Stadium Planning and Construction.

STADIUM DESIGN GUIDE – TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0

Introduction

Page 2

2.0

Intention of the Design Guide

3

3.0

General Design Guidelines

4

4.0

Guidelines for Design Contexts

6

•

Street Context

6

•

Neighbourhood and Skyline Context

8

5.0

Guidelines for Building Tops

10

6.0

Guidelines for Building Bulk

11

7.0

Guidelines for Access and Connection

13

Volume 2 contents page

Wellington City District Plan

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1.0

Introduction

This design guide provides design principles to assist in achieving an appropriately high quality stadium development that makes a positive contribution to the public environment. A stadium is strongly differentiated in shape and form from all other likely types of building in the central city. It can, by its formal quality and the value of the public facility that it provides, set the context for future development in this part of the city. It should also allow for connection to and be part of a coherent and comprehensive space structure within the surrounding area. The stadium site is ideally suited for its intended use, being large, flat and also close enough to the city to be identified with its centre and to facilitate excellent access to all modes of public transport. Furthermore this site at the harbour’s edge, defining a major arterial route into the city, provides an ideal setting for a building that by virtue of its scale and function alone will become a major landmark and make a positive contribution to the urban form and image of the city.

Wellington City District Plan

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Intention of the Design Guide

The general intention of this design guide is to facilitate the development of a major regional stadium in the central area of the city with consideration of the quality of the public environment both in the local and city-wide context. It aims to identify the significant ways in which new development can contribute positively to the public environment and is based on the premise that the unique form and scale of a stadium will enhance rather than detract from the urban form of the city. Such a large building and its attendant structures should not adversely affect either the inhabitants of the central city or the wider community. The design guide provides a means of avoiding, mitigating or remedying adverse effects that may stem from inappropriate design. While the applicant is required to demonstrate through the design of new development, a commitment to enhancing the public environment in the local and city wide context, beyond this intention and in general accordance with the design guidelines, a degree of flexibility is given to designers in the preparation of development proposals. No precise formula exists for ensuring the skilful and innovative design of buildings. However, the provisions of this design guide require that some clear urban design principles are observed. Applicants will be required to demonstrate that the provisions of this design guide have been acknowledged and interpreted and the objectives satisfied.

Wellington City District Plan

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3.0

General Design Guidelines

Analysis A general public quality underlying the design of buildings is that of legibility. This refers to the degree to which the appearance of a building assists an observer to develop an understanding of the nature and location of various activities located within it and of the general architectural intention or concept that determines the overall design of the building. In addition it must be recognised that while an individual building may have its own distinct identity within the city, it is also part of the collective environment that has built up over time and contains various identifiable patterns. The qualities of continuity and recognition of the definable characteristics of physical context should be acknowledged in the design of any individual building within the city. Knowledge and understanding of context will lead to informed design decisions, whether those decisions are to complement or contrast with that context. Finally the visual qualities of a building should be considered in whole as well as in part. The design of new building should not simply result from a collage of the various specific design guidelines that make up this guide. Each building should have its own inherent architectural integrity and a considered relationship to its place within the local street environment and the city in general.

Objectives O1

To achieve a stadium and associated buildings that have a visual presence, architectural expression and quality that is consistent with their public significance.

O2

To make a considered, positive and enriching contribution to the visual and experiential quality of the central city.

Guidelines The external design of the stadium should take account of the following general criteria: G1

Special purpose sports stadia, events or exhibition buildings and their associated and ancillary structures should be based on a coherent architectural concept. They should have a dynamic quality that suitably expresses their significance as important public gathering places and local or citywide landmarks, and their common role as the public face of Wellington to the wider world through mass media transmission of the events within them.

G2

New development should not be seen as occurring in isolation. Its design should recognise the place that it occupies within both the local streetscape and the overall cityscape. This is not a requirement to mirror established patterns or design types but rather the impetus to recognise the relationship that development will have with its physical context and its role within the city. Factors to consider might include but are not limited to:

Wellington City District Plan

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• the structure and spatial definition of the present and potential future street and public space system • the role of a stadium in visually marking an important corner on a major arterial route into and from the central city • the unique nature of the stadium building type • the city wide public significance of a stadium • the physical character of existing buildings and structures in the adjacent area. G3

While the architectural composition of any stadium building will have integrity in its own right, it will also integrate the other design criteria of this guide.

G4

Significant internal spaces within buildings should be expressed in the external appearance of the facade except where it can be clearly demonstrated that this is inconsistent with an otherwise acceptable overall aesthetic concept.

Wellington City District Plan

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4.0

Guidelines for Design Contexts

Analysis The criteria that follow address the design of all development on the stadium site, its visual impact and effect at various heights on the character and quality of existing and new public spaces formed, and on the city as a whole.

Design Contexts The requirements of the street context as set out in this guide will apply up to a height of 27m. There is a special visual relationship between the space of a street and the buildings that edge it. The building frontages affect the usability and quality of public space, and should be designed to support the public environment. The design of street facades will be required to recognise the speed of travel and close proximity of the street level observer. There is also a special collective relationship between buildings at street level, where they are seen in close physical association with one another. A series of further design criteria described in the neighbourhood and skyline context, will apply to all parts of the stadium that are prominent in views from the wider neighbourhood and on the skyline of the city. This second design context acknowledges a visual relationship beyond the immediate range of the street, and considers views from the interiors of nearby buildings. It also acknowledges views from other parts of the central area, the surrounding hillside suburbs and the main rail, road and sea approaches to the city. The stadium site is in a part of the central city characterised by generally low and medium-rise buildings. The stadium building type however, requires ancillary elements such as lighting towers which may rise significantly above the 27m height limit of the adjoining areas. This is visually appropriate given the public status and significance of such a building, its location in the city foreground and at the harbours edge, its necessary role in defining an important corner, and its potential contribution as a landmark visual event on an important entrance route to the city. Potential stadium roof structural elements, a roof perhaps increasing in height towards the stadium centre and covering all or part of the stadium, and potential lighting and video towers may all be expressed on the skyline. A stadium development will be visually prominent, and the amphitheatre will have a presence influencing the overall form of the city and its collective image.

Guidelines for Street Context Objectives O1

To visually relate to the context of existing street frontages.

O2

To respond to the perceptual needs of people walking at ground level on immediately adjacent streets.

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O3

To promote visual interest, avoiding monotonous, bland and excessively repetitive building frontages at the street edge.

O4

To positively define and support pedestrian use of existing or new public open spaces including streets.

O5

To avoid the visual domination of street edges by large areas of car parking.

Guidelines The street context applies to all stadium buildings from ground to a height of 27m above ground level. G1

Facades built to the street edge should complement the existing appearance of a collective street frontage where this frontage has: • well established patterns of related or consistent building proportions • a collection of typical or repeated architectural details or window patterns • a consistent massing of frontage heights and widths.

G2

A stadium, being a unique and distinctive building type will be necessarily differentiated from its surroundings. Its frontage design should have a considered relationship to the major compositional elements and imagery of its immediate street context. This relationship may be complement, or alternatively contrast where development of landmark potential is important.

G3

Where there is little or no established building pattern or scale in an existing street, buildings should introduce sound design precedents with careful consideration of the observable scale and dimensions of context, creating visual interest at street level and positively defining and shaping streets and public spaces.

G4

Buildings should be articulated to give viewers at street level visual clues as to their scale, relative size and dimensions.

G5

The large, simple form buildings likely as part of stadium development require consideration of detail, texture, contrast and the effects of light and shadow on their surfaces to promote visual interest and diversity. • Buildings should use projecting or recessed surfaces or elements to set up clear three-dimensional modelling that will give shape and depth to the building facade. • Buildings may use surface finishes, colours or patterns to achieve contrast. • Discrete architectural or structural elements may be articulated to set up a contrast between foreground and background elements of the design. • Articulation might include the ordering of various architectural elements of a building frontage into hierarchies of relative importance in the facade and the organisation of frontage elements into overall vertical and/or horizontal compositions.

Wellington City District Plan

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G6

Signage including advertising should be used in a way that develops visual interest on the stadium facades. It may be extensive, large in scale and capable of being read from other parts of the city. Signage may be included on the horizontal plane of the roof. It should always be designed as an integral part of the building and not applied in an adhoc manner.

G7

In recognition of its size and unique plan form, the stadium will not be required to be consistently built to the street edge. Its edges must nevertheless positively define public open space, particularly at the bend in the Quays and along the Aotea and Waterloo Quay frontages.

G8

Those parts of buildings fronting public spaces such as pedestrian accessways and streets should: • present a positive front, including an entrance or entrances to the space • define a clear edge to the space • provide, where possible, ground floor activities that support the public use of the space • introduce a layered transition between the private interiors of the building and the public space it edges.

G9

Large areas of open parking should be located away from the street edge wherever this is possible. If this is not reasonably practicable then parking at street edges should be suitably screened with trees or other hard or soft landscape elements of a scale and visual quality enhance the appearance of the street edges as seen from the important streets leading into the city. Such landscape elements should complement and enhance important views of the stadium from adjoining streets and public spaces rather than obscure these views.

Guidelines for Neighbourhood and Skyline Context The neighbourhood and skyline context applies to all parts of the stadium development that have a visual presence in the wider neighbourhood and on the skyline.

Objectives O1

To develop the landmark quality of the stadium as an important public building.

O2

To promote the efficient use and development of natural and physical resources in Residential Areas.

O3

To promote visual interest with recognition of viewing distance and duration.

Wellington City District Plan

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Guidelines G1

A stadium should introduce sound design precedents in this area where the established pattern is weak and there are few reference points. To achieve this the building should: • express visual clues as to its special nature and function as seen from vantage points around the central city and from approaches to the city • provide a strong, distinctive and appropriately sculptural skyline form with the use of devices such as variation in the composition or massing of major elements, or provision of an expressive roof form or structure and the considered design and visual integration of structural and other secondary visual elements that rise above its main roof.

G2

The stadium should enhance the quality of experience of entrance to the city by being located at and emphasising the bend at the junction of Aotea and Waterloo Quays. It should establish a strong and dynamic visual presence and by contrasting height, form and siting, be visible from along Aotea and Waterloo Quays.

G3

The lighting design of the stadium should be designed to enhance its landmark status at night.

G4

Within the skyline context, it becomes important that the building's silhouette reads strongly against a background of sky or the rest of the city. Attention should be paid to the design strategies that will achieve a distinctive and interesting profile in order to make a positive contribution to the skyline of the city. Views from the air and on and across the harbour should be considered.

G5

The building should promote visual interest and diversity when viewed from a distance through the use of techniques such as large scale contrast between materials and elements, pattern and elevational modelling. These measures should recognise that the greater viewing distance in the neighbourhood and skyline context demands large scale articulation. They also offer the potential for greater abstraction or design simplicity of detail but only where this detail is not likely to be viewed at close range.

Wellington City District Plan

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5.0

Guidelines for Building Tops

Analysis The top of a stadium would be highly visible because of its elevation and large plan dimensions. It will make an appreciable contribution to the overall urban form of the city. The roofs of all large floor plate buildings create significant visual impacts regardless of their height, especially when these are viewed from elevated sites around the city. In this respect, low rise buildings with extensive plan dimensions such as a stadium - can produce more significant consequences than tall buildings which have small footprints. The substantial horizontal bulk that is part of the main body of a typical stadium is likely to rise above the tops of adjacent buildings. Structural elements and services such as lighting and video replay screens may potentially extend significantly further. The roof surfaces and planes, parapet edge and associated structures will substantially influence the overall appearance of the stadium. Lighting will determine the image of the building at night and potentially enhance its status as a regional landmark. Not only will the top of the stadium be large and visible from other parts of the city including from important approaches to the city by land, sea and air, it will also be a significant visual element in the foreground to the harbour when viewed from hillside suburbs and multi-storey development to the west and north.

Objectives O1

To make a positive contribution to the skyline and roofscape of the city.

O2

To recognise and enhance the landmark status of a stadium roof or roof edge and associated elements.

Guidelines The composition and appearance of building tops will vary but the following design criteria will consistently apply: G1

The architectural treatment of the stadium roof and should be a carefully considered and integral part of the overall form and composition.

G2

Although the roof surfaces and edge profiles of buildings other than the stadium amphitheatre will have lesser visual impact on the overall form and distant views of the central city, their design and composition is still important and needs to be considered as part of their overall design. Emphasis should be placed on their design and appearance as viewed from the entrance routes to the city.

G3

Building tops should be articulated with modelling, contrasting surface treatments or other architectural devices to as appropriate, contribute to an intricate or visually dynamic roofscape, and to avoid areas that are over-large and clearly and inappropriately “out of scale”.

G4

Stadium development lighting should be designed to make a positive contribution to the night time appearance or “nightscape” of the city.

Wellington City District Plan

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6.0

Guidelines for Building Bulk

Analysis The stadium site in an area characterised by large warehouse type buildings. The horizontal scale of many of these buildings is not far removed from that of a regional stadium. A stadium is likely to be higher than most buildings in its immediate context, but not necessarily higher than many of the movable structures associated with the adjacent wharf. In any event, the scale and in particular, the special plan form will differentiate a stadium from its neighbours. This differentiation will be accentuated by the stadium being most probably a discrete object set in a field of open space. A stadium possesses a special function and desirable landmark status within the city. Despite this, a stadium building is liable to be of such a size that modification of the effect of bulk may be required to give an appropriate sense of scale and visual complexity. This is particularly important in the local street context. The distant view should also be considered and in this case, any effects of excessive bulk ameliorated with manipulation of large scale form elements. The stadium will be monumental in scale and will, and should, be visible from afar. In one sense it is appropriate that a monumental building expresses its true size. At the level of the street, some kind of dimensional relationship with more ordinary structures nearby (and even with human stature) is also called for. Measures to attenuate the visual effect of bulk at various levels of detail need only be applied if the stadium's sheer unrelieved visual mass is likely to unduly dominate adjacent public spaces or appear excessively intrusive within the wider context of the city. Buildings other than the stadium amphitheatre will, by virtue of their lesser size, be inherently less visually bulky. However their design must also be considered to avoid any adverse effects on surrounding areas of unrelieved dominating visual bulk.

Objective O1

To prevent excessive visual dominance of the local street context through unrelieved building bulk while recognising the unique landmark status of a regional sports stadium.

Guidelines Where a building or part of a building is out of scale, and is liable to overwhelm or excessively visually dominate the adjoining public environment, some or all of the following design techniques may be used to modify the visual impacts of bulk. G1

Use surface finishes, colours or patterns to set up a contrast between foreground and background elements of the building facade.

G2

Model the facade to introduce visual relief, with the scale of the modelled elements relating to the distances from which the relevant parts of the building are customarily viewed.

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G3

Where the overall bulk of a proposed development would undermine an established and valued contextual scale, relate scale or size defining elements to the relevant dimensions in the existing context.

G4

Introduce setbacks, steps or other variations in the overall form of the building with the expression of structure, floor levels, circulation, significant spaces or blocks of accommodation.

Wellington City District Plan

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7.0

Guidelines for Access and Connection

Analysis A sports stadium generates an occasional very high demand for pedestrian access both from the city and various public transport connections. The existing footpath link along Waterloo Quay is neither sufficiently wide nor of a quality which invites pedestrian use. This route in particular, notwithstanding the potential development of pedestrian access through the precinct adjoining the stadium site, will be visually, even if not actually, the main link with the central city. In addition to provision of adequate capacity, development of pedestrian routes requires consideration of the design of the adjacent edges of buildings and the spaces that front them to ensure that they are both amenable to pedestrian use and visually prominent. In particular, Waterloo Quay demands visual recognition of its status as a major entrance route into the city. While improved public access is necessary along the street edge, the scale of the stadium activity and potential numbers of users will necessitate other access routes. Potential routes to parking in the port area, high level connection direct to the Railway Station and potential access over the railway lines to Thorndon Quay will ameliorate crowding at peak loading times. The maximisation of connection to other areas offers the opportunity to improve accessibility to previously remote parts of the central city and should be encouraged for this reason also. The nature of future development adjacent to the stadium site is uncertain. It will however be of benefit to the stadium, to adjoining areas, and to the city as a whole, if development of the stadium anticipates the development of an adjoining public space structure. Stadium development should not preclude future pedestrian and vehicle links to this in appropriate locations. The effectiveness of public access routes is dependent not only on their capacity and the connections that they offer, but also on the quality of the spaces that they create. Design should recognise not only issues such as safety (from crime as well as physical accident) and shelter but also the speed at which pedestrians experience such an environment. Environments experienced at relatively low speeds demand visual intricacy or small scale diversity and activity in the buildings at street edges if monotony is to be avoided. In contrast, motorists travelling past at much higher speeds perceive much less of the detail and will respond to the larger scale patterns apparent in the streetscape.

Objectives O1

To provide good pedestrian access between the stadium and other parts of the central city including sources of public transport.

O2

To create public space and accessways that actively support rather than simply allow access for people on foot.

O3

To provide improved public pedestrian access parallel to or along the edge of Waterloo Quay.

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O4

To allow for connection to and integration into any future public space structures in adjacent areas.

Guidelines G1

Develop a number of public routes, designed as part of a wider public space structure to deal effectively with expected peak pedestrian loads.

G2

Design access routes to the stadium to be integrated into the city’s public space structure and freely and obviously available for continuous public use.

G3

Spatially define and accentuate the edge of Waterloo Quay in order to strengthen the connection between the central city and the stadium. Design measures may include the considered location of building frontages or the use of rows of large scale planting to visually accentuate this edge and the physical and visual connection.

G4

Provide a wide public footpath along the edge of Waterloo Quay and design with consideration of improving shelter, reducing dominance of this edge by traffic and improving the visual quality and experience of using this route on foot.

G5

Provide pedestrian amenities, shelter and street furniture along the edges of streets and accessways to facilitate pleasant and convenient use by pedestrians.

G6

Wherever possible ensure building fronts with entrances, windows and activity define the edges of accessways and public spaces. Large blank walls and uninhabited spaces that do not contribute vitality or interest to the edges of spaces should be avoided.

G7

Consider personal safety issues when designing public carparking buildings, and elevated pedestrian accessways. Refer to the Guidelines for Design Against Crime.

G8

Allow for potential connection to a public space structure within the adjoining Northern Gateway Precinct. In doing so, design to allow both vehicle and pedestrian connection wherever this is appropriate.

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School Construction News Construction Report, 2007 Regional Breakdown

Click here to enlarge Source: School Construction News Infometrics Department

FEATURE

Hull Stadium Jon Carr, Associate at Anthony Hunt Associates

Hull City Council has built a multi-purpose stadium with a steel roof

Night photo from roof of Hull Royal infirmary

Main entrance to sports hall

IN the late 1990s, Kingston-upon-Hull City Council floated Kingston Communications, the telephone company which gave Hull its distinctive cream coloured telephone boxes, on the stock exchange. It used part of the proceeds from this sale to fund an iconic stadium and community sports facility, which would act as a flagship regeneration project for the city. On a freezing cold night in December 2002, Hull City FC played a friendly football match against Sunderland AFC in front of approximately 25,000 spectators, and the dream had become a reality. The stadium is now home to both Hull City FC (football) and Hull FC (rugby league) as well a community ‘Learning Zone’, a pioneering partnership set up by Hull City Council and Hull College. The complex also includes a 12-court sports hall, two all weather hockey pitches, a BMX/skateboard area and an aviary. The building has won several awards. SITE AND INFRASTRUCTURE The stadium is in West Park, a 78-acre formal Victorian park located a short walk away from Hull city centre. However, the need to respect existing features within the park (including a significant number of mature trees) and the presence of several railway lines at part of the site boundary resulted in a surprisingly tight area within which the stadium had to be located.

20

NSC January - February 2004

Significant civil engineering works were also required, including a major sewer diversion and an elevated walkway, which spans over a number of railway lines and brings pedestrians from the city centre. ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT The architectural concept encompasses a number of features that are unique to UK stadium design, most notably the asymmetric bowl form that results from having single tier stands to the north, south and east sides and a two tier main stand to the west. The bowl effect is enhanced by the roof line, which gently rises from its lowest point at the centre line of the single tier east stand to its apex at the centre line of the two tier West stand opposite, as well as by infilling the four corners. The roof-mounted wishbone floodlights at the south-east and north-east corners of the stadium also serve to give the stadium its identity, as well as preventing the west stand ‘A-frame’ roof structure from dominating the roofscape. Other unique features include locating the main public concourse (which has been described as ‘cathedral like’) at first floor level, thereby freeing up commercially valuable space at ground floor level. Further space has been freed up by locating the four stair towers that serve the upper floors of the west stand outside the footprint of the stadium. This maximises the space available for public amenities and catering facilities, as well as enabling fans to walk fully around the stadium at events where segregation is not necessary, such as pop concerts.

Arial veiw taken soon after completion

STRUCTURAL DESIGN From a structural point of view, the asymmetric bowl form of the stadium, with part single tier, part two tier, effectively results in ‘two stadia in one’. The junction between the single tier north, south and east stands and the two tier west stand is solved by gradually raising the roof level, as opposed to the normal solution of having a sudden vertical step in the roof line. This results in each half of the stadium being made of 36 frames, each one of which is different. In total, some 3,500 tons of steel was used in the construction of the stadium. Given the coastal nature of the site, the steelwork paint system had to take into account the corrosive nature of airborne salts. Erection of tubular steel A frames to west stand roof

SETTING OUT The orientation of the stadium was partly determined by the need to minimise the wind uplift forces to the large overhang of the west stand roof. Consequently, the prevailing winds from the south west act on the rear elevation of the west stand. The principal structural elements are all set out to a complex arrangement of plan curves, with different radii and setting-out points defining each element. This arrangement ensures good views from all seats, with no spectators having to stand in order to view the action in the corners (which is where much of the play occurs in a rugby match). To assist construction, easting and northing coordinates were calculated for all critical elements, some of which were expressed as ‘global positioning system’ (GPS) co-ordinates.

NORTH, SOUTH AND EAST STANDS The superstructure to the north, south and east stands is relatively straightforward. Steel frames at 7.5m centres support a single tier of precast concrete terracing that is accessed, via precast concrete vomitories, from the suspended composite slab and beam structure at lower concourse level. Overall stability is provided by a combination of frame action and bracing by the terracing raker beams. The 1.35m deep cellular roof beams cantilever up to 29m and are supported by two columns, one at the rear of the terracing and one along the external perimeter. Polycarbonate sheeting to the tips of the cantilevers maximises sunlight to the pitch edges and corners. WEST STAND SUPERSTRUCTURE The superstructure to the west stand is similar in principle to that of the other stands, although it does have two tiers of terracing and four levels of suspended floor. In addition to frame action and bracing by the terracing raker beams (with additional vertical and plan bracing as required), overall stability is also provided by the stiffness of the 1.2m diameter concrete encased perimeter columns. WEST STAND ROOF The west stand roof is probably the most interesting aspect of the stadium from a structural point of view. Due to its significant overhang and the presence of the upper tier, the cantilever solution used for the other stands was not appropriate here. Consequently, a stayed rafter NSC January - February 2004

21

FEATURE CREDITS Architect (overall concept) Arup Associates (detail design) The Miller Partnership Structural Engineer Anthony Hunt Associates Steelwork Contractors Watson Steel & Wescol Steel tonnage 3,500 tonnes

solution was adopted, using relatively slender 406mm diameter CHS stays to support box section rafters which are fabricated out of steel plate, and range from 1350mm deep at their supports, down to 600mm at the tip. The CHS stays are up to 40m long, and rise gently in pairs up to the rear of the roof, where they meet six CHS section ‘A-frames’ which transfer the significant vertical and overturning forces down the stand, via terracing raker beams and diagonal bracing hidden within partition walls between hospitality boxes. To overcome potential problems associated with self-weight deflection and bending moments, the CHS stays were cranked at third points so that the deflected form approximates to a straight line. For reasons of transportation and buildability, the tubular A-frames were fabricated at the rear of the west stand and lifted into place as complete frames. This resulted in lifts of up to 110 tons that lasted eight hours in some cases. In order to minimise out of balance forces, the ‘A-frames’ were erected from the centre outwards. Hence, the two central ‘A-frames’ were erected first, and then joined together by erecting RHS infill purlins between them. This process was subsequently repeated for the two intermediate and the two outer ‘A-frames’, after which the roof decking could be laid. The west side of the pitch is lit from a dedicated lighting gantry slung off the underside of the west stand roof. Again, polycarbonate sheets at the front of the west stand roof maximise sunlight to the pitch. DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR In addition to football and rugby, the stadium will be used for pop concerts. Hence, the dynamic performance of the structure was designed to comply with the recommendations of the newly published Interim Guidance report, produced by the IStructE/DTLR/DCMS working group. This essentially requires that empty stands have a lowest vertical natural frequency of at least 6Hz, provided that the structure can resist a horizontal load equal to 7.5% of the vertical imposed load, in addition to the wind loads specified in Part 2 of BS 6399. This should ensure that significant resonant excitation at the second harmonic frequency of crowd movement is avoided. A sophisticated 3-D computer model was initially created to determine the dynamic response of the structure, the results of which were subsequently evaluated against physical tests carried out on the as-built structure by Sheffield University’s Vibration Engineering Research Section. The practical implications of designing for pop concerts are essentially stiffer precast terracing units, stiffer steel terrace raker beams, and additional bracing (in both horizontal and vertical planes). 22

NSC January - February 2004

THERMAL MOVEMENT The bowl arrangement of the stadium is such that the north, south, east and west stands are prevented from expanding towards (and contracting away from) the corner areas. Consequently, the superstructure is jointed using pairs of expansion joints at all four corners of the stadium. PROGRAMME AND BUDGET The main contractor was appointed in September 2001, when the detailed design began. The site works started one month later in October 2001, and the opening match was played just 14 months later in December 2002. The building was delivered both on time and within the client’s budget. The extremely tight programme was only achievable by establishing a close working relationship with the steelwork contractors at an early stage in the detailed design process. Indeed, the steelwork contractors made an invaluable contribution in terms of assisting with the connection design and advising on buildability. ONE YEAR ON Since the stadium opened almost a year ago, Hull City FC and Hull FC have both seen significant increases in their attendance figures. Further, the stadium has been ‘sold out’ for a number of events including an England U21 friendly, an Elton John concert, and a rugby league test match between Great Britain and Australia. Indeed, the stadium has captured the imagination of the people of Hull as well as visitors to the city, many of whom believe the ‘spectator experience’ at the Kingston Communication Stadium is second to none.

Opening night - view from south-west corner

Hillsboro Stadium Hillsboro, Oregon T

he success of the Hillsboro Stadium project

was based on the design team’s ability to be creative in its response to the owner’s (The Hillsboro Parks and Recreation Department) and architect’s (GBD Architects) requirements. The owner, due to cost overruns and a long construction schedule, abandoned a previous design by another team. KPFF, along with the other team members, came up with a design that met both the budget for the project and the design and construction schedule required by the owner. The Hillsboro Parks and Recreation Department received its funding for the stadium from a combination of private and public donations and a recently approved bond measure. When the overall 10-month schedule was broken down into tasks, KPFF was left with 30 days to complete the design and issue bid documents for the stadium, a significant engineering achievement. KPFF provided structural engineering design and construction services for the Hillsboro Stadium in Hillsboro, OR. The project includes a 4,000-seat bleacher stadium with a 25,000-sq. ft. roof, suspended from four steel towers located along the backside of the stadium. The roof partially covers the bleachers and three enclosed private press boxes that

Modern Steel Construction / March 2000

Jurors’ Comments: Designed and built in 10 months, this stadium is a perfect blend of simple but elegant design, economy and speed through pre-fabrication. The canopied roof structure stands out like a jewel. overlook the multipurpose Astroturf field, which supports baseball, football, and soccer. Six additional grass softball and baseball fields surround the stadium. The seating was constructed using 25’ long by 3’ 9” wide precast concrete planks supported by structural steel beams and columns. Below the bleachers are restrooms, concession booths, team locker rooms, and ground maintenance and storage facilities. The project was designed and built for the City of Hillsboro Parks and Recreation Department for use by local high schools, youth, and adult sports organizations. Completed in August of 1999, the construction cost for the stadium was $7,400,000. The stadium included 400 tons of structural steel. In order to meet the owner’s demanding cost and budget constraints, the design team created a simple, structurally sound, and aesthetically pleasing design using prefabricated roof sections that could be installed while the supporting structure was built.

Concurrent Construction The key to the project’s success was that different sections of the stadium could be designed, built, and installed concurrently. The

The suspension rods, which splay out from the top of the towers down to the roof structure, carry all of the gravity load of the roof system. The roof is offset from the roof towers, which creates an inherent eccentricity. The support towers must withstand constant overturning forces caused by the structures’ eccentricity, wind, and seismic loads. Additionally, the support towers were designed to accommodate the unbalanced loads that occurred during construction when an adjacent roof panel had not yet been lifted into place. This eliminated the need for shoring and provided the steel erector with a wide range of erection sequences. The seating raker beams attach to the roof towers, approximately 43’ above the field at the press box floor, and provide stability to the roof towers. The steel raker beams act as a compression strut to transfer the loads down to the concourse level, which is 15’ above the field level. The concourse level is rigidly anchored to a deep grade beam at the back of the stadium.

engineers designed a canopiedroof system that was completely independent of the stadium seating section. While the stadium seating area was being constructed, the roof was also being constructed in an adjacent field. Once the seating area was complete, the roof system was lifted into place and attached to 80 suspension rods and 16 uplift rods suspended from four steel towers. The four steel roof towers were also prefabricated in two sections and lifted into place. The lower sections of the towers were fabricated and placed prior to construction of the seating area.

While the seating area was being installed, the upper roof tower sections were being constructed and were lifted into place prior to completion of the roof panels. The roof panels were constructed in three 53’ by 100’ sections, which were set between the towers, and two 25’ by 100’ sections, which were placed at the ends of the roof. Two independent cranes lifted the roof panels. It took approximately eight hours to lift and secure each panel. The framing in the wedge-shaped skylights was installed after the main roof panels were installed.

The owner was pleased with the aesthetic quality of the system and the design team’s ability to create a structural system that could be designed and constructed within the required 10-month period while remaining within the owner’s budget. The design team’s hard work and innovative use of structural steel made this project a success for everyone involved, including the owner and the members of the community, who will have full use of the facility.

Modern Steel Construction / March 2000

Hillsboro Stadium, Hillsboro, OR Owner: The Hillsboro Parks and Recreation Department Architect: GBD Architects, Portland, OR Structural Engineer: KPFF, Portland, OR Fabricator: Fought & Co., Tigard, OR (AISC member) Detailer: Baresel Corp. (AISC & NISD members)

General Contractor: Hoffman Construction Co., Portland

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Home / Away: Five British Architects Build Housing in Europe The Development of Housing in Britain 1870 2008 Ellis Woodman

The Stadium Architecture for the New Global Culture Rod Sheard

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Get into the centre of the action with The Stadium, a book that takes you to some of the finest event centres across the globe. Sports fans in the United States can revisit their own home fields such as the Reliant Stadium in Houston, SBC Park in San Francisco, Oriole Park in Baltimore, and experience international attractions such as the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wembley in London, Arsenal in London, and the Olympic Stadium in Sydney. With 250 astonishing photos and 70 architectural plans, this book defines the stadium as a worldwide cultural icon.

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Technical Review: Roofing Christopher Garrand

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The work of Albert Wimmer is characterised by his incessant drive to find ideal answers to the constantly changing demands on architecture. Wimmer has set international standards with major projects in the areas of urban planning, living, working, culture and sports. His winning entry for the construction of the new Tivoli Stadium in Innsbruck was the foundation for his work in stadium construction which was followed by stadiums in Salzburg, Klagenfurt and Nicosia.

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As a place where utterly diverse social milieus and cultural practices encounter one another, stadiums draw their quality primarily from their dialogue with the social, economic, cultural and regional contexts. Along with their striking architectural design element, stadiums need to make the connection between functionalism and experience, which is apparent in Albert Wimmer's designs.

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Stadium Seating Riser Solutions Stadium Seating Enterprises, Inc. (SSE) is the industry pioneer for the design and manufacture of prefabricated EPS Geofoam stadium seating riser solutions. SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems are the most cost effective and efficient systems available to design or enhance audience viewing in classroom, lecture hall, balcony, church, worship center, and movie theatre seating by creating a fast and easy method of providing levels of tiered seating riser platforms to offer an unobstructed view for the audience. SSE has refined the design of preengineered tiered stadium seating riser systems and developed the innovative SSE PREFoam stadium seating solutions that maximize cost and time savings as well as contractor productivity. SSE has developed the SSE PREFoam System, an EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System that uses simple straightforward materials and technology to meet today's criteria for tiered stadium seating design for any auditorium, balcony, lecture hall, movie theatre, or worship stadium seating arrangement. The SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Systems are the most economical tiered seating systems on the market today. Typically our theatre seating riser system can be installed and ready for a concrete topping slab in as little as one day per auditorium. Another advantage of the SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System is the fact that the system is easily designed to conform to virtually any platform design, shape or configuration in any auditorium, movie theatre, classroom, lecture hall, , worship center or church. SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems are ideal for either new construction or retrofit situations. System flexibility is the key to our systems. The SSE Systems are equally appropriate for flat or existing sloped floor designs. SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems are typically installed in 50% less time than normally allocated for traditional steel stud framing systems and are the most cost effective, easy to install, contractor friendly answer to tiered seating available.

view gallery The typical SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System rests directly on the floor of the auditorium, classroom, lecture hall, theatre, balcony, worship center, church or other project area and is independent from the vertical building structure. In the case of retrofit applications, that fact can greatly reduce the cost of the project, as it does not affect current loads and capacities of the vertical building structure. Additionally, the weight of the structure, in particular the SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System is low compared to traditional methods as the Geofoam material weighs approximately 1 lb./cu.ft. The SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems are not only for ground floorauditorium or theatre installations, but are ideal upper level installations for theatre, church, balcony, worship center, classroom, lecture hall or any installation requiring the fabrication of lightweight tiered seating platforms in any floor design you may need. The SSE PREFoam System has been installed in numerous projects that were on upper floor levels because lightweight characteristics of the EPS Geofoam and the fact the use of the EPS Geofoam Blocks evenly distributes the weight of the stadium seating platform over the entire area covered by the tiered seating and eliminates any “point-loading” of the structural slab of the building. Any contractor will find SSE’s PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems easy to install during the construction of any auditorium, church, balcony, worship center, classroom, lecture hall or movie theatre seating project. In the case of a retrofit installation, the SSE PREFoam prefabricated stadium seating system components are easily portable due to their modular design. The installation crew can bring all components into the space through a standard pedestrian door for a church, balcony, worship center, auditorium, movie theatre, classroom, or even a lecture hall thereby minimizing disruption to ongoing operations in adjacent auditoriums, classrooms or theatres. Unlike traditional light gauge metal stud tiered seating design and fabrication solutions, the SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Solution design possesses excellent acoustic properties. The design is perfect for church, balcony, worship center, classroom, lecture hall or movie theatre seating where state of the art sound acoustics are required or where they can enhance the sound for those audiences. In addition, where the installation is on an upper floor level with other occupancy below it, the use of the SSE PREFoam Stadium Seating System greatly reduces the sound transfer and provides an level of acoustic barrier between the adjacent floors. Traditional light gauge metal stud framed seating systems are hollow under the platform and the acoustical properties of the hollow space typically do not complement the audio experience and they do not provide any sound insulation properties. The SSE PREFoam tiered stadium seating system is the most environmentally friendly tiered stadium seating system available today. This innovative “PREFoam System” uses Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam blocks as the structural fill material to support the tiered seating platforms. The use of EPS in the stadium seating system as well as its use as an insulation material in the overall construction of the building meets many of the criteria necessary for LEED certification. The U.S. Green Building Council has developed a nationally accepted system to rate the design, construction and operations of buildings. The USGBC’s leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a standard that recognizes the life-cycle cost of construction and helps guide the performance of projects. The LEED rating system allows owners to acquire credits by meeting certain conditions pertaining to the use of sustainable, energy efficient and environmentally friendly products and systems. The use of EPS in design and construction addresses each of these criteria and provides a product that is both environmentally responsible and a cost efficient solution to installation of tiered stadium seating riser systems. Inherent in the design of the SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System is it's flexibility to be used in conjunction with traditional metal stud and drywall framing for usable space under the back of the stadium seating platform. The SSE PREFoam EPP Stadium Seating Riser Systems are commonly used adjacent to and on top of a structural deck above storage, restrooms, offices or other spaces under the platform.

A time saving advantage of the SSE PREFoam EPS

Geofoam Tiered Seating Riser System is that it can be typically installed by semi-skilled laborers in as little as one day per auditorium; reducing the overall cost for platform installation, construction schedule and the resulting overall construction cost associated with the project. Due to their modular nature as well as design and attachment characteristics, the prefabricated Stadium Seating Riser System will minimize installation time and manpower required for auditorium, church, balcony, worship center, classroom, lecture hall & movie theatre seating riser systems. The installation of the Geofoam used for the structural support of the SSE PREFoam tiered seating risers is similar to stacking "Lego type" blocks made of EPS to form the tiered seating platforms. In addition, because the PREFoam riser platform components are installed much later in the construction sequence than is customary with traditional steel stud or other means of providing tiered seating platforms, the contractor is able to keep the floor barrier free to allow ease of work on a rolling scaffold or scissor lift. Please review the information contained on this website. This site contains technical data, photographs of church, movie theatre, auditorium, classroom, and lecture hall stadium seating riser design and fabrication solutions, and comments by our past clients relating to our design, service and product as well as broad overviews of our experience and approach to project delivery. If you would like personal and responsive service and further detailed information on our products or a cost estimate for your stadium seating project, please contact: Stadium Seating Enterprises, Inc. 3187 Red Hill Avenue, Suite 200 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Toll Free: 877.244.7328 Email: [email protected] Additional contact information is contained under the Contact Us page on this site.

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