January 11, 2017 | Author: Subhash Soman | Category: N/A
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
BIOLOGY –X
Instant Notes
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
Instant Notes Minhad. M. Muhiyudheen Kaliyattamukku, Malappuram
[email protected]
SCIENCE INSTITUTE Opp. HP pump, Vengara, Malappuram
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
First of all, thanking the CREATOR who bestowed me to bring out the book ‘Biology-X Instant notes’ to the students of class X under Kerala state syllabus. This book has been exclusively designed as a powerful tool for the last-minute preparation in their pursuit of success in the SSLC-Board Examination. Every effort has been made to make the description point wise as per the new grading and evaluation system. Difficulties which nerve the students have been dealt within simple and lucid style. I hereby express my sincere gratitude to Rahees Valappil (Director, Sunrise InstitutePandikasala) who put forward the idea of making capsule notes, Vinod Sir (G.Rajas.H.S.S, Kottakal) & Jaleel Sir (Oriental H.S.S, Tirurangadi), who ready to share their valuable materials, My brother, Munawar Ahammed, who helped me in typing material and all and all Rajeev Sir (Blogger, www.english4keralasyllabus.com) who constantly motivated me in bringing this note. I kindly requesting the teaching faculties to share their materials with English blog, who humbly trying to give as much aids to the student community. I hope that this book will be warmly received by students and teachers. Great care has been taken to avoid mistakes. Constructive criticism of the book and suggestions for its further improvement will be gratefully acknowledged.
Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen Kaliyattamukku, Malappuram
[email protected] Mob:9846292227 Faculty of Biology, Science Institute-Vengara
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
C{µn-b-§Ä¡p-a-¸pdw...............................1 Chapter II. {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä C§s\bpw.......................8 Chapter III. {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä¡v ]n¶nse ck-X{´w..........11 Chapter IV. D]m-]-N-b¯n\v tijw..............................18 Chapter V. ka-ØnXn XI-cpt¼mÄ............................22 Chapter VI. kpc-£bpw NnInÂkbpw..........................25 Chapter VII. \½-sf-§s\ \½-fmbn..............................31 Chapter VIII. Pohsâ IY, Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw .....................36 Chapter I.
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
1 C{µn-b-§Ä¡p-a-¸pdw akvXn-jv¡hpw 5 Úmt\-{µn-b-§fpw a\p-jys\ Npäp-]m-Sp-apÅ amä-§sf a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm\pw {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-hm\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
]mTw Npcp-¡-¯n I®v
I.
kwc-£Ww LS-\, [Àaw ImgvN Step---1. t^m¡Â Zqcw {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶p Step---2. hkvXp-hnsâ {]Xn-_nw_w sdän-\-bn ]Xn-¡p--¶p Step---3. {]Imi {Kmln-IÄ D±o-]n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p Step---4. \mUob Ath-K-§Ä Xe-t¨m-dnte¡v
Zznt\{X ZÀi\w sshI-ey-§Ä
\mUo-hy-hØ
\yqtdm¬--- ASn-Øm\ LSIw \mUn þ 3 Xcw, Kmw¥n-tbm¬ {]hÀ¯\w þ C{µn-bm-\p-`-h-§-fnse ]¦v Xe-t¨mdv þ kwc-£-Ww, LS-\, [Àaw LS\ tIÄhn F¶ A\p-`hw ico-c-¯nsâ Xpe-\-\ne ]me\w
II.
sNhn
III.
\mhv
LS\ kzmZv F¶ A\p-`hw
IV.
aq¡v
LS\ KÔw F¶ A\p-`hw
V.
Xz¡v
LS\
I.
I®--v ImgvN-bpsS C{µnbw
kwc-£Ww 1. Xe-tbm-«n-bnse Ipgn-bn Dd-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. BLm-X-§-fn \n¶v c£ 2. I¬t]m-f, I¬]oen þ I®n s]mSn-]-S-e-§Ä hnSmsX XS-bp-¶p. 3. I®p-\oÀ I®ns\ Ft¸mgpw CuÀ¸-ap-Å-Xm¡n sh¡p-¶p s]mSn-ho-Wm IgpIn If-bp-¶p ssetkmsskw þ I®n-\p-Ån-te¡v IS-¡p¶ tcmKm-Wp¡sf \in-¸n-¡p¶ cmkmán AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
LS-\bpw [Àahpw
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
t\{X-`mKw I.
ZrV-]-Sew a) tImÀWnb b) t\{Xm-h-cWw
II.
cà-]-Sew
a) sFdnkv
IrjvW-aWn b) se³kv III.
ZrjvSn ]Sew
a) ]oX _nµp b) AÔ-_nµp c) t\{X-\mUn
khn-ti-jX
[Àaw
_mly-]mfn kpXm-cy-amb ap³`mKw tImÀWnb HgnsI I®nsâ ap³`mKw Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ Øew cà-tem-an-IÄ sIm-pÅ a[y-]mfn cà-]-S-e-¯nsâ hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ Ccpap³`mKw sFdn-knsâ a[y-`m-K-¯pÅ kpjncw IrjvW-a-Wn¡v ]n¶m-enbn kv\mbp-¡Ä sIm-v koen-bdn t]in-I-fp-ambn _Ôn¨ tIm¬shIvkv se³kv {]Imi {Kmln-IÄ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ B´-c-]mfn ImgvN iàn Gähpw IqSp A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶ t\{X `mKw ChnsS {]Xn-_nw_w cq]w sIm-m ImgvN km[y-a-à AÔ-_n-µp-hn \n¶v XpS-§p¶ \mUn
AIzkv Ad
tImÀWn-b¡pw se³kn\pw CS-bn-epÅ Ad
hn{Sn-bkv Ad
se³kn\pw sdän-\¡pw CS-bn-epÅ henb Ad
t\{X-tKm-f-¯n\v ZrVX \ÂIp¶p {]Imi civan-Isf DÅn-te¡v IS¯n hnSp-¶p kwc-£Ww I®nse Ie-IÄ¡v t]mj-Whpw HmIvkn-P\pw \ÂIp-¶p sFdn-knse t]in-IÄ {]Im-i-¯nsâ Gä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-IÄ ¡-\p-k-cn¨v IrjvW-a-Wnsb Npcp¡pIbpw hnI-kn-¸n-¡pIbpw hgn I®n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p¶ {]Im-i-¯nsâ Afhv \nb-{´n-¡p¶p t^m¡Â Zqcw {Iao-I-cn¨v {]Xn-_nw_w sdän-\-bn ]Xn-¸n¡p-¶p cq]-s¸-Sp¶ {]Xn-_nw-_-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v Bth-K-§sf D-m-¡p-¶p
Bth-K-§sf Xe-t¨m-dn-te¡v hln-¡p-¶p tImÀWn-b¡pw se³kn\pw Bh-iy-amb t]mj-Whpw O2 \ÂIp¶ Pe-k-Zr-i-amb \nd-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p t\{XtKmf-¯n\v BIrXn \ÂIp¶ sPÃn t]mepÅ \nd-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p
Imgv¨-þ L«-§Ä
1. t^m¡Â Zqcw {Iao-I-cn-¡Â ASp¯pw AI-se-bp-apÅ hkvXp-¡-fpsS {]Xn-_nw_w sdän-\-bn ]Xn-bm³ I®nse se³kv t^m¡Â Zqcw {Iao-I-cn-¡p¶ hn[w
2. {]Xn-_n_w sdän-\-bn hkvXp-hn \n¶v hcp¶ {]Imi civan-IÄ I®nÂIqSn IS¶p t]mIp¶ ]mX ImWn-¡p¶ ^vtfmNmÀ«
tImÀWnb
AIzkv Ad
IrjvW-aWn
se³kv
hn{Sn-bkv Ad
sdän-\-
{]Xn-_nw-_-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ o sNdpXv o Xe Xncn-ªXv o bYmÀ°w
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
3. sdän-\-bpsS LS-\bpw {]Xn-_nw-_hpw cq]-s¸-Sp-t¼m-gp--m-Ip¶ amähpw
sdän-\-bnse tdmUv, tIm¬ tImi-§-fn ImW-s¸-Sp¶ tdmtUm-]vkn³, t^mt«m-]vkn³ F¶o hÀW-§-fpsS {]Imi hnL-S-\-amWv ImgvN-bpsS ASn-Øm\w Vit.A bn \n¶p--m-Ip¶ sdän-\m³ F¶ cmk-h-kvXphpw Hm]vkn³ F¶ amwkyhpw tNÀ¶mWv Cu hÀW-I-§Ä D-m-hp-¶-Xv. tdmUp tImi-§Ä þ a§nb shfn-¨-¯n Dt¯-Pn-X-am-Ip-¶p tdmtUm-]vkn³ hnL-Sn¨v sdän-\mepw Hm]vkn\pw Bbn amdp-¶p. Cu cmk-amäw \mUob Bth-K-§Ä Df-hm-¡p-¶p. Vit.A
sdtUm-]vkn³
sdän-\mÄ + Hm]vkn³
Ch c-pw {]Imi-¯nsâ Akm-¶n-²y-¯n tbmPn-¡p-¶p. hnäm-an³ F bpsS A`mhw ]p\x-kw-tbm-P-\-¯n Ipd-hp--m-¡p-¶pþ \nim-Ô-X. tIm¬ tImi-§Ä þ Xo{h {]Im-i-¯n Dt¯-Pn-X-am-Ip-¶p, \nd-§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ (t^mt«m-]vkn³ hnL-Sn-¡p-¶Xv Xo{h {]Im-i-¯n-em-b-Xn-\mÂ) a\p-jy-\n Nph-¸v, ]¨, \oe F¶o civan-I-fm ]c-am-h[n Dt¯-Pn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ 3 C\w tIm¬ tImi-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. tIm¬ tImi-§-fn XI-cmdv ImcWw Nne \nd-§Ä ImWm³ km[n-¡m¯ AhØ þ hÀWm-Ô-X.
F´p sIm-v? ? ? ? ? ?
\mb, ]q¨ XpS-§nb kkvX-\n-IÄ temIs¯ 2 \nd-§-fpsS an{in-X-am-bn-«mWv ImWp-¶Xv ]£n-IÄ ImWp¶ temIw a\p-jy-tc-¡mÄ hÀW-i-_-f-am-Wv AÔ-_n-µp-hn {]Xn-_nw_w ]Xn-¨m ImgvN km[y-a-à ]q¨¡v cm{Xn-bn ImgvN iàn IqSp-X-emWv aq§¡v ]I ImgvN-bn-Ã
4. \mUob Ath-K-§Ä Xe-t¨m-dn-te¡v þ ImgvN F¶ A\p-`hw 1. Hcp hkvXp-hnsâ {]Xn-_nw_w ZrjvSn-]-S-e-¯n ]Xn-¡p-t¼mÄ {]Imi {Kmln-IÄ D±o-]n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. 2. Bth-K-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p. 3. Bth-K-§Ä t\{X-\mUn hgn Xe-t¨m-dnse ImgvN-bpsS tI{µ-¯n F¯p-¶p. 4. ImgvN-bpsS tI{µw c-v I®n \n¶p-apÅ {]Xn-_nw-_-§sf t\m¡n hkvXp-hns\ AtX cq]-¯n ImgvN km[y-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
Zznt\{X ZÀi\w
hkvXp-hn \n¶pÅ AI-ehpw AXnsâ I\hpw kw_-Ôn¨v IrXy-amb [mcW \ÂIp¶ {Xnam\ ImgvN km[y-am-¡p-¶p.
I®nsâ sshI-ey-§Ä sshIeyw
ImcWw
e£Ww
]cn-lmcw
t]io-ssh-Ieyw
c-v I®p-Ifpw Htc hkvXp-hn tI{µo-I-cn-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ AhØ
ikv{X-{Inb
1. ZoÀL ZrjvSn 2. {lkz-ZrjvSn 3. tIm¦®v
5. {]kv_tbm-¸nb
AIzkv {Zh-¯nsâ ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¶Xv se³knsâ CemkvXn-IX \jv«-s¸-Sp¶p
6. Xnancw
t\{X se³kv AXm-cy-am-Ip¶p
4. t¥mt¡ma
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
aqew I®n aÀ±w hÀ²n-¡p-¶p ASp-¯pÅ hkvXp-¡sf hyà-ambn ImWm³ Ign-bnà ImgvN {ItaW \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p
tIm¬shIvkv se³kv D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]cn-l-cn¡mw se³kv amän-sh-¡Â ikv{X-{Inb
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
\mUo hyh-Ø- þ C{µn-bm-\p-`-h-§-fnse ]¦v
Úmt\-{µn-b-§-fn kzoI-cn-¡-s¸« hnh-c-§Ä (Ahn-sS-bpÅ {Kmln-IÄ D±o-]n-¸n-¡-s¸«v Bth-K-§-fm-bn) H¶n-e-[nIw \qtdm-Wp-I-fn-eqsS IS-¶p-t]mbn Xe-t¨m-dnse {]tXyI tI{µ-¯n-se-¯p-¶p. AhnsS sh¨v Bth-K-§Ä hni-I-e\w sNbvXpw kwtbm-Pn-¸n¨pw IrXy-amb C{µn-bm-\p-`-h-§Ä \ap¡v {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p.
\yqtdm¬ ASn-Øm\ LSIw
\mUn þ 3 Xcw
- Úmt\-{µn-b-§-fn \n¶p Xe-t¨m-dnte¡pw kpjp-av\-bn-te¡pw BthK§sf - sIm-p-t]m-Ip-¶- \mUo-X-´p¡Ä - Xe-t¨m-dn-sâbpw kpjp-av\-bp-sSbpw \n-ÀtZ-i-§Ä Ah-b-h-§-fn-te¡p sIm-p-t]m-Ip-¶- \mUo-X-´p¡Ä - kwth-Z-\mUo-X´p¡fpw t{]c-I-\mUo-X´p¡fpw DÄtNÀ¶ncn-¡p¶ \mUn-I-Ä
Kmw¥n-tbm¬- \mUo tImi-i-co-c-§Ä Iq«am
Hcm-h-cWw sIm-v s]mXn-ªncn-¡ ¶ (tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bnepÅ) `mK-§Ä.
hnh-c-§-fpsS ssIamäw
{Kmln-IÄ- - icoc-¯-n\-pÅ-n \n¶pw ]cnk-c-¯p\-n¶pw D±o]-\-§sf kzoIc-n¡ph-m³ Ignh-pÅ \mUotImi-§Ä D±o-]\w- icoc--¯-n\-I-t-¯-m Npäp]-mSntem D-mI-p¶ amä§Ä {KmlotImi-§fn-se ]mkvamk-vXc-¯nsâ Ath-K-§Ä -
Ccph-i-¯pw \ne\-n¡p¶ sshZypX- k´penXmh-Øbn D-mI-p¶ hyXn-bm\w ´p Ø ¡ ¡ t-¼- -mI-p¶ w
{]Xn-I-cWw- Ath-K-§Ä¡
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
¯
-mI-p¶ amä§Ä
4
Xe-t¨mdv þ \mUo-hy-h-Ø-bpsS tI{µw
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
kwc-£-W-§Ä 1. Xe-tbmSv þ ISp¸w IqSnb IhNw 2. sa\n-©kv þ Xe-t¨m-dns\ s]mXn-bp¶ 3]mfn 3. CSFþ sa\n-©-knsâ B´-c-]m-fn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-epÅ {Zhw {][m\ `mK-§Ä `mKw
khn-ti-jX
1. skdn{_w
Xe-t¨m-dnse Gähpw henb `mKw ]pdw `mKw t{Kam-ädpw DÄ`mKw sshäv amä-dp-am-Wv
2. skdn-s_Ãw
Xe-t¨m-dnse c-m-as¯ henb `mKw
3. saUpe Ht¹m-tKä
skdn-s_-Ã-t¯mSv tNÀ¶v ZÞv t]mse ImW-s¸-Sp¶ `mKw CXnsâ XpSÀ¨-bmWv kpipw\ sshäv amäÀ ]pd¯pw t{Kam-äÀ AI-¯p-am-Wv
4. Xem-akv 5. sslt¸m Xem-akv
[À½w _p²n, HmÀa, Nn´, `mh-\ XpS-§nb KpW-§-fpsS tI{µw ImgvN tIÄhn, KÔw, cpNn, kv]Àiw F¶n-hsb ]än t_m[w Df-hm-¡p-¶p FÃm sFÑnI Ne-\-§-sfbpw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶p t]in {]hÀ¯-\-§sf GtIm-]n-¸n¨v ico-c-¯nsâ Xpe\ \ne ]men-¡p¶p Ass\-ÑnI {]hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{´n-¡p-¶p skdn-{_-¯n-te¡pw Xncn-tI-bp-apÅ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Bth-K-§sf ]p\x-{]-k-cWw sN¿p-¶p B´c ka-ØnXn ]men-¡p-¶p.
CXnsâ ]pdw-`m-K¯v \yqtdm-Wp-IfpsS tImi-i-co-c-§Ä Xn§n-sR-cp§n ImW-s¸Sp¶-p. ab-en³ CÃm¯Xp- sIm-v skdn-{_-¯nsâ Cu `mK¯n\v Nmc-\n-d-amWp-ÅXv. AXn-\m Cu ]pdw-`m-Ks¯ t{Kam-äÀ F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. t{Kam-ä-dn DÅ Npfn-hp-Ifpw aS-¡p-Ifpw IqSp-X \yqtdm-Wp-Isf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xn-\pÅ A\p-Iq-e-\-§-fm-Wv. shfp¸p \nd-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Snb ab-en³ sIm-v Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ \mUo-X-´p-¡-fmWv Cu `mK¯pÅXv.
II.
sNhn
sNhn-bmWv {ih-Ws¯ klm-bn-¡p¶ Úmt\-{µn-bw. ico-c-¯nsâ Xpe\ \ne ]men-¡m³ klm-bn-¡pI F¶ [À½hpw sNhn-¡p--v. sNhn-bpsS LS\
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
5
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
tIÄhn F¶ A\p-`hw
sNhn-¡pS
IÀ®-\mfw
tIm¢nb
s]cn-enw^v
IÀ®-]Sw
AØn irwJe
F³tUm enw^v
Hmh hn³tUm
HmÀK³ Hm^v tImÀ«n (i-_vZ-{Km-ln-IÄ)
± {ihW \mUn Xe-t¨m-dnse {ihW tI{µw i_vZw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p
ico-c-¯nsâ k´p-e-\hpw sNhnbpw B´c IÀ®-¯nse AÀ² hr¯m-Imc IpgÄ, shÌn-_yqÄ F¶nh tNÀ¶mWv ico-cs¯ Xpe\ \ne ]men-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. § B´c IÀ®w
ä
AÀ² hr¯m-Imc IpgÄ
shÌn-_yqÄ
Bw]yq-f-bnse {Kmln-IÄ
bq{Sn-¡nÄ, km¡yqÄ {Kmln-IÄ
F³tUmenw^n Ne\w
D±o-]\w BthKw skdn-s_Ãw
t]io {]hÀ¯-\-§sf GtIm-]n-¸n¨v icoc Xpe\ \ne km[y-am-¡p-¶p
III. \mhv
\mhnepw Ihn-fnepw sXm--bnepw ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ kzmZpapIp-f-§-fmWv kzmZv Adn-bp-hm³ klmbn-¡p-¶-Xv. a[p-cw, Ibv]v, ]pfn, D¸v F¶o {]mYanI kzmZp-IÄ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-hm³ hyXykvXkzmZpapIp-f-§Ä D-v.
LS\ cpNn F¶ A\p-`hw (Step-1) ]ZmÀY-I-Wn-IIÄ Dan-\o-cn ebn-¡p¶p (Step-2) kzmZpap-Ip-f-§-fnse kzmZv{Km-ln-IÄ (Step-3) (Step-4) (Step-5) (Step-6) SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
D±o-]n-¸n¡-s¸-Sp¶p Bth-K-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p. \mUn hgn skdn{_-¯nse cpNnbpsS tI{µ-¯n F¯p-¶p cpNn A\p-`hs¸-Sp¶p
6
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
IV. aq¡v LS\
KÔw- F¶ A\p-`hw (Step-1) KÔ-I-Wn-I-IÄ hmbp-hn-t\m-sSm¸w aq¡n-\p-Ån {]th-in-¡p-¶p. (Step-2) tÇjva{Zh-¯n ebn¨v KÔ-I-Wn-I-IÄ {LmW-{Km-ln-bn F¯p-¶p. (Step-3) {LmW-{Km-ln-IÄ D±o-]n¨v Bth-K-§Ä D-m-Ip-¶p. (Step-4) B-th-K-§Ä {Lm-W\mUn hgn skdn{_-¯nse {Lm-WtI-{µ-¯n F¯n-¡p-¶p (Step-5) KÔw- A\p-`hs¸-Sp¶p.
V. Xz¡v LS\ A\p-`h§Ä 1.
2. 3. 4.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
NqSv, kv]Àiw, thZ\, XWp¸v, aÀZw F¶o {Kmln-IÄ D±o-]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p Bth-K-§-Ä D-mIp-¶p. Bth-K-§Ä _Ô-s¸« \mUn-IÄ hgn Xe-t¨m-dn F¯p-¶p Ah A\p-`-h-§-fmbn amdp-¶p.
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
2 {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä C§s\bpw a\p-jy-\nse {]Xn-I-cW kwhn-[m-\§Ä ico-c-¯nse hnhn[ Ah-b-h-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§sf GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw \nb-{´n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv \mUo-hy-h-Øbpw A´x-{kmhnhyh-ØbpamWv (A´x-{kmhnhyh-ØþASp¯ A²ym-b¯n NÀ¨ sN¿pw). Npäp-]m-Sn \n¶pw ico-c-¯n-\p-Ån \n¶pw D±o-]-\-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä cq]s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶Xv \mUo-hy-Ø-bmWv. \½psS \mUo-hy-h-Øsb tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-hØ, s]cns^-d \mUo-hy-hØ F¶n-§s\ c-mbn- Xn-cn-¡mw. Xe-t¨mÀ intcm-\m-UnIÄ (12 tPmUn)
kpjp-av\
tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-hØ
s]cns^-d \mUo-hy-hØ kpjpav\ \m-UnIÄ (31 tPmUn)
tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-hØ
Xe-t¨mdpw kpjp-av\bpw tNÀ¶-XmWv tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-hØ. imco-cnI {]hÀ¯\-§Ä¡m-h-iy-amb t_m[-]qÀh-amb Xocp-am-\-§Ä {][m-\-ambpw Xe-t¨mdn-emWp-m-Ip-¶Xv (C-¯-c-¯n-epÅ sFÑnI {]Xn-I-c-W-§sf Ipdn¨v ap³ A²ymb¯n NÀ¨ sNbvXp).
F¶m ASn-b-´c-L-«-§-fn D±o-]\-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v BI-kvan-Ihpw Ass\-Ñn-Ihpambn D-m-Ip¶ imco-cnI {]Xn-I-cW§-Ä¡v (dn^vfIvkv {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä) XmÂIm-enI \nÀtZ-i-§Ä A[n-Ihpw kpjp-av\-bn \n¶mWp-m-Ip-¶Xv.
kpjp-av\-bpsS LS\
saUpà H_vtfmw-tKäbpsS XpSÀ¨bmbn \s«Ãnsâ Iogäwhscsb-¯p¶ AIw s]mÅ-bmb Hcp hnc-ensâ h®-apÅ shfp¯ ZÞmWv kpjp-av\.
kwc-£Ww 1. \s«-Ãnsâ IhNw 2. 3 ]mfn sa\n-RvPkv sIm-pÅ Bh-cWw 3. sa\n-RvPkv ]mfn-IÄ¡n-S-bnepw sk³{S I\m-enepw CSF AXn\ptij-am-bn-cn¡pw Bth-K-§Ä Xe-t¨m-dn-se-¯p-¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶v t_m[-]qÀhamb {]XnIcW-§Ä D-m-Ip¶p-. DZm: þbmZr-Ñn-I-ambn Xobn Nhn-«p-t¼mÄ Imev s]s«¶v ]n³h-en-¡p-¶p. þXbv¨v sIm-n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ kqNn ssIbn sIm-m ssI ]n³h-en-¡p-¶p. SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
dn^vfIvkv {]hÀ¯-\-¯nse Bth-K-§-fpsS ]mX-bmWv dn^vfIvkv BÀIv. {Kmln-IÄ D±o-]n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p
Bth-K-§Ä kwth-Z\ \yqtdm¬ hgn kpjp-av\-bn-te¡v
kwth-Z\ \mUn-bn \n¶pw Bth-K§Ä CâÀ \yqtdm¬ hgn t{]cI \mUn-bn-te¡v
{]XnI-cWw \S-¡p¶p
\nÀt±-i-§Ä t{]cI \yqtdm¬ hgn _Ô-s¸« t]in-bn-te¡v aäp 2 dn^vf-Ivkp-IÄþ skdn-{_ dn^vfIvkv : Xe-t¨m-dn \n¶pw cq]-s¸-Sp¶ dn^vfIvkv (NB:Igp-¯n\v apI-fn kw`-hn-¡p¶p). DZm:þI®p-Nn-½Â,Xp½Â I-o-j³Uv dn^vfIvkv : ]cn-io-e-\-¯n-eq-sSbpw A\p-`-h-¯n-eq-sSbpw cq]-s¸-Sp¶ dn^vfIvkv DZm: þkU³ t{_¡v sN¿p-¶-Xv. þcpNn-tb-dnb Blmc ]ZmÀ°-§sf ]än tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ Dan\oÀ DÂ]m-Z\w IqSp-¶p. þt{]an-¡p¶ s]®nsâ t]cv tI«mtem Ah-fp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ kvt{]bpsS KÔw aq¡n-e-Sn-¨mtem tcmam©w D-m-Ip-¶-Xv.
s]cn-s^-d \mUo-hy-h-Ø tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-h-Øsb ico-c-¯nse Ah-b-h-§-fp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶ \mUn-IÄ tNÀ¶-XmWv s]cn-s^-d \mUo-hy-h-Ø. B´-cn-Im-h-b-h-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xp s]cns^d \mUo-hy-h-Ø-bpsS `mK-amb kzX-{´-\m-Uo-hy-h-Ø-bm-Wv. knw]X-änIv hyh-Øbpw ]mcm-kn-w]XänIvhyh-Øbpw tNcp-¶-XmWv kzX-{´-\m-Uohy-h-Ø.
\s«Ãnsâ Ccp-h-i-¯p-apÅ Kmw¥ntbm¬ irwJ-ebpw AhtbmSv _Ô-s¸« \mUo-tI-{µ-§fpw tNÀ¶-XmWv knw]XänIv hyhØ. ({]Xn-k-Ôn-L-«-§fn ico-c-t¯mSv A\pI¼ (Sympathy)tXm¶n ico-c-s¯ c£n-¡m³ {]hÀ¯-\-£a-am-Ip¶Xn\m-emWv Ch¡v Cu t]cv e`n-¨-Xv) akvXn-jv-I¯n \n¶pw kpjpav\-bpsS Ah-km-\-`m-Ks¯ Kmw¥ntbmWpIfn \n¶pw ]pd-s¸-Sp¶ \mUnIÄ tNÀ¶-XmWv ]mcmknw]XänIvhyh-Ø (knw]XänIv hyhØ¡v ‘]mc’ BbXn\m-emWv Ch¡v Cu t]cv e`n-¨-Xv)
{]Xn-k-Ôn-L-«-§sf t\cn-Sm³ knw]XänIvhyhØ ico-c-s¯ kÖ-am-¡pw. {]Xn-k-Ôn-L«w XcWw sNbvXp Ign-ªm ]mcm-knw]-XänIvhyhØ imcocnI {]hÀ¯-\-§sf km[m-cW\ne-bn-te¡p sIm-p-h-cpIbpw sN¿pw.
? B´c D±o-]-\-§-Ä¡\p-k-cn¨v a\pjy³ {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ càk½ÀZ¯nep--m-Ip¶ hyXn-bm-\w, Pe-¯nsâ Afhn hcp¶ amäw, CO2þsâ Af-hn hcp¶ amäwþ CsXÃmw B´c D±o-]-\-§-fmWv. C¯cw D±o-]-\-§sf {Kln-¡p-¶-Xn\v klmb-I-amb {Kmln-IÄ B´-cm-h-b-§-fnepw t]in-I-fnepw D-v. DZm:- Iotam-dn-k-]vädp-IÄ (cmk-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS km¶n-[¯n D±o]n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {Kmlo-tIm-i§Ä), _mtcmdnk-]vädp-IÄ (cà-¡p-g-ep-Ifn ImW-s¸-Sp¶ aÀZ{Km-lnIÄ ) Cu {Kmln-IÄ D±o-]n¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xnsâ ^e-ambn Bth-K-§Ä D-m-hp-Ibpw _Ô-s¸« Ah-b-h-§Ä AXn\\pkcn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
9
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
\mUo hyh-Ø-¡p--m-Ip¶ sshI-ey-§Ä tcmKw 1. kvt{Sm¡v 2. XfÀhmXw
ImcWw
e£Ww
]cn-lmcw
3. AÂssj-aÀ tcmKw
\mUo Ie-I-fn t¹Iv cq]-s¸-Sp¶ ^e-ambn \yqtdm-Wp-IÄ \in-¡p-¶Xv
HmÀa ]qÀW-ambpw \in-¡p¶p
]qÀW-ambpw NnIn-Õn¨v t`Z-am¡m³ Ign-bnÃ
4. ]mÀ¡n³k¬ tcmKw
tUm]m-ansâ Ipdhv aqew Xe-t¨m-dnse Kmw¥n-tbm-Wp-IÄ \in-¡p¶p
hnd-bÂ, Dan-\oÀ HgpIn sIm-ncn-¡p-I, ico-c-¯nsâ Xpe-\mhØ \jvS-s¸-Sp-I, Pohn-Xt¯mSv hnc-ànbpw hnjm-Zhpw
]qÀ®-ambn kpJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bn-Ã. tUm]m-an³ D]-tbm-Kn¨v \nb-{´n¡mw
5. A]-kvamcw
Xe-t¨m-dnse sshZypX Xcw-K-§Ä¡pk¶n, At_m-[m-hØ -m-Ip¶ {Ia-cm-lnXyw
acp¶v sIm-v ]cn-l-cn¡mw
aäp Pohn-I-fnse {]Xn-I-cW kwhn-[m-\§Ä Pohn
{Kmln-IÄ DÄs¸« Ah-bhw
{]Xn-I-cW coXn/ {]tXy-IX
¢man-tUm-sam-Wmkv, bp¥o\
sFkvt]m«v
{]Im-i-¯nsâ hyXn-bm-\-§Ä Xncn-¨-dnªv {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
ssl{U
\mUo PmenI
jUv]-Z-§Ä
Ham-än-Unbw
\mUo tImi-§Ä he-t]mse ico-c-¯n hym]n-¨n-cn¡pw Npäp-]m-Sn \n¶pw D±o-]-\-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw AXn\\p-kr-X-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {]Imi D±o-]-\-§sf Hmtcm HamUn-än-b-¯n \n¶pw Bth-K-§-fmbn Xe-t¨m-dn-se-¯n¨v {]Xn-_nw-_-§sf kwtbm-Pn-¸n¨v ImgvN km[y-am-¡p-¶p. AÄ{Sm tkmWnIv i_vZ¯nsâ {]Xn-[z\n hni-I-e\w sNbvXv k©mc ]mX-bnse XS椀 Xncn-¨-dnbp-¶p. IqsS-¡qsS \o«p-¶ \m¡n ]än-]n-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ KÔ-I-Wn-I-Isf tP¡-_vk¬kv HmÀK-\nse {LmW {Kmln-IÄ kzoI-cn¨v aWw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. cm{Xn-Im-e-§-fn aäv Pohn-I-fpsS km¶n[yw Xncn-¨-dnbm³ klm-bn¡p-¶p
hÆm-ep-IÄ
þþ
]m¼v
tP¡-_vk¬kv HmÀK-³
AWen, s]cp-¼m¼v
Xm]-{Kmln-IÄ
kky-§-fnse {]Xn-I-cWw ss^tämt{Imw (hÀWI t{]m«o³) {]Im-i-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v ImÞm{Ks¯ hf-¡p-¶p, ]q¡-fp--m-¡p-¶p, hn¯v apf-¸n¡p-¶p.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
10
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
3 {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä¡v ]n¶nse ck-X{´w a\pjy\pw Ahsâ kl-Po-hn-Ifpw _mlytam B´-cn-Itam Bb D±o-]-\-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ah-cpsS ico-c-¯n sh¨v \S-¡p-¶ Nne cmkka-\z-b-¯nsâ ^e-am-bm-Wv.
cmkka\zbw a\p-jy-\nÂ
\mUo-hy-h-Ø t]mse A´x-{kmhnhyh-Øbpw B´-cn-Ihpw _mly-hp-amb ]cn-Øn-Xn-bnep--m-Ip¶ hyXn-bm-\-§Ä¡\p-k-cn¨v Poh[À½-§sf \nb-{´n¨pw {Iao-I-cn¨pamWv icocw kml-N-cy-§sf XcWw sN¿p¶Xv. \mUo-hy-h-Ø \nb-{´n-¡p-¶ {]Xn-I-cW-§Ä hfsc s]s«¶v \S-¡p¶hbm-Wv (ap³ A²ym-b¯n NÀ¨ sNbvXp). {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn \S-t¡- {]Xn-I-cW--§sf (DZm: hfcp¶p, hyXyØ hnIm-c-§Ä {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p, Dd-§p-¶p, hnbÀ¡p-¶p, aq{Xw t]mIp¶p) \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xv A´x-{kmhnhyh-ØbmWv. AXn-\mbn a\pjy ico-c-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§-fn ØnXn sN¿p¶ A´x-{kmhn {KÔn-IÄ Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ ktµ-i-hm-l-I-cmWv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ. Cu cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä cà-¯n-eqsS e£y-Øm-\-s¯-¯p-Ibpw imco-cnI {]hÀ¯-\-§sf Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw amäw hcp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.
tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ e£y-Ie-I-fnÂ
(Step-1) {KÔn-I-fn \n¶v tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ t\cn«v cà-¯n Ie-cp-¶p. (AXn-\memWv tlmÀtam¬ DÂ]m-ZI{KÙn-Isf A-´x-{km-hn-{K-Ùn-IÄ F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶Xv-). (Step-2) tlmÀtam-¬ X³am-{X-IÄ cà-¯neqsS e£y-IeIfn-te¡v kwh-l\w sN¿p¶p (cà-¯neqsS ico-c-¯nsâ FÃm-bn-S¯pw F¯p-¶p-s-¦nepw Hmtcm tlmÀtam-Wnt\bpw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xn\v AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-tI-{µ-§-fn {]tXyI {Kmln-I-fp-v). (Step-3) e£y-IeIfpsS tImi-kvX-c-¯ntem tImi-{Z-hy-¯ntem ImWs¸-Sp-¶ {Kmlnbpambn tlmÀtam¬ kÔn¨v tlmÀtam¬-þ-{Kmln
kwbpàw cq]-s¸-Sp¶p. (Step-4) CXn-s\ XpSÀ¶v tImi-¯n-\-I¯v cmkm-án-IÄ {]hÀ¯\£aam-Ip¶p. (Step-5) CXnsâ ^eambn tImi-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-¯ntem LS-\bntem amä-ap--m-Ip¶p.
a\p-jy-\nse A-´x-{km-hn-{K-Ùn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS tlmÀtam-Wp-Ifpw (ico-c-¯nse Øm\-a-\p-k-cn¨v) Øm\wþ akvXn-jvI-¯nsâ a[y`m-K¯v X-em-akn\v Xmsg tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ : dneo-knwKv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ ssl-t¸m-X-em-aknse \mUo-tIm-i-§Ä DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ {]tXyI Xcw tlmÀtam-Wp-IfmWv dneo-knwKv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ. Ch PohÂ{]hÀ¯-\-§sf t\cn«v \nb-{´n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Ch (t]mÀ«Â knc hgn F¯n) ]näyq-ädn {KÙn-bpsS ap³Zfs¯ D±o-]n-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ hyXykvX t{Sm]nIv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Hmtcm t{Sm]nIv tlmÀtam-Wp-Ifpw AXmXv {KÙn-Isf D±o-]n-¸n¨v hyXykvX tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. C³ln-_n-ädn tlmÀtamWpIÄ dneo-knwKv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄs¡Xn-cmbn Nne {KÙn-IfpsS tlmÀtam-¬ DÂ]m-Z\s¯ aµo-`-hn-¸n-¡p¶ tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄIfm-Wn-h. Cu c-p hn-`mKw tlmÀtam-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw kwtbm-Pn-X- {]-hÀ¯\¯n-eq-sS-bmWv an¡ A´x-{km-hn- {K-Ùn-IfpsSbpw [Àa-§Ä IrXy-ambn \nb-{´n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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hmtkm-{]-kn³ aq{X-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ Pe-\jvSw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶p. aq{X-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ Pe-\jvSw Ipd-bvt¡- kml-Ncy¯n (DZm-þ-A-[nI hnbÀ¸n-\mtem Pemw-i-¯nsâ Ipd-hn-\mtem cà-¯n Pe-¯nsâ Afhv Ipd-bpI)hmtkm-{]-knsâ DÂ]m-Z\w IqSpIbpw Ah hr¡-I-fn \n¶v IqSp-X Pew cà-¯nte¡v XncnsI BKncWw sN¿-p¶p. aq{X-¯n-eq-sS- IqSp-X Pew ]pd-´-tÅ- kml-Ncy¯n (cà-¯n Pe-¯nsâ Afhv IpSpt¼mÄ DZm-þ-ag¡mew, aªp-Imew AsÃIn hnbÀ¡mXncn-¡p-t¼mÄ) hmtkm-{]-knsâ DÂ]m-Z\wIpdbpIbpw Ah hr¡-I-fn \n¶pÅ Pe-¯nsâ ]p\cmKncWw Ipd-bv¡pIbpw sN¿-p¶p. aq{X-¯n-eqsSbpÅ Pe-\jvSw {Iao-I-cn-¡p¶ tlmÀtam¬ F¶ AÀY-¯n Bân-ssU-bqsd-änIv tlmÀ-tam¬-ADH F¶pw hmtkm-{]-kn³ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p--v. (ADH CÃm-bn-cps¶¦n Znh-khpw 27l aq{Xw cq]-s¸-Sp-am-bn-cp¶p). Ub-_-änkv C³kn-]n-U-kvþhmtkm-{]-knsâ Ipdhv aqew aq{X-¯n-eqsS Aan-X-ambn Pew \jvS-s¸-Sp¶ AhØ. HmIvkntSm-kn³ an\p-k-t]-in-I-fpsS kt¦mNw km[y-am-¡p-¶ tlmÀtamWm-Wv HmIvkn-tSm-kn³. AXn-\m {]khw kpK-a-am-¡m³ HmIvkn-tSm-kn³ klmbn-¡p-¶p. ]m Npc-¯p-¶-Xn\pw Cu tlmÀtam¬ klm-bn-¡p-¶p--v. Øm\wþ sslt¸mX-em-akn\v Xmsg LS-\m-]-c-ambn ]näyq-ädn {KÙn-¡v c-p Z-f§fp--vþap³Z-f-hpw ]n³Z-f-hpw
ap³Z-f-w tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ: t{Sm]nIv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ dneo-knwKv tlmÀtam-Wp-IfpsS D±o-]-\-¯nsâ ^e-am-bmWv ]näyq-ädn {KÙn-bpsS ap³Zf¯n \n¶pw t{Sm]nIv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn¸n¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ssXtdm-bvUv {KÙn-, A{Un-\ tImÀ«Ivkv, sKmWmUpIÄ (hrj-W-§Ä, AWvUm-i-b-§Ä) XpS-§n-b aäv {KÙn-IÄ tlmÀtam-Wp-Isf {khn-¡p-¶Xv t{Sm]nIv (D±o-]-\)tlmÀtam-Wp-IfpsS t{]c-W-bm-em-Wv. Nne t{Sm]nIv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ TSH - ssXtdmbvUv Ìnap-te-änwKv tlmÀtam¬ ACTH - A{Unt\m tImÀ«nt¡mt{Sm]nIv tlmÀtam¬ GTH - sKmWmtUm t{Sm]nIv tlmÀtamWpIÄ skmamtäm-t{Sm-]n³ (hfÀ¨mtlmÀtam¬) ico-c-h-fÀ¨ km[y-am¡-p-¶p. Cu tlmÀtam-Wnsâ DÂ]m-Z-\-¯n-ep--m-Ip¶ Gä-¡p-d-¨n hfÀ¨sb tZmjI-c-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶p. sshIeyw e£Ww ImcWw AØn-I-fpsS hfÀ¨ apc-Sn¨v hfÀ¨m-ImeL«-¯n skmamtämt{Sm-]n³ DÂ]m-Z\w hma-\Xzw IpÅ-·mcmbn Xocp-¶p. Ipd-bp-¶-Xv. hfÀ¨m-ImeL«-¯n skmamtämt{Sm-]n³ DÂ]m-Z\w `oam-Im-cXzw s]m¡hpw `mchpw IqSn-b-h-cmbn Xocp-¶p. IqSp¶-Xv. B´-cm-h-b-h-§fpw ico-c-¯nsâ A{KhfÀ¨m-ImeL«-¯n\ptijw At{Im-sa-Kmen `m-K-§fpw (hn-c-ep-IÄ, apJm-ØnIÄ) skmamtäm-t{Sm-]nsâ DÂ]m-Z\w IqSp-¶-Xv. am{Xw Aan-X-ambn hf-cp-¶p. t{]memIvän³ ]mep-Â]m-Z-\-¯n\p klm-bn-¡p-¶p
]n³Z-f-w ssl-t¸m-X-em-akv DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ HmIvkn-tSm-kn-\pw hmtkm-{]-kn\pw ]näyq-ädn {KÙnbpsS ]n³Zf¯n kw`-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]n¶oSv Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw ]n³Z-f-¯n \n¶v cà-¯n-te¡v hn«p-sImSp-¡-pIbpw sN¿p¶p. (aäv tlmÀtamWpIÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶nÃ) Øm\wþ akvXn-jvI-¯nsâ a[y`m-K¯v tlmÀtam-¬: sae-tSm-Wn³ ssPhnI{]hÀ¯-\-§sf kzm[o-\n¨v ssZ\n-Ihpw EXp-_-Ôn-bp-amb Xmfm-ß-IX ssIh-cp-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Dd-§epw DW-cepw Pohn-I-fpsS tZim-S\w ]peÀ¨¡v tImgn Iqhp-¶-Xv.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
12
Øm\wþ sXm--bn kz\-t]-S-I-¯n\v sXm«vXmsg tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ: ssXtdm-Ivkn³ t]mj-I-L-S-I-§-fpsS hnL-S-\w, DuÀtPmÂ]m-Z-\w, ico-c-h-fÀ¨, akvXnjvIhfÀ¨, akvXnjvI¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\w, lrZ-b-kv]µ\w XpS-§nb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä icn-bmbn \S-¡m³ ssXtdm-Ivkn³ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
sslt]mssXtdm-bvUn-kwþ ssXtdm-Ivkn³ Ipd-bp¶ Ah-Ø
Cu Ah-Ø-bn ico-c-¯nse DuÀtPmÂ]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw icoc`mcw IqSpIbpw sN¿p-¶p. `£-W-t¯mSv Xmev]cyw Ipd-bp-Ibpw tPmen-IÄ sN¿m³ hnap-JX tXm¶p-Ibpw sNbvtX¡mw. s{Iän-\n-kwþ ssXtdm-Ivknsâ Ipd-hp-aqew Ip«n-I-fn D-mIp¶ Ah-Ø imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb hfÀ¨ apc-Sn-¡p-¶p. anIvsk-Unaþ ssXtdm-Ivknsâ Ipd-hp-aqew apXnÀ¶-h-cn D-mIp¶ tcmKw ]cn-lmcw-ssXtdm-Ivkn³ Kpfn-I- D]-tbm-Kn-¡Â ssl¸ÀssXtdm-bvUn-kwþ ssXtdm-Ivknsâ DÂ]m-Z\w A[n-IamIp¶ Ah-Ø CXnsâ ^e-ambn DuÀtPmÂ]m-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw icoc`mcw Ipd-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. lrZ-b-an-Sn¸v IqSpIbpw `£-W-t¯mSv Xm¸cyw hÀ[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ssIIÄ hnd-bv¡p-Ibpw icocw Ft¸mgpw hnbÀ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. FIvkv-Hm-^vXmÂanIv tKmbväÀþ ssXtdm-Ivknsâ Afhv hfsc IqSp¶ Ah-Ø ssl¸ÀssXtdm-bvUn-k¯nsâ e£-W-§-tfm-sSm¸w am\-kn-Im-kzmØyw D-m-tb¡mw. I®p-IÄ ]pd-t¯¡v XÅn-\n¡pw. ]cn-lmcw-ikv{X-{In-b, ssXtdmbvUv hncp² acp-¶p-IÄ ImÂkntSm-Wn³ cà-¯nse ImÕy-¯nsâ Afhv IqSmsX kq£n-¡p-¶p. cà-¯n ImÕy-¯nsâ Afhv IqSpt¼mÄ ImÕy-s¯ aeþaq{X-¯n-eqsS ]pd-´-ÅÂ, AØn-I-fn \nt£-]n-¡Â F¶nh hgn Ipd-¡p-¶p.
Øm\wþ ssXtdm-bvUv {KÔn-bpsS ]n³`m-K¯v tlmÀtam-¬: ]mcm-tXmÀtam¬ cà-¯nse ImÕy-¯nsâ Afhv Ipd-bmsX kq£n-¡p-¶p. cà-¯n ImÕy-¯nsâ Afhv Ipdbpt¼mÄ ImÕy-s¯ IpSÂ-þ-hr¡bn \n¶v ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sN¿Â, AØn-I-fn \n¶v Xncn-s¨-Sp-¡Â hgn Iq«p-¶p. DÂ. IqSnbmÂ
*AØn _ew Ipdbpw *aq{X-¯n IÃv
DÂ. IqSn-bm ]mcm-tXmÀtam¬
DÂ. Ipd-ªmÂ
* sSä-\nþcà-¯n ImÂky-¯nsâ Afhv Ipdªv t]in-IÄ henªv apdp-Ip¶ AhØ
Øm\wþ hr¡-IÄ¡v apI-fn A{Un\ {KÙn¡v 2 ]mfnIfp--v-þ]pdw-]m-fn-bpw (-tImÀ«Ivkv) AIw]mfnbpw (saUp-Ã)
saUp-à tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ: A{Un-\m-en³ t\mÀA{Un-\m-en³ ASnb´ckml-N-cy-§sf t\cn-Sm³ ico-cs¯ kÖ-am-¡p¶p. lrZ-b-an-Sn¸v Iq«p¶p, cà-k-½ÀZw Iq«p¶p, ssIIm-ep-I-fn-te-¡pÅ cà-{]-hmlw Iq«p¶p, cà-¯nse ¥qt¡m-knsâ Afhv Iq«p¶p XpS-§nb ico-cnI amä-§Ä hcp-¯n-bmWv ASn-b-´ckml-N-cy-§sf t\cn-Sm³ Cu tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ klm-bn-¡p¶Xv. km[mcWkml-N-cy-§-fn t\mÀA{Un-\m-en-\pw ASn-b-´ckml-N-cy-§-fn A{Un-\men\pamWv IqSp-X {khn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. AXn-\m A{Un-\m-en³ "ASn-b-´c-tlmÀtam¬' F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
13
tImÀ«Ivkv tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ: tImÀ«n-tkmÄ amwkyw, sImgp¸v F¶n-h-sb hnL-Sn¸n¡p¶p; Aant\m BknUv hnL-Sn¸n¨v ¥qt¡mkv DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶p; Ic-fn ss¥t¡m-P³ kw`-cn-¡p¶p; {]Xn-tcm-[-tIm-i-§sf aµo-`-hn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AeÀPntcmK-§-sfbpw \oÀho-¡-s¯bpw XSbp-¶-Xn\v tImÀ«n-tkmÄ klm-b-I-am-Wv. AXn-\m BkvXva, kÔn-ho¡w XpS-§nb Nne tcmK-§Ä¡v tImÀ«n-tkmÄ Huj-[-ambn \ÂIm-dp--v. tImÀ«n-tkm-fnsâ Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw cà-¯nse ¥qt¡m-knsâ Afhv IqSm³ Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p. AXp-sIm-v {]ta-l-tcm-Kn-IÄ¡v CXv Huj-[-ambn \ÂIm-³ ]mSpÅX-Ã. AÂtUm-Ìo-tdm¬ ehWþPek´pe\w ]men-¡p-¶-Xn\v klmbn-¡p¶p. hnbÀ¸v, aq{Xw F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ tkmUnbw Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS \jvSw Ipd¨pw s]m«m-knbw Atbm-Wp-Isf ]pd-´-Ån-bp-amWv AÂtUm-Ìo-tdm¬ eh-W-k-´p-e\w km[yam-¡p-¶-Xv. ssewKn-I-tlmÀtam-WpIÄ ssewKnIhfÀ¨sbbpw [Àa-§sfbpw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶p.
Øm\wþ –Bam-ib¯n\v Xmsg, ]Izm-i-b-t¯mSv tNÀ¶v tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ: C³kp-en³ cà-¯nse ¥qt¡m-knsâ Afhv A[n-I-am-ImsX {Iao-I-cn-¡p¶p. (cà-¯nse ¥qt¡mknsâ km[m-cW Afhvþ 70-110 mg / 100 ml) ¥qt¡m-knsâ Afhv IqSp-t¼mÄ ]m³{In-bm-kn-epÅ sFeävkv Hm^v em³-KÀlm³knse tImi-§Ä C³kp-en³ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶p. C³kpen³ ¥qt¡m-knsâ BKn-cWw Xzcn-X-s¸S-p-¯p-¶p, A[n-I-apÅ ¥qt¡m-kns\ ss¥t¡m-P³, sImgp¸v, amwkyw F¶n-h-bm¡n amäp-¶p ¥q¡-tKm¬ cà-¯n ¥qt¡m-knsâ Afhv Ipd-bmsX {Iao-I-cn-¡p¶p. ¥qt¡m-knsâ Afhv Ipdbpt¼mÄ ]m³{In-bm-kn-epÅ sFeävkv Hm^v em³-KÀlm³knse tImi-§Ä ¥q¡-tKm¬ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶p. ¥q¡tKm¬ ss¥t¡m-P-s\bpw Aant\m Bkn-UpIsfbpw ¥qt¡m-km¡n amäp-¶p.
Ub-_-änkv saen-äkvþcà-¯nse ¥qt¡m-knsâ Afhv A[n-I-cn-¡p¶ Ah-Ø. CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww-1) sFeävkv Hm^v em³KÀlm³knse _oäm-tImi-§Ä \in¡p-I 2) C³kpen³ {Kmln-IÄ {]hÀ¯-\-£-a-a-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I 3) {]hÀ¯-\-£-a-a-Ãm¯ C³kpen³ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡- Cu tcmK-ap-Å-h-cpsS aq{X-¯n-eqsS A[n-IapÅ ¥qt¡mkv ]pdw-X-Å-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu Pe-\jvSw ]cn-l-cn-¡p-hm³ tcmKn IqSp-X shÅw IpSn-¡pw. ]cn-lmcw-þHuj[§Ä, Blm-c-\n-b-{´Ww, C³kp-en³ Ip¯n-hbv]v hrj-W-§Ä (]p-cp-j³am-cnÂ) Øm\wþ DZ-cm-i-b-¯n\v shfn-bnÂ, hrjvWk©nbn tlmÀtam¬: sStÌm-Ìn-tdm¬ Iuam-c-¯nse imco-cn-I-am-ä§Ä km[y-am-¡Â, ssewKn-Im-h-b-h-§-fpsS hfÀ¨, _otPmÂ]mZ\w. AWvUm-i-b-§Ä (kv{Xo-I-fnÂ) Øm\wþ DZ-cm-i-b-¯nÂ, KÀ`m-i-b-¯n-\n-cp-h-i-¯p-ambn tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ: Cukv{S-P³ Iuam-c-¯nse imco-cn-I-am-ä-§Ä km[y-am-¡Â, ssewKn-Im-h-b-h-§-fpsS hfÀ¨, AtÞmÂ]mZ\w, BÀ¯-h-N{I{Iao-Ic-Ww. s{]mP-Ì-tdm¬ BÀ¯hN{I{I-ao-I-c-Ww, KÀ`-[m-c-Ws¯ klmbn-¡Â, {`qWs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯Â, KÀ`mibhfÀ¨.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
14
A´x-{kmhnhyh-Øbpw \mUohyhØbpwþ-Hcp Xmc-Xayw
A´x-{kmhnhyh-Ø \mUo hyhØ ktµi-§-f-b-¡p-¶Xv cà-¯n-eqsS kwh-ln-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ktµi-§-f-b-¡p-¶Xv \mUo-X-´p-hn-eqsS t{]jWw sN¿-s¸{]tXyI cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä (tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ) hgn. Sp¶ Bth-K-§-fm-bn-«v. cà-¯n-eqsS kwh-ln-¡-s¸-Sp¶Xn\m tlmÀtam-W Bth-K-§Ä AXn-th-K-¯n k©cn¡p-¶-Xn-\m \mUob {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä kmh-[m-\-¯n-emWv {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä s]s«-¶p-Å-h-bm-Wv. cà-¯n-te¡v {khn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\m tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ \mUob Bth-K-§Ä {]tXyI \mUo-X-´p-¡Ä hgn \nÀZnjvS ico-c-¯nsâ FÃm `mK¯pw F¯p-¶p. AXp-sIm-v e£y-Øm-\-§-fn am{Xsa F¯p-¶p-Åp. AXp-sIm-v tlmÀtam-W {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw ico-c-¯nsâ \mUob {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä hfsc {]mtZ-in-I-am-bn-cn-¡pw. hnZqc `mK-§-fn-epÅ hnhn[ e£y-Ie-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xmbn-cn-¡pw. tlmÀtam-W {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä s]mXpsh ZoÀLIme\mUob {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä {lkz-Im-e-t¯¡v am{X-apÅh-bmt¯¡v \o-p-\n¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. bn-cn-¡pw. DZmþhfÀ¨, D]m-]-Nbw DZmþHcp t]in-bpsS kt¦mNw \mUobhpw cmko-b-hp-amb ktµ-i-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-§Ä ]c-kv]c]qc-I-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨mWv B´-c-k-a-ØnXn ]cn-]m-en-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
cmkka\zbw aäp Pohn-IfnÂ
Nne- P´p-¡Ä ktµihn\n-ab-¯n-\mbn Npäp-]m-Sn-te¡v Nne {]tXyI cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä ]pd-¯p-hn-Sp-¶p--v. Cu cmkh-kvXp-¡sf ^ndtam-Wp-IÄ F¶p-]-d-bpw. þHtc Pohn-K-W-¯nse AwK-§Ä¡v am{Xta Ah DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ ^nd-tam-Wp-Isf Xncn-¨-dnbm³ Ign-bq.
þ{][m\ [Àa§Ä
$ A]mbkqN\ \ÂI $ k©m-c-]m-X \nÀW-bn-¡Â $ hmk-Ø-e-¯nsâ ]cn[n tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯Â $ km¶n-²y-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ kqN\ \ÂI $ CW-Isf BIÀjn-¡Â
þ Nne Pohn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS ^nd-tam-Wp-Ifpw Pohn Ddp-¼v
^nd-tam-¬
shcpIv IkvXq-cn-am³ s]¬ ]«p\qÂie-`-§Ä
knsh-täm¬ IkvXqcn t_mw_nt¡mÄ
[Àaw \nÝn-X-amb ]mX-bn-eqsS hcn-h-cn-bmbn k©-cn-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p CW-Isf BIÀjn-¡m³
þ^nd-tam-Wp-Isftbm kam\LS-\-bpÅ cmk-h-kvXp-¡-sftbm D]-tbm-Kn¨v IoS-§sf BIÀjn¨p \in-¸n-¡p¶ kwhn-[m-\-amWv ^nd-tam¬sIWn
cmkka\zbw kky§fnÂ
kky§-fn PohÂ{]hÀ¯-\-§-sf \nb-{´n-¡-m³ sacn-Ì-anItImi-§-fn (hf-cp¶ `mK-§-fn ImW-s¸-Sp¶ {]tXyIXcw tImi-§Ä) \nÀan-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {]tXyI cmk-h-kvXp-¡-fmWv kky-tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ. tImi-hn-`-P-\w, tImi-hfÀ¨, tImi-§-fpsS sshhn-[y-h¡-cWw F¶o hfÀ¨m L«-§sf kzm[o-\n-¡m-\pÅ ktµ-i-§-fmWv kky-tlmÀtam-Wp-I-fn-eqsS tImi-§Ä¡v \ÂI-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. AXn-\m kky-tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ hfÀ¨m-hkvXp-¡Ä F¶ t]cnepw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
15
kky-tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ-:- -hfÀ¨m L«-§sf kzm[o-\n-¡p¶- hn[w hfÀ¨sb klmbn-¡p-¶h
hfÀ¨sb XS-bp¶h
Knº-= apf-bv¡p¶ hn¯nse kw`r-Xmlmcs¯ hnL-Sn-¸n-¡Â
A_vv B.=hn¯n-sâbpw apIp-f-§fpsSbpw kp]vXmhØ
ssktä-m, Knº-= tImi-h-fÀ¨bpw tImi-hn-`-P\hpw Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯Â, hn¯p-apf-bv¡Â
A_vv B.,FYn-=tImi-hn-`-P-\hpw tImi-h-fÀ¨bpw XS-bÂ
HmIvkn= _oP-ioÀj-¯nsâbpw _oP-aqe¯nsâbpw hfÀ¨
HmIvkn, Knº-=ImWvUZoÀLo-I-c-Ww
Knº-=Ce-IÄ hnc-n-b HmIvkn= A{K-ap-Ip-f-¯nsâ ta[m-hn¯w ]mÀiz-th-cp-I-fpsS hfÀ¨
HmIvkn=s]¬]q-¡-fpsS DÂ]m-Z\w ssktä-m=]q¡fpw Ce-Ifpw sImgn-bp-¶Xv XS-bp-¶p
FYn= Ce-Ifpw ^e-§fpw aqs¸¯Â,]gp-¡Â
A_vv B.= ]mI-amb Ce-Ifpw ^e-§fpw sImgn-bÂ
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
16
hf-ªp-h-f-cp-¶-Xnsâ ck-X{´w
Ir{Xn-a kk-y-tlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ kkytlmÀtam-Wp-IÄ¡v kam-\-amb cmk-L-S-\-SpÅ kwbp-à-§Ä Ir{Xn-a-ambn kwtÇ-jn-¨v C¶v ImÀjn-I taJebn hym]-I-ambn D]-tbmKn-¡p-¶p--v.
Ir{Xna kk-y-tlmÀtam-Wp-IfpsS {][m\ {]tbm-P-\-§Ä \mc-§, am§ XpS-§nb ^e-§Ä hmWn-P-ym-Sn-Øm-\-¯n Hcp-an¨v ]gp-¸n-¡m³ ssIXt¯m-«-§-fn Htc ka-b¯v ]qhn-S \S-¡m³ shÅcnhÀK hnf-I-fn s]¬]q-¡-fpsS DÂ]m-Z\w Iq«m³ Ir{Xna kk-y-tlmÀtam-Wp-IfpsS Ah-in-jvS-§Ä Nne-t¸mÄ Btcm-Ky{]iv\-§Ä¡v Imc-W-amtb¡mw. C¡mc-W-§fm Ir{Xna kk-ytlmÀtam-Wp-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-¯n AXo-h-{i² ]peÀt¯---Xp-v.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
17
4 D]m-]-N-b¯n\v tijw Pohn-I-fn Blm-c¯nse hnhn[ LS-I-§Ä Zl\{]{In-b-aqew hnL-Sn¨v sNdnb LS-I-§fmbn cq]-s¸«v ico-cIeIfn-te¡v BKn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp¶p. tImi§-fn sh¨v BlmcLS-I-§Ä hnhn[ cmk-am-ä-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-Ip¶p (D]m-]-NbwþPoh\v B[m-c-amb {]{Inb). Cu D]m-]-Nb {]hÀ¯-\-§fpsS ^e-ambn Blm-c-¯nsâ Hcwiw ico-c-h-fÀ¨-¡mbpw `qcn-`mKhpw ico-c-¯nsâ ssZ\wZn\ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡pÅ DuÀtPm-Xv]m-Z-\-¯n-\mbpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. D]m-]-Nb{]hÀ¯-\- ^e-ambn ico-c-I-e-I-fn ]e-hn[ ]mgvhkvXp¡fpw D-m-Ip-¶p. ss\t{Sm-P-\nI amen-\y-§Ä (Atam-Wn-b/ bqdnb/bqdnIv BknUv), CO2 , Pew, ss_ ]nsÜâpIÄ (lotam-t¥m-nsâ hnL-S-\-^-e-am-bp--m-Ip¶Xv), eh-W-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv Ch-bn {][m-\-s¸-«-h. Ch ico-c-¯n-e-Snªv IqSp-¶Xv B´-c-k-a-ØnXn XI-cm-\n-S-bm-Ipw. AXn-\m Cu lm\n-I-c-amb hkvXp-¡sf thÀ¯n-cn¨v bYm-k-abw Hmtcm PohnbptSbpw hnkÀP-\m-h-b-h-§Ä ]pdw-X-Åp-¶p.
a\p-jy-\nse hnkÀP-\m-h-b-h-§Ä
a\p-jy³ hnkÀP\w \S-¯p-¶Xv {][m-\-ambpw Hcp tPmUn hr¡-IÄ hgn-bm-Wv.
hr¡-I-fpsS (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Øm\wþDZ-cm-i-b-¯nsâ \s«-Ãnsâ Ccp-h-i-¯p-apÅ
amwk-t]-in-\n-c-I-fpsS Acn-In-Â. BIrX - nþ]bÀa-Wn-bpsS BIr-Xnhen-¸wþ 11cm \of-hpw, 5cm hoXn-bpw, 3cm I\hpw `mcwþ150 {Kmw \ndwþISpwNph¸v [Àawþ bqdnb, eh-W-§Ä, Bh-iy-¯ne[n-I-ambn ico-c-¯nse¯p¶ acp-¶p-IÄ, hnäm-an-\p-IÄ, tZmjI-c-amb aäp ]ZmÀY-§Ä F¶n-h-sb cà-¯n \n¶pw Acn-¨pamän aq{X-cq]-¯n ]pd´Åp-¶p.
²
«§Ä
(Step-1) hnkÀPy hkvXp-¡Ä cà-¯n IeÀ¶v hr¡bnte¡v
B-lm-c-¯nse amwky-¯nsâ D]m]Nb ^e-ambn ({]tbm-P-\wþicoc \nÀamW{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡m-h-iy-amb ]pXnb amwky§Ä, F³ssk-ap-IÄ XpS§n hnhn[ ]ZmÀY-§-fpsS kwtÇ-j-W-¯n\mbpÅ Aant\m Bkn-Up-IÄ hnL-Sn-¨p--m-Ip¶p) cq]-s¸-Sp-¶ ]mgvhkvXp-hmb Atam-Wnbbpw [m\yI¯nsâbpw sImgp¸nsâbpw D]m]Nb ^e-ambn ({]tbm-P-\wþ DuÀtPm-Xv]m-Z-\-w) cq]-s¸-Sp¶ CO2pw Pehpw tImi§fn \n¶pw cà-¯n-te¡v hym]n-¡p-Ibpw càw Chsb Ic-fn F¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Icfn sh¨v F³ssk-apI-fpsS þssPh DÂt{]-cIwþklm-b-¯m Ch- IqSn-t¨À¶v bqdnb F¶- ]-ZmÀY-ambn amä-s¸-Sp-¶p. NH3+ CO2+H2O bqdnb (bqdn-bm-ssk-¡nÄ F¶dnb-s¸-Sp¶ Cu {]hÀ¯\w Nm{In-I-ambn ]e L-«-§-fmbmWv \S-¡p-¶Xv. Atam-Wnb Gsd lm\n-I-chpw ebn-¡m³ [mcmfw Pew Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m-epwþa\p-jy³ Pe Pohn AÃm-¯-Xn-\mÂþ bqdnbbmbn amäp-¶p. bqdnb Xmc-X-tay\ hnjmwiw Ipd-hp-ÅXpw shÅ-¯n \¶mbn ebn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb Hcp ]ZmÀYamWv.) Ic-fn cq]-s¸-Sp¶ bqdnb ho-pw cà-¯n-te¡v am-äs¸-Sp¶p. bqdnbbpw aäp tZmjI-camb ]ZmÀY-§fpw IeÀ¶ càw (lrZ-b-¯n \n¶v D¶-X-aÀZ-¯n-epÅ) hr¡m-[a\n- hgn hr¡-I-fnse-¯p-¶p (GI-tZiw 1100ml/min).
(Step-2) hr¡ hnkÀPy hkvXp-¡sf Acn¨v amän aq{Xam¡p¶p
hr¡bpsS B´cLS\-
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
18
Prepared by, Minhad. M. Muhiyudheen
[email protected]
Zl-\m-h-in-jvS-§Ä
Aant\m BknUv
¥qt¡mkv
aew
(tImi-¯nÂ)
(IpS-enÂ)
A[n-I-ap-ÅXv
PohÂ{]h¯\-§sf klm-bn-¡p-¶p,
]pXnb amwky-§fpsSbpw F³ssk-ap-IfpsSbpw kwtÇ-j-W-w ]mgvhkvXpþ Atam-Wnb
]mgvhkvXpþ CO2+H2O
DuÀtPm-Xv]m-Z-\-w
D]m-]-Nb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä
Zl-\w
(Ic-fnÂ)
bqdn-bm-ssk-¡nÄ
Bhiy LS-I-§Ä BhiyanÃm¯ ]ZmÀ°§Ä
(lrZbw)
à càw
(hr¡-bnse s\t{^m-WnÂ)
kq£va Acn-¡Â
þap-Jy-hn-kÀP-\m-hbhw
Pew
]näyqädnþ]n³Zfw, kw`-cn¡p¶p
(sslt¸m-X-em-akv \n¶v)
hmtkm-{]-kn³ /ADH
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
Hmtcm hr¡-bp-sSbpw tImÀ«-Ivkn ImW-s¸-Sp¶ kq£va Acn-¸-IfmWv s\t{^m-Wp-IÄ (GXm-v 12 e£-t¯mfwþH-cäw Xpd-¶Xpw atä-bäw AS-ª-Xp-amb \o-p-Np-cp- Ipg-em-WXv). Ch-bmWv cà-¯n IeÀ¶ hnkÀPy hkvXp-¡sf Acn¨v amän aq{Xam¡p¶Xv.
s\t{^m-Wnsâ LS\-
kq£va Acn-¡Â \S-¡p¶ hn[w
Hmtcm s\t{^m-Wn\pw I¸nsâ BIr-Xn-bn-epÅ `mK-amb t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfn ImW-s¸-Sp¶ teman-Im-Pm-es¯ t¥ma-dp-ekv F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. hen¸w IqSnb A^-câv shk (hr¡m[a-\n-bpsS imJ) t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfnte¡v càw hln-¨p sIm-v hcp-¶p. F¶m t\À¯ C^-câv shk (hr¡mkncbpsS imJ) BWv t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfn\v ]pd-t¯¡v càw -sIm-pt]mIp-¶-Xv. hen-¸-¯nepÅ Cu hyXymkw cà-¯nsâ Hgp-¡n aÀ±ap-m-¡p-¶p. CXp Imc-W-ambn t¥ma-dp-eknte¡v hcp¶ amen-\y-§-f-S-§nb càw t_mam³kv Im]vkyqfnse AXn-kq£va kpjn-c-¯n-eqsS Acn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu {Zmh-Is¯ t¥ma-dp-emÀ ^nÂt{Säv F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. (kq£va kpjn-c-§Ä Pe-t¯bpw cà-¯nse hfsc sNdnb IWn-I-I-tfbpw am{Xta IS-¯n-hn-Sp-I-bp-Åq. amwkyhpw Nph¶ càm-Wp-¡fpw kpjn-c§sf¡mÄ hen¸w IqSn-b-Xn-\m ^nÂt{S-änte¡v Ahsb IS-¯n- hn-Sp¶nÃ). 127ml t¥ma-dp-emÀ ^nÂt{S-äv 1 an-\p«nep-m-Ip¶p. F¶m Ch-bn-epÅ Pehpw ¥qt¡mkpw aäp ]e LS-I-§fpw ico-c-¯n\v Bh-iy-ap-Å-h-bm-Wv. ^nÂt{S-äv \ofw IqSnb hr¡m-\-fn-I-bn-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Cu -h-kvXp-¡sf ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXn-s\m¸w Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ Nne ]ZmÀ°-§Ä ^nÂt{S-änte¡v tNÀ¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. GI-tZiw ^nÂt{S-änsâ 126mlþDw ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw _m¡n `mKw aq{Xambn tiJ-c-W-\m-fn-bn-tem«v IS¡p¶p. lotam-t¥m_-nsâ hnL-S-\-^-e-am-bp--m-Ip¶ bqtdmt{Imw F¶ hÀW-I-amWv aq{X-¯n\v Cfw aª-\ndw sImSp-¡p-¶-Xv.
aq{Xw ]pd-´-Åp¶ hn[w
tiJ-c-W-\m-fn-bn-Â \n¶pw aq{Xw hr¡-bpsS s]Âhn-kn-se-¯p-¶p. AhnsS \n¶pw aq{X-hm-ln-bn-eqsS aq{Xm-i-b-¯n-se¯n tiJ-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. aq{Xm-i-bw \nd-bp-t¼mÄ aq{X-\mfn-bn-eqsS ]pd-´-Å-s¸-Sp-¶p.
aq{X¯nsâ Af-hvþtlmÀtam¬ \nb-{´Ww icm-icn Hcp hyàn 1.5l aq{X-amWv Znh-khpw ]pd-´-Å-p-¶Xv. F¶m Cu Afhv Imem-h-Ø-b-\p-k-cn¨v hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-¶p. th\ Ime-§-fn \mw IqSp-X hnbÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\m ico-c-¯n Pe-\jvSw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ cà-¯nse Pe¯nsâ Afhv Ipd-bp-Ibpw Pe-¯nsâ Afhv \ne\nÀt¯--n-h-cn-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\m ADH/hmtkm-{]-knsâ DÂ]m-Z\w IqSpIbpw aq{X-¯nsâ DÂ]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw sN¿pw. ag/ XWp¸v Ime-§-fn hnbÀ¸nsâ cq]-¯n Pe-\jvSw kw`-hn-¡p-¶nÃ. At¸mÄ cà-¯nse Pe-¯nsâ Afhv IqSp-¶-Xn-\m A[n-I-apÅ Pe-¯ns¯ ]pd-´tÅ--n-h-cp-¶p. AXn-\m ADHþsâ DÂ]m-Z\w IpdbpIbpw aq{X-¯nsâ Afhv IqSp-Ibpw sN¿pw.
(Step-3) ip²o-I-cn¨ càs¯ knc-I-fn-te¡v IS¯n hnSp¶p ip²o-I-cn¨ càw hr¡m-knch-gn- Xn-cn-sI-t¸m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
19
hr¡ tcmK-§Ä tcmKw s\ss{^-änkv (hr¡ho¡w)
hr¡-amµyw
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
{][m-\-tcm-K-e-£Ww Ie-§n-bXpw ISpw-\n-d-t¯m-SpIqSnbXpamb aq{Xw, ]pdwthZ\bpw ]\n-bpw, apJ¯pw IW-¦menepw ]mZ-¯nepw \oÀho-¡w. hnfÀ¨, ico-c-`mcw Ipd-bp-I, Xe-I-d-¡w, OÀ±n XpS-§n-b-h. bqdn-bbpw aäp hnkÀPy-h-kvXp¡fpw Acn-¨p-am-ä-s¸-SmsX cà-¯n Xs¶ \ne-\n¡p-¶p.
ImcWw kvs{S]vtämtIm¡kv tcmKm-Wp- _m[, aq{Xm-i-b-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ AWp-_m[, kzbw {]Xntcm[ sshI-ey-§Ä F¶nh.
ASn-h-b-än thZ-\, aq{X-X-S-Êw, ]pdw-th-Z-\, Xe-I-d-¡w, OÀ±n.
ImÕyw HmIvk-teäv, ImÕyw t^mkvt^äv F¶nh Xcn-Ifmbn aq{X-hm-lnbnepw hr¡-Ifnepw ASn-ªp-Iq-Sp¶p.
aq{X-¯n IÃv
ap³I-cp-XÂþ]-cn-lmcw
]eXcw hr¡-tcm-K-§-Ä, {]ta-lw, càmXnk½ÀZw, s\ss{^-änkv F¶n-h.
Znhkhpw 2þ3 l shÅw IpSn-¡p-I. IrXy-amb CS-th-f-I-fn aq{Xw Hgn-¡p-I. aq{X¸pcbpw Npäp-]mSpw ipNn-bmbn kq£n-¡p-I. Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ acp-¶p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I.
hr¡mXI-cm-dp-IÄ¡v ]cn-lmcw
hr¡-IÄ {]hÀ¯-\-c-ln-X-amb DS³ Xs¶ NnInÕ tXtS---Xm-Wv.
A. Ubm-en-kn-kv k¦oÀW-amb b{´-kw-hn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn¨v cà-¯nse amen-\y-§Ä Acn-¨p-amän càw ip²o-I-cn-¡p¶ {]{In-bbm-Wn-Xv. c-v hr¡-Ifpw {]hÀ¯\cln-X-am-Ip¶ Ah-Ø-bnemWv Ubm-en-kn-kv \S-¯p-¶Xv.
? Ubm-en-kn-kv sN¿p-¶-sX-§s\
(Step-1) kuI-cy-{]-[-amb [a-\n-I-fn \n¶pw hnkÀPy-h-kvXp-¡fpsS Af-hp-Iq-Snb
càw tiJ-cn-¡p-¶p.
(Step-2) càw I«-]n-Sn¡mXncn-¡m-\mbn sl¸m-cn³ F¶ cmk-hkvXp tNÀ¡p¶p. (Step-3) Ubm-en-kn-kv ^vfqbnUv \nd¨ Sm¦n\pÅnse \o- skÃp-temkv Ipg-en-eqsS
càs¯ ]Xps¡ IS-¯n-hn-Sp¶p. skÃp-temkv Ipg- hfsc sNdnb IWn-I-Itfbpw Pe-t¯bpw ^vfqbnUnte¡v A´Àhym-]\w sN¿p-¶p. (F¶m cà-¯nse amwkyhpw t¹äve-äp-Ifpw hen¸apÅh-bm-b-Xn-\m A´Àhym-]\w sN¿s¸Sp-¶n-Ã. AXn\m Cu kwhn-[m\w Hcp Ir{Xna hr¡t]mse {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.) (Step-4) ip²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« càw tcmKn-bpsS knc-bn-te¡v IS-¯n-hn-S p-¶p.
B. hr¡ amän-sh-¡Â
Hcn-¡epw NnIn-Õn¨p t`Z-am-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ Xc-¯n c-p hr¡-Ifpw {]hÀ¯-\cln-X-am-Ip-¶ Ah-Ø-bn-emWv hr¡-IÄ amän hbvt¡-n hcp-¶-Xv. Cu Ir{Xna hr¡-IÄ km[m-cW hr¡-t]mse {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
$ ]qÀ® Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-bn-cns¡ A]-I-S-¯ntem atäm s]«v ac-W-s¸-«p-t]m-Ip-¶-bmfpsStbm ]qÀ® Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-b HcmfpsStbm hr¡-IÄ amän-sh-¡m-hp¶-XmWv. $ GXp KW-¯nÂs]« ZmXm-hm-bmepw, ZmXm-hn-sâbpw kzoIÀ¯m-hn-sâbpw cà-{Kq-¸pIÄ ]c-kv]cw s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. $ ZmXm-hn \n¶pw {]hÀ¯\-\n-c-X-amb Hcp hr¡-bm-Wv kzoIÀ¯m-hn-tebv¡v amänhbv¡p¶-Xv. kzoIÀ¯m-hnsâ icocw Cu hr¡sb ]qÀ®-ambpw kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ am{Xta hr¡ amänhbv¡Â hnPb-I-c-am-Ip-¶p-Åq.
hr¡ Zm\w sN¿q... Poh³ ]¦phbv¡q...
Hcp hr¡ am{Xw D]tbmKn¨v Hcp hyàn¡v Pohn-¡m-\m-Ipw (AXn\v A¸w hen¸w IqSp-sa¶v am{Xw). Btcm-Ky-hm-\mb HcmÄ Abm-fpsS Hcp hr¡ Zm\w sNbvXm asäm-cmÄ¡v AXp-]-tbm-Kn¨v Pohn-¡m-\m-Ipw. AXn-\m hr¡ Zm\-¯n-eqsS asäm-cm-fp-ambn PohnXw ]¦phbv¡m-\m-Ipw.
ico-c-¯nse aäp hnkÀP-\m-h-b-h-§Ä
Xz¡v, izmk-tImiw, IcÄ F¶n-hbpw hnkÀP\¯n\v klm-bn-¡p¶p. A-h-b-h-w izmk-tImiw IcÄ Xz¡v
hnkÀPy-§Ä CO2 , Pew ico-c-¯n cq]-s¸-Sp-¶tXm ]pd¯p \n¶v F¯p¶tXm Bb hnjh-kvXp-¡Ä Pew, bqdnb, bqdnIv BknUv, eh-W-§-Ä
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
hnkÀP\ coXn CO2 tiJ-cn¨v \ocmhntbmsSm¸w ]pd´Åp¶p. hnjh-kvXp-¡-sf \nÀhocy-am¡p¶p. t\cn«v ]pd´Åp-¶nÃ. hnbÀ¸n-eqsS]pd´Å-p¶p.
20
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
aäp Nne P´p-¡-fnse hnkÀP-\m-h-b-h-§Ä
hnkÀPyh-kvXp-¡fpw hnkÀP-\m-h-bh-§fpsS k¦oÀWX Pohn-I-fnse PohÂ{]-hÀ¯\ \nc-¡-\p-k-cn¨pw Pohn-¡p¶ Npäp-]m-S-\p-k-cn¨pw ({][m\-ambpw Pe-e-`yX) hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-¶p. P´p hnkÀPyhkvXp hnkÀP-\m-h-b-hw hnkÀÖ\ coXn Aao_ Atam-Wnb þþ ico-c-¯n A[n-I-am-sb-¯p¶ Pehpw kt¦m-N-t^\-§Ä ]pd-´-Åp-¶p. ico-c- A-d-bn \n¶pw Pew, ss\t{Sm-P-\nI hnkÀPy-h-kvXp-¡Ä F¶nh a®nc bqdnb s\{^o-Un-bthÀXn-cn¨v ico-tcm-]-cn-X-e-¯n-epÅ kpjn-cw- hgn ]pd-´Åp¶p. ico-c- A-d-bn \nd-ªp-\n¡p¶ ico-c-{Z-h-¯n kzX-{´-ambn hym]n¨p amÂ]o-Pnb³ InS-¡p-¶ Cu t\cnb Ipgep-IÄ A¶-]-Y-¯n-te¡v Xpd-¡p-¶p. jUv]-Z-§Ä bqdnIv BknUv \fn-I-IÄ amÂ]o-Pn-b³ \fn-I-IÄ ico-c-{Z-h-¯n \n¶v amen-\y-§sf thÀXn-cn¨v A¶-]-Y-¯n F¯n-¡p-¶p. AhnsS \n¶v ]pd-´-Åp¶p. aÕyw Atam-Wn-b hr¡ -hr¡-I-fn-eqsS t\cn«v Pe-¯n-te¡v hnkÀPn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. hmÂam-{InAtam-Wn-b hr¡-I-fn-eqsS t\cn«v Pe-¯n-te¡v hnkÀPn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. hr¡Xhf bqdnb Npäp-]m-Sn-te¡v hnkÀPn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Jc-cq-]-¯n-tem Ipg-¼p-cq-]-¯ntem ]pd-´-Åp¶p. ]£n-IÄ, bqdnIv BknUv hr¡(CXv hnkÀP-\-¯n-eqsS-bpÅ Pe-\jvSw ]c-am-h[n Ipdbv¡m³ Dc-K-§Ä klm-bn-¡p-¶p.)
kky-§-fnse hnkÀP-\{]{InbIÄ
kky-§-fn P´p-¡-sf-t¸mse Hcp {]tXyI hnkÀP-\-hy-hØ \ne-hn CÃ. kky-§-fn cq]-s¸-Sp¶ hnkÀPy§-fpsS Afhpw P´p-¡sf At]-£n¨v hfsc Ipd-hmWv. P´p-¡-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-t¼mÄ kky-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-\n-cX Ipdhm-b-XmWv CXn\v Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-ambn ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
hnkÀPy hkvXp
hnkÀÖ\ coXn
O2 ({]Im-i-kw-tÇ-j-W-¯nsâ Dt]m¸-¶-ambp-mIp¶ HmIvkn-P³ Bh-iy-¯n-e-[n-I-ap-ÅXv) CO2 (tImiiz-k-\-¯nsâ
^e-am-bp--m-Ip¶Xv)
Pew (a®nÂ
sÌmam-ä- hgn (Ce-I-fpsS Xmsgbpw Cfw ImWvU§-fnepw ImW-s¸-Sp¶ kpjn-c-§Ä)
\n¶v Bh-iy-¯n-e-[nIw hen-s¨-Sp-¡p¶Xv)
Pew ]pÂhÀKkky-§-fnÂ
sslUm-t¯m-Up-IÄ hgn (Ce-I-fpsS A{K-¯n ImW-s¸-Sp¶ kpjn-c-§Ä)
sÌmam-ä-bn-eqsS _mjv]-ambpw sslUmt¯m-Un-eqsS sNdpXpÅn-I-fm-bp-amWv Pew ]pd-¯p-hnSp-¶Xv. tImi-t^-\-¯n kq£n-¡Â aäp Nne hnkÀPy-h-kvXp-¡Ä
Im-WvU-¯nsâ a[y-¯n-epÅ {]mbwsN¶ sskew Ipg-ep-Ifn \nt£-]n-¡Â ({ItaW ImX Bbn amdp¶p)
Ce sImgnb (sImgn-bm-dm-Ip-t¼mÄ kky-§Ä Bh-iy-amb LS-I-§sf Xncn-s¨-Sp-¯v hnkÀPy-h-kvXp-¡Ä \nt£-]n-¡p¶p)
_mly-]-cn-ØnXnbpsS kpØn-Xn þ_mly-]-cn-ØnXn am-en-\y-ap-à-am-t¡---Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX tcmK-§Ä Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bpsS \miw ssPh-ssh-hn[y timjWw Imem-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm\w
þ\nÀam-PÀ\ amÀK-§Ä
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
21
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
5 ka-ØnXn XI-cpt¼mÄ PohÂ{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \nÀ_m[w \S-¡-Wsa¦-n tImi-]-cn-k-c¯v Bh-iy-h-kvXp-¡Ä F¯n-t¨-tc---Xp--v. AtXm-sSm¸w AhnsS \n¶v A\m-hiyhkvXp-¡Ä \o¡w sN¿-s¸-tS---Xp-ap--v. Cu {]{In-b-IÄ¡v XSÊw t\cn-Sp-t¼mÄ B´-c-k-a-ØnXn XI-cm-dn-em-hp-Ibpw X·qew hnhn[ tcmK-§-fp--m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXp-t]mse Xs¶ _mly-]-cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS kpØn-Xnbpw Pohsâ \ne-\n¸n {]m[m-\y-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.
a\pjy tcmK-§Ä
1. kmw{I-anI tcmK-§Ä
Hcp hyàn-bn \n¶pw asäm-cm-fn-te¡v ]I-cp¶ tcmK-§Ä. kq£va Pohn-I-fmWv C¯-c-¯n-epÅ tcmK-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶-Xv. tcmK¡mcn tcmKw e£-W-§Ä $ Xet hZ \ $ iàa mb ]\n $ DZ-c-th-Z-\, ae-Ôw ssSt^m-bnUv $ hb-dn-f¡w, OÀ±n $ Iªn-shÅw t]msebpÅ aew tImfd $ t]in-I-fn tIm¨n-¸n-Sp¯w $ XpSÀ¨-bmbn A\p-`-hs¸-Sp-¶- hc-- Npa £bw $ ]\n $ I^-¯n càw $ s\©pthZ\ $ `mc-¡p-dhv km[m-cW ]\n-bpsS e£-W-§Ä¡p ]pdsa
$ I®n Nph¸v, shbn-e-¯p-t\m-¡m³ {]bmkw $ B´-cm-h-b-h-§-fmb hr¡, IcÄ, izm-k-tImiw F¶nh-bn cà-{kmhw $ ]\n, Xe-th-Z\ $ ico-c-`m-K§fn Nph¶ XnWÀ¸p-IÄ. Ch {ItaW Ipan-f-I-fmbn cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p. $ apJ¯pw ImWp¶ Nph¶ XSn-¸p-IÄ $ ico-c-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§fn cà-{km-h-w
Fen-¸-\n Nn¡³t]mIvkv sU¦n-¸\n
«
(cà-¯nse t¹ävse-äp-I-fpsS F®w Ipd-bp-¶Xp aqew)
$ PetZmj-¯n\p kam-\-amb e£-W-§Ä $ hnd-b-tem-Sp-Iq-Snb ]\n, Xe-th-Z\ ({]mcw-`-e-£-W-§-Ä) $ kÔn-ho-¡w, thZ\ $ t\cnb hb-dp-th-Z\ $ CS-bv¡nsS ae-hn-kÀP\w $ ae-¯n càhpw I^hpw $ ITn-\-amb ]\n, hnd-b $ Ak-l-y-amb Xe-th-Z-\ $ ico-c-amsI Np«p-s]m-Åp¶ A\p-`hw $ \nÝnX CS-thfIfn ]\n BhÀ¯n-¡p¶p.
]¶n-¸\n Nn¡p³Kp-\nb hb-dp-ISn ae¼\n
$ hnd-b-tem-Sp-Iq-Snb ]\n $ tcmK-m-_m[-bp-Ån-S¯v thZ-\, Nph¸v \ndw $ ico-c-`m-K-§Ä ho§p-¶p (enw^vhmln-bn hnc-IÄ hf-cp-¶Xpaqew, enw^nsâ {]hmlw
a´v
XS-Ê-s¸-Sp¶Xn\mÂ)
]pgp-¡-Sn dnwKvthw(h-«-s¨mdn)
$ ico-c-¯n hr¯m-Ir-Xnbn-epÅ XnWÀ¸p-IÄ
tcmK-§Ä ]I-cp¶ coXnIÄ ssSt^m-bnUv tImfd hb-dp-ISn £bw Nn¡³t]mIvkv ]¶n-¸\n sU¦n-¸\n Nn¡p³Kp-\nb ae¼\n a´v Fen-¸\n ]pgp-¡Sn dnwKv thw
tcmK-kw-{I-aWw XS-bm-\pÅ ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ
Blm-c-]m-\o-b-§Ä
hmbp
{]mWn-I-fpsS Zwi\w
k¼À¡w, aäv coXn-IÄ
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
22
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
kq£va Pohn-IÄ ico-cs¯ _m[n-¡p¶ hn[w kq£va Pohn-
«
B{I-a-W-co-Xn-IÄ tImi-¯nsâ P\n-XIkwhn-[m-\-§-fpsS \nb-{´Ww Gsä-Sp-¯v s]cp-In ico-c-tIm-i-§sf \in-¸n-¡-p-¶p Ch DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ hnj-h-kvXp-¡Ä tImi§-fnse {]hÀ¯-\-s¯ _m[n¡p-I-tbm \in-¸n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p¶p. Ch DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ tSmIvkn\pIÄ, F³ssk-ap-IÄ IpS-ensâbpw aäpw Bh-c-W-I-esb \in-¸n-¡p-¶p. Nn-eh cà-tIm-i-§-sf- B{I-an-¡p-¶-p ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p¶ F³ssk-ap-IÄ tImi-§sf \in-¸n-¡p-¶p.
2. ZpÈo-e-§fpw tcmK-§fpw
a. SmÀ, \nt¡m-«n³, CO, s_³tkm-ss]-dn³ XpS§n 60- ]cw Imgvkn-t\m-P-\p-I-Ä ]pI-bn-ebn AS-§n-bn-«p--v. t{_mss¦-änkvþ]pI-bn-e-P\y cmkhkvXp-°¡Ä izk-\-]-Y-¯nse koen-b-I-fpsS Ne-\s¯ XSbpI-bpw izmk\-mf-¯n -tÇjvaw ASnªp-IqSnizmk-tIm-i-¯n ho¡w D-mhpIbpw sN¿p¶ AhØ. cà-¯n\v HmIvkn-Ps\ kzoI-cn-¡m-\pÅ tijn Ipdbp-¶p. (ImcWw lotam-t¥m-n\v O2-Sp-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ {]Xn-]¯n CO-t\mSmWv. AXn-\m CO lotamt¥m_-n-\pambn tNÀ¶v ImÀt_mIvkolotam-t¥m-n-\mbn amdp-¶p. CXv hfsc kmh-[m-\ta hnL-Sn-¡p-¶pÅq).
]pI-hen ico-cs¯ _m[n-¡p-¶- hn[wþ
b. CXv \mUo-hy-h-Øsb _m[n¨v t]io-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS GtIm-]\w XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. dn^vf-Ivkp-IÄ kmh-[m-\-am-Ip-¶-Xn\pw ASn-b-´ncL«-§-fn s]s«¶v Xocp-am-\-§Ä FSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ tijn \jvSs¸-Sp-¶Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p. IcÄho¡w, kntdm-knkv F¶o tcmK-§Ä¡pÅ Imc-Whpw aZy-]m-\-amWv.
c. DZmþacn-Pp-hm\ ,sImss¡³, Hm¸nbw, sltdmbn³, tamÀ^n³, LSD. Ch-bn NneXv `bw,DÂI-WvT, aXn-{`aw F¶nh D-m-¡p-¶p. aäp- Nn-eh \mUo-hyq-ls¯ XfÀ¯n ab-¡-ap--m-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.
d. Nne _mIvSo-cn-b-, ^wK-kp-IÄ F¶nh aqew aq{Xm-i-b-¯nsâ B´-c-kvX-c-¯n AWp-m[ \nan¯w ho¡w D-m-Ip¶p. C¯cw AWp-_m[ Nne-t¸mÄ s\ss{^-än-kn\v hgn-sh-bv¡p-¶p. Imc-W-§ÄþhnkÀP-\-¯n\v tijw hr¯n-bm-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI hr¯n-lo-\-amb aq{X-¸p-c- D]-tbm-Kn-¡Â Bh-iy-¯n\v shÅw IpSn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I aq{X-samgn-¡msX ]nSn¨p \nÀ¯pI kzoI-cn-¡m-hp¶ ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ
3. Im³kÀ ico-c-tImi-§Ä A\n-b-{´n-X-ambn s]cp-Ip-Ibpw aäv tImi-§Ä¡v e`n-t¡- t]mj-I-§Ä hen-s¨-Sp¯v Ahsb \in-¸n-¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Ah-Ø-bmWv Im³kÀ. Im³kÀ tImi-§Ä¡v Ah-bpsS DÛ-h-Øm-\-¯p-\n¶v cà-¯n-eq-sStbm enw^n-eq-sStbm ico-c-¯nsâ aäv `mK-§fn F¯n-t¨-cp-hm\pw Ahn-S-§fn s]cp-Ip-hm-\papÅ Ign-hp--v. UV civan-IÄ ]pI-bn-e Imc-W-§Ä aäv hnIn-c-W-§Ä Nnebn\w sshd-kv kzoI-cn-¡m-hp¶ ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
23
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
4. P\n-X-I-tcm-K-§Ä
Po\p-Ifnse sshIeyw \nan-¯-apÅ tcmK-§Ä tcmK-w e£Ww sNdnb apdn-hnÂ\n¶p t]mepw A\n-b-{´n-X-amb cà{km-hw hnfÀ¨, Imbn-I-amb A[-zm\w Bh-i-y-apÅ tPmen-IÄ sN¿m³ _p²n-ap-«v
ImcWw càw I«-]n-Sn-¡m-\m-h-iy-amb t{]m«osâ A`mhw 1. lotam-t¥m_-nsâ LS-\m-]-c-amb sshIeyw 2. Acp-Wc- -àm-Wp-¡-fpsS F®w, Ah-bnse lotamt¥m_-n³ Ch km[m-c-W-tXm-Xnepw Ipd-hv
5. B´-c-k-a-ØnXn XI-cm-\pÅ aäp Imc-W-§Ä
kzoI-cn-¡m-hp¶ ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ
P´ptcm-K-§Ä
B{´mIvkv Ipf¼v tcmKw AInSpho¡w ]ptÅmdw
kky- tcmK-§Ä ^wKkv (Imäp-h-gn)
sshdkv (IoS-§Ä hgn)
1. kq£va Pohn-Ifp--m-¡p¶ tcmK-§Ä
Iq¼p-No-b (sX§v) almfn (Ihp-§v) {ZpX-hm«w (Ipcpapf-Iv) Ipdp-\m-¼p-tcm-Kw (hmg-) samssk¡v tcmKw (]bÀsN-Sn, ac¨o-\n-) hm«-tcmKw (hgp-X-\-) þ Ce-IÄ s]s«¶v hmSn- sIm-gn-bp-¶p, DÂ]m-Z\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-¶p.
_mIvSo-cn-b(hn¯p-h-gn)
ss»äv tcmKw (s\Âs¨-Sn-)þ Ce-bpsS hi-§-fn \nd-h-y-X-ym-k-apÅ ]mSp-IÄ, Ce-bpsS A{K-`m-K-§Ä DW-§p-¶p.
2. \yq\-t]m-jWw sIm-p--mIp¶ tcmK-§Ä
kky-§Ä¡v imco-cnI {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡mbn hnhn[ imco-cnI {]hÀ¯§Ä¡mbn hnhn[ aqe-I-§Ä a®n \n¶pw e`y-am-tI---Xp--v. Ch e`n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶m imco-cnI{]hÀ¯§Ä XS-Ê-s]-Sp-Ibpw tcmK-§Ä D-mhp-Ibpw sN¿pw. aqe-I-§Ä s]m«mkyw
{][m-\-[Àa-§Ä $ amwkykwtÇ-jWw $ Bky-c-{Ô-§Ä Xpd-¡m\pw AS-bv¡m\pw klm-bn-¡p¶p
\yq\-t]m-jWw sIm-p--mIp¶ tcmK-e-£-W-§Ä $ Ce-I-fn Xhn-«p-\n-d-¯n-epÅ DW-§nb ]mSp-IÄ $ Ce-bpsS Rc-¼p-I-fn aª-fn¸v $ Ce-bpsS ASn-`m-K¯v ]À¸nÄ \ndw
aáojyw
$ lcn-X-I-¯nsâ \nÀan-Xn¡v AXym-hiyw $ izk-\-{]-{In-b-bnse F³sskap-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯Â
$ Ce-I-fnse Rc-¼pIÄ¡n-S-bn aª-\ndw aqs¸-¯nb Ce-I-fn-emWv Cu e£Ww I-p-Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv. {ItaW CXv Xfn-cn-e-I-fnte¡pw hym]n-¡p-¶p.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
24
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
6 kpc-£bpw NnInÂkbpw tcmK§fp--m-¡m³ tijn-bpÅ [mcmfw kq£va-Po-hn-IÄ¡v \Sp-hn-emWv \mw Pohn-¡p-¶sX¦nepw \mw Ft¸mgpw tcmK-_m-[n-X-cmIm-dn-Ã. ImcWw kq£va-Po-hn-IÄ ico-c-¯nse¯p¶Xv XS-bm\pw GsX¦nepw Xc-¯nse¯nbm Ahsb \in-¸n-¡m\pw IgnhpÅ kpc£m{]Xn-tcm[kwhn-[m-\-§Ä \ap-¡p--v. C\n tcmKw _m[n¨v Ign-ªm AXn \n¶pw c£ t\Sp-¶-Xn-\mbn \mw NnIn-Õsb B{i-bn-¡p-¶p.
]mTw Npcp-¡-¯n À Xz¡v 1. ico-c-¯nse kpc£mkwhn-[m-\-§Ä
hnhn[ {kh§Ä, cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä
2. kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm[ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä
hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp¯ imkv{X-RvPÀ hmIvkn-\p-IÄ
3. Ir{Xna {]Xn-tcm-[-h¡-cWw
kzbw {]Xn-tcm-[- ssh-Iey-§Ä AanX {]Xn-tcm-[w Ah-b-hw amän-h-bv¡epw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \in-¡Âþ AIDS
4. {]Xn-tcm-[- ssh-Iey-§Ä
1. NnInÕmcoXnIÄ 2. B[p-\nI sshZy-imkv{Xw
3. A]ISw Ipd-¡m³
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[w
1. ico-c-Xm-]-\ne DbÀ¯Â 2. ^mtKm-ssktämknkv 3. ho§Â {]Xn-I-cWw 4. càw I«-]n-Sn-¡Â 5. Bân-t_m-Un-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡Â
BbpÀthZw, tlman-tbm-¸Xn, Atem-¸-Xn etc. kvs]jy-sse-tk-j-\p-IÄ tcmK \nÀW-tbm-]m-[n-IÄ Bân-_-tbm-«nIv {]Ya ip{iqj cà \nth-i\w þ cà{Kq¸p-IÄ, Rh LSIw, Fdn-t{Xm-»m-tÌm-knkv ^oäm-enkv þ càZm\w :{]m[m\yw kzm`m-hnI kwhn-[m-\-§Ä {]Xn-tcm-[-h¡-cWw
kpc£mkwhn-[m-\-§fpw {]Xn-tcm[ {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw
Xz¡v
1. ico-c-¯nse kpc£mkwhn-[m-\-§Ä
tcmK-¡m-cn-Isf AI¯v {]th-in-¡msX kpiàamb hnhn[ coXn-I-fn Xz¡v XSbp¶p. sUÀankv
sIcm-än³ (AWp-¡fpsS
F¸n-sUÀankv
{]th-i\w XS-bp-¶p)
]mfn-IÄ
tÇjvakvXcw
Xz¡v
sNhn, I®v, aq¡v, hmbv, aq{X\mfw XpS-§nb `mK-§-fnepÅ t\À¯ Cu tÇjvamhc-W-w tcmKm-Wp-¡sf XSbp¶p
tcma-w þNqSn \n¶pw XWp-¸n \n¶pw kwc-£n-¡p-¶p þA\y-h-kvXp-¡-sf XS-bp-¶p
{kh-§Ä hnbÀ¸v SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
þAWp-\m-i-Iw
sk_w þAWp-\m-i-Iw þF®-a-bap-Å-Xn-\m shÅw ]än¸n-Sn-¡nÃ
25
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
Xz¡v CÃm¯ `mK¯v tcmKm-Wp-¡sf Nne {kh§Ä /cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä DÂ]m-Zn-¸n¨v XS-bp-Itbm \in-¸n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶p. ImW-s¸-Sp¶ {kh§Ä / {]Xn-tcm[ coXn `mKw cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä ssetkmsskw F¶ AWp-\m-in-\n- AS-§n-bn-«p-Å Cu {Zhw I®ns\ \\bv-¡p-I I®p-\oÀ I®v hgn tcmKm-Wp-¡sf \in-¸n¡p--¶p. tÇjvaw aq¡v Hgp-Ip¶ tÇjva-¯n-eqsS tcmKm-Wp-¡sf ]pd-´-Å-p-¶p. sagp-Iv sNhn AWp-\mi-Iw Dan-\oÀ hmb £mcKpWhpw AWp-\m-i-I-ti-jnbpw tcmKm-Wp-¡sf XS-bp-¶p. `£-W-¯n-eq-sSbpw shÅ-¯n-eq-sSbpsa-¯p¶ tcmKm-Wp-¡sf Bam-ibw HCl \in-¸n¡p--¶p.
2. -kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm[ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä i. ico-c-Xm-]-\ne DbÀ¯Â
a\p-jysâ km[m-cW ico-tcm-jvamhv (36.9oC, CuÀ¸w, pH, t]mjILS-I-§-fpsS e`yX XpS-§nb A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-§Ä) tcmKm-Wp-¡-fpsS hÀ[\-hn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv. tcmKmWp-_m-[-bp--m-Ip-t¼mÄ Ah-bpsS s]cp-I tijnsb Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn-\v icocw Xm]\ne DbÀ¯p-¶-p. (AYhm ]\n-þ-Hcp {]Xntcm[ {]hÀ¯\w)
ii. ^mtKm-ssktämknkv
ico-c-Xm-]-\ne DbÀ¯n tcmKm-Wp-¡-fpsS s]cp-I \nb-{´n-¡m³ ico-c-¯n\v Ign-bp-sa-¦nepw \in-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã. (DÅn-se-¯n-b- tcmKm-Wp-¡sf \in-¸n-¨m am{Xta tcmK-ap--m-Ip¶Xv XSbm-\mIq).
tizX-c-àm-Wp-¡-Ä (\yqt{Sm-^nÂ, tamtWm-sskäv) tcmKm-Wp-¡sf hngp§n \in-¸n-¡p¶pþ ^mtKm-ssktämknkv.
iii. ho§Â {]Xn-I-cWw
kq£va-Po-hn-IÄs¡-Xnsc icocw \S-¯p¶ Hcp {]Xn-tcm[ {]hÀ¯-\-amWv ho§Â. ico-c-¯nse apdn-hn-eqsS tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä DÅn IS¡pt¼mÄ B `mKs¯ cà-tem-an-I-I-fn-se `n¯n-I-fn ho¡-ap--m-Ip-¶p. (Step-2) cà-tem-an-I-I-fn-eqsS D-m-Ip¶ cà-{]hmlw IqSp-¶p. (Step-3) IqSp-X tizX-c-àm-Wp-¡Ä tem-an-I-m`n¯nbnse hnS-hp-Ifn-eqsS ]pd¯v hcp-¶p.(Step-4) tcmKm-Wp-¡sf hngp§n \in-¸n-¡p-¶p. (Step-5) apdn-thä `mKw km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-Ip-¶p. (Step-1)
iv. càw I«-]n-Sn-¡Â
apdnthä Øe¯v càw-I-« cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv aqew tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä apdnhn-eqsS ico-c-¯n-\-I-t¯¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv XS-bp-¶p. -AanXambn càw hmÀ¶v A]-ISap-m-Im-Xncn-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p¶p.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
26
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
v. Bân-t_m-Un-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡Â
^mtKm-ssk-täm-kn-kns\ AXn-Pohn¨v Ht«sd tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä ico-c-¯nse¯mw. tcmKm-Wp-¡-fpsS (Bân-P³) {]tXy-IX Xncn-¨-dnªv Bþ-en-wt^m-ssk-äp-I-fpw Tþ-enw-t^mssk-äp-I-fpw t\cnt«m Bân-t_m-Un-IÄ (amwky X·m-{X-I-Ä) DÂ]m-Zn-¸nt¨m \in-¸n-¡p-¶p.
3. Ir{Xna {]Xn-tcm-[-h¡-cWw
tcmKm-Wp-¡sf {]Xn-tcm-[-n¡m\mbn kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-I-cW§Ä cq]-s¸-Sm-³ ka-b-sa-Sp-¡pw. Cu kab¯n\nSbn¯s¶ hfsc Iq-Sp-X s]cp-Im\pw hym]n-¡m\pw Nne tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä¡p Ign-bpw. Cu Ah-k-c-§-fn Ir{Xna {]Xn-tcm-[tijn ap³Iq«n BÀPn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS tcmKm-Wp-¡sf XS-bmw.
hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp¯ imkv{X-RvPÀ FtUzÀUv P¶-À BZy-ambn hmIvkn-t\-j³ ]co£n¨-p. hkq-cn- CÃm-Xm-¡m³ {]b-Xv\n¨p.
eqbn ]mkvNÀ tcmKm-Wp-kn²m´w (kq£va-Po-hn-IÄ aqe-amWv tcmK§Ä D-m-Ip-¶sX¶ kn²m´w) BhnjvI-cn-¨p. ]mkvN-ssd-tk-j³ F¶ {]{In-b- Is--¯n. B{´mIvkv, t]hn-j-m-[- F¶nhbvs¡-Xnsc hmIvkn³ \nÀan-¨p
hmIvkn-\p-IÄ
\nÀho-cy-am-¡n-btXm Poh-\n-Ãm-¯-tXm Bb tcmKmWp-¡sf Ip¯n-sh¨v AWp-_m-[-tb¡m¯ hyàn-I-fn {]Xn-tcm[w hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp¡p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-amWv hmIvkn-t\-j³. \nÀho-cy-am-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Ah-bpsS tcmK-ap--m-¡m-\pÅ tijn Ipd-bp-¶-Xn-\m Ah-bn-e-S-§nb ssPhnIX·m-{X-Isf ico-c-¯nse tizX-c-àm-Wp-¡Ä Bân-P-\mbn I-v Bân-t_mUn DÂ]m-Zn-¸n¨v \in-¸n-¡m³ kmh-Imiw e`n-¡p-¶p. C¯cw {]Xntcm[-tijn ico-c-¯n \ne-\n¡p¶Xn-\m ]n¶oSv {]th-in-¡p¶ bYmÀ° tcmKm-Wp-hn\v tcmKw D-m-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ AhØ ico-c-¯n-ep--m-Ip-¶p. hmIvkn-\p-IÄ ]e-hn[w arX-§-fmb AWp-¡Ä
Poh-\p-ÅXpw \nÀho-cy-am-¡s¸-«-Xp-amb tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä
DZmþdm_okv hmIvkn-\p-IÄ, km¡v hmIvkn³
_n.-kn.-Pn.
tcmKw £bw t]mfntbm Ic-Äho¡w ap-n-\ocv sSä-\kv Un^vXo-cnb hnóNpa
kPo-h-amb tcmKm-Wphkqcn hmIvkn-³
\nÀho-cy-am¡nb tSmIvkn-\p-IÄ T.T
hmIvkn³ BCG OPV
sl¸-ssäänkv hmI-kn-\p-IÄ MMR DPT DPT DPT
4. {]Xn-tcm[ sshI-ey-§Ä
{]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-§-fpsS XI-cm-dp-IÄ ico-c-¯n Nne hn]-coX ^e-§-fp--m-¡p-¶p. XI-cm-dp-IÄ tcmKw ImcWw kzbw{]Xn-tcm-[hmX¸\n kz´w icoc¯nse tImi-§-sf¯s¶ Bân-P-\p-Ifm-bnssh-Iey-§Ä ¡-v Ah-bvs¡-Xnsc enwt^m-ssk-äp-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p. AanX {]Xn-tcm-[w- BkvXva s]mSn-]-S-e-§Ä, ]cm-K-tc-Wp-¡-Ä XpS-§nb Bân-P-\p-IAeÀPn Äs¡Xnsc icocw Aan-X-ambn {]Xn-Icn-¡p-¶Xv aqe-apÅ Akz-Ø-X.
Ah-b-hw amän-h-bv¡epw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw
XI-cm-dn-emb Ah-b-h-§Ä¡p-]-I-c-ambn ]pXp-Xmbn tNÀ¯p-h-bv¡p¶ Ah-bhw ico-c-s¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Hc-\y-h-kvXp(Bân-P³)B-Wv . tNÀ¯phbv¡p¶ Ah-b-h-¯ns\-Xnsc icocw Bân-t_m-Un-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n¨v {]XnIcW{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯n- Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡pw. ]cn-lm-cwþ{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Xm¡m-en-I-ambn AaÀ¯p¶Xn\pÅ acp-¶p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI. shÃp-hn-fnþ -{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Ipd-¨Xv ImcWw tcmKmWp {]th-i-\-¯nsâ km[yX IqSp-XÂ. (AXp-sIm-v Cu Ah-Ø-bnse ]cn-N-c-W-¯n {]tXy-I -{i² Bhiy-amWv)
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
27
{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \in-¡Â/AIDS
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
kpc-£n-X-a-Ãm¯ ssew-Kn-I- _Ôw
AWp-hn-ap-à-am-¡m¯ kqNnIÄ
cà\nthi\w
HIV ico-c-¯n IS-¡p¶p enwt^m-ssk-äp-I-fpw aäp kpc-£mkw-hn-[m-\-§fpw {]hÀ¯n-¡pI hgn Btcm-Ky-apÅ icocw HIV bpsS B{I-aWw enwt^m-ssk-äp-I-sf \in-¸n-¡p-¶p
{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Ipd-bp-¶p tcmK§Ä ]nSns]Sp¶p
ac-W-w
FbvUvkns\-Xnsc kzoI-cn-t¡- ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ
NnInÕ
Hmtcm \m«n-sebpw kml-N-cy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v Ht«sd NnIn-Õm-co-Xn-IÄ cq]-s¸-«n-«p--v. NnInÕmcoXn BbpÀthZw tlman-tbm-¸Xn
Atem-¸-Xn
khn-ti-jX -]p-cm-W-Imew apX `mc-X-¯n {]Nm-c-¯nep-m-bn-cp¶ NnIn-Õm-co-Xn- icocs¯ kpk-Ö-ambn ]cn-]m-en-¡m-\pÅ Hcp Pohn-X-Ncy Øm]-I³þkmaph l\n-am³ XXzwþ Hmtcmcp¯-cn-epapÅ tcmK-e-£-W-§Ä¡v {]m[m-\y-amWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv. tcmK-¯n\p Imc-W-am-Ip¶ hkvXp-hn\pXs¶tcmK-i-a\ap-m¡m-\pw Ignbpw. {]am-W-wþ Huj-[-§Ä t\À¸n-¡pw-tXmdpw Ah-bpsS hocywhÀ[n-¡p-¶p-. Øm]-I³--þlnt¸m-{Im-äkv tcmK- \nÀW-bw, tcmK-Nn-In-Õ, acp-¶p-IÄ F¶nhbv¡v {]m[m\yw
B[p-\nI sshZy-im-kv{Xw
Hmtcm tcmK-Nn-In-Õ¡pw {]tXyI]T\ (kvs]jysse-tk-j³) apÅ-Xn-\mepw \qX\ tcmK-\nÀW-tbm-]m-[n-IfpÅ-Xn-\mepw C¶v an¡ Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw B[p-\nI sshZy-imkv{Xw ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. kvs]jysse-tk-j³ _Ô-s¸« taJe ]oUn-bm-{SnIvkv inip-tcmK NnInÕ ImÀUn-tbm-fPn lrZ-b-Nn-InÕ sPdn-bm-{SnIvkv hmÀ[-Iy-tcmK Nn-InÕ Hmt¦m-fPn Im³kÀ Nn-InÕ H^vXmÂtam-fPn t\{X-Nn-InÕ \yqtdm-fPn akvXn-jvI-þ-\m-Uo-tcmK Nn-InÕ bqtdm-fPn aq{Xm-i-b-tcmK Nn-InÕ ssK\-t¡m-fPn kv{XotcmK NnInÕ tdUn-tbm-fPn tdUn-tb-j³ D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ tcmK\nÀW-bhpw Nn-InÕbpw sNhn, sXm-, aq¡v kw_-Ô-amb E.N.T tcmK-§-fpsS Nn-InÕ
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
28
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
tcmK-\nÀW-tbm-]m-[n-IÄ-þ
Â
tcmK-\nÀW-b D-]m-[n-IÄ
¢n\n-¡Â sXÀtam-ao-äÀ sÌX-kvtIm¸v kv^ntÜm-am-t\m-ao-äÀ MRI kvIm³ FIvkvtd kn. än. kvIm³ t]kvta¡À ECG EEG
B³Pntbm{Kmw Ir{Xna hmÂhpIÄ ss_¸mkv kÀPdn sSen saUnkn³ P\nänIv F©n\obdnwKv \mt\m sSIvt\mfPn F³tUmkvtIm¸n Po³sXdm¸n
{]tbm-P\w ico-c-¯nsâ Xm]-\ne Af-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-w lrZb-kv]-µ\w Af-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-w cà-k-½À±w Af-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-w arZp-I-e-I-fpsS Nn{X-§sfSp¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ kwhn-[m\w FÃp-IÄfpsS Nn{X-§sfSp¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ kwhn-[m\w arZp-I-e-I-fpsS 3DNn{X-§sfSp¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ kwhn-[m\w lrZ-b-an-Sn¸v IrXy-ambn \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-c-Ww lrZ-b-¯nse sshZypX Xcw-K-§Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ kmt¦-XnIhnZy-. akvXn-jvI-¯nse sshZyp-X-X-cw-K-§sf sdt¡mÀUv sN¿p¶ kmt¦-XnIhnZy-. lrZ-b-c-à-¡p-gepIfnse XS-Ê-§Ä Ip-]n-Sn-¡p¶Xn\v CXv klm-bn-¡p-¶p {]hÀ¯-\-c-ln-X-amb lrZb hmÂhp-I-fpsS ]I-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ cà-Ip-g XS-Ê-s¸-«m asämcp cà-Ip-g B `mK-¯n\v kam-´-c-ambn Xp¶n-t¨À¡p¶ ikv{X-{In-b hnh-c-§Ä ssIam-dm³ Ign-bp¶ hn[-¯n-epÅ Zriy-þ-{ihy kt¦-X§fpsS klmbw tcmKnsb ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw acp¶v \nÀt[-in-¡p-¶-Xn\pw sSÌv \S-¯p-¶-Xn\pw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p Hcp Pohn-bpsS P\n-X-I LS-\-bn A`n-e-jWo-b-amb amä-§Ä hcp-¯p¶ kmt¦-XnI Bä-§-fp-tS Xe-¯n ]ZmÀ°s¯ ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ kmt¦-XnIhnZyZl-\-]-Yhpw ico-c-A-dbpw \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kwhn-[m-\-w. -XIcm-dnemb Po\p-Isf amän ]Icw Btcm-Ky-apÅ Po\p-IÄ sh¨v ]nSn-¸n¨v tcmKw NnIn-Õn¡p¶ coXn-
Bân-_tbm-«nIv (
)
kq£vaPohn-Isf \in-¸nt¨m \nÀho-cy-am-¡ntbm tcmK-§Ä NnIn-Õn¨v t`Z-am-¡p-hm³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hkvXp-¡-fmWv Bân-_-tbm-«n-¡p-IÄ. ico-c-¯n-\p-Ånepw ico-tcm-]-cn-X-e-¯nepw Ch D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ch-bn NneXv kq£vaPohn-Ifn \nt¶m Asæn cmk-{]-{In-b-I-fn-eq-sStbm D-m-¡p-¶p. Ae-Ivkm--À ^vsfanwKmWv BZy Bân-_-tbm-«n-¡mb s]\n-kn-en³ I-p-]n-Sn-¨-Xv. #
Bân-_tbm-«n¡pIÄ Poh-Zm-bn-\n-IÄ þ kq£n-¨p-]-tbm-Kn-¨nsæn Poh-\m-in-\n-IÄ \nc-´c-amb D]-tbmKw Ch-bvs¡-Xnsc _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fn AXn-Po-h-\-tijn D-m-Im³ CS-bm-¡p-¶p. ico-c-¯nse D]-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-«pÅ _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf \in-¸n-¡p-¶p. ico-c-¯n Nne hnäm-an-\pIfpsS Afhv Ipdbv¡p¶p.
A]ISw Ipd-¡m³ i. {]Y-a-ip-{iq-j £X-ta-ä-hÀ¡pw s]s«¶v tcmKw aqÀÑn-¨-hÀ¡pw Bip-]-{Xn-bn-se-¯n-¡p-¶Xv hsc \ÂIp¶ ip{iq-j. shÅ-¯n hoWmsf c£n-¡m³þ AØn-`wKw kw`-hn-¨mÂþ izmk-]Yw AS-ªmÂþ ]e Imc-W-§-fmepw Bfp-IÄ A]-ISw kw`-hn¨ hyàn¡v {]Y-a-ip-{iq-j \ÂIm³ aSn-¡p¶p ii. cà\n-thi\w ASn-b-´c L«-§-fn Poh³ c£n-¡m³ cà\n-thi\w klm-b-I-am-hpw. {i²n-t¡- Imcy-§Ä $ tcmK-¸-IÀ¨m km[yX $ cà-¯nsâ Afhv $ ZmXm-hnsâ {]mbw, enwKw, Btcm-Ky-ØnXn XpS-§n-bh $ A\p-tbm-PyXþHmtcm hyànbptSbpw cà-¯n hyXykvX t{]m«o³þ BânP\pw Bânt_mUnbpwþ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ch ZmXm-hnepw kzoIÀ¯m-hnepw tbmPn-¨n-cn-¡-Ww. BcnÂ\n-s¶Ãmw cà-{Kq¸v BânP³ Bânt_mUn A B AB O
A B A, B CÃ
Anti-B Anti-A CÃ Anti-A, Anti-B
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
kzoI-cn¡mw A, O B, O AB, A, B, O O
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
cà-\n-th-i\w \S-¯p-t¼mÄ A, B Bân-P-\p-IÄs¡m¸w Rh LSIw F¶ Hcn\w BânPsâ km¶n[yw IqSn ]cn-K-Wnt¡-Xp-v. Rh LS-I-§Ä ]e-Xp-s--¦nepw Bân-P³ D BWv Ah-bn {][m-\w. Cu LS-IapÅ-hÀ Rh+ F¶pw CÃm-¯-hÀ Rh F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Fdn-t{Xm-»m-tÌm-knkv ^oäm-enkv Rh+ cà-{Kq-¸pÅ kv{Xo¡v Rh cà-{Kq-¸pÅ Ipªv P\n¡p-t¼m-gp--m-Ip¶ sshcp-²y]camb Ah-Ø-bmWnXv.
(a) -ve cà-{Kq-¸pÅ kv{Xo¡pw +ve cà-{Kq-¸pÅ ]pcp-j\pw BZyw P\n-¡p¶ Ipªn\v XI-cm-sdm¶pap--m-Ip-¶n-Ã. (b) F¶m {]khka-b¯v ¹mkâ thÀs]-Sp-t¼mÄ Ipªnsâ cà-¯nse Rh LSIw A½-bpsS cà-¯n-se-¯ntb¡mw. (c) At¸mÄ A½-bpsS icocw Cu LS-I-¯n-s\-Xnsc Bân-t_m-Un-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. (d) ]n¶o-SpÅ KÀ`-§-fn Ipªv Rh+ BsW-¦n t\cs¯ cq]-s¸« Bân-t_m-Un-IÄ ¹mkâ-hgn {`qW-¯n {]th-in¨v Acp-W-c-àm-Wp-¡Ä I«-]n-Sn¨v {`qWw \in-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bm-¡p-¶p.
Fdn-t{Xm-»m-tÌm-knkv^oämenkv aqew acn¨ Ipªv
cà-Zm\w t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m³ sN¿m-hp¶ Imcy-§Ä
kpc-£m-kw-hn-[m-\w kky-§-fn 1. kzm`m-hnI -{]-Xn-tcm[kwhn-[m-\-§Ä LS-\m-]-c-amb kwhn-[m-\-§Ä sXmen, sXmen-¸p-ds¯ sagpIv, Iyq«n-¡nÄ, enán³
ssPhcmk]c-amb amä-§Ä (Step-1) (Step-2) (Step-3) (Step-4)
tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä DÅ-n {]th-in-¡p-t¼mÄ Ahbn-epÅ cmk-h-kvXp-¡sf kky-tIm-i-§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bp¶p. Nne-Xcw t{]m«o-\p-IÄ, kmen-kn-enIv BknUv, FYnen³ XpS-§nb ]ZmÀY-§Ä DÂ]mZn¸n-¡-p-¶p. Cu ]ZmÀY-§fpsS km¶n[yw hgn tcmKm-Wp_-m-[-bpsS hnhcw kky-ico-c-¯n-se-Ãm-bnS¯pw F¯n¡p-¶p. tcmKm-Wp-¡sf t\cn-Sm³ hnhn[ kky-I-e-I-fnse tImi-§-fn LS-\m-]-c-amb ]e amä§fpw D-m-Ip¶p. $ AWp-_m-[nXtImi-§-fpsS s]s«-¶pÅ \miw. $ AWp-m-[nXtImi-§-sf thÀXn-cn-¡p¶ tImÀ¡v tImi\nc-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww. $ ^nt\mÄ kwbpà§fpsS \nÀam-Ww.
2. {]Xn-tcm-[-h¡-cWw
P\n-XI amäw hcp-¯nb kky-§Ä DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ Bân-t_mUnIfmWv ¹mân-t_m-Un-IÄ. DZmþ]pI-bn-e-s¨-Snbn samsskIv F¶ tcmK-¯n\p Imc-Wamb Sp_m-t¡m-sam-sskIv sshdknsâ Nne Po\p-IÄ IS-¯n-hn« sNSn-IÄ¡v Cu tcmK-¯n-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn- cq]-s¸«-p.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
30
]gb tcmK-\nÀW-tbm-]m-[n-IÄ 1. ¢n\n-¡Â sXÀtam-ao-äÀ
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
Cu D]-I-cWw a\p-jy-i-co-c-¯nsâ Xm]-\ne Af-¡p-hm³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. ¢n\n-¡Â sXÀtam-ao-ädn Xm]-\ne ^mc³loäv kvsIbven BWv. CXn 950 F(350C) apX 1080F(420C) hsc AS-bmfs¸Sp-¯n-bn-cn¡pw.
2. sÌX-kvtIm¸v lrZb-kv]-µ\w Af-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. sÌX-kvtIm-¸nse ‘Ub-{^’¯nsâ I¼-\-¯n-eqsS lrZb-kv]-µ\¯nsâ kz`mhw tUmIvSÀ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.
3. kv^ntÜm-am-t\m-ao-äÀ
cà-k-½À±w Af-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. lrZbw kt¦mNn¡p-t¼mÄ D-m-Ip¶ aÀ±w aqew [a-\n-IÄ hnI-kn-¡p¶p. Cu aÀ±-amWv kntÌm-fnIv {]jÀ. F¶m lrZbw hn{i-an-¡p-t¼mgpÅ aÀ±-amWv UbtÌm-fnIv {]jÀ. Btcm-Ky-apÅ Hcm-fpsS kntÌm-fnIv {]jÀ 120mm/Hgbpw UbtÌm-fnIv {]jÀ 80mm/Hgbpw Bbn-cn-¡pw.
\qX\ tcmK-\nÀW-tbm-]m-[n-IÄ 1. MRI kvIm³
B´-cm-h-b-h-§psS hni-Z-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-W-¯n\v klm-bn-¡p¶ asämcp kwhn-[m-\-am-WnXv. Im´nIaÞ-ehpw tdUntbm hnIn-cW-§fpamWv Nn{X-§-sf-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. arZp-I-e-I-fpsS Nn{X-§sfSp¡p-¶-Xn\v hfsc klm-b-I-amWv Cu kwhn-[m-\-w. CXn Atbm-Wo-I-cW tdUn-tb-j-\p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶n-Ã. akvXn-jvI-¯n-sâbpw \s«-Ãn-sâbpw tISp-]m-Sp-IÄ Is--¯p-¶-Xn\pw kÔnIfnse XI-cm-dp-IÄ Is--¯p-¶-Xn\pw Cu kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Pe-¯n-epÅ H2 Bä-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmWv CXv t^m¡kv sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXn-\m Pemwiw Ipd-hpÅ AØn-I-sfbpw ]Ãn-s\bpw CXn-\m ImWm³ ]än-Ã.
2. X-ray X-ray F¶ sshZyp-X-Im-´nI hnIn-c-W-§-fpsS klmb-¯m B´-c-`m-K-§-fpsS Nn{X-§-sfSp-¡p¶ kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWnXv. X-ray hnIn-c-W-§sf IS-¯n-hn-Sm-\pÅ tijn-bpsS Imcy-¯n ico-c-I-e-IÄ hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu {]tXy-IX {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯nsIm--mWv X-ray Nn{X-§-sf-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. hkvXp-¡-fpsS DÅn IS-¶p- ]pd¯v h-cp¶ hnIn-c-Ws¯ Hcp t^mt«m-^n-en-an hogm-\-\p-h-Zn¡p-t¼mÄ ico-c-¯n\pÅnse hkvXp-¡-fpsS {]Xn-cq]w ^nen-an ]Xn-bp¶p. X-ray þIsf H«pw Xs¶ IS-¯n-hn-Sm-¯-Xn-\m FÃp-IÄ X-ray Nn{X-¯n shfp¯ \nd-¯nepw, `mKn-I-ambn IS¯n-hn-Sp¶Xn-\m arZp-I-e-IÄ Nmc-\n-d-¯nepw hmbp ]qÀW-ambpw IS¯n-hn-
Sp¶Xn-\m izmk-tIm-i-§Ä Idp¸v \nd-¯nepw ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p.
3. C.T.kvIm³ X-ray hnIn-c-W-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v ico-c-¯nse B´-c-`m-K-§-fpsS Nn{X-§-sf-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Hcp kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWv C.T.kvIm³. arZp-e I-e-IfpsS Nn{X-§-sfSp-¡p¶Xn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Pyam-Wn-Xv. ]c¼cmKX X-raybn \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn C.T.kvIm\nwKn Htc kabw hyXykvX BwKnfp-I-fnÂ, At\Iw X-ray _oap-IÄ ico-c-¯n-eqsS IS-¯n-hn-Sp-¶p. ico-c-¯n \n¶v ]pd¯v hcp¶ hnIn-c-W-§sf Hcp detector kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw I¼yq-«-dnsâ klm-b-t¯msS {Xnam\ Nn{X-§-fm¡n amäp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. C¯-c-¯n ico-c-¯nsâ image D-m-¡n-sIm-v ico-cs¯ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv.
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
4. Ir{Xn-a t]kvta-¡À
Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-IÄ aptJ\ sshZypX Bth-K-§Ä \ÂIn-s¡m-v lrZ-b-an-Sn¸v IrXy-ambn \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-c-Ww. _mädn hgn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. CSs¯ tXmsf-Ãn\v Xmsg-bmbn ico-c-¯n-\p-Ån CXv Øm]n-¡p-¶p. Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-Isf lrZ-b-hp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
5. ECG (Electrocardiograph)
lrZ-b-Xm-fhpw, lrZ-b-¯nse sshZypX Xcw-K-§fpw hni-Z-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ Hcp kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWnXv.
ECG bneqsS e`y-am-Ip¶ {Km^v \nco-£¨v lrZ-b {]hÀ¯-\-¯nse sshI-ey-w a\-Ên-em¡mw.
6. EEG (Electroencephalogram) Xe-tbm-Sn Dd¸n-¡p¶ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v akvXn-jvI-¯nse sshZyp-XX-cw-K-§sf sdt¡mÀUv sN¿p¶ Hcp kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWnXv. Xe-t¨m-dnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-s¯ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv GsX¦-nepw Xc-¯n A]m-I-X-IÄ Ds-¦-n Is--¯p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
7. B³Pn-tbm{Kmw Contrastal dye bpw X-ray bpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v cà-Ip-g-ep-I-fp-sSbpw lrZ-b-¯nsâbpw B´-cn-I-`m-K-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶ kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWnXv. I¿n-tetbm Ib-e(hb-dn-sâbpw XpS-bp-tSbpw CS-bn-epÅ `mKw)bnsetbm [a\n-bn-eqsS IS-¯n-hn-Sp¶ I¯o-äÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨v lrZ-b-¯n\v kao-]-apÅ cà-Ip-g-ep-I-fn ssU Ip¯n-h-bv¡p-¶p. ]n¶oSv ssU hym]n-¡p¶Xnsâ X-ray Nn{X-§-sf-Sp¯v hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p. lrZ-b-c-à-¡p-gepIfnse XS-椀 I-p-]n-Sn-¡p¶Xn\v CXv klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
8. Ir{Xn-a-hmÂhp-IÄ
{]hÀ¯-\-c-ln-X-amb lrZb hmÂhp-I-fpsS Øm\¯v Ir{Xn-a-hmÂhp-IÄ sh¨v ]nSn-¸n-¡p¶ kwhn-[m\hpw C¶v \ne-hn-ep--v.
9. ss_¸mkv kÀPdn cà-Ip-g icn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bm-¯-hn[w XS-Ê-s¸-«m asämcp cà-Ip-g (km[m-cW tcmKn-bpsS Xs¶ XpS-bn \ns¶-Sp¯Xv) B `mK-¯n\v kam-´-c-ambn Xp¶n-t¨À¡p¶ ikv{X-{In-b-bmWv ss_¸mkv kÀP-dn.
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
10. sSen-sa-Un-kn³
hnh-c-hn-\n-abkmt¦-XnIhnZy-sb tcmK-\nÀW-b-þ-Nn-InÕm cwK¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bmWv sSen-sa-Unkn\neqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. Cu kwhn-[m-\-¯n-eqsS tcmKnbpw tUmIvSdpw tcmK-\nÀWb kwhn-[m-\-§fpw X½nepÅ Zqc-¯nsâ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]c-kv]cw hnh-c-§Ä ssIam-dm³ Ign-bp¶ hn[-¯n-epÅ Zriy-þ-{ihy kt¦-X§fpsS klmbw tcmKnsb ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw acp¶v \nÀt[-in-¡p-¶-Xn\pw sSÌv \S¯p-¶-Xn\pw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
11. \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn
Bä-§-fp-tStbm X·m-{X-I-fp-tStbm Xe-¯n ]ZmÀ°s¯ ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWv \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn. km[m-c-WK-Xn-bn 1þ100nm (1 nm=10-9m)hen-¸-apÅ hkvXp-¡-fmWv Cu kmt¦-XnIhnZybn DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. {]mcw-`-Z-i-bn-epÅ Cu kmt¦XnIhnZybv¡v NnIn-Õm-cw-K¯pw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn¡v taJ-e-bn-ep-sams¡ Zqchym]-I-amb amä-§Ä hcp-¯m-\-Ip-sa¶p Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.
12. F³tUm-kvtIm¸n Zl-\-]-Yhpw DS-ensâ DÄ`m-Khpw (B´-cm-h-b-h-§Ä DÄsIm-Åp¶ Ad) Endoscope F¶ D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn¨v \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. hg-¡-apÅ Hcp Syq_pw AXn-\-ä-¯mbn LSn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ _Ä_pw Iyma-d-bp-amWv Cu D]-I-c-W-¯nsâ {][m\ `mK-§Ä. Syq_v ico-c-¯n-\-I¯v IS¯n I¼yp-«dnsâ tamWn-ä-dn-eqsS Zriy-§Ä \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. Zl-\-]-Y¯nse XS-Ê-§Ä Is-¯p-¶Xn-\mWv CXv {][m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Nne-t¸mÄ eLpikv{X-{In-b-IÄ¡pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
13. P\n-änIv F©n-\o-b-dnwKv
P\n-X-I- hkvXp-¡Ä \o¡w- sNbvtXm Iq«n-t¨Àt¯m Hcp Pohn-bpsS P\n-X-I LS-\-bn A`n-e-jWo-b-amb hy-Xn-bm-\-§Ä hcp-¯p¶ kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWv P\n-XI F©n\o-b-dnwKv / dotIm-¼n-\âv DNA sSIvt\m-fPn. Tools sdkv{SnIvj³ F³tUm\yq-¢n-tbkv'- -("tamfn-Iyq-emÀ I{XnI')þDNA sb apdn-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ F³ssk-ap-IÄ. entK-kv ("tamfn-Iyp-emÀ ]i')þDNA sb X½n tNÀ¡p¶ F³sskw. Kth-jWw, ssPhkmt¦-XnIhnZy, sshZy-im-kv{Xw, Irjn, hyh-km-bw XpS-§nb ]e taJ-eI-fnepw Cu kmt¦-XnIhnZy hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
14. Po³sX-dm¸n
]mc-¼-cy-tcm-K-§Ä¡v ImcWw Po\nse sshIeyw aqew sXämb t{]m«o-\p-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. XI-cm-dnemb Po\p-Isf amän ]Icw Btcm-Ky-apÅ Po\p-IÄ sh¨v ]nSn-¸n¨v tcmKw NnIn-Õn¡p¶ B[p-\nI coXn-bmWv Po³sX-dm-¸n.
Courtesy: Vinod Master (GRHSS, Kottakkal)
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
7 \½-sf-§s\ \½-fmbn Assew-KnI {]XypÂ]m-Z\w Hcp amXm-hn \n¶v am{X-am-I-bm Ah DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶ ASp¯ Xe-ap-d AXnsâ X\n-]-IÀ¸m-bn-cn¡pw. F¶m a\p-jy-\S¡w ]e Pohn-I-fnepw \S-¡p¶ ssewKnI {]XypÂ]m-Z\w amXmhpw ]nXmhpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. C§s\bp-m-Ip¶ ]pXp-X-e-apd AhÀ X½nepw amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fn \n¶pw kmZr-iy-§fpw (hwi-]m-c-¼cyw) sshhn-[y-§fpw (hyXn-bm-\-§Ä) {]I-S-am-¡p-¶p. AXn-\m C¯-c-¯n-ep--m-Ip¶ k´m-\-§Ä AXp-ey-cm-bn-cn¡pw (\½sf t]mse \mw am{Xw). C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hwi-]m-c-¼cyt¯bpw hyXn-bm-\-§tfbpw Ipdn-¨pÅ ]T-\-amWv P\n-XI imkv{Xw.
]mTw Npcp-¡-¯n P\n-XI imkv{Xw
- endal-]co-£-W-§Ä, ]mc-¼cy \nb-a-§Ä M imkv{X-im-J-bm-bpÅ BhnÀ`mhw hfÀ¨-bnse \mgnI IÃp-IÄ Po\p-IÄ- (DNAbpsS {]hÀ¯\ LSIw) t{Ima-tkmw, DNA LS\
]mc-¼-cy¯nsâ X·m-{Xm-Sn-Øm\w
Po\p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w
DNA (gene) → RNA →t{]m«o-³ (kz`mhw \nb{´n-¡p¶p)
hyXn-bm-\-§Ä¡pÅ Imc-W-§Ä-
-1. Po³ hn\n-a-bw 2. DÂ]-cn-hÀ¯\w (
a\p-jy-\nse enwK-\nÀWbw
enwK\nÀWb t{Ima-tkmapIÄþ]p-cp-j-\nepw kv{Xobnepw ” ” þ_o-P-tIm-i-§-fn _oP-kw-tbm-Kkm[y-Xbpw enwKhpw (enwK \nÀWb¯n ]pw_o-P-¯nsâ ]¦v)
]mc-¼-cy-tcm-K-§Ä)
P\n-XI F³Pn\o-b-dnwKv P\n-XI imkv{X-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-IÄ
km[y-X-Ifpw Bi¦Ifpw
{KnKÀ tPm¬ sa³U F¶ imkv{X-Ú-\mWv BZy-ambn hwi-]m-c-¼-cys¯ Ipdn¨v imkv{Xo-b-ambn D¯cw Is--¯n-b-Xv. AXn-\m At±-lw ]mc-¼-cyimkv{X-¯nsâ ]nXm-hmbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. At±-lw ]bÀs¨-Sn-bn-emWv ]T-\-§Ä \S-¯n-b-Xv. AXn\p Imc-Wwþ
sa³UÂ-þsâ ]co-£W¯n\v 3 LS-§-fp--v. (Step-1) ]bÀs¨-Sn-bnse ip² amXr-]nXr kky-§sf Is--¯n. (Step-2) hÀ¤ k¦cW-¯neqsS H¶mw Xe-ap-dsb DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¨p. (Step-3) c-mw Xe-ap-dtbbpw ]n¶o-SpÅ Xe-ap-dItfbpw kz]-cm-K-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡n.
GI-tZiw 29,000þt¯mfw ]bÀs¨-Sn-Isf C¯-c-¯n apf-¸n¨v \nco-£n-¨p. ]co-£-W-§-fn \n¶pw At±lw e`n¨ Nne \nK-a-\-§-Äþ $ Hmtcm kz-`m-h-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-Ip¶ Hmtcm tPmUn LS-I-§Ä FÃm Pohn-I-fnepw D-mbn-cn¡pw. Cu LS-I-§sf At±lw {]Xo-I-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v kqNn-¸n-¨p. DZm: Db-c-¡q-Sp-X þ T T ,Nph¶ ]qhv þ RR Db-c-¡p-dhv þ tt ,shfp¯ ]qhv þ rr $ Cu tPmUn LS-I-§-fn H¶v amXm-hn \n¶pw atäXp ]nXm-hn \n¶p-am-bn-cn¡pw e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. (Cu LS-I-§-fmWv amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fn \n¶pw ]mc-¼-cy-Kp-W-§Ä ASp¯ Xe-ap-d-bn-te¡v hln-¡p-¶-Xv). $ hn]-coX KpW-§Ä amXr-k-k-y-¯ntem ]nXr-k-k-y-¯ntem Bbn-cp-¶mepw ]co-£W ^e-¯n\v bmsXmcp amähpw D-m-hn-Ã.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
]co-£Ww : 1 ]bÀsNSn-IfpsS Db-c-¡q-Sp-XÂ, Db-c¡pdhv F¶o hn]-coX KpW-§-fmWv ]co-£Wwþ1Â ]T-\hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bXv. amXr-k-kyw (Db-cw IqSnbXv)
]nXr-k-kyw (Db-cw Ipd-ª-Xv)
TT
tt
T
t
_oPtImi§Ä
(F1
Tt
)
(Db-cw IqSnbXv)
\nco-£-Ww- 1-þmw Xe-ap-d-bn amXr-k-ky¯nsâ Db-c-¡q-Sp-X F¶ KpWhntij-W-amWv k´m-\-§Ä {]I-S-am-¡nb-Xv. F¶m P\n-XI LS-I-§-fn Ch X½n hyXym-k-ap--v. amXr-k-ky¯n Db-c-¡q-Sp-X-en-\pÅ 2 LS-I-§-fp-Å-t¸mÄ (TT) k´-Xn-bn Db-c-¡q-Sp-X-en-\pw Db-c-¡pdhn-\p-apÅ Hmtcm LS-I-§-fmWpÅ-Xv (Tt). \nb-a-kq-N\ Db-c-¡q-Sp-X-en\pÅ LS-Iw (T) Db-c-¡pdhn-\p-Å LS-I¯nsâ (t) ta ta[m-hnXzw ImWn-¨p. \nKa\w -{]I-S-k-z-`mh \nbaw Hcp tPmUn hn]-coX KpW-§Ä IqSn-t¨-cpt¼mÄ AXn-semcp KpWw am{Xw {]I-S-amhp-Ibpw ({]I-S-Kp-Ww) atäXp ad-ªn-cn-¡p-Ibpw (Kp]vX-Kp-Ww) sN¿pw.
]co-£Ww : 2 ]co-£Wwþ1se F1 Xe-apdbn kz]-cm-KWw \S¯n DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ hn¯p-IÄ apf-¸n-¨m-bn-cp¶p 2þmas¯ ]co-£Ww. Tt
T
_oPtImi§Ä
Tt
t
TT (Db-cw IqSnbXv)
(F2
T Tt (D. IqSnbXv)
Tt (D. IqSnbXv)
t
tt (D. Ipd-ª-Xv)
\nco-£-Ww- 2þmw Xe-ap-d-bn 3:1 F¶ A\p-]m-X-¯n Db-c-w IqSnb sNSn-Ifpw Db-c-w Ipdª sNSn-Ifpw D-m-bn. F¶m Dbcw IqSnb FÃm kky-§-fp-sSbpw P\n-XI LS-\ Hcp-t]m-te-b-Ã. 1/3 Db-c-¡q-Sp-X-en\v Imc-W-amb LS-I-§-Ä (TT) am{X-ap-Åhbpw 2/3 Db-c-¡q-Sp-X-en-\pw Db-c-¡pdhn-\p-apÅ Hmtcm LS-I-§-fpÅhbp-amWv (Tt). \nb-a-kq-N\ amXr-k-ky-¯n-se-¶-t]mse ]nXr-k-ky-¯nepw tPmUn-bmbn ImW-s¸-Sp¶ LS-I-§-Ä tPmUn ]ncn-ªmWv Hmtcm _oP-tIm-i-§-fnte¡pw t]mIp-¶-Xv. \nKa\w hnth-N\ \nbaw _oP-tIm-i-§Ä D-m-Ip-t¼mÄ KpW-hn-tij-§sf \nÀW-bn-¡p¶ ]mc-¼cy LS-I-§Ä tPmUn]n-cn-bp-Ibpw Hmtcm¶pw Hmtcm enwKtImi¯n-te¡v t]mhp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
]co-£Ww : 3 ]co-£-W-wþ3Â sa³UÂ ]bÀsN-Sn-bpsS Dbcw F¶ KpWhpw ]qhnsâ \ndhpw ]cn-K-Wn-¨p. amXr-k-kyw (D. IqSnb Nph¶ ]q¡-fp-ÅXv)
]nXr-k-kyw (D. Ipd-ª- shÅ ]q¡-fp-ÅXv)
TTRR
_oPtImi§Ä
(F1
ttrr
TR
tr
TtRr
)
(D. IqSnb Nph¶ ]q¡-fp-ÅXv) SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
\nco-£-Ww- 1þmw Xe-ap-d-bn FÃm k´-Xn-Ifpw amXr-k-ky-¯nsâ Db-c-w IqSnb Nph¶ ]q¡-fp--m-¡p¶ KpW-§-fmWv {]I-S-am-¡n-bXv. F¶m amXr-k-ky-¯n \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Kp]vX-Kp-W-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-Ip¶ Hmtcm LS§Ä hoXhpw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
]co-£Ww : 4 ]co-£-W-wþ3se F1 Xeapdsb kz]-cm-K-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-am¡p¶Xm-bn-cp¶p 4þmas¯ ]co-£-W-w. TtRr
TtRr
kv{Xo_o-P-§Ä
_oPtImi§Ä
TR Tr
tR
]pw_o-P-§Ä tr
TR Tr tR
tr
Ch-bpsS kwtbm-K-kw-`m-hyX ]®äv kvIzb-dn C§s\ kw{K-ln-¡mwþ TR TR
Tr
tR tr
tr
tR
Tr
TTRR
TTRr
TtRR
TtRr
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
TTRr
TTrr
TtRr
Ttrr
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
shÅ ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
shÅ ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
TtRR
TtRr
ttRR
ttRr
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
TtRr
Ttrr
ttRr
ttrr
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
shÅ ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSnbh
shÅ ]q¡-fpÅ D. Ipd-ª-h
\nco-£-Ww- 1þmw Xe-ap-d-bn \n¶v 4 Xc-¯n-epÅ kv{Xo_o-P-§fpw ]pw_o-P-§fpw D-m-Ip-¶p. amXr]nXr-k-ky-§-fn H¶n¨p\n¶ KpW-hn-ti-j-§fpÅ k´m-\-§Ä¡v ]pdsa 2 k¦cbn-\-§fpw D-mbn. þNp-h¶ ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw Ipd-ªh þshfp¯ ]q¡-fpÅ Dbcw IqSn-bh A\p-]m-Xwþ9:3:3:1 \nb-a-kq-N\ Hmtcm kz`m-h-hn-ti-jhpw asäm-¶p-ambn ZrV-_Ôw ImWn-¡p-¶n-söpw Ahbv¡v GXp-ambpw IqSn-t¨-cp-hm³ km[yX Ds-¶pw hne-bn-cp-¯n. \nKa\w kz-X{´ A]-h-yq-l\ \nbaw ct-m AXn-e-[n-Itam tPmUn hn]-co-X-Kp-W-§Ä IqSn-t¨-cp-t¼mÄ AXn-temtcm tPmUn- KpWhpw A]-c-tPmUnbpambn IqSn-¡-e-cmsX XnI¨pw kz-X-{´-ambn ASp¯ Xe-ap-d-bn-te¡p hym]-cn¡p-¶p. sa³Uensâ ]co-£W^e-§Ä 1866þ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-sh-¦nepw A¶v AXn\v th-{X AwKo-Imcw In«pI-bp--mbn-Ã. 1884þ sa³U A´-cn-¨p. sa³U- ac-W-s¸«v 16 hÀj-§Ä¡p tijw lyq-tKm -Uo -{ho-kv, ImÄ tImd³kv , FdnIv sjÀamIv F¶o imkv{X-Ú·mcmWv sa³Uensâ ]mc-¼-c-y-imkv{X \nba-§Ä kzX-{´-ambn Is-¯n ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-¨-Xv. ]n¶o-SmWv ]mc-¼-c-y-t¯bpw hy-Xn-bm-\-§-tfbpw]än {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ P\n-XIimkv{Xw F¶ imkv{X-imJ cq]w sIm-Xv. hÀjw 1866 1869
1902
imkv{X-ÚÀ {KnKÀ tPm¬ sa³U {^UdnIv anjÀ lyqtKm Un {hokv, FdnIv sjÀamÀ¡v, ImÄ tImd³kv hmÄ«À Fkv k«³, XntbmUÀ t_mhdn
1905
t_ävk³
1943
Bthcn Pbnwkv hmSvk¬, {^m³knkv {In¡v sPmlm³k³ amÀj \nc³_ÀKv, lÀtKm-_nµv sJmcm\
1900
1953 1909 1970
kw`m-h\ P\n-XI \nb-a-§Ä BhnjvI-cn¨p. \yq-¢nIv BknUv Is--¯n. sa³Uensâ \nb-a-§Ä ]p\cmhn-jvIcn-¨p. ]mc-¼-cy-L-S-I-§Ä t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fnemWv AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v Is-¯n. ]mc-¼-c-ys¯bpw hy-Xn-bm-\-§-sfbpw ]än ]Tn-¡p¶ ]pXnb imkv{X-im-Jbv¡v P\-änIvkv F¶ t]cp \ÂIn. Ct±-l-¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ Kth-j-IÀ DNA BWv P\nXI hkvXp-sh¶p Is-¯n. DNA bpsS NpäptKmh-Wn- amXrI Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
sa³U hniZoIcn¨ ]mc-¼-c-y-L-S-I-§Ä¡p Po³ F¶p t]cp \ÂIn. P\n-XI tImUv Is-¯n.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
]mc-¼-cy-t{]-jW¯nsâ X·m-{Xm-Sn-Øm\w kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§-fpsS ]mc-¼-cy-t{]-jWw Nne LS-I-§Ä hgn-bm-sW¶ sa³U-ensâ k¦ev]w bmYmÀYy-am-sW¶v ]n¶oSv sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«p. GsXmcp Pohn-bp-sSbpw Hmtcm kz-`m-hkhn-ti-j-Xtbbpw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xv Po\p-I-fm-sW¶pw Po\p-IÄ DNA X·m-{X-bpsS `mK-§fm-sW¶pw hyà-ambn.
aÀa-¯n-\p-Ån t{Ima-tkm-an-emWv DNA ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Uo HmIvkn ssdt_m-þ-\yq-¢nIv BknUnsâ \o- 2 Cg-I-fmWv Hcp DNA X·m-{X. 2 Cg-Ifpw Hcp Npäp-tKm-h-Wn-bpsS BIr-Xn-bn-em-Wv. DNAþbpsS ASn-Øm\ LS-I-§-fmWv \yq¢n-tbm-ssS-Up-IÄ. CXn 3 LS-I-§-fp--vþUo HmIvkn ssdt_mkv ]©-km-c, t^mkvt^äv X·m-{X-, 4 Xcw ss\{S-P³ t_kpIÄþ AU-n\n³(A), ssXao³(T), Kzm-\n³(G), ssksäm-kn³(C). ss\{S-P³ t_kpIÄ 4 Xc¯n DÅ-Xn-\m \yq¢n-tbm-ssS-Up-Ifpw 4 Xc¯nem-Wv. ]©-km-cbpw t^mkvt^äpw tNÀ¶mWv Npäp-tKm-h-Wn-bpsS s\Snb Cg-Ifpw ss\{S-P³ t_kp-IÄ tNÀ¶mWv AXnsâ ]Sn-I-fp-w \nÀan-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A-T pambpw G-C pambpw tPmUn-tN-cp¶p. AXm-bXv DNA bnse c-n-g-Ifpw Hcp t]mseb-Ã. Ah ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-§-fm-Wv. DNA bpsS {]hÀ¯-\LS-I-§-fmWv Po\p-IÄ. D]m-]-Nb {]hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{´n¡p-¶Xpw kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-IÄ¡p Imc-W-am-Ip-¶Xpw Cu `mK-§fmWv.
Po\p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w
kz`m-h-k-hn-tj-X-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xpw D]m-]-Nb {]hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xpw t{]m«o-\p-I-fm-Wv. GXp-Xcw t{]m«o-\p-IÄ \nÀan-¡-W-sa¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶Xv DNA bnse Po\p-I-fm-Wv. DNA t\cn«v t{]m«o³ \nÀan-¡p-¶n-Ã. (Step-1) DNA bnÂ\n-¶v RNA\nÀan-¡p-¶p.
DNA Cg-]n-cnbp¶p → Po\nse t_kp-I-fp-ambn ssdt_m \yq¢n-tbm-ssS-Up-IÄ tNÀ¶v XXp-ey-amb RNA\nÀan-¡p-¶p →RNAbpsS Cg-IÄ DNA bn \n¶pw thÀ]n-cn-bp-¶p. (DNA ]qÀh ØnXn-bn-em-Ip¶p). (Step-2) RNA bnÂ\n-¶v t{]m«o³ \nÀan-¡p¶p. RNA aÀa-¯n \n¶pw tImi-{Z-hy-¯n-ep-Å ssdt_mtkmap Ifnse¯p¶p →RNA bnse \nÀt±-i-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v
ssdt_mtkman sh¨v Aant\m Bkn-Up-IÄ Iq«nt¨À¯v t{]m«o³ \nÀan-¡p¶p. DNA bpw RNA bpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-§Ä
hyXn-bm-\-§Ä¡pÅ Imc-W-§Ä
amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fn \n¶pw hyXy-kvXamb kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä (hyXn-bm\w) k´-Xn-I-fn {]IS-am-Ip¶Xnsâ Imc-W-§Ä c-m-Wvþ Po³ hn\n-a-bhpw DÂ]-cn-hÀ¯\hpw.
1. Po³ hn\n-a-bw _oP-tIm-i-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp¶ ka-b¯v (Du\-`w-K-¯n-eq-sS-) amXm-hn \n¶pw ]nXm-hn \n¶pw e`n¨ ka-cq] t{Ima-tkm-ap-IÄ tPmUn-tN-cp-Ibpw P\n-XI hkvXp-¡Ä ssIam-dpIbpw sN¿pw. Cu {]{In-bbmWv Po³ hn\n-a-bw. Po³hn\n-a-b^e-ambn amXm-hn \n¶v e`n¨ t{Ima-tkm-an ]nXm-hn \n¶p-apÅ Nne Po\p-Ifpw ]nXm-hn \n¶v e`n¨ t{Ima-tkm-an amXm-hn \n¶p-apÅ Nne Po\p-Ifpw F¯nt¨-cp-¶p. CXv k´m-\§-fn sshhn[y-ap--m-¡p-¶p.
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2. DÂ]-cn-hÀ¯\w
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
BI-kvan-I-ambn t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fpsS LS-\-bntem F®-¯ntem kw`-hn-¡p¶ amä-§-Ä (DÂ]-cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä) k´m-\-§-fn ]ehn[ sshI-ey-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-Ip¶p. Ch ]mc-¼-cy-ambn t{]jWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. C¯cw sshI-ey-§fmWv ]mc-¼-cy-tcm-K-§Ä. km[m-c-W-bm-bpÅ ]mc-¼-cy-tcm-K-§Ä
tcm-K-§Ä SÀWÀ kn³t{Umw Uu¬ kn³t{Umw kn¡nÄsk A\o-anb
XI-cmÀ
e£-W-§Ä
enwK-\nÀWb t{Imatkm-ap-I-fn H¶p Ipdhv (Hcp t{Imatkmw am{Xw)
kv{Xoe-£-Ww, hÔy-X, s]m¡-¡p-d-hv. _p²n-am-µyw, hÔy-X, Ipdª tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[tijn.-
t{Ima-tkm-ap-IÄ = 44 + XT
kzcq] t{Ima-tkm-ap-Ifn H¶p-Iq-Sp-X (2-1þmw t{Imatkmw aqs¶-®w.BsI 47 t{Imatkmw). t{Ima-tkm-ap-IÄ = 45 + XX / 45 + XY
Acp-W-c-àm-Wp-¡-fnse lotam-t¥m_-n³ X·m-{X-I-fn LS-\m-]-c-amb sshI-ey-ap--m-Ip-¶p. Bb-Xn-\m cà-¯n HmIvkn-Psâ Afhv Ipd-bpt¼mÄ AcpWcàm-Wp-¡Ä¡v cq]-amäw kw`-hn¨v Acn-hm-fnsâ BIr-Xn-bmbn amdp-¶p.
Ie-I-fn-te-¡pÅ HmIvkn-P³ kwh-l-\-tijn Ipdbp-¶-p.
enwK-\nÀWbw a\p-jy-\n enwK \nÀWb t{Ima-tkmapIÄ
]pcp-j-\nepw kv{Xobnepw 46 t{Ima-tkm-w B-Wp-Å-Xv. F¶m Ch-bn 2 F®w enwKs¯ \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. enwK\nÀWb t{Ima-tkmapIÄ 2 Xc-ap--vþ X & Y. ]pcp-j-\n X Y þDw kv{Xobn X X þDw.
enwK \nÀWb t{Ima-tkmapIÄþ_o-P-tIm-i-§-fn AWvU¯n X t{Ima-tkmapIÄ am{X-am-bn-cn¡pw DÅ-Xv. F¶m ]pw_o-P-¯n 50% X þDw 50% Y þDw Bbn-cn-¡pw.
enwK \nÀWb¯n ]pw_o-P-¯nsâ ]¦v
_oP-kw-tbmK ka-b¯v AWvUhpambn X t{Ima-tkmw AS-§nb ]pw_o-PamWv kwtbm-Pn¡p¶sX¦n B knàmWvUw hfÀ¶v s]¬Ip-«n-bm-Ipw(X X). adn¨v AWvUhpambn kwtbm-Pn¡p¶Xv Y t{Ima-tkmw AS-§nb ]pw_o-PamsW¦n AXv hfÀ¶v B¬Ip-«n-bm-Ipw(X Y)
P\n-X-I- hkvXp-¡Ä \o¡w- sNbvtXm Iq«n-t¨Àt¯m Hcp Pohn-bpsS P\n-X-I LS-\-bn A`n-e-jWo-b-amb hy-Xn-bm-\-§Ä hcp-¯p¶ kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWv P\n-XI F©n\o-b-dnwKv / dotIm-¼n-\âv DNA sSIvt\m-fPn. ToolsA. sdkv{SnIvj³ F³tUm\yq-¢n-tbkv'- -("tamfn-Iyq-emÀ I{XnI')þDNA sb apdn-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ F³ssk-ap-IÄ. B. entK-kv ("tamfn-Iyp-emÀ ]i')þPo\p-Isf X½n tNÀ¡p¶ F³sskw.
kw`m-h-\-IÄ 1. sshZyimkv{X taJ-eþ_mIvSo-cn-bsb sIm-v a\p-jyC³kp-en³ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶p. 2. Irjn taJ-eþIoS-\m-iI tijn-bpÅ sNSn-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¨p. (Eg: Bt ]cp-¯nbpw Bt hgp-X-\-§bpw) 3. hyh-km-bnI taJ-eþs]t{Sm-fnbw DÂ]-¶-§Ä Xn¶p\in-¸n-¡p-¶ kq¸À _Kp-Isf krjvSn-¨p. 4. Ipäm-t\zm-jW taJ-eþ]nXr-Xzw kw_-Ôn¨ XÀ¡-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp¶ DNA ^nwKÀ{]nânwKv
Bi¦IÄ SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
8 Pohsâ IY... Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw Pohsâ DÂ]-¯nsb¡pdn¨pw Poh-nI-fpsS BhnÀ`m-hs¯ kw_-Ôn¨pw hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-{]m-b-§Ä \ne-\n¡p-¶p--v. APo-hob LS-I-§-fn \n¶mWv BZyPohIWnI D-m-b-sX¶pw ]n¶oSv AXn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb amä-w (]cn-Wmaw) kw`-hn-¨mWv hyXykvX Pohn-hÀK§Ä D-mbsX¶p-amWv imkv{X-temIw hniz-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
]mTw Npcp-¡-¯n Pohsâ DÂ]-¯n-bp-w XpSÀ¨bpw
Pohn-I-fn hyXn-bm-\-§Ä¡v ImcWw
Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-¯nsâ sXfn-hp-IÄ
a\p-jysâ DÂ]-¯n-bp-w ]cn-Wm-ahpw
]cn-Wm-a-¯n a\p-jysâ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ
BZy Poh-I-WnI þ cm-k-]-cn-Wma hmZw (H]m-cn³þlmÂtU³ ]cn-I-ev]\) þ aäv 2 hmZ-K-Xn-IÄ Poh-I-WnIbn \n¶pw ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-¯n-te¡v kzbmÀPnXkz`m-h-§-fpsS ]mc-¼-cy-t{]jWkn²m´w {]Ir-Xn-\nÀ[m-cW kn²m-´wDÂ]-cn-hÀ¯\ kn²m´w \h UmÀhn-\nkw ayqt«-j-\p-IÄ aqew H-ä-s¸-S Pohn-I-fpsS B´c-LS\bnse kmayw Poh {]hÀ¯-\-§fnse kmayw t^mkn ]T\w þ BÀ¡n-tbm-]vsSdnIvkv þ B\bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw ss{]ta-äv HmÀU-dn \n¶v þ sXfn-hp-IÄ 1. Hb βþirwJe ]T\w 2. t^mkn ]T\w ]cn-Wma hr£w þ{]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä
Pohsâ BhnÀ`m-hw-þ(BZy Poh-I-WnI cq]-s¸-«Xv) þ cm-k-]-cn-Wma hmZw (H]m-cn³þlmÂtU³ ]cn-I-ev]\)
]cn-Iev]-\-bpsS km[q-I-cWw Ìm³en anÃÀ, ltcmÄUv bqtd (1953):
bphm³ Hmsd (1961):
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
kndnÄ s]m¶ws]cpa (1963):
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
þaäv 2 hmZ-K-Xn-IÄ
kap-{Z-¯n-\-Sn-bnse Aán]ÀÆ-X-§Ä¡-cnInemWv BZyPohsâ DXv`-hw ]m³kvs]Àanb hmZw þ{]]-©-¯nsâ atä-sX-¦nepw `mK-¯p cq]-s¸«- Pohsâ IWn-IÄ `qan-bn-se-¯n.
BZy Poh-IWnIb-n \n¶pw _lp-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fn-te¡v cmk-]-cn-Wm-a-¯n-eqsS BZy Poh-IWnI cq]-s¸-Sm³ GI-tZiw 1100 Zi-e£w hÀj-§Ä th-n-h-¶p. kzX{´ HmIvkn-P³ CÃm-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\m A¶p--mbncp¶Pohn-IÄ hfsc efn-X-amb LS-\-bpÅ Ahmbh GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. ]n¶oSv {]Im-i-kw-tÇ-jWtijn-bpÅ tImi-§Ä cq]-s¸-«p. CtX-¯p-SÀ¶v A´-co£-¯n kzX-{´m-h-Ø-bn HmIvkn-P³ cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw CXv hmbh Pohn-I-fpsS BhnÀ`m-h-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-p.
Pohn- hÀK§-fp--m-bXvþ]cn-Wm-a-kn-²m-´-§Ä 1. kzbmÀPnXkz`m-h-§-fpsS ]mc-¼-cy-t{]jWkn²m´w (By Lamarck) Eg: Pndm-^nsâ Igp-¯v
Eg: ]m¼n³ ImÂ
Hcp Pohn AXnsâ Pohn-X-Im-e¯v t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ imcocnI amä-§Ä (kzbmÀPnXkz`m-h-§Ä) Pohn-bpsS Po\p-I-fpsS -L-S-\sb _m[n-¡m¯Xn-\m Ah XpSÀ¶pÅ X-e-ap-d-bn-te¡v t{]jWw sN¿-s¸-Sn-Ã. AXn-\m emamÀ¡nsâ kn²m´w Ime-l-cW-s¸-«p.
2. {]Ir-Xn-\nÀ[m-cW kn²m-´w- (By Darwin & Wallace) Pohn-I-fn \nc-´cw hyXn-bm-\-§fp-mIp-¶p. CXn A\pKpW-amb hyXn-bm-\-§fpÅhsb {]IrXn \nÀ[m-cWw (Xnc-sªSp¡p-I) sN¿pIbpw AÃm-¯h \in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
Eg:- (a) Kem-¸tKmkv Ipcp-hn-IÄ-- -þUmÀhns\ ]cn-Wma Nn´-bn-te¡v \bn¨ Ch 15 Zzo]p-I-fn 13 C\ap-m-bncp¶p. i_vZhpw IqSp-Iq-«p¶ hn[hpw H¶p- t]mse-bpÅ Ipcp-hn-IÄ Blm-c-¯nepw Blm-cco-Xn-bn-ep-amWv sshhn[yw {]ZÀin-¸n-¨n-cp-¶Xv. UmÀhnsâ \nK-a\wþhn¯p-Xo\n IpcphnI-fpsS ]qÀhn-IÀ sXt¡ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ\n¶pw Ke-m¸-tKmkv Zzo]p-I-fnte¡v IpSn-tb-dn. Hmtcm Zzo]nepw F¯-s¸«- Ipcphn kaq-l-§Ä Cc-]n-Sn-b³amcpsS A`m-h-¯n AXXv Øe-§-fnse hyXy-kvX- kmlN-cy§fpambn A\pIqe\w t\Sn hyXykvX Ipcp-hn-hÀK-§-fmbn ]cn-W-an-¨p. (b) Kme-¸-tKmkv BaIÄ (c) kky-`p-¡p-I-fmb CKzm-\-IÄ, IS CKzm-\-IÄ hy-Xn-bm-\-§-sf-§s\bp-m-Ip-¶p-sh¶pw Ah ASp¯ Xeapd-bn-te¡v ssIamäw sN¿-s¸«sX§-s\-sb¶pw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ UmÀhn\p Ign-ªn-Ã. CXv At±lw t\cn« Hcp {][m\ ]cn-an-Xnbm-bn-cp¶p. ]cn-Wm-a-]-T-\-§Ä¡v ]pXnb cq]w \ÂIn-bXv P\n-X-I-im-kv{X-¯nsâ hnIm-k-am-Wv.
3. DÂ]-cnhÀ¯\ kn²m´w (By Hugo de Vries) Pohn-I-fpsS P\n-X-I-L-S-\-bn BI-kvan-Iambp-mIp¶Xpw Xe-ap-d-Ifn-te¡v ssIam-äw -sN-¿-s¸-Smhp¶Xpamb amä-§-fmWv (DÂ]-cn-hÀ¯\w) Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶Xv.
4. \hUmÀhn-\n-kw
UmÀhnsâ ]cn-Wma Bi-b-§sf P\n-XI imkv{X-¯n-se ]pXnb Adn-hp-I-fpsS shfn-¨-¯n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶ B[p-\nI ]cn-Wmaimkv{X-w. t{Imatkm-ap-I-fnepw Po\p-I-fn-ep-ap--m-Ip¶ ayqt«-j-\p-I-fpsS ^e-ambn Hmtcm kv]ojnknepw sshhn-[y-§Ä D-m-Ipw. Ch {]Ir-Xn-\nÀ[mc-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-t¼mÄ amdnb kml-N-cy-§-fp-ambn H¯p-t]m-Ip-¶h am{Xw \ne-\n-¡p-Ibpw AÃm-¯h \in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
5. Hä-s¸-S-Â
acp-`q-an-IÄ, ]ÀÆ-X-\n-c-IÄ, \Zn-IÄ XpS§n-bh Hcp hÀ¤-¯nÂs]« P´p-¡sf aäp P´p-¡fn \n¶pw thÀs]-Sp-¯pw. C§s\ Hä-s¸«v Ign-bp¶ Pohn-k-aq-l-§-fn \nc-´cw D-mtb¡m-hp¶ ayqt«-j-\p-IÄ aqew {]tXyI hÀ¤-ambn Xocmw. Eg: k©nar-K-§Ä (Bkvt{X-enbbn am{X-w) Atd-_y³ H«-Ihpw (B{^n-¡-bn-epw Atd-_y³ cmPy-§-fnepw) _mIv{Sn-b³ H«-I-hpw (a[y Gjy)
Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-¯nsâ sXfn-hp-IÄ (a) Pohn-IfpsS B´c-LS\bnse kmayw hyXykvX hn`m-K-§-fnepw kml-Ncy-§-fnepw Pohn-¡p¶ Pohn-I-fpsS B´-c-L-S-\-bn s]mXp-hmb kmayw ImWp-¶p. DZm-þ-a-\p-jysâ ssI (\nb-{´W-¯n\v), apX-e-bpsS ap³Im (Cg-bm³), Xnanw-K-e-¯nsâ Xpg (Xpg-bm³), ]£n-bpsS NndIv (]d-Im³) Ch-sbÃmw \nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv `pPm-Øn-þ1, tdUn-b-kv-þ1, AÄ\-þ1, ImÀ¸Â-þ8, saäm-ImÀ¸Â-þ5, s^em\vPkv-þ14 (Total-30) AØn-IÄ sIm-m-Wv. (b) Poh {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä FÃm Poh-Pm-e-§-fp-sSbpw tImi-L-S\, PohÂ{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bn hf-sctbsd- k-am-\-X-IÄ DÅ-Xmbn ImW-s¸Sp¶p. (c) t^mkn ]T\w ]cn-Wm-as¯ Ipdn-¨pÅ Gähpw hnizk\obamb sXfn-hmWv t^mkn-ep-IÄ.F-s´-¶m t^mkn-ep-IÄ `qh¡-¯n kwc-£n-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ {]mNo\ Pohn-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-§tfm AS-bm-f-§tfm BWv. t^mkn aäp-cq-]-¯nepw ]i-I-fn (Bw_-À) s]«pt¸mb Pohn-IÄ emh-bnepw aäpw ]Xnª Pohn-I-fpsS AS-bm-f-§Ä. aªp]mfn-bn IpSp§nt¸mb Pohn-IfpsS ico-c-§Ä. CS-\n-e-t^m-kn-epIÄ Hcp-Po-hn-hÀK-¯n \n¶pw asäm-¶n-te-¡pÅ ]cn-Wm-as¯ Ipdn¨v hnhcw \ÂIp-¶p. eLp-L-S-\-bpÅ Pohn-I-fn \n¶v k¦oÀWL-S-\-bpÅ Pohn-IÄ ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p F¶pw t^mkn ]T\w ImWn-¡p-¶p.
þ BÀ¡n-tbm-]vsSdnIvkv
(hm¡À°w-þ-{]m-No\ ]£n) BÀ¡n-tbm-]vsSdnIvknsâ t^mkn Dc-K-§-fn \n¶pw ]£n-I-Ä ]cn-W-an¨p F¶-Xn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. ImcWw AXn Dc-K-§-fpsSbpw ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-Ä ImWmw. DcK kz`m-h-§Ä ]£n- kz`m-h-§Ä Xqh-ep-I-fpsS km¶n²yw \s«Ãv hmep hsc \o-p-In-S-¡p¶p sIm¡p-I-fpsS km¶n²yw sIm¡n ]Ãp-IÄ ap³Im-en hnc-ep-IÄ. Ah-bpsS Aä¯v hfªv IqÀ¯ \J-§Ä.
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
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BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
þ B\bpsS ]cn-Wm-a Ncn{Xw
t^mkn ]T-\-¯n-eqsS a\-Ên-em-¡n.
B\bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-¯n kw`-hn¨ {][m\ imco-cnI amä-§Ä Xe-tbm-Sn-\-I¯v [mcmfw hmbp-A-d-Ifp-m-bn. ]Ãp-I-fpsS F®w Ipd-ªp. AW-¸-Ãp-IÄ {]tXyI coXn-bn cq]-s¸-«p. hen-¸-¯n hÀ[-\hv Imev hfÀ¶v ià-ambn
Igp¯v sNdp-Xmbn Xp¼nss¡ hfÀ¶p
sNhn hep-Xmbn ta¯m-Sn-bnse c-m-as¯ Dfn-¸-Ãp-IÄ hfÀ¶v sIm¼p-I-fmbn.
a\p-jysâ DÂ]-¯n-bp-w ]cn-Wm-ahpw þa\p-jysâ DÂ]-¯n- ss{]ta-äv HmÀU-dn \n¶v
Bt{´m-t]m-bn-tU-
? a\pjy³ Ipc-§n \nt¶m
\s«-ÃpÅ P´p-¡-fnse kkvX\n hn`m-K-¯n ss{]taäv HmÀU-dn-emWv a\pjy\pw Ipc-§pw DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ss{]ta-äp-Isf 2 hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶pþs{]mkn-an-b³kpw Bt{´m-t]m-bn-tU-bpw. Bt{´m-t]m-bn-tUsb (hm¡À°w-þ-a-\pjy kmZr-iyam-bXv) ho-pw 2 B¡n Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶pþ skÀt¡m-]n-¯-t¡m-bn-tUbpw tlman-t\m-bn-tU-bpw. BZy-t¯-Xn Ipc-§p-Ifpw c-m-a-t¯-Xn BÄIp-c-§p-Ifpw a\p-jycpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. AXn-\m a\p-jy³ Ipc-§n \n¶pw t\cn«v ]cn-W-an-¨-X-Ã.
sXfn-hp-IÄ 1. Hb βþirwJe Xmc-Xayw
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2. t^mkn ]T\w
BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
bpPo³ Upt_mbv (1891): Ct´m-t\-jy-bnse Pmhm-Zzo-]n \n¶pw tlmtam Cd-IvS-kn-sâ t^mkn Is--¯n-. sUmWmÄUv sPmlm³k¬ (1971) : sX¡p-In-gt¡ B{^n-¡-bn \n¶p-w Gähpw ]g¡w IqSnb B-kv{Smtem]n¯-¡kv t^mkn Is--¯n. eo¡n IpSpw_w (1976): Xm³km-\n-b-bn \n¶pw emh-b-n ]Xnª a\p-jy-]qÀhn-I-cpsS Im¸m-Sp-IÄ Is--¯n.
a\pjy]cn-Wma hr£w
]cn-Wm-a-¯n a\p-jysâ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ
a\p-jysâ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ {]IrXnbnse PohPme§-fpsS \ne-\n¸ns\ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶p. ImÀjnI cwKw, sshZy-im-kv{X-cwKw XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fn Ah³ ]co-£-W-¯n-\mbn hyXykvX Poh-Pm-e-§sf D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xn\m P\n-XI-ssh-hn-[y-ap-Åh DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kzta-[-bm-epÅ \nÀ[m-cW km[yXbn Ipdhv hcp-¯p-¶p. AtXmsSm¸w Nne Pohn-IfpsS hwi-\mi¯n\pw Ahsâ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ Imc-W-am-bn-«p-v. DZm-þ-kzÀ®-¯-h-f, tUmtUm ]£n IqSmsX hnth-I-iq-\y-amb IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbm-Kw, Bân-_-tbm-«n-¡p-I-fpsS D]tbm-Kw XpS§nbh AXn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bpÅ Pohn-I-fpsS BhnÀ`mh-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip¶p. Npcp-¡-¯n B[p-\nI a\p-jy³ ]cn-Wm-a-¯nsâ Znisb \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶p. hnI-k\w kpØn-chpw PohPme§§Ä¡v \miw kw`-hn-¡m¯ coXn-bn-ep-am-I-Ww.
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