Standards & Standards

Standards & Standards A Quick Look!

Contents 1

2

3

American Petroleum Institute

1

1.1

Standards and certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

1.2

Educator intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

1.3

Public advocacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

1.4

Lobbying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

1.5

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

1.6

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

1.7

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

ASTM International

4

2.1

History

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4

2.2

Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

2.3

Membership and organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

2.4

Standards compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

2.5

Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

2.6

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

2.7

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

2.8

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

ASME 3.1

7

ASME Codes and Standards

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7

3.1.1

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

3.1.2

ASME Performance Test Codes (PTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

3.1.3

Nuclear Quality Assurance-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

3.2

Notable members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

3.3

Society Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

3.3.1

ASME Fellow Member . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

3.4

Student Professional Development Conference (SPDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

3.5

Student Competitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

3.6

Organization

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10

3.6.1

Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

3.6.2

Council on Standards and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

3.6.3

Institutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

i

ii

4

5

6

CONTENTS 3.6.4

Knowledge & Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

3.6.5

Strategic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

3.7

Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

3.8

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

3.9

References

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13

3.10 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

3.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)

15

4.1

History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

4.2

Code Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

4.3

ASME BPVC Section II - Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

4.4

ASME BPVC Section III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components . . . . . . . . .

18

4.5

ASME BPVC Section V - Nondestructive Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

4.6

ASME BPVC Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

4.6.1

ASME Section VIII Division 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

4.6.2

Division 2 - Alternative Rules

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22

4.6.3

Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . .

23

4.7

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

4.8

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

24

5.1

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

5.2

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

5.3

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

5.4

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

International Organization for Standardization

26

6.1

Name and abbreviations

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26

6.2

History

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26

6.3

Structure

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26

IEC joint committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

6.3.1 6.4

Membership

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27

6.5

Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

6.6

International Standards and other publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

6.6.1

Document copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

6.7

Standardization process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

6.8

Products named after ISO

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31

6.9

Criticism

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31

6.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

6.11 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

6.12 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

CONTENTS

7

8

iii

6.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

American National Standards Institute

35

7.1

History

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35

7.2

Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

7.3

Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

7.4

International activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

[9]

7.4.1

Standards panels

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37

7.4.2

American national standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

7.4.3

Other initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

7.5

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

7.6

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

7.7

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

40

8.1

History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

8.2

OSHA Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

8.3

Rights and responsibilities under OSHA law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

8.4

Health and safety standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

8.5

Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

8.5.1

Complaint reporting system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

8.5.2

Exemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

8.5.3

Whistleblower laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

8.6

State plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

8.7

Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

8.8

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

8.9

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

8.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

8.11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

8.11.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

8.11.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

8.11.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Chapter 1

American Petroleum Institute The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the largest U.S trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. It claims to represent about 400 corporations involved in production, refinement, distribution, and many other aspects of the petroleum industry. The association’s chief functions on behalf of the industry include advocacy and negotiation with governmental, legal, and regulatory agencies; research into economic, toxicological, and environmental effects; establishment and certification of industry standards; and education outreach.[2] API both funds and conducts research related to many aspects of the petroleum industry.[2] The current CEO is Jack Gerard. It has many front groups, including the NH Energy Forum that in August 2011 hosted a New Hampshire event for Republican presidential candidate Rick Perry[3][4]

1.1 Standards and certification API distributes more than 200,000 copies of its publications each year. The publications, technical standards, and electronic and online products are designed, according to API itself, to help users improve the efficiency and costeffectiveness of their operations, comply with legislative and regulatory requirements, and safeguard health, ensure safety, and protect the environment. Each publication is overseen by a committee of industry professionals, mostly member company engineers. These technical standards tend to be uncontroversial. For example, API 610 is the specification for centrifugal pumps, API 675 is the specification for controlled volume positive displacement pumps, both packed-plunger and diaphragm types are included. Diaphragm pumps that use direct mechanical actuation are excluded. API 677 is the standard for gear units and API 682 governs mechanical seals. API also defines the industry standard for the energy conservation of motor oil. API SN is the latest specification to which motor oils intended for spark-ignited engines should adhere since 2010. It supersedes API SM.[5] Different specifications exist for compression-ignited engines. API provides vessel codes and standards for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels that help safeguard the lives of people and environments all over the world. API also defines and drafts standards for measurement for manufactured products such as: • Precision thread gauges • Plain plug and ring gauges • Thread measuring systems • Metrology and industrial supplies • Measuring instruments • Custom gauges 1

2

CHAPTER 1. AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE • Precision machining and grinding • ISO 17025 registered calibration

API has entered petroleum industry nomenclature in a number of areas: • API gravity, a measure of the density of petroleum. • API number, a unique identifier applied to each petroleum exploration or production well drilled in the United States. • API unit, a standard measure of natural gamma radiation measured in a borehole.

1.2 Educator intervention In addition to training industry workers and conducting seminars, workshops, and conferences on public policy, API develops and distributes materials and curricula for schoolchildren and educators. The association also maintains a website, Classroom Energy. These materials take a boldly pro-oil-industry view of various major controversies including oil spills, pipelines, global warming, and ocean acidity.

1.3 Public advocacy In the second half of 2008, as the US presidential election neared, API began airing a series of television ads where spokeswoman Brooke Alexander encourages people to visit their new website, EnergyTomorrow.org API does not use their own name in the ads but does call themselves “The People of America’s Oil and Natural Gas Industry.” In January 2012, the American Petroleum Institute launched the voter education campaign - Vote 4 Energy. The campaign claims that increased domestic energy production can create jobs, increase government revenue, and provide U.S. energy security. The Vote 4 Energy campaign does not promote any specific candidate or party, but rather provides voters with energy information to equip them to evaluate candidates on the federal and local levels and make decisions in favor of domestic energy on Election Day. The main components of the Vote 4 Energy campaign include the website - Vote4Energy.org - and social media communities, along with a series of advertisements and events around the country.

1.4 Lobbying API spent more than $3 million annually each year during the period 2005 to 2009 on lobbying; $3.6 million in 2009.[6] As of 2009, according to API’s quarterly “Lobbying Report” submitted to the US Senate, the organization had 16 lobbyists lobbying various Congressional activities.[7] API conducts lobbying and organizes its member employees’ attendance at public events to communicate the industry’s position on various issues. A leaked summer 2009 memo from API President Jack Gerard asked its member companies to urge their employees to participate in planned protests (designed to appear independently organized) against the cap-and-trade legislation the House passed that same summer. “The objective of these rallies is to put a human face on the impacts of unsound energy policy and to aim a loud message at [20 different] states,” including Florida, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. Gerard went on to assure recipients of the memo that API will cover all organizational costs and handling of logistics. In response to the memo, an API spokesman told media that participants will be there (at protests) because of their own concerns, and that API is just helping them assemble.[8] To help fight climate control legislation that has been approved by the US House, API supports the Energy Citizens group, which is holding public events.[9][10] API encouraged energy company employees to attend one of its first Energy Citizen events held in Houston in August 2009, but turned away Texas residents who were not employed by the energy industry. Fast Company reported that some attendees had no idea of the purpose of the event, and called it “astroturfing at its finest.“[11][12]

1.5. SEE ALSO

3

1.5 See also • United States Oil and Gas Association, formerly the Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association

1.6 References [1] “Jack N. Gerard - President and Chief Executive Officer, American Petroleum Institute - Biography”. Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute. Retrieved January 20, 2011. [2] “About API”. American Petroleum Institute. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [3] Johnson, Brad (August 15, 2011). “Rick Perry’s First Stop In New Hampshire Is Funded By Big Oil”. ThinkProgress. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [4] “Rick Perry stumps Manchester - next stop Iowa”, New Hampshire Public Radio, 14 August 2011. [5] “Engine Oil Guide”. American Petroleum Institute. March 2010. [6] “Lobbying: American Petroleum Institute”. Center for Responsive Politics. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [7] “Second Quarter Lobbying Form, 2009, Secretary of the Senate”. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [8] Stone, Daniel (August 20, 2009). “The Browning of Grassroots”. Newsweek. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [9] New York Times, “Oil industry backs protests of emissions bill,” August 19, 2009 [10] McNulty, Sheila (August 20, 2009). “The big oil backlash?". Financial Times. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [11] Schwartz, Ariel (August 21, 2009). “American Petroleum Institute Demonstrates How to Screw Up a Grassroots Event”. Fast Company. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [12] Talley, Ian (August 11, 2009). “Lobby Groups to Use Town Hall Tactics to Oppose Climate Bill”. The Wall Street Journal.

1.7 External links • API Website • Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute) • Center for Biological Diversity v Dept of the Interior DC Appellate Decision stopping offshore Alaska Oil Leases. April 17, 2009 • Sourcewatch profile • Center for Responsive Politics profile • Energy Citizens, API-sponsored organization • Vote 4 Energy, API-sponsored voter education campaign • API code list at Piping-Designer.com

Chapter 2

ASTM International

ASTM HQ in West Conshohocken, PA, as seen from a nearby bridge

ASTM International, known until 2001 as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. The organization’s headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 mi (8.0 km) northwest of Philadelphia. ASTM, founded in 1898 as the American Section of the International Association for Testing and Materials, predates other standards organizations such as BSI (1901), DIN (1917), ANSI (1918) and AFNOR (1926).

2.1 History A group of scientists and engineers, led by Charles Benjamin Dudley formed the American Society for Testing and Materials in 1898 to address the frequent rail breaks affecting the fast-growing railroad industry. The group developed a standard for the steel used to fabricate rails. In 2001, ASTM changed its name to ASTM International. 4

2.2. STANDARDS

5

2.2 Standards The standards produced by ASTM International fall into six categories: • the Standard Specification, that defines the requirements to be satisfied by subject of the standard. • the Standard Test Method, that defines the way a test is performed and the precision of the result. The result of the test may be used to assess compliance with a Standard Specification. • the Standard Practice, that defines a sequence of operations that, unlike a Standard Test Method, does not produce a result. • the Standard Guide, that provides an organized collection of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. • the Standard Classification, that provides an arrangement or division of materials, products, systems, or services into groups based on similar characteristics such as origin, composition, properties, or use. • the Terminology Standard, that provides agreed definitions of terms used in the other standards. The quality of the standards is such that they are frequently used worldwide.

2.3 Membership and organization Membership in the organization is open to anyone with an interest in its activities.[1] Standards are developed within committees, and new committees are formed as needed, upon request of interested members. Membership in most committees is voluntary and is initiated by the member’s own request, not by appointment nor by invitation. Members are classified as users, producers, consumers, and “general interest”. The latter include academics and consultants. Users include industry users, who may be producers in the context of other technical committees, and end-users such as consumers. In order to meet the requirements of antitrust laws, producers must constitute less than 50% of every committee or subcommittee, and votes are limited to one per producer company. Because of these restrictions, there can be a substantial waiting-list of producers seeking organizational memberships on the more popular committees. Members can, however, participate without a formal vote and their input will be fully considered. As of 2014, ASTM has more than 30,000 members, including over 1,150 organizational members, from more than 150 countries.[2] ASTM International presents several awards for contributions to standards authorship, including the ASTM International Award of Merit (the organization’s highest award)[3] ASTM International is classified by the United States Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.

2.4 Standards compliance ASTM International has no role in requiring or enforcing compliance with its standards. The standards, however, may become mandatory when referenced by an external contract, corporation, or government. • In the United States, ASTM standards have been adopted, by incorporation or by reference, in many federal, state, and municipal government regulations. The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, passed in 1995, requires the federal government to use privately developed consensus standards whenever possible. The Act reflects what had long been recommended as best practice within the federal government. • Other governments (local and worldwide) also have referenced ASTM standards [4] • Corporations doing international business may choose to reference an ASTM standard. • All toys sold in the United States must meet the safety requirements of ASTM F963, Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety, as part of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA). The law makes the ASTM F963 standard a mandatory requirement for toys while the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) studies the standard’s effectiveness and issues final consumer guidelines for toy safety.[5]

6

CHAPTER 2. ASTM INTERNATIONAL

2.5 Standards Main article: List of ASTM standards

2.6 See also • International Organization for Standardisation • Materials property • Pt/Co scale • Technical standard

2.7 References [1] http://www.astm.org/MEMBERSHIP Open membership in ASTM [2] [3] ASTM Awards [4] Transport Canada use of ASTM [5]

2.8 External links • Media related to ASTM at Wikimedia Commons • ASTM International

Chapter 3

ASME “American Society of Mechanical Engineers” redirects here. For the magazine editors’ society, see American Society of Magazine Editors. ASME, founded as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, is a professional association that, in its own words, “promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe” via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach.”[1] ASME is thus an engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization, a lobbying organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization. Founded as an engineering society focused on mechanical engineering in North America, ASME is today multidisciplinary and global. ASME has over 130,000 members in 158 countries worldwide.[2] ASME was founded in 1880 by Alexander Lyman Holley, Henry Rossiter Worthington, John Edison Sweet and Matthias N. Forney in response to numerous steam boiler pressure vessel failures.[3] Known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices, ASME conducts one of the world’s largest technical publishing operations,[4] holds numerous technical conferences and hundreds of professional development courses each year, and sponsors numerous outreach and educational programs.

3.1 ASME Codes and Standards ASME is one of the oldest standards-developing organizations in America. It produces approximately 600 codes and standards, covering many technical areas, such as boiler components, elevators, measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits, cranes, hand tools, fasteners, and machine tools. Some ASME standards have been translated into languages other than English, such as Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish.[5] Note that according to ASME:[6] • A Standard can be defined as a set of technical definitions and guidelines that function as instructions for designers, manufacturers, operators, or users of equipment. • A standard becomes a Code when it has been adopted by one or more governmental bodies and is enforceable by law, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract.

3.1.1

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)

The largest ASME standard, both in size and in the number of volunteers involved in its preparation, is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). BPVC is a standard that provides rules for the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. It is reviewed every two years. The BPVC consists of twelve volumes. Stamps for defining and certification of a boiler and a pressure vessel according to the ASME code include some of the more common S, U, U2, U3, U4, U5, U6, U7, U8, U9 and U10 of many.[7] 7

8

CHAPTER 3. ASME

3.1.2

ASME Performance Test Codes (PTC)

ASME Performance Test Codes (PTCs) provide uniform rules and procedures for the planning, preparation,execution, and reporting of performance test results. Test results provide numerical characteristics to the performance of equipment, systems, and plants being tested. The codes provide guidelines for test procedures that yield results of the highest level of accuracy based on current engineering knowledge, taking into account test costs and the value of information obtained from testing. Code tests are suitable for use whenever performance must be determined with minimum uncertainty. They are meant specifically for equipment operating in an industrial setting. Most ASME PTCs are applicable to a specified type of equipment defined by the respective Standards. There may be several subcategories of equipment covered by a single document. Types of equipment for which PTCs apply can be classified into five broad categories as follows: (a) Electrical or mechanical power producing; (b) Combustion and heat transfer; (c) Fluid handling; (d) Emission control; (e) Other equipment. Examples of ASME Performance Test Codes:[8] • ASME PTC 6 Steam Turbines • ASME PTC 8.2 Centrifugal Pumps • ASME PTC 11 Fans • ASME PTC 12.5 Single Phase Heat Exchangers • ASME PTC 19.1 Test Uncertainty • ASME PTC 22 Gas Turbines • ASME PTC 25 Pressure Relief Valves • ASME PTC 40 Flue Gas Desulfurization • ASME PTC 42 Wind Turbines • ASME PTC 46 Overall Plant Performance • ASME PTC 55 Aircraft Engines

3.1.3

Nuclear Quality Assurance-1

The ASME created and maintains the Nuclear Quality Assurance-1 (NQA-1) regulatory standard.

3.2 Notable members The following people are, or were, notable members of ASME: • Dennis Assanis • Charles Brinckerhoff Richards ( 1833–1919) Founder, manager from 1881–1882, Vice-president from 18881890 [9][10] • Alexander T. Brown (1854–1929) • Ken P. Chong • Nancy D. Fitzroy[11] • Henry Gantt (1861–1919) • James Powers (1871-1927), inventor of the Powers Accounting Machines, whose business was a predecessor of Sperry Rand and Unisys.[12] • John E. Leland, Director of the University of Dayton Research Institute

3.3. SOCIETY AWARDS

9

• William Mason (1837–1913)[13] • Alexander C. Monteith (1902–1979) • Hugh Pembroke Vowles (1885–1951) • Samuel T. Wellman (1847–1919) • John I. Yellott (1908–1986) • Alexander Lyman Holley (1832–1882) - Founder [14] • Henry Rossiter Worthington (1817–1880) - Founder[14] • John Edson Sweet (1832–1916) - Founder[14] • Walter Polakov[15]

3.3 Society Awards • ASME Medal • Charles T. Main Award • Henry Laurence Gantt Medal • Student Section Advisor Award • Worcester Reed Warner Medal • ASME Burt L. Newkirk Award

3.3.1

ASME Fellow Member

ASME Fellow Member is a Membership Grade of Distinction conferred by The ASME Board of Governors[16] to an ASME member with significant publications or innovations and distinguished scientific and engineering background. Over 3,000 members have attained the grade of Fellow.[16] The ASME Fellow membership grade is the highest elected grade in ASME.[17]

3.4 Student Professional Development Conference (SPDC) ASME runs the Student Professional Development Conference (SPDC), which allows students and working engineers to network, hosts contests, and promotes ASME’s benefits to professionals. Conferences are held in ten different districts. Districts A-F are held in North America, District G is in Asia and Australia, District H includes most of Europe, District I is in Central and South America, and District J covers the Middle East and parts of Africa. The location for each district changes every year.[18]

3.5 Student Competitions ASME holds a variety of competitions every year for engineering students from around the world.[19] • Human Powered Vehicle Challenge (HPVC) • Student Design Competition (SDC) • Student Mechanism and Robot Design Competition • ASME/FIRST Robotics

10

CHAPTER 3. ASME • Old Guard Competitions • Innovation Showcase (IShow) • Design Review Competition • Rapid Design Challenge • Student Design Expositions

3.6 Organization Following the reorganization of the ASME during the Continuity and Change process in 2004-2005, volunteer activity was organized into five sectors. Each sector is led by a volunteer Senior Vice President who reports directly to the Board of Governors.

3.6.1

Centers

Senior Vice President: Clark G. McCarrell Groups (Centers) within Centers are led by Vice Presidents: • Education: Robert Warrington • Leadership and Diversity: Mary Lynn Realff • Career and Professional Advancement: Betty Bowersox • Public Awareness: Vincent Wilczynski

3.6.2

Council on Standards and Certification

Groups (Boards) within Standards and Certification are as follows: • Codes & Standards Operations • Conformity Assessment (BCA) • Hearings and Appeals • Nuclear Codes and Standards • BPV Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facility Components (III) • BPV Committee on Nuclear Inservice Inspection (XI) • Standards Committee on Cranes for Nuclear Facilities • Standards Committee on Nuclear Risk Management (CNRM) • Committee on Board (NCS) Strategic Initiatives • Standards Committee on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment • Joint Committee on Nuclear Risk Management (JCNRM) • Standards Committee on Nuclear Quality Assurance • Standards Committee on Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants • Standards Committee on Qualification of Mechanical Equipment Used in Nuclear Facilities • New Development • Aerospace and Advanced Engineering Drawing Standards Committee (AED) • Committee on ASME C&S in Spanish

3.6. ORGANIZATION

11

• Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection Standards Committee • Slewing Ring Bearings Standards Committee • Pressure Technology Codes and Standards[20] • ASME/API Joint Committee on Fitness for Service • B16 Standardization of Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Gaskets Standards Committee • B31 Code for Pressure Piping Standards Committee • Bioprocessing Equipment Standards Committee (BPE) • Project Team on Glass Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping • Project Team on Thermoplastic Piping • BPV Committee on Power Boilers (I), Materials (II), Heating Boilers (IV), Welding and Brazing (IX), Nondestructive Examination (V), Pressure Vessels (VIII), Fiber- Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (X), Transport Tanks (XII) • Pressure Technology Post Construction Committee • Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy (PVHO) • Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant Equipment Main Committee (RTP) • Structures for Bulk Solids (SBS) • Technical Oversight Management Committee (TOMC) • Committee on Turbine Water Damage Prevention (TWDP) • Safety Codes and Standards • A120 Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Building Maintenance • A13 Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems • A17 Elevators and Escalators • A18 Platform Lifts and Stairway Chairlifts • A90 Safety Standards for Manlifts • B20 Safety Standards for Conveyors and Related Equipment • B30 Safety Standards Committee for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings • BTH Standards Committee, Design of Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices • CSDAFB Controls and Safety Devices for Automatically Fired Boilers • P30 Planning for the Use of Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Cableways, Aerial Devices and Lifting Accessories • Portable Automotive Service Equipment Committee (PASE) • QEI Qualification of Elevator Inspectors • Rail Transit Vehicle Standards Committee • Standardization and Testing • A112 Plumbing Materials and Equipment • B1 Screw Threads • B107 Hand Tools and Accessories • B18 Standardization of Bolts, Nuts, Rivets, Screws, Washers, and Similar Fasteners • B29 Chains, Attachments, and Sprockets for Power Transmission and Conveying • B32 Metal and Metal Alloy Wrought Mill Product Nominal Sizes • B40 Committee on Standards for Pressure and Temperature Instruments and Accessories • B46 Classification and Designation of Surface Qualities • B47 Gage Blanks • B5 Machine Tools - Components, Elements, Performance, and Equipment • B73 Chemical Standard Pumps

12

CHAPTER 3. ASME • • • • • • •

B89 Dimensional Metrology EA Industrial System Energy Assessment Standards Committee HST Hoists - Overhead MFC Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits Performance Test Codes Standards Committee RAM Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability of Power Plants Special Committee H213 on Harmonization of Dimensional and Geometrical Product Specifications and Verification • STS Steel Stacks • V&V Verification and Validation in Computational Modeling and Simulation • Y14 Engineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices • Committee on Strategic Planning and Performance

3.6.3

Institutes

Senior Vice President: David Wisler Groups (Institutes) within Institutes are led by Vice Presidents: • International Gas Turbine: Dilip Ballal • International Petroleum Technology: Terry Lechinger • Continuing Education • Engineering Management Certification International • Emerging Technologies

3.6.4

Knowledge & Community

Senior Vice President: Richard Laudenat Groups (Communities) within Knowledge & Community are led by Vice Presidents: • Affinity: Justin Young • Financial Operations: Lawrence A. Kielasa • Global: Thomas Libertiny • Programs & Activities: John W. Wesner, PE • Technical: Dan Segalman • Piemels

3.6.5

Strategic Management

Senior Vice President: Robert Pangborn The Strategic Management Sector Board of Directors (SMBOD) under the direction of the Board of Governors, is responsible for the activities of the Society relating to identification, capture and transfer of knowledge that will support ASME’s strategies for the technical innovation and advocacy of public policies that are important to advancement of industry and the profession. The units of the Sector include the Board on Government Relations, the Industry Advisory Board, the Strategic Initiatives and Innovation Committee and the Strategic Issues Committee. The operation guide defines the voting members, election of sector leadership, committee duties, meetings and records. Groups (Boards) within Knowledge & Community are led by a Vice President, Members-at-Large, and Committee Chairs:

3.7. CONTROVERSY

13

• Member-at-Large: Susan Ipri-Brown • Member-at-Large: Elizabeth Kisenwether • Vice President, Government Relations: Michael Reischman • Chair, Strategic Issues: Win Phillips • Chair, Strategic Initiatives and Innovation: Chris Przirembel • Chair, Industry Advisory Board: Charla Wise

3.7 Controversy ASME became the first non-profit organization to be guilty of violating the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1982. The Supreme Court found the organization liable for more than $6 million in American Society of Mechanical Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corp.

3.8 See also • ASME Y14.41-2003 Digital Product Definition Data Practices • List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks • ASME Medal • ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) • ASME Fellow

3.9 References [1] ASME. “ASME.org > About ASME”. Retrieved 2011-12-27. [2] “About ASME - At a Glance”. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [3] “Setting the Standard”. History. ASME. Retrieved 2011-10-01. [4] “Welcome to the ASME Digital Library!". ASME Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [5] “Standards Are Global”. History of ASME Standards. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [6] “Standards & Certification FAQ”. ASME. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [7] “ASME Stamps”. ONE/TÜV/BV. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [8] http://cstools.asme.org/csconnect/CommitteePages.cfm?Committee=C90000000 [9] Frederick Remsen Hutton, ed. (1915). A history of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers from 1880 to 1915. The Society. p. 16. [10] “Machinery”. The Industrial Press. 1908. p. 826. Richards was one of the founders of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1881 [11] “Fitzroy, Nancy Deloye ASME President, 1986-1987” (cfm). ASME. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. [12] “James Powers”. New York Times. 10 November 1927. Retrieved 23 February 2012. [13] American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1914). “Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers”. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (The Society) 35. Retrieved 19 November 2011. |chapter= ignored (help)

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CHAPTER 3. ASME

[14] “ASME Founders”. ASME’s 125th Anniversary. asme.org. Retrieved 18 November 2011. [15] Wren, Daniel (1980), “Scientific Management in the U.S.S.R., with Particular Reference to the Contribution of Walter N. Polakov”, The Academy of Management Review 5 (1): 1–11, doi:10.5465/amr.1980.4288834 [16] “Fellows”. ASME. Retrieved 10 August 2013. [17] “Award Descriptions & Applications”. ASME IPTI. Retrieved 10 August 2013. [18] “Student Professional Development Conference”. ASME. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 200803-27. [19] “ASME Competitions”. ASME. Retrieved 2012-06-25. [20] “Board on Pressure Technology Codes and Standards”. Codes & Standards. ASME CSConnect. Retrieved 5 December 2011.

3.10 Further reading • Calvert, Monte A. The Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1910: Professional Cultures in Conflict. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967. • Hutton, Frederick Remson (1915) A History of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME. • Sinclair, Bruce. A Centennial History of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1880-1980. Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1980. • John H. White (1979). A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-23818-0.

3.11 External links • ASME • ASME Peerlink • Society Awards

Chapter 4

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard that provides rules for the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels.[1] Volunteers, who are nominated to its committees based on their technical expertise and on their ability to contribute to the writing, revising, interpreting, and administering of the document, write the BPVC.[2] The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) works as an Accreditation Body and entitles independent third parties such as verification, testing and certification agencies to inspect and ensure compliance to the BPVC.[3]

4.1 History The BPVC was created in response to public outcry after several serious explosions in the state of Massachusetts. A fire-tube boiler exploded at the Grover Shoe Factory in Brockton, Massachusetts on March 20, 1905 which resulted in the deaths of 58 people and injured 150. Then on December 6, 1906 a boiler in the factory of the P.J. Harney Shoe Company exploded in Lynn, Massachusetts. As a result the state of Massachusetts enacted the first legal code based on ASME’s rules for the construction of steam boilers in 1907.[4][5] ASME convened the Board of Boiler Rules before it became the ASME Boiler Code Committee which was formed in 1911. This committee put in the form work for the first edition of the ASME Boiler Code - Rules for the Construction of Stationary Boilers and for the Allowable Working Pressures, which was issued in 1914 and published in 1915.[5] The first publication was known as the 1914 edition, and it developed over time into the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code, which today has over 92,000 copies in use, in over 100 countries around the world.[5] The first edition of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (1914 edition) consisted of one book, 114 pages long, measuring 5 x 8 inches[6] which evolved into today’s edition which consists of 28 books, including twelve dedicated to the construction and inspection of nuclear power plant components and two Code Case books. (The 2001 edition of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is more than 16,000 pages.) The 28 books are either standards that provide the rules for fabricating a component or they are support documents, such as Materials, Nondestructive Examination, and Welding and Brazing Qualifications.[7] After the first edition of the Code, the verifications that the manufacture was to the Code was performed by independent inspectors, which resulted in a wide range of interpretations. Hence in February 1919, the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors was formed.[5]

4.2 Code Sections LIST OF SECTIONS[9] • ASME BPVC Section I - Rules for Construction of Power Boilers • ASME BPVC Section II - Materials 15

16

CHAPTER 4. ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE (BPVC) • Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications • Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications • Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals • Part D - Properties (Customary) • Part D - Properties (Metric) • ASME BPVC Section III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components • Subsection NCA - General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2 • Division 1 • • • • • • • •

Subsection NB - Class 1 Components Subsection NC - Class 2 Components Subsection ND - Class 3 Components Subsection NE - Class MC Components Subsection NF - Supports Subsection NG - Core Support Structures Subsection NH - Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service Appendices

• Division 2 - Code for Concrete Containments • Division 3 - Containments for Transportation and Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive Material and Waste • Subsection WA - General Requirements for Division 3 • Subsection WB - Class TP (Type B) Containment • Subsection WC - Class SC storage Containments • Division 4 - Reserved for fusion reactors (Not Active) • Division 5 - Construction rules for high temperature reactors (Not Active) • • • • • •

Subsection HA - General Requirements Subsection HB - Class A Metallic Pressure Boundary Components Subsection HC - Class B Metallic Pressure Boundary Components Subsection HF - Class A and B Metallic Supports Subsection HG - Class A Metallic Core Support Structures Subsection HH - Class A Non-Metallic Core Support Structures

• ASME BPVC Section IV - Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers • ASME BPVC Section V - Nondestructive Examination • ASME BPVC Section VI - Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers • ASME BPVC Section VII - Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers • ASME BPVC Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels • Division 1 • Division 2 - Alternative Rules • Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels • ASME BPVC Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications • ASME BPVC Section X - Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels

4.3. ASME BPVC SECTION II - MATERIALS

17

• ASME BPVC Section XI - Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components

• ASME BPVC Section XII - Rules for the Construction & Continued Service of Transport Tanks

ADDENDA Addenda, which include additions and revisions to the individual Sections of the Code, are issued accordingly for a particular edition of the code up until the next edition.[9] INTERPRETATIONS ASME’s interpretations to submitted technical queries relevant to a particular Section of the Code are issued accordingly. Interpretations are also available through the internet.[10] CODES CASES Code Cases provide rules that permit the use of materials and alternative methods of construction that are not covered by existing BPVC rules.[11] For those Cases that have been adopted will appear in the appropriate Code Cases book: "Boilers and Pressure Vessels" and "Nuclear Components."[9] Codes Cases are usually intended to be incorporated in the Code in a later edition. When it is used, the Code Case specifies mandatory requirements which must be met as it would be with the Code. There are some jurisdictions that do not automatically accept Code Cases.[9]

4.3 ASME BPVC Section II - Materials The section of the ASME BPVC consists of 4 parts. Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications This Part is a supplementary book referenced by other sections of the Code. It provides material specifications for ferrous materials which are suitable for use in the construction of pressure vessels.[12] The specifications contained is this Part specify the mechanical properties, heat treatment, heat and product chemical composition and analysis, test specimens, and methodologies of testing. The designation of the specifications start with 'SA' and a number which is taken from the ASTM 'A' specifications.[12] Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications This Part is a supplementary book referenced by other sections of the Code. It provides material specifications for nonferrous materials which are suitable for use in the construction of pressure vessels.[12] The specifications contained is this Part specify the mechanical properties, heat treatment, heat and product chemical composition and analysis, test specimens, and methodologies of testing. The designation of the specifications start with 'SB' and a number which is taken from the ASTM 'B' specifications.[12] Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals This Part is a supplementary book referenced by other sections of the Code. It provides mechanical properties, heat treatment, heat and product chemical composition and analysis, test specimens, and methodologies of testing for welding rods, filler metals and electrodes used in the construction of pressure vessels.[12] The specifications contained is this Part are designated with 'SFA' and a number which is taken from the American Welding Society (AWS) specifications.[12] Part D - Properties (Customary/Metric) This Part is a supplementary book referenced by other sections of the Code. It provides tables for the design stress values, tensile and yield stress values as well as tables for material properties (Modulus of Elasticity, Coefficient of heat transfer et al.)[12]

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CHAPTER 4. ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE (BPVC)

4.4 ASME BPVC Section III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components Section III of the ASME Code Address the rules for construction of nuclear facility components and supports. The components and supports covered by section III are intended to be installed in a nuclear power system that serves the purpose of producing and controlling the output of thermal energy from nuclear fuel and those associated systems essential to safety of nuclear power system. Section III provides requirements for new construction of nuclear power system considering mechanical and thermal stresses due to cyclic operation. Deterioration, which may occur in service as result of radiation effects, corrosion, or instability of the material, is typically not addressed. • Subsection NCA (General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2) • NCA-1000 Scope of Section III • NCA-2000 Classification of Components and Supports • NCA-3000 Responsibilities and Duties • NCA-4000 Quality Assurance • NCA-5000 Authorized Inspection • NCA-8000 Certificates, Nameplates, Code Symbol Stamping, and Data Reports • NCA-9000 Glossary • Division 1- Metallic Components • Subsection NB Class 1 components (Those components that are part of the fluid-retaining pressure boundary of the reactor coolant system. Failure of this pressure boundary would violate the integrity of the reactor coolant pressure boundary) • • • • • • •

Reactor Pressure Vessel Pressurizer Vessel Steam Generators Reactor Coolant Pumps Reactor Coolant Piping Line Valves Safety Valves

• Subsection NC Class 2 components (Those components that are not part of the reactor coolant pressure boundary, but are important for reactor shutdown, emergency core cooling, post-accident containment heat removal, or post-accident fission product removal) • Emergency Core Cooling • Post Accident Heat Removal • Post Accident Fission Product Removal • Includes Vessels, Pumps, Valves, Piping, Storage Tanks, and Supports • Subsection ND Class 3 components (Those components that are not part of class 1 or 2 but are important to safety) • Cooling Water Systems • Auxiliary Feedwater Systems • Includes Vessels, Pumps,Valves, Piping, Storage Tanks, and Supports • Subsection NE Class MC supports • Containment Vessel

4.5. ASME BPVC SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

19

• Penetration Assemblies (Does not include piping, pumps and valves which if passing through thecontainment must be class 1 or class 2) • Subsection NF Supports • Plate and Shell Type • Linear Type • Standar Supports • Support Class is the class of the Component Supported • Subsection NG Core Support Structures (class CS) • Core Support Structures • Reactor Vessel Internals • Subsection NH Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service (Those components that are used in elevated temperature service) • Elevated Temperature Components • Service Temperature over 800°F • Appendices[13]

4.5 ASME BPVC Section V - Nondestructive Examination The section of the ASME BPVC contains the requirements for nondestructive examinations which are referred and required by other sections of the Code.[14] The section also covers the suppliers examination responsibilities, requirements of the authorized inspectors (AI) as well as the requirements for the qualification of personnel, inspection and examinations.[14][15]

4.6 ASME BPVC Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels The section of the ASME BPVC consists of 3 divisions.[16]

4.6.1

ASME Section VIII Division 1

This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and nonmandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15 psi (100 kPa).[9] The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired.[16] The pressure may be from external sources, or by the application of heating from an indirect or direct source, or any combination thereof.[9] The Division is not numbered in the traditional method (Part 1, Part 2 etc.) but is structured with Subsections and Parts which consist of letters followed by a number. The structure is as follows:[9] • Subsection A - General Requirements • Part UG - General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials • Materials: UG-4 through to UG-15 • Design: UG-16 through to UG-35 • Openings and Reinforcements: UG-36 through to UG-46

20

CHAPTER 4. ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE (BPVC) • • • • •

Braced and Stayed Surfaces: UG-47 through to UG-50 Fabrication: UG-75 through to UG-85 Inspection and Tests: UG-90 through to UG-103 Marking and Reports: UG-115 through to UG-120 Overpressure Protection: UG125 through to UG-140

• Subsection B - Requirements Pertaining to Methods of Fabrication of Pressure Vessels • Part UW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Welding • • • • • • •

General: UW-1 through to UW-3 Materials: UW-5 Design: UW-8 through to UW-21 Fabrication: UW-26 through to UW-42 Inspection and Tests: UW-46 through to UW-54 Marking and Reports: UW-60 Pressure Relief Devices: UW-65

• Part UF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Forging • • • • • • •

General: UF-1 Materials: UF-5 through to UF-7 Design: UF-12 through to UF-25 Fabrication: UF-26 through to UF-43 Inspection and Tests: UF-45 through to UF-55 Marking and Reports: UF-115 Pressure Relief Devices: UF-125

• Part UB - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Brazing • • • • • • •

General: UB-1 through to UB-3 Materials: UB-5 through to UB-7 Design: UB-9 through to UB-22 Fabrication: UB-30 through to UB-37 Inspection and Tests: UB-40 through to UB-50 Marking and Reports: UB-55 Pressure Relief Devices: UB-60

• Subsection C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials • Part UCS - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels • • • • • • • • •

General: UCS-1 Materials: UCS-5 through to UCS-12 Design: UCS-16 through to UCS-57 Low Temperature Operation: UCS-65 through to UCS-68 Fabrication: UCS-75 through to UCS-85 Inspection and Tests: UCS-90 Marking and Reports: UCS-115 Pressure Relief Devices: UCS-125 Nonmandatory Appendix CS: UCS-150 through to UCS-160

• Part UNF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Nonferrous Materials

4.6. ASME BPVC SECTION VIII - RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS • • • • • • • •

General: UNF-1 through to UNF-4 Materials: UNF-5 through to UNF-15 Design: UNF-16 through to UNF-65 Fabrication: UNF-75 through to UNF-79 Inspection and Tests: UNF-90 through to UNF-95 Marking and Reports: UNF-115 Pressure Relief Devices: UNF-125 Appendix NF: Characteristics of the Nonferrous Materials (Informative and Nonmandatory)

• Part UHA Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel • • • • • • • •

General: UHA-1 through to UHA-8 Materials: UHA-11 through to UHA-13 Design: UHA-20 through to UHA-34 Fabrication: UHA-40 through to UHA-44 Inspection and Tests: UHA-50 through to UHA-52 Marking and Reports: UHA-60 Pressure Relief Devices: UHA-65 Appendix HA: Suggestions on the Selection and Treatment of Austenitic Chromium– Nickel and Ferritic and Martensitic High Chromium Steels (Informative and Nonmandatory)

• Part UCI - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Iron • • • • • • •

General: UCI-1 through to UCI-3 Materials: UCI-5 through to UCI-12 Design: UCI-16 through to UCI-37 Fabrication: UCI-75 through to UCI-78 Inspection and Tests: UCI-90 through to UCI-101 Marking and Reports: UCI-115 Pressure Relief Devices: UCI-125

• Part UCL - Requirements for Welded Pressure Vessels Constructed of Material With Corrosion Resistant Integral Cladding, Weld Metal Overlay Cladding, or With Applied Linings • • • • • • •

General: UCL-1 through to UCL-3 Materials: UCL-10 through to UCL-12 Design: UCL-20 through to UCL-27 Fabrication: UCL-30 through to UCL-46 Inspection and Tests: UCL-50 through to UCL-52 Marking and Reports: UCL-55 Pressure Relief Devices: UCL-60

• Part UCD - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Ductile Iron • • • • • • •

General: UCD-1 through to UCD-3 Materials: UCD-5 through to UCD-12 Design: UCD-16 through to UCD-37 Fabrication: UCD-75 through to UCD-78 Inspection and Tests: UCD-90 through to UCD-101 Marking and Reports: UCD-115 Pressure Relief Devices: UCD-125

• Part UHT Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Ferritic Steels With Tensile Properties Enhanced by Heat Treatment.

21

22

CHAPTER 4. ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE (BPVC) • • • • • • •

General: UHT-1 Materials: UHT-5 through to UHT-6 Design: UHT-16 through to UHT-57 Fabrication: UHT-75 through to UHT-86 Inspection and Tests: UHT-90 Marking and Reports: UHT-115 Pressure Relief Devices: UHT-125

• Part ULW Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Layered Construction • • • • • • • • •

Introduction: ULW-1 through to ULW-2 Materials: ULW-5 Design: ULW-16 through to ULW-26 Welding: ULW-31 through to ULW-33 Nondestructive Examination of Welded Joints: ULW-50 through to ULW-57 Fabrication: ULW-75 through to ULW-78 Inspection and Tests: ULW-90 Marking and Reports: ULW-115 Pressure Relief Devices: ULW-125

• Part ULT Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Materials Having Higher Allowable Stresses at Low Temperature • • • • • •

General: ULT-1 through to ULT-5 Design: ULT-16 through to ULT-57 Fabrication: ULT-76 through to ULT-86 Inspection and Tests: ULT-90 through to ULT-100 Marking and Reports: ULT-115 Pressure Relief Devices: ULT-125

• Part UHX - Rules for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers • Part UIG - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Impregnated Graphite • • • • • • •

General: UIG-1 through to UIG-3 Materials: UIG-5 through to UIG-8 Design: UIG-22 through to UIG-60 Fabrication: UIG-75 through to UIG-84 Inspection and Tests: UIG-90 through to UIG-112 Marking and Reports: UIG-115 through to UIG-121 Pressure Relief Devices: UIG-125

• MANDATORY APPENDICES: 1 through to 44 • NONMANDATORY APPENDICES: A through to NN

4.6.2

Division 2 - Alternative Rules

This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and nonmandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15 psi (103 kPa).[17] The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired.[16] The pressure may be from external sources, or by the application of heating from an indirect or direct source as a result of a process, or any combination of the two.[17] The rules contained in this section can be used as an alternative to the minimum requirements specified in Division 1. Generally the Division 2 rules are more onerous than in Division 1 with respect to materials, design and nondestructive examinations but higher design stress intensity values are allowed.[16] Division 2 has also provisions for the use of finite element analysis to determine expected stress in pressure equipment, in addition to the traditional approach of design by formula (Part 5: “Design by Analysis requirements”).

4.7. SEE ALSO

4.6.3

23

Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels

This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and nonmandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 10,000 psi (70,000 kPa).[18] The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired.[16] The pressure may be from external sources, by the application of heating from an indirect or direct source, process reaction or any combination thereof.[18]

4.7 See also • Pressure Equipment Directive • List of welding codes • EN 13445 • PD 5500

4.8 References [1] Antaki, George A. (2003). Piping and pipeline engineering: design, construction, maintenance, integrity, and repair. Marcel Dekker Inc. [2] ASME Codes and Standards [3] Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection According to ASME [4] Balmer, Robert T (2010). Modern Engineering Thermodynamics. 13.10 Modern Steam Power Plants: Academic Press. p. 864. ISBN 978-0-12-374996-3. [5] Varrasi, John (June 2009). “To Protect and Serve - Celebrating 125 Years Of Asme Codes & Standards”. MEMagazine. [6] Canonico, Domenic A. (February 2000). “The Origins of ASME’s Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code”. MEMagazine. [7] “Setting the Standard”. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [8] “Standards and Certification Chronology”. History of ASME Standards. ASME. Retrieved 10 November 2011. [9] An International Code - 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 1. ASME. July 1, 2011. [10] “Codes & Standards Interpretations On-Line”. Codes and Standards Electronic Tools. ASME International. Retrieved 10 November 2011. [11] “Code Cases of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code”. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [12] “II. Materials”. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - 2010 Edition. ASME. Retrieved 9 November 2011. [13] § [14] “V. Nondestructive Examinations”. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - 2010 Edition. ASME. Retrieved 9 November 2011. [15] §§§§ [16] “VIII. Pressure Vessels - Division 1”. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - 2010 Edition. ASME. Retrieved 9 November 2011. [17] An International Code - 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 2: Alternative Rules. ASME. July 1, 2011. [18] An International Code - 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 3: Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels. ASME. July 1, 2011.

Chapter 5

Oil Industry Safety Directorate The Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) is a regulatory and technical directorate in India. It was established in 1986 by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.[1][2][3] The OISD formulates and implements safety standards for the oil industry.

5.1 Overview The main responsibilities OISD are: • Standardization; • Formulation of the disaster management plan; • Accident analysis; • Evaluation of safety performance.[1] OISD has framed rules and guidelines for safe distances to be observed for various facilities in an oil installation. All the new liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plants in India are designed based on the guidelines of OISD. Further, The LPG plants can be started only after the approval of OISD. OISD has also issued guidelines for the safe operations of petrol stations and standards related to petroleum installations.[2]

5.2 See also • Energy law • Petroleum And Explosives Safety Organisation • Petrol stations in India

5.3 References [1] Verma, Anil (1997). Challenge of change: industrial relations in Indian industry. Allied Publishers. pp. 227–228. ISBN 9788170236511. [2] Naseem, Mohammad (2011). Energy Law in India. Kluwer Law International. p. 131. ISBN 9789041133793. [3] P Saikia, Siddhartha (November 24, 2010). “Oil, gas installations to come under safety directorate”. Financial Chronicle. Retrieved March 11, 2012.

24

5.4. EXTERNAL LINKS

5.4 External links • Official website

25

Chapter 6

International Organization for Standardization “ISO” redirects here. For other uses, see ISO (disambiguation). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland,[2] and as of 2013 works in 164 countries.[4] It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

6.1 Name and abbreviations The three official languages of the ISO are English, French, and Russian.[3] The name of the organization in French is Organisation internationale de normalisation, and in Russian, Международная организация по стандартизации. According to the ISO, as its name in different languages would have different abbreviations (“IOS” in English, “OIN” in French, etc.), the organization adopted “ISO” as its abbreviated name in reference to the Greek word isos (ἴσος, meaning equal).[5] However, during the meetings founding the new organization and choosing its name, this Greek word was not evoked, so this explanation may have been imagined later.[6] Both the name “ISO” and the logo are registered trademarks, and their use is restricted.[7]

6.2 History The organization today known as ISO began in 1926 as the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA). It was suspended in 1942[8] during World War II, but after the war ISA was approached by the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new global standards body. In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the new International Organization for Standardization; the new organization officially began operations in February 1947.[9]

6.3 Structure ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each one representing one country. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss ISO’s strategic objectives. The organization is coordinated by a Central Secretariat based in Geneva.[10] 26

6.4. MEMBERSHIP

27

Plaque marking the building in Prague where the ISO’s predecessor, the ISA, was founded. (Click to enlarge / read.)

A Council with a rotating membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance, including setting the Central Secretariat’s annual budget.[10][11] The Technical Management Board is responsible for over 250 technical committees, who develop the ISO standards.[10][12][13][14]

6.3.1

IEC joint committees

ISO has formed joint committees with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to develop standards and terminology in the areas of electrical, electronic and related technologies. ISO/IEC JTC 1 Information technology Main article: ISO/IEC JTC 1 ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) was created in 1987 to "[d]evelop, maintain, promote and facilitate IT standards”.[15] ISO/IEC JTC 2 Joint Project Committee – Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 2 (JTC 2) was created in 2009 for the purpose of "[s]tandardization in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources”.[16]

6.4 Membership ISO has 164 national members,[17] out of the 206 total countries in the world. ISO has three membership categories:[17] • Member bodies are national bodies considered the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights. • Correspondent members are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about ISO’s work, but do not participate in standards promulgation.

28

CHAPTER 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION

ISO member countries with a national standards body and ISO voting rights. Correspondent members (countries without a national standards body). Subscriber members (countries with small economies). Non-member countries with ISO 3166-1 codes.

• Subscriber members are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards. Participating members are called “P” members, as opposed to observing members, who are called “O” members.

6.5 Financing ISO is funded by a combination of:[18] • Organizations that manage the specific projects or loan experts to participate in the technical work. • Subscriptions from member bodies. These subscriptions are in proportion to each country’s gross national product and trade figures. • Sale of standards.

6.6 International Standards and other publications See also: List of International Organization for Standardization standards ISO’s main products are international standards. ISO also publishes technical reports, technical specifications, publicly available specifications, technical corrigenda, and guides.[19][20] International standards These are designated using the format ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:[yyyy] Title, where nnnnn is the number of the standard, p is an optional part number, yyyy is the year published, and Title describes the subject. IEC for International Electrotechnical Commission is included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation with ASTM International. yyyy and IS are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard and may under some circumstances be left off the title of a published work. Technical reports These are issued when a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that normally published as an International Standard,[19] such as references and explanations. The

6.7. STANDARDIZATION PROCESS

29

naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except TR prepended instead of IS in the report’s name. For example: • ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management • ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation — Metadata for construction documentation Technical and publicly available specifications Technical specifications may be produced when “the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement to publish an International Standard”. A publicly available specification is usually “an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization”.[19] By convention, both types of specification are named in a manner similar to the organization’s technical reports. For example: • ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation — Reference designation system — Part 1: General application rules • ISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles — Roof load carriers Technical corrigenda ISO also sometimes issues “technical corrigenda” (where “corrigenda” is the plural of corrigendum). These are amendments made to existing standards due to minor technical flaws, usability improvements, or limited-applicability extensions. They are generally issued with the expectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduled review.[19] ISO guides These are meta-standards covering “matters related to international standardization”.[19] They are named using the format “ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title”. For example: • ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary • ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification

6.6.1

Document copyright

ISO documents are copyrighted and ISO charges for most copies. It does not, however, charge for most draft copies of documents in electronic format. Although they are useful, care must be taken using these drafts as there is the possibility of substantial change before they become finalized as standards. Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and, via the U.S. National Committee, the International Electrotechnical Commission) are made freely available.[21][22]

6.7 Standardization process A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Here are some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status:[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] • PWI - Preliminary Work Item • NP or NWIP - New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007) • AWI - Approved new Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC AWI 15444-14) • WD - Working Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC WD 27032)

30

CHAPTER 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • CD - Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 23000-5) • FCD - Final Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC FCD 23000-12) • DIS - Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC DIS 14297) • FDIS - Final Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC FDIS 27003) • PRF - Proof of a new International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC PRF 18018) • IS - International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007)

Abbreviations used for amendments:[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] • NP Amd - New Proposal Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004/NP Amd 3) • AWI Amd - Approved new Work Item Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14492:2001/AWI Amd 4) • WD Amd - Working Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO 11092:1993/WD Amd 1) • CD Amd / PDAmd - Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 138181:2007/CD Amd 6) • FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) - Final Proposed Draft Amendment / Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 1449614:2003/FPDAmd 1) • FDAM (FDAmd) - Final Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/FDAmd 4) • PRF Amd - (e.g., ISO 12639:2004/PRF Amd 1) • Amd - Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Amd 1:2007) Other abbreviations:[27][28][30][31] • TR - Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC TR 19791:2006) • DTR - Draft Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC DTR 19791) • TS - Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/TS 16949:2009) • DTS - Draft Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/DTS 11602-1) • PAS - Publicly Available Specification • TTA - Technology Trends Assessment (e.g., ISO/TTA 1:1994) • IWA - International Workshop Agreement (e.g., IWA 1:2005) • Cor - Technical Corrigendum (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Cor 1:2008) • Guide - a guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process with six steps:[25][32] • Stage 1: Proposal stage • Stage 2: Preparatory stage • Stage 3: Committee stage • Stage 4: Enquiry stage • Stage 5: Approval stage • Stage 6: Publication stage

6.8. PRODUCTS NAMED AFTER ISO

31

The TC/SC may set up working groups (WG) of experts for the preparation of a working drafts. Subcommittees may have several working groups, which can have several Sub Groups (SG).[33] It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a standardization project, for example a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC directives allow also the so-called “Fast-track procedure”. In this procedure a document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if the document was developed by an international standardizing body recognized by the ISO Council.[25] The first step—a proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g., SC29 and JTC1 respectively in the case of Moving Picture Experts Group - ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a working draft. When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups (e.g., MPEG) usually make open request for proposals—known as a “call for proposals”. The first document that is produced for example for audio and video coding standards is called a verification model (VM) (previously also called a “simulation and test model”). When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a working draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of a standard but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft is sufficiently solid and the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it becomes committee draft (CD). If it is required, it is then sent to the P-members of the TC/SC (national bodies) for ballot. The CD becomes final committee draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes is above the quorum. Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content. When it is reached, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS). The text is then submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. It is approved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final text. The final text is sent to the ISO Central Secretariat, which publishes it as the International Standard.[23][25]

6.8 Products named after ISO The fact that many of the ISO-created standards are ubiquitous has led, on occasion, to common use of “ISO” to describe the actual product that conforms to a standard. Some examples of this are: • Many CD images end in the file extension "ISO" to signify that they are using the ISO 9660 standard file system as opposed to another file system—hence CD images are commonly referred to as “ISOs”. Virtually all computers with CD-ROM drives can read CDs that use this standard. Some DVD-ROMs also use ISO 9660 file systems. • Photographic film’s sensitivity to light (its "film speed") is described by ISO 6, ISO 2240 and ISO 5800. Hence, the film’s speed is often referred to as by its ISO number. • As it was originally defined in ISO 518, the flash hot shoe found on cameras is often called the “ISO shoe”.

6.9 Criticism With the exception of a small number of isolated standards,[21] ISO standards are normally not available free of charge, but for a purchase fee,[34] which has been seen by some as too expensive for small open source projects.[35] The ISO/IEC JTC1 fast-track procedures (“Fast-track” as used by OOXML and “PAS” as used by OpenDocument) have garnered criticism in relation to the standardization of Office Open XML (ISO/IEC 29500). Martin Bryan, outgoing Convenor of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 WG1, is quoted as saying: I would recommend my successor that it is perhaps time to pass WG1’s outstanding standards over to OASIS, where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a PAS submission to ISO, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster than standards currently can be within WG1.

32

CHAPTER 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION The disparity of rules for PAS, Fast-Track and ISO committee generated standards is fast making ISO a laughing stock in IT circles. The days of open standards development are fast disappearing. Instead we are getting 'standardization by corporation'.[36]

Computer security entrepreneur and Ubuntu investor, Mark Shuttleworth, commented on the Standardization of Office Open XML process by saying “I think it de-values the confidence people have in the standards setting process,” and Shuttleworth alleged that ISO did not carry out its responsibility. He also noted that Microsoft had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally had not participated in ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers and resellers sympathetic to Office Open XML. When you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, ISO should halt the process... ISO is an engineering old boys club and these things are boring so you have to have a lot of passion … then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money and lobbying and you get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensive corporate lobbying and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.[37]

6.10 See also 6.11 Notes and references [1] The three official full names of the ISO can be found at the beginning of the foreword sections of the PDF document: “ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary” (PDF). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. [2] “About ISO”. ISO. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. [3] “How to use the ISO Catalogue”. ISO.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. [4] The number of membre working countries an be found on the first page of the report. “Annual Report 2013”. ISO. Retrieved 18 June 2014. [5] “About ISO - Our name”. ISO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. [6] “Friendship among equals”. ISO. (page 20) [7] “ISO name and logo”. ISO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. [8] “A Brief History of ISO”. University of Pittsburgh. [9] Friendship among equals - Recollections from ISO’s first fifty years (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, 1997, pp. 15–18, ISBN 92-67-10260-5, archived from the original on 26 October 2012 [10] “Structure and governance”. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. [11] “Council”. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. [12] “Technical committees”. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. [13] “Who develops ISO standards?". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. [14] “Governance of technical work”. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. [15] “ISO/IEC JTC 1”. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. [16] “ISO/IEC JPC 2 Joint Project Committee - Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources - Common terminology”. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. [17] “ISO members”. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. [18] “General information on ISO”. ISO. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007.

6.12. FURTHER READING

33

[19] The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts: • “ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the technical work” (PDF). ISO/IEC. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. • “ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards” (PDF). ISO/IEC. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. [20] ISO. “ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement”. Archived from the original on 23 April 2005. [21] “Freely Available Standards”. ISO. 1 February 2011. [22] “Free ANSI Standards”. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. [23] “About MPEG”. chiariglione.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. [24] ISO. “International harmonized stage codes”. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. [25] ISO. “Stages of the development of International Standards”. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. [26] “The ISO27k FAQ - ISO/IEC acronyms and committees”. IsecT Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. [27] ISO (2007). “ISO/IEC Directives Supplement — Procedures specific to ISO” (PDF). Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. [28] ISO (2007). “List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online”. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. [29] “US Tag Committee Handbook” (DOC). March 2008. [30] ISO/IEC JTC1 (2 November 2009), Letter Ballot on the JTC 1 Standing Document on Technical Specifications and Technical Reports (PDF) [31] ISO. “ISO deliverables”. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. [32] ISO (2008), ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 - Procedures for the technical work, Sixth edition, 2008 (PDF), archived from the original on 14 July 2010 [33] ISO, IEC (5 November 2009). “ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 - Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio)". Archived from the original on 28 January 2001. [34] “Shopping FAQs”. ISO. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. [35] Jelliffe, Rick (1 August 2007). “Where to get ISO Standards on the Internet free”. oreillynet.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. The lack of free online availability has effectively made ISO standard irrelevant to the (home/hacker section of the) Open Source community [36] “Report on WG1 activity for December 2007 Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG1 in Kyoto”. iso/jtc1 sc34. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. [37] “Ubuntu’s Shuttleworth blames ISO for OOXML’s win”. ZDNet.com. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008.

6.12 Further reading • JoAnne Yates and Craig N. Murphy, “Coordinating International Standards: The Formation of the ISO” (PDF). Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. MIT Innovations and Entrepreneurship Seminar Series, Fall 2006. • Kuert, Willy (1997). “Friendship Among Equals - Recollections from ISO’s first fifty years” (PDF). ISO. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012.

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6.13 External links • Official website • Publicly Available Standards, with free access to a small subset of the standards. • Advanced search for standards and/or projects • Concept Database, a terminological database of ISO standards. • ISO/IEC JTC1

Chapter 7

American National Standards Institute “American Standards Association” and “ANSI” redirect here. For the ASA film speed scale (100, 200, ...), see Film speed#ASA. For other uses, see ANSI (disambiguation). The American National Standards Institute (ANSI, /ˈænsiː/ AN-see) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.[3] The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. For example, standards ensure that people who own cameras can find the film they need for that camera anywhere around the globe. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards.[4] The organization’s headquarters are in Washington, DC. ANSI’s operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs.

7.1 History ANSI was originally formed in 1918, when five engineering societies and three government agencies founded the American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC). In 1928, the AESC became the American Standards Association (ASA). In 1966, the ASA was reorganized and became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI). The present name was adopted in 1969. Prior to 1918, these five founding engineering societies: • American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE, now IEEE) • American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) • American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) • American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME, now American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers) • American Society for Testing and Materials (now ASTM International) had been members of the United Engineering Society (UES). At the behest of the AIEE, they invited the U.S. government Departments of War, Navy (combined in 1947 to become the Department of Defense or DOD) and Commerce[5] to join in founding a national standards organization. 35

36

CHAPTER 7. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE

According to Paul G. Agnew, the first permanent secretary and head of staff in 1919, AESC started as an ambitious program and little else. Staff for the first year consisted of one executive, Clifford B. LePage, who was on loan from a founding member, ASME. An annual budget of $7,500 was provided by the founding bodies. In 1931, the organization (renamed ASA in 1928) became affiliated with the U.S. National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which had been formed in 1904 to develop electrical and electronics standards.[6]

7.2 Members ANSI’s membership comprises government agencies, organizations, corporations, academic and international bodies, and individuals. In total, the Institute represents the interests of more than 125,000 companies and 3.5 million professionals.[2]

7.3 Process Though ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations. ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by standards developing organizations meet the Institute’s requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process. ANSI also designates specific standards as American National Standards, or ANS, when the Institute determines that the standards were developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders.[7] Voluntary consensus standards quicken the market acceptance of products while making clear how to improve the safety of those products for the protection of consumers. There are approximately 9,500 American National Standards that carry the ANSI designation. The American National Standards process involves: • consensus by a group that is open to representatives from all interested parties • broad-based public review and comment on draft standards • consideration of and response to comments • incorporation of submitted changes that meet the same consensus requirements into a draft standard • availability of an appeal by any participant alleging that these principles were not respected during the standardsdevelopment process.

7.4 International activities In addition to facilitating the formation of standards in the U.S., ANSI promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally, advocates U.S. policy and technical positions in international and regional standards organizations, and encourages the adoption of international standards as national standards where appropriate. The Institute is the official U.S. representative to the two major international standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as a founding member,[8] and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), via the U.S. National Committee (USNC). ANSI participates in almost the entire technical program of both the ISO and the IEC, and administers many key committees and subgroups. In many instances, U.S. standards are taken forward to ISO and IEC, through ANSI or the USNC, where they are adopted in whole or in part as international standards.

7.4. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

7.4.1

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Standards panels[9]

The Institute administers nine standards panels: • ANSI Homeland Defense and Security Standardization Collaborative (HDSSC) • ANSI Nanotechnology Standards Panel (ANSI-NSP) • ID Theft Prevention and ID Management Standards Panel (IDSP) • ANSI Energy Efficiency Standardization Coordination Collaborative (EESCC) • Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC) • Electric Vehicles Standards Panel (EVSP) • ANSI-NAM Network on Chemical Regulation • ANSI Biofuels Standards Coordination Panel • Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel (HITSP) Each of the panels works to identify, coordinate, and harmonize voluntary standards relevant to these areas. In 2009, ANSI and the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) formed the Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC). NESCC is a joint initiative to identify and respond to the current need for standards in the nuclear industry.

7.4.2

American national standards

• The ASA (as for American Standards Association) photographic exposure system, originally defined in ASA Z38.2.1 (since 1943) and ASA PH2.5 (since 1954), together with the DIN system (DIN 4512 since 1934), became the basis for the ISO system (since 1974), currently used worldwide (ISO 6, ISO 2240, ISO 5800, ISO 12232). • A standard for the set of values used to represent characters in digital computers. The ANSI code standard extended the previously created ASCII seven bit code standard (ASA X3.4-1963), with additional codes for European alphabets (see also Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code or EBCDIC). In Microsoft Windows, the phrase “ANSI” refers to the Windows ANSI code pages (even though they are not ANSI standards).