Od N z,Od N + ≤0 L ,y ,Zd N L ,z ,Zd
(OE5 7.:.1.0(7))
ΰ `ld κ `ro t`bol `s gkhhkws= ΰ>κ>
0.77 0 √ 0.05l
:
≤ 7 , wforo
(OE5 7.:.1.0(7))
L Od l > L ph ,Zd
(OE5 7.:.1.0(7))
N L ,y ,Zd `ld N L ,z ,Zd `ro eknputod `s gkhhkws= N L ,y ,Zd
0√ l > N ph, y,Zd ≤ N ph, y, Zd 0 √ 9.?`w
(OE5 7.:.1.0(?))
N L ,z ,Zd
0√ l > N ph ,z, Zd ≤ N ph,z ,Zd 0 √ 9.?` g
(OE5 7.:.1.0(?))
wforo= `w
> @ √ :jt g ≤ 9.?
` g
>
@
@ √ :ft w @
≤ 9.?
(OE5 7.:.1.0(?))
(OE5 7.:.1.0(?))
Gkr Ef`lloh, Dkujho Ef`lloh, Ukhad Zoet`lcuh`r, Dkujho @lcho, @lcho, Color`h, `ld Uoetakl Dosaclor soetakls, eknjalod `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc as eklsorv`tavohy efoebod jy t`balc ` halo`r sunn`takl kg tfo utahaz`takl r`taks gkr o`ef gkreo eknpklolt `s=
Dosacl Dosacl gkr Erkss-Uo Erkss-Uoetakl etakl Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo
6-5
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
L Od L Zd
+
N y, Od N y, Zd
+
N z, Od N z , Zd
≤ 0.9
(OE5 7.:.0(3))
Tfo dosacl `xa`h rosast`leo L Zd as t`bol `s L tt,Zd kr L e,Zd Zd as ,Zd kr e,Zd , `s `pprkpra`to, `s dogalod al Uoetakl ?.: `ld ?.5 kg Ef`ptor ? kg tfas n`lu`h. Tfo v`huos kg N y,Zd `ld N z,Zd `ro dogalod al Uoetakl 7.0 kg Ef`ptor 7 kg tfas n`lu`h gkr y,Zd `ld z,Zd `ro e`sos watf jktf hkw `ld facf sfo`r. Gkr Eareuh`r `ld Yapo soetakls, `l UZUU (Uqu`ro Zkkt kg Uun kg Uqu`ros) eknjal`takl as n`do garst kg tfo twk joldalc eknpklolts jogkro `ddalc tfo `xa`h hk`d eknpklolt, alsto`d kg tfo salcho `hcojr`ae `ddatakl `s anphaod jy tfo altor`etakl oqu`takls cavol jy OE5 7.:.0(3). Tfo rosuhtalc altor`etakl oqu`takl as cavol jy tfo gkhhkwalc= :
L L Zd
Od
:
+ N + N ≤ 0.9. N y , Zd N z , Zd y , Od
z , Od
(OE5 7.:.0(3))
Tfo pfahkskpfy jofald tfo proeodalc nkdagae`takl as tf`t tfo olcaloor f`s tfo groodkn tk efkkso tfo praleap`h `xas. Tfo olcaloor e`l o`sahy efkkso tfo praleap`h `xas tk n`tef watf tfo rosuht`lt nknolt sk tf`t tfo dosacl as `hw`ys j`sod kl tfo ula`xa`h joldalc watf `xa`h gkreo. Al tf`t e`so, tfo nknolt wahh jo tfo rosuht`lt (UZUU) nknolt grkn tfo twk eknpklolts. Tfo rosuht`lt D/E r`tak e`heuh`tod usalc tfo proeodalc oqu`takls wahh n`tef tfo e`heuh`tod D/E r`tak grkn tfo puro rosuht`lt nknolt gkr tfo Yapo `ld Eareuh`r soetakls. Tfo ro`skl as tf`t N Zd Zd gkr Yapo `ld Ukhad Eareuh`r soetakls as aldopoldolt kg tfo B `ld `ld H g`etkrs. Gkr Too soetakls, eknjalod `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc as eklsorv`tavohy efoebod jy t`balc ` halo`r sunn`takl kg tfo utahaz`takl r`taks gkr o`ef gkreo eknpklolt `s= L Od L Zd
+
N y, Od N y, Zd
+
N z, Od N z , Zd
≤ 0.9
(OE5 7.:.0(3))
Fkwovor, gkr tfas e`so tfo n`xanun hklcatudal`h stross `t tfroo oxtrono pkalts kg tfo soetakl `ro `ro `ddod watf `pprkpra`to `pprkpra`to sacl. Tf`t no`ls no`ls tf`t `t tfo
1-4
Do Dosacl sacl gkr Erkss-Uoetakl Zosast`leo Zosast`leo
Ef`ptor 1 Dosacl Dosacl gkr Eknjalod Gkreo
twk oxtrono pkalts kl tfo gh`lco, `hh tfroo torns `ro `ddod `hcojr`ae`hhy, wforo`s `t tfo tap kg tfo woj, tfo nalkr `xas joldalc torn joeknos zork.
1.0.0. 1.0 .0.: : Eh`ss 5 Erks s-Uoeta kls Gkr `hh sf`pos, watf tfo oxeoptakl lktod al tfo gkhhkwalc toxt, tfo eknjalod `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc as eklsorv`tavohy efoebod jy t`balc tfo halo`r sunn`takl kg tfo utahaz`takl r`taks gkr o`ef gkreo eknpklolt= L Od L Zd
+
N y, Od N y, Zd
+
N z, Od N z , Zd
≤ 0.9
(OE5 7.:.0(3))
Gkr Dkujhy Uynnotrae soetakls, tfo proeodalc oqu`takl as ` roprosolt`takl kg tfo ekdo-spoeagaod oqu`takl cavol foro=
υ x,Od ≤
g y
ε N 9
.
(OE5 7.:.1.:(0))
@s `l oxeoptakl gkr Eareuh`r `ld Yapo soetakls, `l UZUU (Uqu`ro Zkkt kg Uun kg Uqu`ros) eknjal`takl as n`do garst kg tfo twk joldalc eknpklolts jogkro `ddalc tfo `xa`h hk`d eknpklolt, alsto`d kg tfo salcho `hcojr`ae `ddatakl `s anphaod jy tfo altor`etakl oqu`takls cavol jy OE5 7.:.0(3). Tfo rosuhtalc altor`etakl oqu`takl as cavol jy tfo gkhhkwalc= L Od L Zd
:
:
N N + y, Od + z, Od ≤ 0.9 N y, Zd N z , Zd
(OE5 7.:.0(3))
@s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Too soetakls, tfo torns `ro `hcojr`ae`hhy `ddod gkr tfroo oxtrono pkalts kg tfo soetakl. Uoo tfo provakus Uoetakl kg tfas n`lu`h gkr dot`ahs.
1.0.0.5 1.0. 0.5 Eh`ss 4 Erks s-Uoeta kls Gkr `hh sf`pos, watf tfo oxeoptakl lktod al tfo gkhhkwalc toxt, tfo eknjalod `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc as eklsorv`tavohy efoebod jy t`balc halo`r sunn`takl kg tfo utahaz`takl utahaz`takl r`taks gkr g kr o`ef gkreo eknpklolt= eknpklolt=
Dosacl Dosacl gkr Erkss-Uo Erkss-Uoetakl etakl Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo
6-?
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
L Od L Zd
+
N y, Od N y, Zd
+
N z, Od N z , Zd
≤ 0.9
(OE5 7.:.0(3))
Gkr Dkujhy Uynnotrae soetakls, tfo proeodalc oqu`takl as ` roprosolt`takl kg tfo ekdo-spoeagaod oqu`takl cavol foro=
υ x,Od ≤
g y
ε N 9
.
(OE5 7.:.1.5(0))
@s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Eareuh`r `ld Yapo soetakls, `l UZUU (Uqu`ro Zkkt kg Uun kg Uqu`ros) eknjal`takl as n`do garst kg tfo twk joldalc eknpklolts jogkro `ddalc tfo `xa`h hk`d eknpklolt, alsto`d kg tfo salcho `hcojr`ae `ddatakl `s anphaod jy tfo altor`etakl oqu`takls cavol jy OE5 7.:.0(3). Tfo rosuhtalc altor`etakl oqu`takl as cavol jy tfo gkhhkwalc= L Od L Zd
:
:
N N + y, Od + z, Od ≤ 0.9 N y, Zd N z , Zd
(OE5 7.:.0(3))
@s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Too soetakls, tfo torns `ro `hcojr`ae`hhy `ddod gkr tfroo oxtrono pkalts kg tfo soetakl. Uoo ` provakus Uoetakl kg tfas n`lu`h gkr dot`ahs. Al `ddatakl, Eh`ss 4 soetakls `ro efoebod gkr tfo gkhhkwalc altor`etakl oqu`takl= L Od @ogg g y
εN 9
+
+ L Od oLy N z ,Od + L Od oLz + Sogg , y ,nal g y ε N 9 Sogg ,z ,nal g y ε N 9 N y ,Od
(OE5 7.:.1.5(:))
wforo, @ ogg as tfo oggoetavo `ro` kg tfo erkss-soetakl wfol sujmoetod tk ulagkrn eknprossakl, S ogg ogg ,nal ,nal as tfo oggoetavo soetakl nkduhus (ekrrospkldalc tk tfo gajor watf n`xanun oh`stae stross) kg tfo erkss-soetakl wfol sujmoetod klhy tk nknolt `jkut tfo rohov`lt `xas, o L as tfo sfagt kg tfo rohov`lt eoltrkad`h `xas wfol tfo erkss-soetakl as sujmoetod tk eknprossakl klhy. Ag tfo soetakl as uldor tolsaho gkreo, o L as sot tk zork, `ld L Od as sot tk zork. Od as 1-7
Do Dosacl sacl gkr Erkss-Uoetakl Zosast`leo Zosast`leo
Ef`ptor 1 Dosacl Dosacl gkr Eknjalod Gkreo
@s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Eareuh`r `ld Yapo soetakls, `l UZUU (Uqu`ro Zkkt kg Uun kg Uqu`ros) eknjal`takl as n`do garst kg tfo twk joldalc eknpklolts jogkro `ddalc tfo `xa`h hk`d eknpklolt, alsto`d kg tfo salcho `hcojr`ae `ddatakl `s anphaod jy tfo altor`etakl altor`etakl oqu`takls cavol provakushy (OE5 7.:.1.5(:)). @s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Too soetakls, tfo torns `ro `hcojr`ae`hhy `ddod gkr tfroo oxtrono pkalts kg tfo soetakl. Uoo tfo provakus Uoetakl kg tfas n`lu`h gkr dot`ahs.
1.0.: 1.0 .:
Nonjors Uujm Uujmoetod oetod tk Ufo` Ufo`rr Gkre Gkreo o Ag tfo sfo`r stross as rohov`lt
W Od W ≯ 9.? , tfo altor`etakl jotwool `xa`h stross, Zd
joldalc, `ld sfo`r stross e`l jo ov`hu`tod ov`hu`tod watf tfo s`no gkrnuh`takl `s as cavol al § 6.0.0 al wfaef tfo rosastalc nknolt as e`heuh`tod watf ` rodueod yaohd strolctf= g y , rod > (0 √ π ) ⋏ g yb
(LTE § 4.:.4.0.:.1)
:
:W π > Od √ 0 . W Zd
1.: 1. :
(LTE Oq. 4.:.49)
Do Dosac sac l gkr Juebh Jue bhalc alc Zo Zosas sas t`leo t`leo kg No Nonjors njors Tfo eknjalod oggoet kg `xa`h eknprossakl `ld joldalc watf spoea`h onpf`sas tk ghoxur`h `ld h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc as efoebod usalc LTE E4.:.4.0.5.5. Tfo eknjalod oggoet kg `xa`h tolsakl `ld joldalc as `hsk efoebod usalc tfo s`no soetakl, watf tfo oxeoptakl tf`t tfo `xa`h torn as aclkrod. Tfo prkcr`n efoebs tfoso oqu`takls `ssunalc tfo soetakl as prasn`tae. Gkr lklprasn`tae soetakls tfo s`no oqu`takls `ro usod. Fkwovor tfo erkss-soetakl prkportaos usod `ro j`sod kl tfo soetakl joalc efoebod. Tfo usor as `dvasod tk efoeb tfo `pprkpra`toloss kg tfas notfkd. Gkr Eh`ss 0, :, 5, `ld 4 soetakls, tfo s`no oqu`takls `ro efoebod. Fkwovor, gkr sanphaeaty, tfo vorsakls kg oqu`takls usod gkr daggorolt eh`ssos `ro ropkrtod daggorolthy al tfas n`lu`h. Dosacl Dosacl gkr Juebh alc Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo kg Nonjors
6-3
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
1.:.0 1.: .0
Eh`ss 0 0,, : `ld 5 Uo Uoet etak akls ls _ldor Ghoxur Ghoxuro o `ld @xa `h Eknprossakl
Tfo eknjalod oggoet kg `xa`h eknprossakl `ld joldalc watf spoea`h onpf`sas tk ghoxur`h `ld h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc as efoebod jy e`heuh`talc tfo utahaz`takl r`taks j`sod kl tfo gkhhkwalc twk notfkds= Notfkd @=
L Od σnal ⋏ g yb ⋏ @
+
ε N 0
N yoq , Od
+
N zoq , Od
g L g L σ HT ⋏ yb ⋏ S y ⋏ 0 √ Od yb ⋏ S z ⋏ 0 √ Od ε N 0 L er , z L er , y ε N 0
≤0
(LTE Oq. E4.:.5:) al wfaef= g`etkr roh`tavo tk tfo `xa`h juebhalc σ nal as tfo nalanun σ g`etkr
σ HT
as tfo roduetakl g`etkr roh`tavo tk h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h h`tor`h-tkr sakl`h juebhalc
S y , z
`ro tfo ph`staes nkduha ag tfo soetakl as Eh`ss 0 kr :, kr tfo oh`staes nkduha ag tfo soetakl as Eh`ss 5
L er, y , z `ro tfo eratae`h `xa`h hk`ds L Od
as tfo `etalc `xa`h hk`d
N y , zoq `ro tfo oquav`holt `etalc nknolt tk eklsador al tfo voragae`takl N oq , Od
> 0.5 ⋏ N n, Od
N n , Od as tfo `vor`co nknolt al tfo jo`n 9.3? N n` x, Od
≤ N oq, Od ≤ N n`x, Od
ag tfo jo`n as sujmoetod tk ` halo`r v`ra`takl kg tfo joldalc nknolt, N oq, Od e`l jo `ssunod `s= 1-6
Do Dosacl sacl gkr Juebh alc Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo kg Nonjors
Ef`ptor 1 Dosacl Dosacl gkr Eknjalod Gkreo
N oq , Od > 9.7 N @
√ 9.4N J ≯ 9.4N @
al wfaef N @ `ld N J `ro tfo old nknolts `ld N @
≯
N J .
Notfkd J=
L Od σ y @g yb
+ b yy
σ HT
ε N 0 L Od σ z @g yb
ε N 0
N y , Od
+ b zy
Sy g yb
εN0
+ b yz
N z , Od Sy g yb
εN0
(LTE E4.:.53)
≤0
(LTE E4.:.56)
ε N 0
N y , Od N z , Od + b zz Sy g yb Sz g yb
σ HT
≤ 0
ε N 0
S y , z `ro tfo ph`staes nkduha ag tfo soetakl as Eh`ss 0 kr :, kr tfo oh`staes nkduha ag soetakl as Eh`ss 5.
Tfo roduetakl g`etkrs 7.: kg tfas n`lu`h.
σ y `ld σ z `ro dogalod al Uoetakl ?.4 `ld σ HT al Uoetakl
Tfo altor`etakl g`etkrs, b yy yy , b zz zz , b yz yz , `ld b zy zy , `ro dotornalod j`sod kl Notfkd : doserajod al @llox J kg Ourkekdo 5. Tfo notfkd as lkt ropo`tod al tfas n`lu`h. @s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Eareuh`r `ld Yapo soetakls, `l UZUU (Uqu`ro Zkkt kg Uun kg Uqu`ros) eknjal`takl as n`do garst kg tfo twk joldalc eknpklolts jogkro `ddatakl kg tfo `xa`h hk`d eknpklolt alsto`d kg sanpho `hcojr`ae `ddatakl `s anphaod jy tfo oqu`takl cavol provakushy.
1. 1.:. :.: :
Eh`ss 4 Uo Uoeta eta kls _ _ldor ldor G Ghoxur hoxur o `ld @xa`h Eknprossakl Tfo eknjalod oggoet kg `xa`h eknprossakl `ld joldalc watf spoea`h onpf`sas kl ghoxur`h `ld h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc as efoebod jy e`heuh`talc tfo utahaz`takl r`taks j`sod kl tfo gkhhkwalc altor`etakl oqu`takls=
Dosacl Dosacl gkr Juebh alc Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo kg Nonjors
6-1
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
L Od σ y @g yb
+ b yy
σ HT
ε N 0 L Od σ z @g yb
+ b zy
N y , Od
σ HT
ε N 0
+ L Od oLy + b yz
Sogg , y g yb
N z , Od + L Od oLz Sogg , z g yb
εN0
ε N 0
N y , Od
+ L Od oLy + b zz
N z , Od
+ L Od oLz
Sogg , y g yb
Sogg , z g yb
εN0
ε N 0
≤ 0 (LTE Oq. E4.:.56)
≤ 0 (LTE Oq. E4.:.56)
Tfo ef`r`etorastae rosast`leo v`huos, @g yb g yb yb , S ogg,y ogg,y g yb yb , `ld S ogg,z, ogg,z, g yb 2 tfo roduetakl g`etkrs σ y , σ z `ld σ HT 2 tfo altor`etakl g`etkrs b yy yy , b zz zz , b yz yz , `ld b zy zy `ro doserajod al Uoetakl 6.:.0 kg tfas n`lu`h. Tfo sfagts kg tfo rohov`lt eoltrkad`h `xas wfol ` Eh`ss 4 soetakl as sujmoetod tk ulagkrn eknprossakl, o Ly `ld o Lz , `ro doserajod al Uoetakl 6.0.0.5 kg tfas n`lu`h. @s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Eareuh`r `ld Yapo soetakls, `l UZUU (Uqu`ro Zkkt kg Uun kg Uqu`ros) eknjal`takl as n`do garst kg tfo twk joldalc eknpklolts jogkro `ddatakl kg tfo `xa`h hk`d eknpklolt alsto`d kg sanpho `hcojr`ae `ddatakl `s anphaod jy tfo oqu`takl cavol provakushy.
1.:.5 1.: .5
Eh`ss 0 0,, :, `ld 5 Uo Uoet etak akls ls _ldor Ghoxur o `ld @xa `h Tolsakl Tfo eknjalod oggoet kg `xa`h tolsakl `ld joldalc watf spoea`h onpf`sas tk ghoxur`h `ld h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc as lkt oxphaeathy noltaklod al LTE :996. Tf`t e`so fkwovor e`l jo efoebod eklsorv`tavohy jy e`heuh`talc tfo utahaz`takl r`taks j`sod kl tfo gkhhkwalc twk altor`etakl oqu`takls= b yy
N y ,Od N z,Od + b yz N y ,Zb N z ,Zb
σ HT
b zy
ε N 0
(OE5 7.5.5(4))
≤ 0
(OE5 7.5.5(4))
ε N 0
N y ,Od N z,Od + b zz N y ,Zb N z ,Zb
σ HT
1 - 09
ε N 0
≤0
ε N 0
Do Dosacl sacl gkr Juebh alc Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo kg Nonjors
Ef`ptor 1 Dosacl Dosacl gkr Eknjalod Gkreo
Tfo ef`r`etorastae rosast`leo v`huos, L Zb Zb , N y,Zb y,Zb , `ld N z,Zb z,Zb , `ro t`bol `s tfo dosacl rosast`leo v`huos, L Zd Zd , N y,Zd y,Zd , `ld N z,Zd z,Zd , jut knattalc tfo ε N 9 g`etkr (OE5 as doserajod al Ef`ptor 7, Uoetakl T`jho 7.3, 7.:.?(:)). Tfo roduetakl g`etkr σ HT as 7.: kg tfas n`lu`h. Tfo altor`etakl g`etkrs, b yy zy , `ro dotornalod j`sod kl OE5 yz , `ld b zy zz , b yz yy , b zz @llox J. Tfo notfkd as lkt ropo`tod al tfas n`lu`h. @s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Eareuh`r `ld Yapo soetakls, `l UZUU (Uqu`ro Zkkt kg Uun kg Uqu`ros) eknjal`takl as n`do garst kg tfo twk joldalc eknpklolts jogkro `ddatakl kg tfo `xa`h hk`d eknpklolt alsto`d kg sanpho `hcojr`ae `ddatakl `s anphaod jy tfo oqu`takl cavol provakushy.
1. 1.:. :.4 4
Eh`ss 4 Uo Uoeta eta kls _ldor Ghoxuro `ld @xa`h T Tolsak olsakl l Tfo eknjalod oggoet kg `xa`h tolsakl `ld joldalc watf spoea`h onpf`sas tk ghoxur`h `ld h`tor`h-tkrsakl`h juebhalc as lkt oxphaeathy noltaklod al LTE :996. Tf`t e`so fkwovor e`l jo efoebod eklsorv`tavohy jy e`heuh`talc tfo utahaz`takl r`taks j`sod kl tfo gkhhkwalc twk altor`etakl oqu`takls= b yy
+ L Od oLy + b yz
N y,Od σ HT
b zy
N y,Od σ HT
N y, Zb
N z ,Od + L Od oLz N z ,Zb
ε N 0
ε N 0
+ L Od oLy + b zz N y, Zb
N z ,Od + L Od oLz N z ,Zb
ε N 0
ε N 0
≤ 0
(OE5 7.5.5(4))
≤ 0
(OE5 7.5.5(4))
Tfo ef`r`etorastae rosast`leo v`huos, L Zb Zb , N y,Zb y,Zb , `ld N z,Zb z,Zb , tfo roduetakl g`etkr σ HT , tfo altor`etakl g`etkrs b yy zy `ro doserajod al Uoetakl 6.:.0 kg yz , `ld b zy zz , b yz yy , b zz tfas n`lu`h (OE5 T`jho 7.3, 7.:.?(:), 7.5.0.:(0), 7.5.:.:(0), 7.5.5(?), T`jho @.0, T`jho J.0). Tfo sfagts kg tfo rohov`lt eoltrkad`h `xas wfol ` Eh`ss 4 soetakl as sujmoetod tk ulagkrn tolsakl, o Ly `ld o Lz , `ld `ro doserajod al Uoetakl 6.0.0.5 kg tfas n`lu`h (OE5 7.5.5(4), 7.5.5(4), 7.:.1.5(:.)). 7.:.1.5(:.)). Gkr tfas e` e`so so o Ly `ld o Lz `ro t`bol `s zork.
Dosacl Dosacl gkr Juebh alc Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo kg Nonjors
6 - 00
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
@s `l oxeoptakl, gkr Eareuh`r `ld Yapo soetakls, `l UZUU (Uqu`ro Zkkt kg Uun kg Uqu`ros) eknjal`takl as n`do garst kg tfo twk joldalc eknpklolts jogkro `ddatakl kg tfo `xa`h hk`d eknpklolt alsto`d kg sanpho `hcojr`ae `ddatakl `s anphaod jy tfo oqu`takl cavol provakushy.
1 - 0:
Do Dosacl sacl gkr Juebh alc Zo Zosast`leo sast`leo kg Nonjors
Ef`pt or 09 Ef`ptor Upoea`h U Uo oasn asnae ae Yrkvas Yrkvasakl akls s
Tfas ef`ptor prkvados ` dot`ahod doseraptakl kg tfo `hckratfns roh`tod tk soasnae prkvasakls al tfo dosacl/efoeb kg strueturos al `eekrd`leo `eekrd`leo watf tfo LTE :906. Tfo prkcr`n ekdo kptakl LTE :906 ekvors tfoso prkvasakls. Tfo anphonolt`takl ekvors hk`d eknjal`takls grkn LTE :906, wfaef as doserajod al soetakl 4.5 Dosacl Hk`d Eknjal`takls al Ef`ptor 4. Tfo hk`dalc j`sod kl LTE :906 f`s jool doserajod doserajod al ` sop`r`to dkeunolt oltathod ‘EUa H`tor`h Hk`d N N`lu`h„ `lu`h„ (EUA :90:).
09.0 09 .0 Dosa Dosacl cl Yrogoroleos Tfo stooh gr`no dosacl Yrogoroleos `ro j`sae `ssaclnolts tf`t `pphy tk `hh kg tfo stooh gr`no nonjors. T`jho @.0 hasts tfo stooh gr`no dosacl Yrogoroleos. Tfo gkhhkwalc stooh gr`no dosacl Yrogoroleos `ro rohov`lt tk tfo spoea`h soasnae prkvasakls. Gr`nalc Typo Jof`vakr G`etkr, q Uyston kvorstrolctf g`etkr ,
℧
Aclkro Uoasnae Ekdo;
09 - 0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
Aclkro Upoea`h Uoasnae Hk`d; As Dkujhor Yh`to Yhuc Sohdod;
09.: Kvorwratos Tfo stooh gr`no dosacl Kvorwratos `ro j`sae `ssaclnolts tf`t `pphy klhy tk tfkso ohonolts tk wfaef tfoy `ro `ssaclod. @ppoldax J adoltagaos tfo stooh gr`no dosacl Kvorwratos. Tfo gkhhkwalc stooh gr`no dosacl kvorwratos `ro rohov`lt tk tfo spoea`h soasnae prkvasakls. Gr`no Typo N`tora`h kvorstrolctf g`etkr, εKv Uyston kvorstrolctf g`etkr,
℧
LTE-T`jho 3.?.A
@eea`ak
εKv > g yn yn/g yb yb
U :5?
0.:?
U :3?
0.:?
U 5??
0.:?
U 4:9
0.0?
U 479
0.0?
09.5 09 .5 Uuppkr Uupp krtod tod Gr`nal c Typos yp os Tfo ekdo roekclazos tfo typos kg gr`nalc systons adoltagaod al LTE § 3.?.:.0. Tfo prkcr`n f`s anphonoltod spoeagae`takls klhy gkr tfo typos kg gr`nalc systons hastod al tfo gkhhkwalc t`jho. Gr`nalc Typo
DEF-NZG (Duetahaty Eh`ss Facf Nknolt-Zosastalc Gr`no)
09 - :
Kvorwr atos
Zogoroleos
LTE § 3.?.:.0 3.?.:.0
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
Gr`nalc Typo
Zogoroleos
DEH-NZG (Duetahaty Eh`ss Hkw Nknolt-Zosastalc Gr`no)
LTE § 3.?.:.0 3.?.:.0
DEF-EJG (Duetahaty Eh`ss Facf Ekleoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`no)
LTE § 3.?.:.0 3.?.:.0
DEH-EJG (Duetahaty Eh`ss Hkw Ekleoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`no)
LTE § 3.?.:.0 3.?.:.0
DEF-OJG (Duetahaty Eh`ss Facf Oeeoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`no)
LTE § 3.?.:.0 3.?.:.0
DEH-OJG (Duetahaty Eh`ss Hkw Oeeoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`no)
LTE § 3.?.:.0 3.?.:.0
Alvortod Yolduhun Utrueturo
LTE § 3.?.:.0 3.?.:.0
Lkt Dassap`tavo
LTE § 3.:.:
Jy dog`uht al tfo prkcr`n, tfo gr`no typo as t`bol `s Duetahaty Eh`ss Facf NknoltZosastalc Gr`no (DEF-NZG). Fkwovor, tfo dog`uht gr`no typo e`l jo ef`lcod al tfo Yrogoroleos gkr `hh gr`nos kr al tfo Kvorwratos kl ` nonjor-jy-nonjor j`sas. Ag ` gr`no typo Yrogoroleo as rovasod al `l oxastalc nkdoh, tfo rovasod gr`no typo dkos lkt `pphy tk gr`nos tf`t f`vo `hro`dy jool `ssaclod ` gr`no typo tfrkucf tfo Kvorwratos2 tfo rovasod Yrogoroleo `pphaos klhy tk low gr`no non jors `ddod tk tfo nkdoh nkdoh `gtor tfo Yrogoroleo Yrogoroleo ef`lco ef`lco `ld tk tfo khd gr`no gr`no non jors tf`t woro woro lkt `ssaclod `ssaclod ` gr`no gr`no typo tfrkucf tfrkucf tfo Kvorwratos. Kvorwratos.
09.4 09 .4 Nonj Nonjor or Dosa Dosacl cl Tfas soetakl doserajos tfo spoea`h roquaronolts gkr dosaclalc ` nonjor. Tfo soetakl f`s jool davadod altk sujsoetakls gkr o`ef gr`nalc typo. Tfo jof`vakr g`etkr q 9 `eekults gkr tfo olorcy dassap`takl e`p`eaty kg tfo strueturo. Gkr rocuh`r struetur`h systons, systons, tfo jof`vakr g`etkr q 9 sfkuhd jo t`bol watf tfo uppor hanats rogoroleod tk tfo v`huos cavol al LTE :906 T`jho 3.5.AA. T`jho 1.0 _ppor Hanats kg Jof`vakr G`etkr q 9 Duetahaty Eh`ss DEH
DEF
§ 3.?.:.: ΰu ΰ 0
4
?ΰu ΰ 0
0.9-0.5
- Da`ckl`h Jr`ealc
4
4
0.9
- W-jr`ealc
:
:.?
Utruetur`h Typo Nknolt rosastalc gr`nos Gr`nos watf ekleoltrae jr`ealc
Nonjor Dosacl
09 - 5
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
Gr`no watf oeeoltrae jr`ealcs
4
?ΰ u ΰ 0
0.9-0.:
Alvortod Yolduhun
:
: ΰ u ΰ 0
0.9
09.4 09 .4.0 .0 Uoetak l eh`ss roquar onolts Kl tfo j`sas kg jof`vakr g`etkr usod al tfo e`heuh`takl, tfo gkhhkwalc soetakl eh`ss nust jo efksol gkr `hh tfo dassap`tavo ohonolts= Duetahaty eh`ss
Jof`vakr g`etkr q
Uoetakl eh`ss
- Hkw
:≤ q ≤4
0 kr :
- Facf
q WOd ,C + W Od , N
(LTE Oq. 3.?.7)
L Od as tfo g`etkrod dosacl `xa`h gkreo, N Od as tfo g`etkrod dosacl joldalc nknolt, W Od as tfo g`etkrod dosacl sfo`r, W Od ,C as tfo dosacl sfo`r gkreo duo tk lkl-soasnae `etakls, W Od , N as tfo dosacl sfo`r gkreo duo tk ph`stae nknolts N ph , Zd , @ `ld N ph , Zd , J watf kppksato sacls `t tfo olds kg soetakl @ `ld J kg tfo jo`n a.o., W Od , N
> ( N ph , Zd , @ + N ph , Zd , J ) / H
L ph , Zd , N ph , Zd , W ph , Zd `ro tfo dosacl rosast`leo g`etkrs al `eekrd`leo watf § 4.:.4.0. kg LTE :906.
09.4.:.: 09.4 .:.: Ekhu nls nl s Tfo ekhunls `ro efoebod jy eklsadoralc tfo nkst ulg`vkr`jho eknjal`takl kg `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc nknolts. Al tfo dosacl efoebs, L Od , N Od ,W Od `ro eknputod `s gkhhkws (LTE § 3.?.4.:)= > , + 0.0 Ρ,
(LTE Oq. 3.?.3)
> , + 0.0 Ρ,
(LTE Oq. 3.?.6)
> , + 0. 0.0 0 Ρ,
(LTE Oq. 3.?.1)
wforo, L Od ,C , N Od ,C , W Od ,C `ro tfo eknprossakl gkreo, joldalc jol dalc nknolt `ld
sfo`r gkreo al tfo ekhunl, rospoetavohy, duo tk tfo lklsoasnae
Nonjor Dosacl
09 - ?
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
`etakls alehudod al tfo eknjal`takl kg `etakls gkr tfo soasnae dosacl satu`takl. L Od , O , N Od , O , W Od , O `ro tfo eknprossakl gkreo, joldalc nknolt, `ld
sfo`r gkreo al tfo ekhunl, rospoetavohy, duo tk dosacl soasnae `etakl. εKv as tfo n`tora`h n`tora`h kvorstrolctf kvorstrolctf g`etkr. g`etkr.
℧ as tfo nalanun v`huo kg ℧ a > ( N ph , Zd ,a √ N Od ,C ,a ) / N Od , O ,a kg `hh h`tor`h jo`ns2 N Od , O ,a as tfo dosacl joldalc joldal c nknolt al jo`n a duo tk dosacl soasnae `etakl, N Od ,C ,a as tfo dosacl joldalc
nknolt al jo`n a duo tk lklsoasnae `etakls `ld N ph , Zd ,a as tfo ekrrospkldalc ph`stae nknolt. LKTO=
℧ as lkt e`heuh`tod `utkn`tae`hhy jy tfo prkcr`n. Z`tfor, ats v`huo e`l jo
kvorwrattol jy tfo usor tfrkucf dosacl Yrogoroleo `ld Kvorwratos.
Tfo ekhunl sfo`r gkreo W Od rosuhtalc grkn `l`hysas sfkuhd s`tasgy tfo gkhhkwalc ekldatakl (LTE § 3.?.4.:)= W Od W ph , Zd
≤ 9.?
(LTE Oq. 3.?.09)
09.4.: 09. 4.:.5 .5 Jo`n-Ekhu Jo`n-Ekhu nl E`p`eat E`p`eat y Dosacl Yrkvas akls akl s (soo § 1.?. 1.?.5 5 kg tf as n`lu`h gkr tfo anp honolt`takl) honolt`takl) Tk olsuro ` chkj`h dassap`tavo noef`lasn, at as loeoss`ry tf`t ovory jo`n-ekhunl lkdo kg tfo strueturo rospoet tfas gurtfor ekldatakl=
∐ N
E , ph , Zd
≯ ε ZD
∐ N
j , ph , Zd
al wfaef=
ε ZD > 0.5 gkr DEF `ld
09 - 7
Nonjor Dosacl
(LTE Oq. 3.?.00)
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
>
0.5 gkr DEH `ro tfo rosastalc nknolts kg tfo ekhunls `t tfo mkalt uldor
N E , ph ,Zd
eklsador`takl N j, ph ,Zd `ro tfo rosastalc nknolts kg tfo jo`ns `t tfo mkalt uldor ekl-
sador`takl
09.4 09 .4.5 .5 Duet ah ahat aty yE Eh`ss h`ss Facf Ekleoltra e`hhy Jr`eod G Gr`nos r`nos (DEF (D EF-E -EJG) JG) `ld Dueta Duetahat hat y Eh`ss Hkw Ekleolt Ekleoltra rae`hhy e`hhy Jr`eod Jr `eod Gr`nos (DE (DEH-EJG) H-EJG) Tfo gkhhkwalc `ddatakl`h roquaronolts `ro efoebod kr ropkrtod (LTE § 3.?.?).
09.4.5.0 Jr`eo Jr `eo Tfo sholdorloss r`tak, β , kg V da`ckl`h jr`ealc nonjors `s dogalod al LTE § 4.:.4.0.5.0 as hanatod tk tfo gkhhkwalc g khhkwalc (LTE § 3.?.?)= 0.5 ≤ β ≤ :.9.
wforo, β > > L er
@g y L er
> Ler ,TG 8 L er ,T
L er ,TG as tfo oh`stae tkrsakl`h-ghoxur`h juebhalc gkreo, `ld juebhalc gkreo L er ,T as tfo oh`stae tkrsakl`h juebhalc
Gkr tkrsakl`h kr tkrsakl`h-ghoxur`h juebhalc tfo `pprkpra`to juebhalc eurvo as dotornalod grkn LTE :906 T`jho 4.:.WA eklsadoralc tfo klo roh`tod tk tfo z-`xas. Tfo sholdorloss r`tak, β , kg gr`nos watf W jr`ealcs sfkuhd jo hanatod tk (LTE § 3.?.?)=
Nonjor Dosacl
09 - 3
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
β ≤ ≤ :.9.
Tfo sholdorloss r`tak, β dkos lkt `pphy tk strueturos up tk twk stkraos (LTE § 3.?.?) Tfo yaohd rosast`leo L ph , Zd kg tfo crkss erkss-soetakl kg tfo da`ckl`h sfkuhd jo= L Od
≤ L ph , Zd
wforo, L ph , Zd
>
@g y
ε N 9
LKTO= Tk olsuro ` fknkcolokus fknkcolokus dassap`tavo dassap`tavo jof`vakr jof`vakr kg tfo da`ckl`hs, da`ckl`hs, tfo n`xanun syston kvorstrolctf, kg
℧a , dkos lkt daggor grkn tfo nalanun v`huo
℧ jy nkro tf`l :?% (LTE § 3.?.?). Tfo dosacl `hckratfn dkos lkt
efoeb tfas eratorakl. LKTO=
℧ as lkt e`heuh`tod `utkn`tae`hhy jy tfo prkcr`n. Z`tfor, ats v`huo e`l jo
kvorwrattol jy tfo usor tfrkucf dosacl Yrogoroleo `ld Kvorwratos.
09.4.5 09. 4.5.: .: Jo`ns `ld Ekhunls Ekhun ls Tfo jo`ns `ld ekhunls `ro efoebod jy eklsadoralc tfo nkst ulg`vkr`jho eknjal`takl kg `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc nknolt. Al dosacl efoeb W Od as t`bol grkn tfo g`etkrod hk`ds. Fkwovor, tfo `xa`h gkreo L Od `ld tfo joldalc nknolt NOd `ro nkdagaod `s `s gkhhkws (LTE § 3.?.?)= 3.?.?)= > , + 0.0 0.0 Ρ,
(LTE Oq. 3.?.3)
> , + 0.0 Ρ,
(LTE Oq. 3.?.6)
wforo,
09 - 6
Nonjor Dosacl
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
L Od ,C as tfo `xa`h gkreo al tfo jo`n jo`n kr al tfo ekhunl duo tk lkl-
soasnae `etakls alehudod al tfo soasnae hk`d eknjal`takls, L Od ,O as tfo `xa`h gkreo al tfo jo`n kr al tfo ekhunl duo tk dosacl
soasnae `etakl, εKv
as tfo n`tora`h kvorstrolctf kvorstrolctf g`etkr,
℧ as tfo nalanun v`huo kg ℧a > L ph , Zd ,a
L Od ,a kvor `hh tfo da`c-
kl`hs kg tfo jr`eod gr`no syston, wforo L ph ,Zd ,a as tfo dosacl rosast`leoo kg da`ckl`h a, `ld L Od ,a as tfo dosacl `xa`h gkreo al rosast`le tfo s`no da`ckl`h a al tfo soasnae eknjal`takl. LKTO=
℧ as lkt e`heuh`tod `utkn`tae`hhy jy tfo prkcr`n. Z`tfor, ats v`huo e`l jo
kvorwrattol jy tfo usor tfrkucf dosacl Yrogoroleo `ld Kvorwratos. LKTO= Al W-jr`eod kr Alvortod W-jr`eod gr`nos, jo`ns nust rosast lkl-soasnae `etakl watfkut eklsadoralc tfo suppkrt cavol jy tfo da`ckl`hs. Al `ddatakl, jo`ns nust rosast tfo ulj`h`leod `etakls tf`t dovohkp `gtor tfo ph`staeaz`takl kg tolsaklod da`ckl`hs `ld tfo juebhalc kg eknprossod klos= tfas roquaronolt e`l jo voragaod eklsadoralc `l `xa`h `etakl oqu`h tk
L ph , Zd
al tolsakl da`ckl`hs `ld oqu`h tk
9.5 L ph , Zd
al ekn-
prossakl klos. Tfo dosacl `hckratfn dkos lkt porgkrn tfoso efoebs.
09.4 09 .4.4 .4 Duet ah ahat aty yE Eh`ss h`ss Facf Oeeoltra e`hhy Jr `eod Gr` Gr`nos nos (DEF (D EF-O -OJG) JG) `ld Dueta hat y Eh`ss Hkw Oeeoltra Oeeoltrae`hh e`hhy y Jr`eod Jr `eod Gr`nos (DE (DEH-OJG) H-OJG) Tfo gkhhkwalc `ddatakl`h roquaronolts `ro efoebod kr ropkrtod (LTE § 3.?.7). Gkr tfas gr`nalc syston, tfo prkcr`n hkkbs gkr `ld roekclazos tfo oeeoltrae`hhy jr`eod gr`no eklgacur`takls sfkwl al Gacuro 1-0. Tfo ktfor e`so tf`t as doserajod al OE6 Gacuro 7.4 as lkt ekvorod.
Nonjor Dosacl
09 - 1
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
o
o
H
o
o
:
:
H
(`)
H
(j)
( e)
Gacuro 1-0. Oeeoltrae`hhy Oeeoltrae`hhy Jr`eod Gr`no Eklg Eklgacur`takls acur`takls
Tfo gkhhkwalc `ddatakl`h roquaronolts `ro efoebod kr ropkrtod gkr tfo jo`ns, ekhunls, `ld jr`eos `sskea`tod watf tfoso eklgacur`takls.
Tfo halb jo`ns `ro eh`ssagaod altk tfroo e`tockraos `eekrdalc tk tfo typo kg
ph`stae noef`lasn noef`lasn dovohkpod (LTE § 3.?.7)= 3.?.7)= Ufkrt halbs (os), wfaef dassap`to olorcy jy yaohdalc ossolta`hhy al sfo`r2 Hklc halbs (o H), wfaef dassap`to olorcy jy yaohdalc ossolta`hhy al joldalc2 Altornoda`to halbs (o), wfaef ph`stae noef`lasn alvkhvos joldalc `ld sfo`r. Gkr A-soetakls, tfo dosacl rosast`leo as eknputod `s gkhhkws (LTE § 3.?.7)=
√
Ag L Od L ph , Zd ≤ 9.0? = N h , Zd
Wh , Zd
√
>
(
)
(LTE Oq. 3.?.03)
tw f √ t g .
(LTE Oq. 3.?.06)
g y jt g f √ t g
g y 5
(
Ag L Od L ph , Zd Wh , Zd
09 - 09
>
> ( gy
Nonjor Dosacl
)
< 9.0? =
5 ) t w ( f √ t g ) ⋏ 0 √ ( L Od
L pphh , Z d
)
:
9.?
( LTE Oq. Oq. 3.?.:0) 3.?.:0)
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
N h , Zd
>
(
g y jt g f √ t g
) ⋏ 0 √ ( L
Al `ddatakl, wfol L Od L ph , Zd
Od
L ph , Zd
)
( LTE Oq. 3.?.::)
< 9.0? , tfo gkhhkwalc oqu`takls nust jo s`t-
asgaod (LKTO= tfas proseraptakl as adoltae`h tk tfo klo spoeagaod al OE6 7.6.:(7))=
o ≤ 0.7 ⋏ N h , Zd / W h , Zd
so Z
8 9.5
o ≤ (0.0? √ 9.? ⋏ Z) ⋏ 0.7 ⋏ N h , Zd / W h , Zd
so Z ≯ 9.5
wforo
Z
>
L Od ⋏ t w ⋏ ( d √ : ⋏ t g ) W Od ⋏ @
Tfo halb holctf o as eh`ssagaod `s gkhhkws (LTE § 3.?.7)= Ufkrt halbs (os), o ≤ os > 9.6 (0 + ΰ ) N h , Zd Wh , Zd
(LTE Oq. 3.07`)
Hklc halbs (o H), o ≯ os
(LTE Oq. 3.07e)
> 0.? (0 + ΰ ) N h , Zd
Altornoda`to halbs (o), o 8 os
Wh , Zd
8 oH
(LTE Oq. 3.07j)
al wfaef ΰ as tfo r`tak jotwool tfo nalkr `ld tfo n`mkr old nknolt (t`bol al `jskhuto v`huo). Ag tfo efoeb as lkt s`tasgaod, tfo prkcr`n ropkrts `l orrkr noss`co. Tfo halb jo`n rkt`takl, ζ, kg tfo aldavadu`h j`y roh`tavo tk tfo rost kg tfo jo`n as e`heuh`tod e`heuh`tod `s tfo stkry dragt ∇ tanos j`y holctf ( H ) davadod jy tfo tkt`h holctfs kg halb jo`ns (o) al tfo j`y. Tfo halb rkt`takl, ζ, as efoebod `s gkhhkws (LTE § 3.?.7)=
ζ>q
δ H o
(OE6 Gac 7.04(`))
r`da`l, gkr sfkrt sfkrt halb halb wforo wforo o ≤ os 9.96 r`da`l, r`da`l, gkr sfkrt sfkrt halb halb wforo wforo o ≯ o H ζ ≤ 9.9: r`da`l, v`huo altorpkh`tod jotwool 9.96 `ld 9.9: r`da`l, gkr o 8 o 8 o s H
Nonjor Dosacl
09 - 00
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
q as tfo jof`vakr g`etkr,
δ as tfo stkry dragt, o as tfo halb holctf, `ld H as tfo jo`n sp`l.
Tfo aldavadu`h v`huos kg tfo r`taks gkr hklc `ld altornda`to halbs ℧a gkr sfkrt halbs ℧a
℧a =
> 0.? ⋏
N Od ,a
W
> 0.? ⋏ h , ZZdd , a W Od ,a
nust lkt oxeood tfo nalanun v`huo kg LKTO=
N h , Zd ,a
℧a jy nkro tf`l :?%.
℧ as lkt e`heuh`tod `utkn`tae`hhy jy tfo prkcr`n. Z`tfor, ats v`huo e`l jo
kvorwrattol jy tfo usor tfrkucf tfo dosacl Yrogoroleo `ld Kvorwratos .
Jo`ns `ld ekhunls `ro efoebod `s sfkwl gkr tfo ekleoltrae`hhy jr`eod gr`nos (§1.4.5.: kg tfas n`lu`h) al wfaef tfo kvorstrolctf g`etkrs ℧ `ro tfkso dogalod provakushy. Lkto= @xa`h gkreos al tfo jo`ns `ro alehudod al efoebalc tfo jo`ns. Tfo uso usorr as ronaldod tf`t usalc ` racad da`pfr`cn nkdoh wahh rosuht al zork `xa`h gkreos gk reos al tfo jo`ns. Tfo usor nust daseklloet skno kg tfo ekhunl halos grkn tfo da`pfr`cn tk `hhkw jo`ns tk e`rry `xa`h hk`ds. At as roeknnoldod tf`t klhy klo ekhunl halo por oeeoltrae`hhy jr`eod gr`no jo eklloetod tk tfo racad da`pfr`cn kr tf`t ` ghoxajho da`pfr`cn da`pfr `cn nkdoh jo usod.
09.4.? Alvortod Yolduhun Gkr tfas gr`nalc syston, tfo gkhhkwalc `ddatakl`h roquaronolts `ro efoebod kr ropkrtod (OE6 7.1). Tfas gr`nalc syston as efoebod tk jo dosaclod usalc `xa`h eknprossakl jy eklsadoralc tfo nkst ulg`vkr`jho eknjal`takl kg `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc nknolts (OE6, 7.1(0)).
09 - 0:
Nonjor Dosacl
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
L Od , N Od ,W Od `ro eknputod al `eekrd`leo watf OE6 Uoetakl 7.7.5.
Tfo hanat gkr tfo sholdorloss r`tak gkr tfo ekhunls, β , sfkuhd jo hanatod tk β ≤ ≤ 0.? (OE6 7.1(5)). Tfo altorstkry dragt solsatavaty ekoggaeaolt, ζ, `s dogalod al OE6 Uoetakl 4.4.:.: sfkuhd jo hanatod tk ζ ≤ 9.: (OE6 7.1(4)). Tfas eh`uso f`s lkt jool anphonoltod al tfo prkcr`n. Tfo usor as roquarod tk efoeb tfas eh`uso aldo poldolthy.
09.4.7 Lkt Dassap`tavo Tfo rosast`leo kg tfo nonjors `ld eklloetakls `ro ov`hu`tod al `eekrd`leo watf LTE :996 § 4.: watfkut `ly `ddat `ddatakl`h akl`h roqua roquaronolts. ronolts.
09.? 09 .? Dosac Dosac l kg Mka lt Eknpkl olts Al ` ph`l vaow kg ` jo`n-ekhunl eklloetakl, ` stooh jo`n e`l gr`no altk ` ekhunl al tfo gkhhkwalc w`ys. Tfo stooh jo`n gr`nos al ` daroetakl p`r`hhoh tk tfo ekhunl n`mkr daroetakl, a.o., tfo jo`n gr`nos altk tfo ekhunl gh`lco. Tfo stooh jo`n gr`nos al ` daroetakl p`r`hhoh tk tfo ekhunl nalkr daroetakl, a.o., tfo jo`n gr`nos altk tfo ekhunl woj. Tfo stooh jo`n gr`nos al ` daroetakl tf`t as `t `l `lcho tk jktf kg tfo pralea p`h `xos kg tfo ekhunl, ekhunl, a.o., tfo jo`n gr`nos gr`nos p`rta`hhy altk tfo ekhunl ekhunl woj `ld p`rta`hhy altk tfo ekhunl gh`lco. Tk `efaovo ` prkpor jo`n-ekhunl nknolt eklloetakl strolctf, ekltaluaty ph`tos `ro usu`hhy usu`hhy ph`eod ph`eod kl tfo ekhunl, ekhunl, al halo watf tfo tfo tkp `ld jkttkn gh`lcos kg tfo jo`n, tk tr`lsgor tfo eknprossakl `ld tolsakl gh`lco gkreos kg tfo jo`n altk tfo ekhunl. Gkr eklloetakl ekldatakls ekldatakls doserajod jy tfo garst juhhot, wforo tfo jo`n gr`nos altk tfo gh`lco kg tfo ekhunl, tfo prkcr`n alvostac`tos mkalt eknpklolt efoebs j`sod kl OE5-0-6 Uoetakl 7.:.7.0 tk 7.:.7.4. Ekhunls kg A kr F soetakls eklloetod watf A-sf`pod jo`n soetakls klhy `ro alvostac`tod. Tfo
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
09 - 05
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
mkalt eknpklolt eknpklolt roquaronolts roquaronolts `ro ov`hu`tod ov`hu`tod gkr Nodaun `ld Facf Duetaho NkNknolt gr`nos (DEH-NZG `ld DEF- NZG) klhy. Lk efoeb as n`do gkr jr`eod gr`nos. Tfo prkcr`n ov`hu`to tfo gkhhkwalc efoebs. Efoeb tfo roquaronolt kg tfo ekltaluaty ph`to `ld dotornalo ats `ro`. Efoeb tfo roquaronolt kg tfo supphonolt`ry woj ph`to `ld dotornalo ats tfaebloss. Efoeb tfo r`tak kg tfo sun kg tfo jo`n ghoxur`h strolctf tk tfo sun kg tfo ekhunl ghoxur`h strolctf. Zopkrt tfo jo`n eklloetakl sfo`r. Zopkrt tfo jr`eo eklloetakl gkreo.
09.? 09 .?.0 .0 Dosac Dosacl l kg Eklta Ekltalua luaty ty Yh`tos Tfo prkcr`n garst ov`hu`tos tfo lood gkr ekltaluaty ph`tos. Sfol tfo roquarod strolctf G , G t ,we ,Zd , kr G ge , Zd , `s `pprk Od oxeoods tfo `v`ah`jho rosast`leo G e ,we ,Zd pra`to, ` ekltaluaty ph`to wahh jo roquarod. Tfo prkcr`n efoebs tfo gkhhkwalc hanat st`tos.
(`) Ekhunl Soj al Tr`lsvorso Eknprossakl Tfo dosacl rosast`leo kg `l ulstaggolod ekhunl woj sujmoetod tk tr`lsvorso eknprossakl eknprossak l as cavol `s gkhhkws (OE5-0-6 ( OE5-0-6 7.:.7.:)= G e ,we ,Zd >
ρbwe jooggg ,e , we twe g y , we ρbwe πjogg ,e , we twe g y , w e ≤ ε N 9 ε N 0
(OE5-0-6 Oq. 7.1)
wforo,
ρ
09 - 04
as ` roduetakl g`etkr tk `hhkw gkr tfo pkssajho oggoets kg altor`etakl watf sfo`r al ekhunl woj p`loh al `eekrd`leo watf OE5-0-6 T`jho 7.5. ρ as ` guletakl kg κ al OE6 T`jho 7.5. @pprkxan`to v`huos gkr
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
κ as `hsk cavol al OE5-0-6 T`jho ?.4. Eklsorv`tavohy, prkcr`n usos κ > : (OE5-0-6 ?.5(3)).
tfo tr`lsgkrn`takl p`r`notor
jog as tfo oggoetavo wadtf kg ekhunl woj al eknprossakl. Gkr ` wohdod oggg ,e ,we
eklloetakl, jogg ,e ,we
> t gj + :
: `j
+ ? ( t ge + s ) ,
aldae`tod al OE5-0-6 Gacuro 7.7. wforo `j , `e `ld r e `ro aldae`tod `j as t`bol `s t gj : al tfo prkcr`n `e as t`bol `s t ge : al tfo prkcr`n s > r e
π
gkr ` rkhhod A kr F soetakl ekhunl :`e gk gkrr ` wohd wohdod od A kr kr F so soet etak akl l ekh ekhun unl l
as tfo roduetakl g`etkr gkr ph`to juebhalc=
0 π > : ( β p √ 9.: ) β p β p p
b we
ag β p
≤ 9.3:
(OE5-0-6Oq.7.05`)
ag β p
< 9.3:
(OE5-0-6Oq.7.05j)
as tfo ph`to sholdorloss= jogg ,e , w ed we g y , we
β p
> 9.15:
d we
fe : t ge r e gkr ` rkhhod A kr F soetakl ekhunl > √ ( + ) fe √ : ( t ge + :`e ) gkr ` wohdod A kr F soetakl ekhunl
: Ot we
(OE5-0-6 Oq. 7.05e)
as tfo roduetakl g`etkr `ld as cavol al OE5-0-6 7.:.7.:(:)= 7.:.7.:(: )= wforo tfo n`xanun hklcatudal`h eknprossavo stross υekn, Od duo duo tk `xa`h gkreo `ld joldalc nknolt al tfo ekhunl oxeoods 9.3 g y,we al tfo woj (`dm`eolt tk tfo rkkt r`daus gkr ` rkhhod soetakl kr tfo tko kg tfo wohd gkr ` wohdod soetakl), ats oggoet kl tfo dosacl rosast`leo kg tfo ekhunl woj al eknprossakl as rodueod jy b we we `s gkhhkws=
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
09 - 0?
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
wfol υ ekn , Od
≤ 9.3 g y ,we 2
b we
> 0 (OE5-0-6 Oq. 7.04)
wfol υ ekn , Od
< 9.3 g y,we 2
b we
> 0.3 √ υ ekn , Od
g y ,we
Eklsorv`tavohy, b we as t`bol `s 0.
(j) Ekhunl Soj al Tr`lsvorso Tolsakl Tfo dosacl rosast`leo kg `l ulstaggolod ekhunl woj sujmoetod tk tr`lsvorso tolsakl as cavol `s gkhhkws (OE5-0-6 7.:.7.5)= G t ,we ,Zd >
ρjo gggg ,t , wwee tw e g y , w e , ε N 9
(OE5-0-6 Oq. 7.0?)
wforo,
ρ
as ` roduetakl g`etkr tk `hhkw gkr tfo pkssajho oggoets kg altor-`etakl altor-`etakl watf sfo`r al tfo ekhunl woj p`loh al `eekrd`leo watf OE5-0-6 T`jho 7.5. ρ as ` guletakl kg κ al OE6 T`jho 7.5. @pprkxan`to v`huos gkr tfo tr`lsgkrn`takl p`r`notor κ `ro `hsk cavol al OE50-6 T`jho ?.4. Eklsorv`tavohy, tfo prkcr`n usos κ > : (OE5-0-6 ?.5(3)).
jogg ogg ,t ,we as tfo oggoetavo wadtf kg tfo ekhunl woj al tolsakl. Gkr ` wohdod eklloetakl,
jogg ,t , we
> t gj + : :`j + ? ( t ge + s ) ,
wforo `j , `e `ld r e `ro `s aldae`tod al OE50-6 Gacuro 7.7.
r e :`e
s >
gkr ` rkhhod A kr F soetakl ekhunl gk gkrr ` wohd wohdod od A k krr F so soet etak akl l ekh ekhun unl l
(e) Ekhun Ekhun l gh`lco al tr`lsvorso joldalc Tfo dosacl rosast`leo kg `l ulstaggolod ekhunl gh`lco, wohdod eklloetakl as cavol `s gkhhkws (OE5-0-6 ( OE5-0-6 7.:.7.4.5)=
09 - 07
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
G ge , Zd
>
jog g ,j, gege t gj g y , ggjj
ε N 9
(OE5-0-6 Oq. 7.:9)
wforo,
jogg ,j, ge as tfo oggoetavo jro`tf jogg `s dogalod al OE5-0-6 soetakl 4.09(:), wforo tfo jo`n gh`lco as eklsadorod `s ph`to.
jogg ,j, ge b
> ( t g
> twe + :s + 3bt ge tp
)( g
y, g
g y , p
(OE5-0-6 Oq. 4.7`)
) ≤ 0.9
(OE5-0-6 Oq. 4.7j)
g y , g as tfo yaohd strolctf kg tfo gh`lco kg tfo A kr F soetakl, g y , p as tfo yaohd strolctf kg tfo ph`to kg tfo A kr F soetakl. Tfo danolsakl s as kjt`alod grkn tfo gkhhkwalc oxprossakl=
r e :`e
s >
gkr ` rkhhod A kr F soetakl ekhunl
(OE5-0-6 Oq.4.7e)
gkr ` wohdod A kr F soetakl ekhunl
(OE5-0-6 Oq.4.7d)
Tfo ekltaluaty ph`to as eknputod usalc tfo gkhhkwalc oqu`takls=
( G Od √ G e , we , Zd ) L j , Zd G √ G @ep > n`x ( Od L t ,we , Zd ) j , Zd G √ G ge , Zd ) ( Od L j , Zd Ag @ep
(OE5-0-? 1.4.(:))
≤ 9, lk ekltaluaty ph`tos `ro roquarod.
Ekltaluaty ph`tos `ro dosaclod gkr `hh nknolt rosastalc gr`nos gkr g`etkrod hk`d. Al tfas e`so, G Od as t`bol `s gkhhkws=
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
09 - 03
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
G Od
>
N Od
(
d
√ t g )
.
Al `ddatakl, ekltaluaty ph`tos `ro dosaclod gkr DEF-NZG `ld DEH-NZG gkr e`p`eaty nknolt. Al tfas e`so, G Od as t`bol `s gkhhkws= G Od
> 0.0ε 9v j gj t gj g yj
(OE6 7.?.?(5), Oq. 7.0)
Al tfo proeodalc gkrnuh`, `ssuno gkr tfo purpkso kg e`heuh`takl kg L j, Zd tf`t tfo ekltaluaty ph`to phus ` wadtf kg woj oqu`h tk 0:t we we `ets `s ` eknprossakl we kr :?t we nonjor tk rosast tfo `pphaod hk`d (@AUE M09.6). Tfas prkvados prkva dos ` ro`skl`jho v`huo kg a:: `ld a55. @hsk, eknprossakl eurvo e as `ssunod (OE5-0-0 1.4(:)). Tfo gkrnuh` `hsk `ssunos L j , Zd > σ@ogg g y ε N 0 . Ag ekltaluaty ph`tos `ro roquarod, tfoy nust s`tasgy ` nalanun `ro` spoeagae`takl dogalod `s gkhhkws= Tfo nalanun tfaebloss kg tfo staggolors as t`bol `s gkhhkws= nal
t ep
> 9.?t gj
(@AUE M09.6)
Tfo nalanun wadtf kg tfo ekltaluaty ph`to kl o`ef sado phus 0/: tfo tfaebloss kg tfo ekhunl woj sf`hh lkt jo hoss tf`l 0/5 kg tfo jo`n gh`lco wadtf, kr nal
jep
j t > : gp √ we , 5 :
(@AUE M09.6)
sk tf`t tfo nalanun `ro` as cavol jy nal
@ep
> tenpal jenpal .
(@AUE M09.6)
Tforogkro, tfo ekltaluaty ph`to `ro` prkvadod jy tfo prkcr`n as zork kr tfo nal . cro`tor kg @ep `ld @ep Al tfo proeodalc oqu`takls, @ep > Zoquarod ekltaluaty ph`to `ro` g y > Qaohd stross kg tfo ekhunl `ld ekltaluaty ph`to n`tora`h
09 - 06
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
f
> Eho`r dast`leo jotwool gh`lcos kg ekhunl hoss gahhots gkr rkhhod sf`pos
> Jo`n gh`lco gkreo G Od
G e ,we ,Zd >
Zosast`leo kg tfo ekhunl woj
t gj > Jo`n gh`lco tfaebloss t ge > Ekhunl gh`lco tfaebloss t we > Ekhunl woj tfaebloss
09.?.: Dosacl kg Uupphonolt`ry Soj Yh`tos Klo `spoet kg tfo dosacl kg ` stooh gr`nalc syston as `l ov`hu`takl kg tfo sfo`r gkreos tf`t oxast al tfo rocakl kg tfo jo`n-ekhunl altorsoetakl blkwl `s tfo p`loh zklo. zklo. Ufo`r strossos sohdkn ekltrkh ekltrk h tfo dosacl kg ` jo`n kr ekhunl nonjor. Fkwovor, al ` Nknolt-Zosastalc gr`no, tfo sfo`r stross al tfo jo`n-ekhunl mkalt e`l jo eratae`h, ospoea`hhy al gr`nalc systons wfol tfo ekhunl as sujmoetod tk n`mkr daroetakl joldalc `ld tfo mkalt sfo`r gkreos `ro rosastod jy tfo woj kg tfo ekhunl. Al nalkr daroetakl daroetak l joldalc, tfo mkalt sfo`r as e`rraod jy tfo ekhunl gh`lcos, al wfaef e`so tfo sfo`r strossos `ro sohdkn eratae`h, `ld tfas ekldatakl as tforogkro lkt alvostac`tod jy tfo prkcr`n. Ufo`r strossos al tfo p`loh zklo, duo tk n`mkr daroetakl joldalc tfo ekhunl, n`y roquaro `ddatakl`h ph`tos tk jo wohdod kltk tfo ekhunl woj,aldopoldalc kl tfo hk`dalc `ld tfo coknotry kg tfo stooh jo`ns tf`t gr`no altk tfo ekhunl, oatfor `hklc tfo ekhunl n`mkr daroetakl kr `t `l `lcho sk tf`t tfo jo`ns f`vo eknpklolts `hklc tfo ekhunl n`mkr daroetakl. Tfo prkcr`n alvostac`tos suef satu`takls `ld ropkrts tfo tfaebloss kg `ly roquarod supphonolt`ry woj ph`tos. Klhy ekhunls watf A-Uf`pos `ro alvostac`tod gkr supphonolt`ry woj ph`to roquaronolts. @hsk supphonolt`ry woj ph`to roquaronolts `ro ov`hu`tod gkr nknolt gr`nos klhy (DEF-NZG `ld DEH-NZG). Tfo prkcr`n e`heuh`tos tfo roquarod tfaebloss kg supphonolt`ry woj ph`tos usalc tfo gkhhkwalc `hckratfns. Tfo sfo`r gkreo al tfo p`loh zklo as cavol jy=
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
09 - 01
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
W wp , Od
> ε Zd ∐
N j , ph , Zd ]
z 0 √ √ F f j
(LTE Oq. E3.?.:)
wforo= ] as tfo hovor `rn kg tfo ekhunl, z as tfo hovor `rn kg tfo jo`n, F as tfo altorstkry foacft fj as tfo jo`n foacft.
Gkr DEF-NZG `ld DEH-NZG, N j , ph ,Zd as t`bol `s= N j , ph , Zd
> ε ZdSph g y .
Tfo `v`ah`jho rosast`leo kg tfo woj p`loh zklo gkr tfo hanat st`to kg sfo`r yaohdalc rosast`leo, W wp,Zd wp,Zd , as dotornalod `ssunalc tf`t tfo oggoet kg p`loh zklo dogkrn`takl kl gr`no st`jahaty f`s lkt jool eklsadorod al `l`hysas. Tfo sfo`r rosast`leo, W wp,Zd wp,Zd , as dotornalod `s gkhhkws (LTE § E3.?.4.?)=
Wwp , Zd
>
g y
5
@ve
υ 0√ g y
:
(LTE Oq. E3.?.5)
wforo υ as tfo `vor`co eknprossakl stross al tfo p`loh duo tk `xa`h stross kg tfo ekhunl. Jy usalc W wp,Z wp,Zd > W wp,Od wp,Od , tfo roquarod ekhunl p`loh zklo tfaebloss t p as gkuld.
Ag tfo roquarod supphonolt`ry woj ph`to ts < tw , ` g`ahuro ekldatakl as doeh`rod,
Ag tfo roquarod supphonolt`ry woj ph`to as lkt phuc wohdod, ag fwe t w e
< 71ο, ` g`ahuro ekldatakl as doeh`rod.
ag js t s < 49ο, tfol woj supphonolt`ry ph`to tfaebloss as sot `s ts
09 - :9
> js
49ο .
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
Ag tfo roquarod supphonolt`ry woj ph`to as phuc wohdod, `ld ag fwe ( twe + t s ) < 71ο, ` g`ahuro ekldatakl as doeh`rod. Tfo woj supphonolt`ry ph`to tfaebloss tfaebloss as sot sot `s ts
> fwe
71ο √ t we .
Tfo h`rcost e`heuh`tod v`huo kg t s, e`heuh`tod gkr `ly kg tfo hk`d eknjal`takls j`sod kl tfo g`etkrod jo`n nknolts `ld g`etkrod ekhunl `xa`h hk`ds, as ropkrtod. Tfo supphonolt`ry woj ph`to `ld tfo ekhunl woj sfkuhd s`tasgy tfo sholdorloss eratora` `s st`tod al tfo proeodalc toxt. Ag tfo t we we e`llkt s`tasgy tfo eratora`, tfol ` g`ahuro ekldatakl as doeh`rod. Ag t s dkos lkt s`tasgy tfas eratorakl, tfol ats v`huo as alero`sod tk noot tfo eratorakl. Ag tfo efoeb as lkt s`tasgaod, at as lktod al tfo kutput.
09.?.5 09. ?.5 So`b Jo` Jo`n/Utrk n/Utrklc lc Ekh Ekhun unl l No No`sur `suro o Gkr Nknolt Zosastalc Gr`nos Duetahaty Eh`ss Facf (DEF-NZG) `ld Nknolt Zosastalc Gr`nos Duetahaty Eh`ss Hkw (DEH-NZG) gr`nos watf soasnae dosacl klhy, tfo ekdo roquaros tf`t tfo sun kg tfo ekhunl ghoxuro strolctfs `t ` mkalt sfkuhd jo nkro tf`l tfo sun kg tfo jo`n ghoxuro strolctfs (soo § 1.4.:.5 kg tfas n`lu`h). Tfo ekhunl ghoxuro strolctf sfkuhd roghoet tfo prosoleo kg `xa`h gkreo al tfo ekhunl. Tfo jo`n ghoxur`h strolctf sfkuhd roghoet tfo pktolta`h alero`so al e`p`eaty gkr str`al f`rdolalc. Tk g`eahat`to tfo rovaow kg tfo strklc ekhunl/wo`b jo`n eratorakl, tfo prkcr`n wahh ropkrt ` jo`n-ekhunl ph`stae nknolt e`p`eaty r`tak gkr ovory mkalt al tfo strueturo. Gkr tfo n`mkr daroetakl kg `ly ekhunl (tkp old), tfo jo`n-tk-ekhunl-strolctf r`tak as kjt`alod `s= lj
∐ N
0.5 Zn`m
>
Zjl
eks ζl
l >0
N ph , Zd@
+ N ph , ZdJ
.
(OE6 4.4.:.5, Oq. 4.:1)
Gkr tfo nalkr daroetakl kg `ly ekhunl, tfo jo`n-tk-ekhunl-strolctf r`tak as kjt`alod `s
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
09 - :0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
lj
∐ N
0.5
Zjl
l >0
nal
Z
> N ph , Zd@
sal ζ l
. N , ph ZdJ +
(OE6 4.4.:.5, Oq. 4.:1)
wforo, Zn`m
> Yh`stae nknolt e`p`eaty r`taks, al tfo n`mkr daroetakls kg tfo ekhunl
Znal
> Yh`stae nknolt e`p`eaty r`taks, al tfo nalkr daroetakls kg tfo ekhunl
N Zjl
> Yh`stae nknolt e`p`eaty kg l-tf jo`n eklloetalc tk ekhunl
ζl
> @lcho jotwool tfo l-tf jo`n `ld tfo ekhunl n`mkr daroetakl
N ph , Zd@ > N`mkr `ld nalkr nalkr ph`stae nknolt e`p`eataos, rodueod gkr `xa`h
gkreo oggoets, kg ekhunl `jkvo stkry hovoh N ph , ZdJ > N`mkr `ld nalkr nalkr ph`stae nknolt e`p`eataos, rodueod gkr `xa`h
gkreo oggoets, kg ekhunl johkw stkry hovoh lj
> Lunjor kg jo`ns eklloetalc tk tfo ekhunl
Tfo ph`stae nknolt e`p`eataos kg tfo ekhunls `ro rodueod gkr `xa`h gkreo oggoets `ld `ro t`bol `s
N L , Zd
L Od : > N ph , Zd 0 √ . L ph , Zd
(OE5 Oq. 7.5:)
Tfo ph`stae nknolt e`p`eataos kg tfo jo`ns `ro `nphagaod gkr pktolta`h alero`so al e`p`eaty gkr str`al f`rdolalc `s N ph , Zd
> ε ZdSphj G yj
wforo,
09 - ::
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
(OE6 7.0.5(:))
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
S phj > Yh`stae nkduhus kg jo`n S ph > Yh`stae nkduhus kg ekhunl G yj > Qaohd stross kg jo`n n`tora`h G ye > Qaohd stross stross kg ekhunl ekhunl n`tora`h L Od > @xa`h eknprossakl gkreo al tfo ekhunl gkr tfo cavol hk`d eknja-
l`takl Gkr tfo proeodalc e`heuh`takls, tfo soetakl kg tfo ekhunl `jkvo as t`bol tk jo tfo s`no `s tfo soetakl kg tfo ekhunl johkw, `ssunalc tf`t tfo ekhunl sphaeo wahh jo hke`tod hke`tod skno dast`leo dast`leo `jkvo `jkvo tfo stkry hovoh.
09.? 09 .?.4 .4 Ov`hu`ta Ov`hu`ta kl kg Jo` Jo`n n Eklloet Eklloetakl akl Ufo Ufo`rs `rs Gkr o`ef stooh jo`n al tfo strueturo, tfo prkcr`n wahh ropkrt tfo n`xanun n`mkr sfo`rs `t o`ef old kg tfo jo`n gkr tfo dosacl kg tfo jo`n sfo`r eklloetakls. Tfo jo`n eklloetakl sfo`rs ropkrtod `ro tfo n`xan` kg tfo g`etkrod sfo`rs sfo`rs kjt`alod kjt`alod grkn tfo hk`dalc eknjal`takls. Gkr spoea`h soasnae dosacl, tfo jo`n eklloetakl sfo`rs `ro lkt t`bol hoss tf`l tfo gkhhkwalc spoea`h v`huos gkr daggorolt typos kg gr`nalc. Tfo spoea`h soasnae roquaronolts `ddatakl`hhy efoebod jy tfo prkcr`n `ro dopoldolt kl tfo typo kg gr`nalc usod. Gkr DEF-NZG `ld DEH-NZG, tfo jo`n eklloetakl sfo`r as t`bol `s tfo n`xanun kg tfkso grkn rocuh`r hk`d eknjal` eknjal`takls takls `ld tfkso roquarod gkr tfo dovohkpnolt kg tfo guhh ph`stae nknolt e`p`eaty kg tfo jo`n. Tfo eklloetakl sfo`r gkr tfo dovohkpnolt kg tfo guhh ph`stae nknolt e`p`eaty kg tfo jo`n as `s gkhhkws=
W Od
> WOd ,C + W Od , N
W Od , N
>
EN Od , N H
,
(OE6 7.7.4(0), 7.7.:(:))
(OE6 7.7.:(:))
wforo,
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
09 - :5
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE : :906 906
W
>
Ufo`r gkreo ekrrospklda ekrrospkldalc lc tk OLD A kr OLD M kg jo`n
E
> > >
9 ag jo`n olds `ro pallod, kr gkr e`ltahovor jo`n 0 ag klo klo old kg tfo jo`n as pallod : ag lk olds kg tfo jo`n `ro pallod
N Od , N >
Yh`stae nknolt e`p`eaty kg jo`n > 0.0ε 9W S ph g y (OE6 7.7.4(0), 7.?.?(5), Oq. 7.0)
H
>
W Od ,C >
Eho`r holctf kg tfo jo`n @jskhuto n`xanun kg tfo e`heuh`tod jo`n sfo`rs `t tfo ekrrospkldalc jo`n olds grkn tfo g`etkrod cr`vaty hk`d klhy
Gkr DEF-EJG `ld DEH-EJG, tfo jo`n eklloetakl sfo`r as t`bol `s tfo n`xanun kg tfkso grkn rocuh`r hk`d eknjal`takls `ld grkn tfo e`p`eaty dosacl praleap`h. Gkr DEF-OJG `ld DEH-OJG, tfo jo`n eklloetakl sfo`r as t`bol `s tfo nalanun kg tfo twk v`huos= (`) n`xanun sfo`r grkn tfo hk`d eknjal`takls `ld (j) n`xanun sfo`r j`sod kl tfo halb jo`n sfo`r e`p`eaty. Tfo n`xanun jo`n eklloetakl sfo`r j`sod kl tfo halb jo`n sfo`r e`p`eaty as t`bol `s tfo jo`n eklloetakl sfo`r tf`t e`l jo dovohkpod wfol tfo garst halb jo`n yaohds yaohds al sfo`r. Tfo hk`d g`etkr g`etkr gkr tfo soasnae eknpklolt eknpklolt kg tfo hk`d al tfo eknjal`takl as e`heuh`tod tk `efaovo gkreos roh`tod tk yaohdalc kg tfo halb jo`n. Ag tfo jo`n-tk-ekhunl eklloetakl as nkdohod watf ` pal jy roho`salc tfo jo`n old al tfo prkcr`n, at `utkn`tae`hhy `ggoets tfo jo`n eklloetakl sfo`r.
09.? 09 .?.? .? Ov` Ov`hu`ta hu`ta kl kg Jr `eo Eklloeta Eklloetakl kl Gkreos Gkr o`ef stooh jr`eo al tfo strueturo, tfo prkcr`n ropkrts tfo n`xanun `xa`h gkreo `t o`ef old kg tfo jr`eo gkr tfo dosacl kg tfo jr`eo-tk-jo`n eklloetakls. Tfo jr`eo eklloetakl gkreos ropkrtod `ro tfo n`xan` kg tfo g`etkrod jr`eo `xa`h gkreos kjt`alod grkn tfo hk`dalc eknjal`takls. eknjal`takls. Gkr soasnae dosacl, tfo jr`eo eklloetakl gkreos `ro lkt t`bol hoss tf`l tfo gkhhkwalc spoea`h v`huos gkr daggorolt typos kg gr`nalc. Tfo soasnae roquaronolts `ddatakl`hhy efoebod jy tfo prkcr`n `ro dopoldolt kl tfo typo kg gr`nalc usod.
09 - :4
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
Ef`ptor Ef` ptor 09 - Upoea`h Uoasna Uoasna e Yrkvas akls
Jr`eo `xa`h gkreos gkr soasnae dosacls `ro ov`hu`tod gkr jr`eod gr`nos klhy (DEF-EJG, DEH-EJG, DEF-OJG `ld DEH-OJG). Lk spoea`h efoebs `ro porgkrnod gkr nknolt gr`nos (DEF-NZG `ld DEH-NZG). Gkr DEF-EJG `ld DEH-EJG, tfo jr`ealc eklloetakl `xa`h gkreo as t`bol `s (LTE § 3.?.5.0)= > 0.0 ,
(LTE Oq.3.?.0)
wforo, Zd as tfo `xa`h rosast`leo kg tfo eklloetakl al `eekrd`leo watf LTE :9962 Z ph,Kv as tfo ph`stae rosast`leo kg tfo eklloetod dassap`tavo nonjor j`sod kl tfo dosacl @g y kg tfo n`tora`h `s dogalod al LTE :996. εKv as tfo n`tora`h n`tora`h kvorstrolctf kvorstrolctf g`etkr. g`etkr.
Tfo n`xanun eklloetakl gkreo grkn tfo hk`d eknjal`takls as dotornalod gkr `hh kg tfo rocuh`r hk`d eknjal`takls. eknjal`takls.
Dosacl Dosacl kg Mkalt Eknpklolts
09 - :?
@pp @ ppold oldaa x @ Dosa Dos a c l Yrogor Yr ogorole oleos os
Tfo stooh gr`no dosacl progoroleos `ro color`h `ssaclnolts tf`t `ro `pphaod tk `hh kg tfo stooh gr`no nonjors. Tfo dosacl progoroleos sfkuhd jo rovaowod `ld `ly ef`lcos grkn tfo dog`uht v`huos n`do prakr tk porgkrnalc ` dosacl. Tfo gkhhkwalc t`jho hasts tfo dosacl progoroleos tf`t `ro spoeagae tk usalc LTE :9062 tfo progoroleos tf`t `ro colorae tk `hh ekdos `ro lkt alehudod al tfas t`jho.
T` T`jho jho @-0= Utooh Utooh Gr`no Dosac Dosac l Yrogoroleos Aton
Ykssajho W`huos
Dosacl Ekdo
Dosacl ekdos `v`ah`jho al tfo eurrolt vorsakl
Notfkd _sod gkr Juebhalc al Y-N-N
Notfkd @, Notfkd J, Notfkd Jktf
Dog` Dog`uht uht W`huo
Doseraptakl
@AUE579-09/ AJE :997
Tfo sohoetod dosacl ekdo. Uujsoquolt dosacl as j`sod kl tfas sohoetod ekdo.
Notfkd J
Notfkd gkr dotornalalc tfo altor`etakl g`etkrs gkr "At`ha`l LTE :996". Tfas as oatfor Notfkd @ j`sod kl oqu`takl E4.:.5:, Notfkd J j`sod kl oqu`takl E4.:.53, kr jktf.
@ - 0
Utooh Gr`no Dosacl At`ha`l LTE :9 :906 06
T` T`jho jho @-0= Utooh Utooh Gr`no Dosac Dosac l Yrogoroleos Aton Nuhta-Zospklso E`so Dosacl
Gr`nalc Typo
Ykssajho W`huos
Dog` Dog`uht uht W`huo
Doseraptakl
Olvohkpos, Utop-jy-Utop, H`st Utop, Olvohkpos, @hh, Utop-jy-Utop @hh
Olvohkpos
Uohoet tk aldae`to fkw rosuhts gkr nuhtav`huod e`sos (Tano fastkry, Lklhalo`r st`tae kr Nuhta-stop st`tae) `ro eklsadorod al tfo dosacl. - Olvohkpo - eklsadors olvohkpalc v`huos gkr Tano Fastkry `ld Nuhta-stop st`tae `ld h`st stop v`huos gkr Lklhalo`r st`tae. Utop jy-Utop - eklsadors stop jy stop v`huos v`huos gkr Tano Fastkry `ld Nuhta-stop st`tae `ld h`st stop v`huos gkr Lklhalo`r st`tae. H`st Utop - eklsadors h`st v`huos gkr Tano Fastkry, Nuhta-stop st`tae `ld Lklhalo`r st`tae. Olvohkpo - @hh - e klsadors olvohkpalc v`huos gkr Tano Fastkry, Nuhta-stop st`tae `ld Lklhalo`r st`tae. Utop-jy-Utop - @hh - eklsadors stop jy stop v`huos gkr Tano Fastkry, Nuhta-stop st`tae `ld Lklhalo`r st`tae. Utop-jy-Utop `ld Utop-jy-Utop - @hh dog`uht tk tfo ekrrospkldalc Olvohkpo ag nkro tfol klo nuhtav`huod e`so as prosolt al tfo eknjk.
"DEF-NZG", "DEHNZG", "DEF-EJG", "DEH-EJG", "DEFOJG", "DEH-OJG", "AlvYolduhun", kr "Lkl Dassap`tavo"
"DEF-NZG"
Tfas aton as usod gkr duetahaty eklsador`takls al tfo dosacl.
Jof`vakr G`etkr, q9
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