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SINGAPORE STANDARD
SS 341 : 2001 (ICS 91.100)
SPECIFICATION FOR
Safety glazing materials for use in buildings (human impact considerations)
Published by Singapore Productivity and Standards Board 1 Science Park Drive Singapore 118221
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SINGAPORE STANDARD
SS 341 : 2001 (ICS 91.100)
SPECIFICATION FOR
Safety glazing materials for use in buildings (human impact considerations)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore Standard may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from the Singapore Productivity and Standards Board at the address below: Director Centre for Standardisation Singapore Productivity and Standards Board 1 Science Park Drive Singapore 118221 Telephone: 2786666 Telefax: 2786665 Email:
[email protected]
ISBN 9971-67-866-7
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SS 341 : 2001 This Singapore Standard was approved by Building Material Product Standards Committee on behalf of the Standards Council of Singapore on 15 September 2001. First published, 1989 First revision, 2001 The Building Materials Product Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the following members: Name
Organisation
Chairman
:
Mr Goh Chong Chia
Standards Council
Deputy Chairman
:
Dr Tam Chat Tim
Individual Capacity
Secretary
:
Mr Han Kin Sew
Singapore Productivity and Standards Board
Members
:
Mr Boo Geok Kwang Assoc Prof Chiew Sing Ping Mr Fang Yea Saen Er. Goh Soo Meng Mr John Kong Wai Meng Mr Lee Seng Kee Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock Mr Ong Geok Soo Ms Pauline Sim Mr P Sripathy Ms Tan Chiew Wan Assoc Prof Tan Kiang Hwee Mr Tan Tian Chong Mr Teo Tit Ngee
Singapore Civil Defence Force Nanyang Technological University PWD Consultants Pte Ltd Institution of Engineers Singapore Singapore Confederation of Industries Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Housing & Development Board JTC Corporation Singapore Institute of Architects Land Transport Authority Singapore Productivity and Standards Board National University of Singapore Building and Construction Authority Singapore Contractors Association Limited
The Technical Committee on Doors, Windows and Claddings (including Glazing) appointed by the Building Materials Product Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives from the following organisations: Name
Organisation
Chairman
:
Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock
Housing & Development Board
Deputy Chairman
:
Mr See Sing Kok
Institution of Engineers Singapore
Secretary
:
Mr Mohd Awi
Singapore Productivity and Standards Board
Members
:
Mr Chew Kum Chong Mr Joseph Chng Mr Chua Kang Tor Mr Gan Geok Chua
Individual Capacity Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Singapore Glass Merchants and Glaziers Association National University of Singapore Singapore Civil Defence Force
Assoc Prof James D Harrison Mr Jee Yoke Choon
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SS 341 : 2001
Members
:
Mr Lau Kwong Chung Mr Liew Choon Min Ms Phua Hui Chun Mr See Sing Mun Mr Tan Kay Tho Assoc Prof Tan Teng Hooi
Singapore Institute of Architects Singapore Contractors Association Limited Building and Construction Authority Individual Capacity Singapore Confederation of Industries Nanyang Technological University
The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee to assist in the preparation of this standard comprises the following members: Name
Organisation
Convenor
:
Mr Gan Geok Chua
Individual Capacity
Members
:
Mr Chua Kang Tor Mr Han Jee Juan Assoc Prof James D Harrison Mr Kwan Lian Sian Mr Lim Chuin Yong Mr Look Boon Gee Mr Mau Kam Foh Mr Ong Hong Kee
Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Individual Capacity National University of Singapore Singapore Civil Defence Force Individual Capacity Individual Capacity Housing & Development Board PWD Corporation Pte Ltd
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SS 341 : 2001
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SS 341 : 2001
Contents Page Foreword
7
SPECIFICATION 1
Scope
8
2
Application
8
3
Definitions
8
4
Requirements common to all safety glazing materials
10
5
Test requirements
14
ANNEXES A
Impact test
18
B
Fragmentation test
25
C
Boil test
27
D
Weathering test
29
E
Ageing test
32
F
Determination of thickness
34
G
Notes on safe performance criteria and human dynamics data
36
H
Measurement of surface compression reading (non-destructive test)
38
TABLES 1.1
Thickness limits for standard nominal thickness of glass
12
1.2
Thickness limits for standard nominal imperial thickness of glass
13
2
Size tolerance for all safety glass
14
3
Flatness limits for glass of standard nominal thickness
14
4.1
Testing for safety glazing materials
15
4.2
Classification of glazing material according to behaviour when subjected to impact test
16
4.3
Fragmentation test – Minimum particle count
16
4.4
Surface compressive stress reading
17
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SS 341 : 2001 Page FIGURES 1
Test frame
21
2
Shot bag
22
3
Section A-A of test frame
23
4
Pointed protrusions
24
5
Areas to be excluded in particle count determination
26
6
Human dynamics data chart
37
7
Apparatus for measuring surface stress
39
8
Fringes observed in the plane of the compensator
40
9
Orientation of the instrument for measuring surface stress
41
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SS 341 : 2001
Foreword This Singapore Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Doors, Windows and Cladding (including Glazing) under the direction of the Building Materials Product Standards Committee. It is a revision of SS 341 : 1989 and is largely based on Australian Standards AS/NZS 2208 : 1996 – Safety glazing materials in buildings. This standard covers tests to be carried out for the different types of safety glazing material such as toughened (also known as ‘fully tempered’ or ‘heat treated’), laminated, heat-strengthened, heatstrengthened laminated, liquid laminated, safety wired, organic-coated, plastic and wired glass. This edition incorporates the following major changes from the previous edition: (a)
Introduction of the non-destructive test to measure the surface stress in heat-strengthened and toughened glass (also known as ‘fully tempered glass’ or ‘heat treated glass’).
(b)
Additional impact levels have been added to the impact test.
In preparing this standard, references were made to the following publications : 1.
ASTM C 1036-1997
Standard specification for flat glass
2.
ASTM C 1048-1997
Standard specification for heat-treated flat glass – Kind HS, Kind FT coated and uncoated glass
Acknowledgement is made for the use of these publications. Portions of this standard have been reprinted, with permission, from ASTM C 1279-94 : ‘Standard test method for non-destructive photoelastic measurement of edge and surface stresses in annealed, heatstrengthened, and fully tempered flat glass’ copyright American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PAQ 19428. A copy of ASTM C 1279-94 may be purchased from ASTM, phone 610-832-9585 fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail:
[email protected], website: www.astm.org Parts or extracts of other overseas standards incorporated into this Singapore Standard are indicated below : Table 1.1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4.2, Table 4.3, Annex A, Annex B, Annex C, Annex D, Annex E, Annex F, Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6 of SS 341 : 2001 are similar to Table 2.1, Table 2.2, Table 2.3, Table 3.2, Table 3.3, Figure B1, Figure D1, Figure D2, Figure D3, Figure E1, Appendix D, Appendix E, Appendix F, Appendix G, Appendix H, Appendix C and Appendix B respectively of AS/NZS 2208 : 1996 and are reproduced with the permission of Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand.
NOTE 1.
Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes and new technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of either amendment slips or revised editions.
2.
Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.
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SS 341 : 2001
Specification for safety glazing materials for use in buildings (human impact considerations) 1
Scope
This specification sets out performance requirements and test methods for safety glazing materials for use in buildings in areas where human impact is likely. The materials specified are glazing panels designed to promote safety and to reduce or minimize the likelihood of cutting and piercing injuries from human impact. Clear, tinted and patterned safety glazing materials, and opaque glazing materials used as spandrel panels in locations subject to human impact are included in this specification. Glazing materials such as sealants and beads and added precautions that may be necessary to combat fire hazards are not covered within the scope of this standard. NOTE – Notes on safe performance criteria and human dynamics data are given in Annex G.
2
Application
The safety glazing materials shall comply with the relevant requirements of Clauses 4 and 5. NOTE – This specification is not intended to restrict the use of materials or methods of test not specified herein where such materials or methods of test can be demonstrated to be equal or superior to those specified. The Regulatory Authority must always make the ultimate decision as to whether or not a material or method of test may be used.
3
Definitions
For the purpose of this specification the following definitions shall apply:
3.1
Drop height
The vertical distance from the horizontal centre-line of the maximum diameter of the impacting object when it is released relative to the horizontal centre-line of the impacting object when it is at rest (see Figure 1).
3.2
Heat-strengthened glass
Glass which has been subjected to a special heat treatment, so that the residual surface compression stresses lies between 28 MPa and 48 MPa.
3.3
Heat-strengthened laminated safety glass
Laminated safety glass utilizing two or more panels of heat-strengthened glass in the make-up.
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SS 341 : 2001 3.4
Laminated safety glass
A glass consisting of two or more sheets of glass bonded together either by one or more sheets of plastic interlayer or permanently bonded together by liquid chemicals that cure to form a plastic-type interlayer.
3.5
Liquid-laminated safety glass
A glass consisting of two or more sheets of glass permanently bonded together by liquid chemicals that cure to from a plastic-type interlayer.
3.6
Regulatory authority
Authority that is responsible for preparing or adopting regulations.
3.7
Safety double (or multiple) glazing unit
A double (or multiple) glazing unit in which all panels are of safety glazing material and are separated by airspaces.
3.8
Safety glazing materials
Materials so constructed, treated or combined with other materials as to reduce the likelihood of cutting and piercing injuries resulting from human impact with them. All safety glazing materials are classified as either Grade A or B according to the performance requirements in Clause 5.
3.9
Safety organic-backed mirror
A glazing material consisting of a piece of mirror with a sheet of organic material permanently bonded to one side, and which complies with the relevant test requirements of this specification.
3.10
Safety organic-coated glass
A glazing material consisting of a piece of glass coated and permanently bonded on one or both sides with a continuous polymeric coating, sheet or film.
3.11
Safety plastic glazing material
A glazing material which contains as an essential ingredient, an organic substance of large molecular mass, is solid in its finished state, and at some stage in its manufacture or in its processing into finished articles can be shaped by flow. Plastic may consist of a single sheet of synthetic plastics material, a combination of two or more such sheets laminated together, or a combination of plastics material and reinforcement material in the form of fibres or flakes, and which complies with the relevant test requirements of this specification.
3.12
Safety wired glass
A single sheet of glass with wire completely embedded in the glass.
3.13
Toughened laminated safety glass
Laminated safety glass utilizing two panels of fully tempered safety glass in the make-up. NOTE – Toughened glass is also known as ‘fully tempered glass’ or ‘heat treated glass’
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SS 341 : 2001 3.14
Toughened safety glass
A glass which has been converted to a safety glass by subjection to a process of prestressing so that, if fractured, the entire piece disintegrates into small relatively harmless particles. NOTE 1 – In general, the heat treatment or chemical process greatly reduces the tendency of glass fracture under the action of external forces and changes of temperature. NOTE 2 – After being tempered the glass cannot be cut, drilled, ground or otherwise reworked. Etched, sandblasted, engraved or otherwise worked surfaces should have such surface working carried out prior to tempering. Surface treatments should be kept as shallow as possible to ensure that the glass can be adequately tempered. NOTE 3 – Toughened glass is also known as ‘fully tempered glass’ or ‘heat treated glass’
4
Requirements common to all safety glazing materials
4.1
General
Safety glazing materials, which may be transparent, translucent or opaque, as required, shall be capable of satisfactorily functioning in the service for which they are intended. It shall be free from defects, e.g. cracks, scratches, blisters or inclusions of magnitude that could impair performance, for example in use.
4.2
Testing
Testing shall be carried out to ensure compliance of safety glazing materials with this specification. Separate testing shall be carried out for different glazing materials, or for differences within a type of glazing material that could noticeably affect performance in the impact, fragmentation or environmental durability tests. Such differences may include, but are not limited to, nominal thickness or thicknesses, method of manufacture, types and amounts of additives, and composition of base materials and adhesives. Alternative methods for determining compliance with this standard can be demonstrated by the manufacturer or supplier by one of the following methods: (a)
Evaluation by means of statistical sampling in accordance with ISO 2859;
(b)
The use of product certification scheme as described in ISO/IEC Guide 28;
(c)
Assurance using the acceptability of the manufacturer’s quality system. Guidance in determining the appropriate quality system is given in SS ISO 9000-1 and SS ISO 9004-1.
If the above methods are considered inappropriate, determination of compliance with the requirements of this standard may be assessed by being based on the results of testing coupled with the manufacturer’s guarantee of product conformance.
4.3
Classification
All safety glazing materials shall be classified as either Grade A or Grade B according to the performance requirements in Clause 5.
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SS 341 : 2001 4.4
Marking
Glazing material complying with this standard shall be legibly marked with the following: (a)
The name or registered trademark of the manufacturer or supplier;
(b)
The number of this Singapore Standard, SS 341;
(c)
A letter or other code to indicate plant of manufacture or supply;
(d)
Grade A or Grade B to indicate the grade of the material;
(e)
A number to indicate the nominal thickness for standard glazing material in millimetres, or a number to indicate the minimum thickness for non-standard glazing material to the nearest tenth of a millimetre;
(f)
A letter or word or combinations thereof to indicate the type of glazing material used in the product.
4.5
Standard nominal thickness of glass
Limits on the standard nominal thickness of various types of glass are given in Table 1.1. The thickness of the glass shall be measured in accordance with Annex F
4.6
Standard nominal imperial thickness of glass
Limits on the standard nominal thickness of glass manufactured to imperial sizes are given in Table 1.2. The thickness of the glass shall be measured in accordance with Annex F
4.7
Non-standard thickness of glass
Thicknesses of safety glass other than those specified in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 may be utilized and shall not be a cause for rejection provided that the product meets all other appropriate test requirements of this standard.
4.8
Squareness of rectangular panels
The squareness of rectangular panels shall be such that the difference between the two diagonals does not exceed 5 mm for panels where the largest dimension is less than 1200 mm and 10 mm for all other panels.
4.9
Size tolerances
The tolerances on size of all safety glass shall be as specified in Table 2.
4.10
Flatness
The flatness of panels shall be within the following limits: (a)
Localized warp 1.0 mm over any 200 mm span;
(b)
Overall bow and warpage as given in Table 3.
NOTE – Flatness measurement shall be checked against a straightedge with the panel standing within 5° of vertical and measurement taken horizontally.
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SS 341 : 2001 4.11
Edgework
Prior to heat treatment, glass shall be arrised on all edges. NOTE 1 – Arrised edges are formed by grinding a chamfer or bevel of approximately 1 mm wide on all sharp edges and corners. NOTE 2 – Care should be exercized when handling glass to prevent edge damage and subsequent fracture. Toughened safety glass cannot be cut, drilled, ground or otherwise reworked. Particular care is required when handling toughened (‘fully tempered’ or ‘heat treated’) safety glass as damaged edges may result in spontaneous glass fracture.
Table 1.1 – Thickness limits for standard nominal thicknesses of glass
Type of glass
Standard nominal thickness
millimetres Glass thickness limits Minimum Maximum
3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 19 25
2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 7.7 9.7 11.7 14.5 18.0 23.5
3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 8.3 10.3 12.3 15.5 20.0 26.5
5.38 6.38 8.38 10.38 12.38 16.38
4.6 5.6 7.6 9.6 11.6 15.4
5.4 6.4 8.4 10.4 12.4 16.6
6.38 8.38
5.6 7.6
6.4 8.4
10.38 12.38
9.3 11.3
10.4 12.4
Patterned glass, Toughened patterned glass, and heat Strengthened patterned Glass
3 4 5 6 10 12
2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 9.0 11.0
3.9 4.5 5.5 7.0 10.8 13.5
Wired glass
6
5.0
6.8
Toughened glass, and heat- strengthened glass
Laminated glass
Toughened laminated glass, and heat-strengthened Laminated glass
NOTES: 1. 2. 3. 4.
For glass that does not satisfy the thickness tolerances for the standard nominal thickness specified above, the minimum glass thickness shall be marked. Linear interpolation shall apply for non-standard thickness. Glass thickness limits specified for laminated glass exclude interlayer thickness. Toughened glass is also known as ‘fully tempered glass’ or ‘heat treated glass’
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SS 341 : 2001 Table 1.2 – Thickness limits for standard nominal imperial thicknesses of glass
Type of glass
Nominal imperial thickness 1
⁄8 ⁄32 3 ⁄16
0.115(2.92) 0.149(3.78) 0.180(4.57)
0.134(3.40) 0.165(4.19) 0.199(5.05)
7
0.200(5.08) 0.219(5.56) 0.292(7.42)
0.218(5.54) 0.244(6.20) 0.332(8.43)
3
⁄8 ½ 5 ⁄8
0.355(9.02) 0.469(11.91) 0.595(14.35)
0.406(10.31) 0.531(13.49) 0.656(16.66)
¾ ⁄8 1 1¼
0.719(18.26) 0.844(21.44) 0.969(24.61) 1.125(28.58)
0.781(19.84) 0.906(23.01) 1.031(26.19) 1.375(34.93)
3
0.186(4.72) 0.230(5.84) 0.298(7.57) 0.360(9.14) 0.438(11.13) 0.584(14.83)
0.218(5.54) 0.268(6.81) 0.330(8.38) 0.398(10.11) 0.488(12.40) 0.664(16.87)
5
⁄32 ¼ 5 ⁄16 Toughened and Heat-strengthened glass
7
Laminated glass
inches Glass thickness limits minimum maximum
⁄16 ¼ 5 ⁄16 3 ⁄8 ½ 5 ⁄8
NOTES: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
For glass that does not satisfy the thickness tolerances for the standard nominal thickness specified above, the minimum glass thickness shall be marked. Linear interpolation shall apply for non-standard thickness. Glass thickness limits specified for laminated glass exclude interlayer thickness. Toughened glass is also known as ‘fully tempered glass’ or ‘heat treated glass’. The values given in bracket are in millimetres.
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SS 341 : 2001 Table 2 – Size tolerance for all safety glass millimetres Standard Nominal Thickness
Tolerance limits Non-patterned < 1200 ≥ 1200
Patterned < 1200
≥ 1200
3 4 5
±2 ±2 ±2
±2 ±2 ±2
±3 ±3 ±3
±4 ±4 ±4
6 8 10
±2 ±2 ±2
±2 ±2 ±3
±3 ±4 ±4
±4 ±5 ±5
12 15 19
±2 ±2 ±2
±3 ±3 ±3
±4
±5
25
±2
±3
NOTE – For non-standard glass thickness, interpolation will be required.
Table 3 – Flatness limits for glass of standard nominal thickness millimetres Standard nominal Thickness
0 to 1500
Bow 1501 to 3000
3001 to 5000
3 4 5
1 in 200 1 in 200 1 in 300
1 in 150 1 in 150 1 in 200
1 in 200
6 8 10
1 in 350 1 in 400 1 in 400
1 in 250 1 in 300 1 in 300
1 in 200 1 in 250 1 in 250
12 15 19
1 in 400 1 in 400 1 in 400
1 in 300 1 in 300 1 in 300
1 in 250 1 in 250 1 in 250
25
1 in 400
1 in 300
1 in 250
NOTE – For non-standard glass thickness, interpolation will be required.
5
Test requirements
5.1
General
Glazing materials shall be classified as Grade A or Grade B safety glazing material if it is shown that they satisfy the relevant impact (or fragmentation test for toughened glass) test performance requirements in addition to all other appropriate tests to be carried out as listed in Table 4.1
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SS 341 : 2001 Table 4.1 – Testing for safety glazing materials Glazing type
Test
Laminated safety glass
Toughened safety glass*
Heatstrengthened and toughened
Safety wired glass
Organiccoated safety glass
Safety plastics
Organicbacked safety mirror
laminated safety glass Impact (see 5.2)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Fragmentation (see 5.3)
X
Surface compression measurement (see 5.4)
X
Boil (see 5.5)
X
X
Weathering (see 5.6)
X
X
Ageing (see 5.7)
X
X
X *
indicates test to be conducted For toughened safety glass an impact, fragmentation test or surface compression measurement shall be carried out. Toughened glass is also known as ‘fully tempered glass’ or ‘heat treated glass’
NOTE – Boil test for heat-strengthened and toughened laminated glass can use laminates from ordinary annealed glass manufactured simultaneously.
5.2
Impact test
5.2.1
Test specimens
Test specimens shall be prepared in a manner representative of normal installation practice. For example, if a safety organic-coated glass is used, the coating shall be applied to the test specimen in a manner that is representative of normal application (normally confined within the visible sight lines only). 5.2.2
Orientation of test specimens
For a symmetric material (any material symmetric about the geometric centre plane through its thickness, including fully tempered glass and some laminated glass) the impact test shall be carried out by impacting on either face.
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SS 341 : 2001 For an asymmetric material (any material not symmetric about the geometric centre plane through its thickness, including patterned wired, organic coated glass and laminated glass with mixed glass types or thicknesses) the classification shall be based on impact test results for impact on the face that is shown to give the worst performance. 5.2.3
Testing and classification
Grade A glazing material tested in accordance with Annex A (see also Table 4.2), at a drop height of 300 mm, shall not break or shall comply with the requirements for breakage given in Annex A. If breakage does not occur at 300 mm, then the drop height is progressively increased to 450 mm, 600 mm, 750 mm, 900 mm, 1200 mm and 1500 mm until breakage occurs. When breakage occurs it shall comply with the requirements for breakage as given in Annex A. Grade B glazing material, when tested in accordance with Annex A (see also Table 4.2), at a drop height of 200 mm, shall not break or shall comply with the requirements for breakage given in Annex A. If breakage does not occur at 200 mm, then the drop height is progressively increased to 300 mm, 450 mm, 600 mm, 750 mm, 900 mm, 1200 mm and 1500 mm until breakage occurs. When breakage occurs it shall comply with the requirements for breakage given in Annex A. Table 4.2 – Classification of glazing material according to behaviour when subjected to the impact test Class
Drop height 200 mm nominal
Drop height 300 mm to 1500 mm nominal
Drop height greater than 1500 mm or by a centre punch
A
No requirement
No breakage, or
Breaks safely or
breaks safely
deforms
No breakage, or
No breakage, or
No requirement
breaks safely
breaks safely
B
5.3
Fragmentation test
When samples of safety glazing are tested in accordance with Annex B, a sample which complies with the minimum particle count specified in Table 4.3 shall be deemed to comply with the requirements for Grade A safety glazing materials specified in 5.2. Table 4.3 – Fragmentation test – Minimum particle count Nominal glazing material thickness (mm)
Minimum number of particles per square of 50 mm side
3
30
4
30
5
40
6
40
8
40
10
40
12
40
NOTE – There is no reference to particle count for 15 mm, 19mm and 25 mm due to lack of scientific data.
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SS 341 : 2001 5.4
Surface compression measurement (non-destructive testing)
When samples are tested in accordance with Annex H, the surface compressive stress reading shall meet the requirements given in Table 4.4. Table 4.4 – Surface compressive stress reading Minimum surface compressive stress reading
Classification of toughened glass
Psi
MPa
8 mm and below
11,500
79
Above 8 mm
10,000
69
NOTE – Toughened glass is also known as ‘fully tempered glass’ or ‘heat treated glass’
5.5
Boil test
When tested in accordance with Annex C, the glazing material itself might crack, but no bubbles or other defects shall develop more than 12 mm from the edge of the test specimen or from any cracks that have developed. Any test specimen which cracks to an extent that the results are confused, shall be discarded without prejudice and another specimen shall be tested in its stead.
5.6
Weathering test
5.6.1
Safety organic-coated glass
Safety organic-coated glass, when tested in accordance with Annex D, shall have: (a)
an average adhesion value, when exposed to weathering, of not less than 90 per cent of the average adhesion value not exposed to weathering; and
(b)
an average tensile strength, when exposed to weathering, of not less than 75 per cent of the average tensile strength not exposed to weathering.
5.6.2
Safety plastics
Safety plastics glazing materials intended for use in all applications when tested in accordance to Annex D shall have the impact resistance when exposed to weathering of not less than 75 percent of the impact strength when not exposed to weathering. When exposed to weathering, the safety plastics glazing material may show some discolouration, but no bubbles or noticeable decomposition shall develop in the irradiated portion. In addition, for safety plastics the modulus of elasticity shall not be less than 5170 Mpa and a Rockwell hardness shall not be less than M140 or R140.
5.7
Ageing test
Safety glazing materials intended for use in all applications after ageing in accordance with Annex E shall comply with the requirements for Grade A safety glazing materials in 5.2. After ageing, some discolouration or milkiness may develop and is allowable but defects other than these shall not be permitted.
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Annex A Impact test A.1
Scope
This annex sets out the method for determining the resistance of glazing material to impact by the penetration method.
A.2
Principle
The specimen is supported vertically in a steel frame and an impact shot bag is released from a predetermined height to strike the specimen at the centre. The height is progressively increased until fracture occurs.
A.3
Apparatus
The following apparatus is required: (a)
A steel frame to support the sample in a vertical plane. The frame is to be securely bolted to the floor and have edge clamps to hold the glazing material in position (see Figure 1).
(b)
An impacting shot bag as shown in Figure 2. The impacting shot bag is a reinforced leather bag filled with No. 7½ chilled lead shot, providing a total mass of 46 ± 0.1 kg. The bag is constructed either of 1.6 mm thick pliable leather with canvas laminated to the inside surface making a wall thickness of 2.4 mm, or of thick pliable vinyl. A rubber bladder of 0.6 mm wall thickness is contained within the leather or vinyl outer shell and is filled with lead shot through a small hole in the upper portion. After filling, the rubber bladder is closed by tying with a cord or leather thong. NOTE – Commercial punching bags meeting this specification may be available.
A method for attaching the shot bag to the test frame and for swinging the test bag from the height required needs to be devised.
A.4
Samples and sample preparation
A.4.1 Sampling A minimum of four test specimens shall be tested.
A.4.2 Specimen size Each specimen shall be 1900 mm ± 3 mm high by 860 mm ± 3 mm wide, or the maximum size available if that is smaller.
A.4.3 Conditioning Immediately prior to testing specimens shall be conditioned for a minimum of 4 h at a temperature of 23 ± 5°C with the test surfaces exposed to full air at that temperature. Toughened glass does not require conditioning.
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A.5
Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows: (a)
Place the test specimen in the frame.
(b)
Suspend the impacting shot bag from an overhead support so located that the impacting object when at rest will, at its maximum diameter, be not more than 12 mm from the surface of the test specimen and not more than 50 mm from the centre of the specimen (see Figure 1).
(c)
Raise the shot bag by the bridle to a drop height of 300 mm for Grade A or 200 mm for Grade B safety glazing.
(d)
Stabilize the shot bag before release.
(e)
Release the shot bag, allowing it to swing smoothly through a pendulum arc and strike the specimen once at the centre.
(f)
In the event of the test specimen coming out of the frame, disregard the sample.
(g)
Inspect the test specimen and determine if it complies with any of the following requirements after impact and record: (i)
it has remained unbroken; or
(ii)
it has broken and numerous cracks or fissures appear but no shear or opening develops within the body of the glazing material through which a 76 mm diameter sphere can be passed freely; additionally, if fragments are detached from the test piece up to 3 min after impact, they shall, in total, weigh no more than the mass equivalent to 10 000 mm2 of the original test piece and the largest single fragment shall weigh less than the mass equivalent to 4400 mm2 of the original test piece; or
(iii)
it has broken and disintegration occurs but the 10 largest crack-free fragments selected 3 min after impact, together weigh no more than the mass equivalent to 6500 mm² of the original test piece; or
(iv)
it has broken and the breakage results in several separate pieces, which may or may not be retained in the frame. Those pieces that are exposed after the impact shall be in accordance with one or both of the following: (A)
The perimeter shall not be sharp.
(B)
Where any pointed protrusion occurs in any perimeter, the length of the chord between the two points which are established when an arc of radius 25 mm, whose centre is at the apex of the protrusion, crosses the perimeter on each side of the apex shall not be less 25 mm. (see Figure 4).
(h)
If any one of the test specimens which break do not comply with the requirements of Step (g), terminate the procedure, the product has failed.
(i)
If the test specimen does not break and remains intact within the frame, progressively increase the drop height as follows: Grade A : 450 mm, 600 mm, 750 mm, 900 mm, 1200 mm and 1500 mm. Grade B : 300 mm, 450 mm, 600 mm, 750 mm, 900 mm, 1200 mm and 1500 mm.
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SS 341 : 2001 (j)
Inspect the test specimen in accordance with Step (g) for each drop height. Interpretation: In the event of the glazing material not breaking after being impacted from a drop height of 1500 mm, use a centre-punch with sufficient force to deform or break the glazing material and examine the fracture pattern as follows: (i)
If the glazing material disintegrates into small fragments as defined in Step (g) above, it is considered a pass.
(ii)
If the panel cracks or deforms but is held together in a safe manner, it passes.
(iii)
If it breaks in large pieces and can be pushed out of the frame, it fails.
(k)
Repeat Steps (a) to (h) for the other three specimens.
A.6
Report
The following information shall be reported: (a)
Identification of the test specimen.
(b)
For each drop height, whether the test specimen remained unbroken. If not, whether it broke and complied with the requirements of Paragraph A.5 (g)(ii) to (iv), or broke and did not comply with the requirements of A.5 (g)(ii) to (iv).
(c)
Grade of pass or fail.
(d)
Location of testing facility.
(e)
Date and time of the test.
(f)
Names, position and relevant qualifications of personnel carrying out or supervising the test.
(g)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of witnesses, if any, to the test.
Each page of the report shall be signed and dated by the person responsible for the test.
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Figure 1 – Test frame
SS 341 : 2001
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Figure 2 – Shot bag
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Figure 3 – Section A-A of test frame
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Figure 4 – Pointed protrusions
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Annex B Fragmentation test B.1
Scope
This annex sets out the method for determining the fracture characteristics of toughened safety glass or other glazing materials.
B.2
Apparatus
The following apparatus is required: (a)
A flat wooden platform, if floor is unsuitable (see Paragraph B.5 (a)).
(b)
A spring-loaded carbide tipped centre-punch or similar manual-type centre-punch.
B.3
Principle
The specimen is laid horizontally on a surface that supports it over its entire area, and is broken by a punch applied at a predetermined location. The number of particles of broken glazing material within a given area are counted.
B.4
Samples
Each specimen shall be taken from the production run.
B.5
Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows: (a)
Place the specimen horizontally upon a flat wooden platform or floor that will support the test specimen on its entire surface. Provide a means to prevent any substantial spreading of the fragments.
(b)
Break the test specimen by means of a spring-loaded carbide tipped centre-punch, or similar manual-typed centre-punch struck with a hammer. The punch blow shall be applied 13 mm inboard from and at the midpoint of the longest edge of the specimen.
(c)
Make a count of the particles of broken glazing material within 5 min of the fracture of the glazing material. The particle count shall be made in the region of the coarsest fracture, excluding a segment of radius 75 mm centred on the point of impact of the centre-punch and two further segments (S) of radius 75 mm centred as shown in Figure 5. The particle count shall be made in a square of side 50 mm. In the particle count, all particles wholly contained within the square and all the particles only partially contained by two adjacent edges of the square shall be counted. All particles only partially contained by the other two adjacent edges of the square shall not be counted. Only particles containing both original faces shall be counted.
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SS 341 : 2001
Figure 5 – Areas to be excluded in particle count determination
B.6
Test report
The following information shall be reported: (a)
Identification of the test specimen.
(b)
Particle count of the fractured test specimen.
(c)
Location of testing facility.
(d)
Date and time of the test.
(e)
Names, position and relevant qualifications of personnel carrying out or supervising the test.
(f)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of witnesses, if any, to the test.
Each page of the report shall be signed and dated by the person responsible for the test.
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Annex C Boil test C.1
Scope
This annex sets out the method for determining the effect of exposure of safety glazing material to temperature and humidity conditions by boiling.
C.2
Principle
Specimens are immersed in hot water and then boiling water for a specified period of time and inspected for bubbles or other defects.
C.3
Apparatus
The apparatus shall be two water baths each of sufficient size to hold the test specimen fully immersed vertically on edge, for the duration of test.
C.4
Samples
Three specimens of size 300 mm x 300 mm manufactured in a manner identical with the impact test specimens (see Annex A) and of like thickness shall be tested. These specimens may be cut from the production samples of the size and thickness submitted for impact testing. For heat strengthened or fully tempered laminated glass, test specimens may be cut from a similar original sheet of annealed laminated glass.
C.5
Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows: (a)
Immerse the specimens vertically on edge in a bath of water maintained at a temperature of 66 ± 3°C for 3 min.
(b)
Quickly transfer the specimens to a bath of water maintained at boiling point. Immerse the specimens vertically on edge in the bath for 2 h.
(c)
Remove the specimens and examine for bubbles or other defects.
C.6
Test report
The following information shall be reported: (a)
Identification of the test specimen.
(b)
Position of cracks.
(c)
Number, size and location of bubbles in relation to the outer edge of the test specimen and to any cracks.
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SS 341 : 2001 (d)
Temperature of water in baths.
(e)
Location of testing facility.
(f)
Date and time of test.
(g)
Names, position and relevant qualifications of personnel carrying out or supervising the test.
(h)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of witnesses, if any, to the test.
Each page of the report shall be signed and dated by the person responsible for the test.
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Annex D Weathering test D.1
Scope
This annex sets out the method for determining the effect of radiant exposure on safety glazing materials.
D.2
Principle
Specimens are exposed, under specified conditions, to light from an artificial light source. After exposure, safety plastics are then subject to the Charpy impact test. Organic-coated glass is subjected to a tensile test and an adhesion test. The effect of radiant exposure is assessed by comparing the test results of exposed specimens with those of unexposed specimens.
D.3
Apparatus
The following apparatus is required: (a)
Apparatus specified in ASTM G26.
(b)
Apparatus specified in ASTM D756.
(c)
A constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine complying with the requirements for a Grade B machine in accordance with AS 2193. The moving crosshead shall be able to be set to move at 50 mm/min and 300 mm/min.
(d)
Razor cutter.
D.4
Sample and sample preparation
D.4.1 Sampling A minimum of 20 test specimens shall be sampled.
D.4.2 Size of specimen The size of specimens shall be 150 mm long by 50 mm wide.
D.4.3 Conditioning The organic-coated glass specimens shall be conditioned for 24 h in darkness at a temperature of 23 ± 2°C and a relative humidity of 55 ± 5 percent.
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D.5
Procedure
D.5.1 General Ten specimens shall be the controls (unexposed specimens). For organic-coated glass they shall be subjected to adhesion and tensile tests. For safety plastics they shall be subjected to a Charpy impact test. The other 10 specimens (exposed specimens) shall be subjected to the weathering test and then subject to the adhesion and tensile test for organic-coated glass and to the Charpy impact test for safety plastics.
D.5.2 Unexposed specimens D.5.2.1 Adhesion test The procedure shall be as follows: (a)
Take ten specimens.
(b)
Set up the tensile testing machine with the crosshead rate at 300 mm/min and the force range of the machine so that the peel occurs between 10 percent and 90 percent of full-scale force.
(c)
Using a razor cutter, cut a 25 mm wide strip of the organic coating in the lengthwise direction of the glazing material sample. Peel back about 50 mm of the 25 mm wide strip.
(d)
Attach a strip of pressure-sensitive tape to the side of the organic strip opposite the adhesive to extend this free end to about 200 mm in length.
(e)
Place the end of the glazing material panel from which the organic strip was removed in the lower clamp of the tensile tester and the free end of the tape in the upper clamp. Peel the remainder of the organic strip from the glazing material mechanically and obtain a record of the peel value.
D.5.2.2 Tensile test The procedure shall be as follows: (a)
Take the ten specimens used in the adhesion test (see D.5.2.1).
(b)
Set up the tensile testing machine with the crosshead rate at 50 mm/min, the gauge length at 50 ± 2 mm and the load range so that the specimens will break at approximately midscale deflection.
(c)
Using a razor cutter, cut a 12 mm straight strip of the organic coating in the lengthwise direction of the glazing material sample for the full 150 mm length.
(d)
Carefully peel this strip from the glazing material panel and break it in the testing machine and record the pull-at-breakage for each specimen.
D.5.2.3 Impact Subject ten specimens to the Charpy unnotched impact test in accordance with ASTM D756.
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SS 341 : 2001 D.5.3 Exposed specimens The procedures shall be as follows: (a)
Subject ten specimens to radiant exposure of 500 MW.s in accordance with ASTM D1499.
(b)
For organic-coated glass determine the peel value and pull-at-breakage in accordance with D.5.2.1 and D.5.2.2 respectively.
(c)
For safety plastic, subject the ten specimens to the Charpy unnotched impact test in accordance with ASTM D756, with the exposed surface subject to tension. For thin materials, the span of the specimen shall be reduced to 50 mm to avoid having the specimen bend enough to slip between the supports without breaking.
D.6
Test report
The following information shall be reported: (a)
Identification of the test specimens.
(b)
Test report requirements of ASTM D756 and ASTM D1499.
(c)
For organic-coated glass, the peel value determined from the adhesion test and the pull at breakage determined from the tensile test for both unexposed and exposed specimens.
(d)
Location of testing facility.
(e)
Date and time of the test.
(f)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of personnel carrying out or supervising the test.
(g)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of witnesses, if any, to the test.
Each page of the report shall be signed and dated by the person responsible for the test.
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Annex E Ageing test E.1
Scope
This annex sets out the method for determining the effect of accelerated ageing on safety glazing materials.
E.2
Principle
Specimens are exposed under specified conditions to warm, humid and dry cycles and then subject to an impact test (see Annex A). The effect of accelerated ageing is assessed by comparing the impact test results of exposed specimens, with those of unexposed specimens.
E.3
Apparatus
The following apparatus is required: (a)
Apparatus specified in DIN 50 017.
(b)
Apparatus specified in Annex A.
E.4
Sample and sample preparation
E.4.1 Sampling A minimum of eight test specimens shall be sampled.
E.4.2 Size of specimen The size of specimens shall be in accordance with Annex A.
E.5
Procedure
E.5.1 Unexposed specimens The procedure shall be as follows: (a)
Take four specimens.
(b)
Determine the resistance to impact of each specimen in accordance with Annex A.
E.5.2 Exposed specimens The procedure shall be as follows: (a)
Take four specimens.
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SS 341 : 2001 (b)
Subject each specimen to 20 complete humid/dry test cycles of 480 h in accordance with DIN 50017.
(c)
Determine the resistance to impact of each specimen in accordance with Annex A.
E.6
Test report
The following information shall be reported: (a)
Identification of the test specimens.
(b)
Drop height at which breakage of the test specimen occurs for both unexposed and exposed specimens.
(c)
Location of testing facility.
(d)
Date and time of the test.
(e)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of personnel carrying out or supervising the test.
(f)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of witnesses, if any, to the test.
Each page of the report shall be signed and dated by the person responsible for the test.
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Annex F Determination of thickness F.1
Scope
This annex sets out the method for determining the thickness of a glazing material.
F.2
Principle
The glazing material is measured at specified locations with a vernier calliper or micrometer (patterned glass is also measured using a point micrometer).
F.3
Apparatus
The following apparatus is required: (a)
For flat glazing material a vernier calliper or micrometer graduated to 0.01 mm.
(b)
For patterned glazing material:
F.4
(i)
a point micrometer graduated to 0.01 mm; and
(ii)
a 55 mm anvil micrometer or flanged dial indicator graduated to 0.01 mm.
Procedure
The procedure for flat glazing material shall be to measure the thickness at two locations approximately equally spaced along each of two adjacent edges (a total of four measurements) using either a vernier calliper or a 55 mm anvil micrometer. The procedure for patterned glazing material shall be to measure the thickness at two locations on each of two adjacent edges. The locations shall be spaced at least half the respective edge length apart, using both a 55 mm anvil micrometer or flanged dial indicator and a point micrometer to measure the thickest and thinnest glass points at each location (a total of eight measurements).
F.5
Test report
The following information shall be reported: (a)
Identification of the glazing material.
(b)
Values of the individual readings.
(c)
For flat glazing material, the mean of the four readings taken.
(d)
For patterned glazing material, the mean of the four readings taken of the thickest sections and the mean of the four readings taken of the thinnest sections.
(e)
Location of testing facility.
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SS 341 : 2001 (f)
Date and time of the test.
(g)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of personnel carrying out or supervising the test.
(h)
Names, positions and relevant qualifications of witnesses, if any, to the test.
Each page of the report shall be signed and dated by the person responsible for the test.
F.6
Interpretation
The interpretation shall be as follows: (a)
For flat glazing material, the mean of the measurements taken shall be within the thickness limits specified in Table 1.1 and 1.2 respectively.
(b)
For patterned glazing material, the mean of the measurements shall be as follows: (i)
Equal to or less than the maximum thickness limit specified in Table 1.1 and 1.2 respectively, for measurements taken over the thickest sections.
(ii)
Equal to or greater than the minimum thickness limit specified in Table 1.1 and 1.2 respectively, for measurements taken at the thinnest sections.
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SS 341 : 2001
Annex G Notes on safe performance criteria and human dynamics data G.1
Safe performance criteria
The performance criteria specified are directly related to the reduction of cutting and piercing injuries to persons who impact the glazing used in buildings. The 90 J energy level was established as being practically related to those situations where the glazing is around a confined space and there is a limited acceleration path available for the building user to develop much kinetic energy. The 135 J and 203 J energy levels were established as practically related to those situations in which the limited acceleration path precluded, in most cases, the possibility of an individual developing his or her full kinetic energy potential. The 541 J impact energy level was established for relatively unlimited acceleration paths in which it might be reasonable to expect that an energetic teenager might develop something approaching his or her impact velocity. As G.2 and Figure 6 indicate, independent safety experts in the USA who considered the matter judged that these values were realistic.
G.2
Development of human dynamics data chart
Safety experts in the USA indicate that a 46 kg person is representative of glazing material breakage accident victims. From the chart (Figure 6) it is apparent that a 46 kg person running at the rate of 6.7 m/s (equivalent to a 4-minute mile) has about 134 J of kinetic energy. The amount of this energy he might deliver to a glazed opening would depend upon the way he hit the glazed surface; a “straight arm” would transmit more energy to the glazing material than an arm which flexes with the impact. For test purposes, ANSI* decided after extensive evaluation to use a readily available standard punching bag filled with 46 kg of lead shot to simulate the running person. The test impact values 135 J, 203 J and 541 J were selected as representative of energy levels likely to be delivered by humans in situations involving interior doors and patio doors. These test levels were set considerably below the 1034 J kinetic energy of the typical victim, since the impact energy delivered to the glazing materials perhaps first by the hands, then by the head, and then by the knees is much less than the kinetic energy of the running person. Also the incident angle of impact will be less than normal in most cases. In Australia and New Zealand the test impact value of 90 J was selected as representative of energy levels likely to be delivered by humans in situations involving glazing around confined spaces, e.g. shower screens. Figure 6 was developed to assist in the establishment of performance criteria for safety glazing materials subject to human impact. The chart is based on the kinetic energy formula: T
*
= 0.5 mv²
See ANSI Z97.1
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SS 341 : 2001 where: T
= kinetic energy, in joules
m = mass of missile, in kilograms v
= velocity of missile, in metres per second.
Maximum impact energy equals the kinetic energy of the person in motion at the moment of impact. Actual impact energy (that which the person delivers) will always be considerably less, except perhaps in the case of a person falling on a skylight.
Figure 6 – Human dynamics data
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SS 341 : 2001
Annex H Measurement of surface compression reading (non-destructive test) H.1
Scope
This annex covers the determination of surface compressive stresses in heat-strengthened and toughened glass (also known as fully tempered glass).
H.2
Summary of test method
The procedure describes a test method for measuring surface stress using light propagating nearly parallel to the surface. The fundamental photoelastic concept is used. As a result of stresses, the material becomes optically anisotropic or birefringent. When polarized light propagates through such anisotropic materials, the differences in the speed of light rays vibrating along the maximum and minimum principal stress introduce a relative retardation between these rays. This relative retardation is proportional to the measured stresses, and can be accurately determined using compensators.
H.3
Principles of operation
The principles of operation are as follows: (a)
Measurement of surface stresses requires an optical apparatus that permits the injection of polarized light rays propagating in a thin layer adjacent to the surface (see Note 1). A prism is usually used for this purpose. The rays emerge at critical angle ic. The photoelastic retardation due to the surface stresses, (see Figure 7), is measured using a wedgecompensator.
(b)
The incident light beam should be arriving at the critical angle ic and polarized at 45° to the entrance of the prism edge. A quartz wedge-compensator, Wc , placed in the path of emerging light adds a retardation, Rc, to the retardation Rs induced by stresses in the surface of the specimen. The analyzer, A, placed between the eyepiece, E, and the wedge-compensator, Wc, generates a visible set of fringes or lines of constant retardation R where R = Rs + Rc Since the specimen-induced retardation is proportional to the surface stress, S, and the path, t, we have: Rs = C⋅S⋅t = C⋅S⋅aX
(1)
where: R C S t
= = = =
is the relative retardation, stress-optical constant (see Note 2), surface stress in the direction perpendicular to the path, t path of light travelling between the entrance and exit points 1, 2 (Figure 7)
a
=
Geometrical factor, (depending upon the prism design) a = determined by the manufacturer.
38
t X
. This constant is
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SS 341 : 2001 (c)
The compensator adds its own retardation. It is linearly variable along its length y and is calculated as Rc = b⋅y
(2)
where b is a constant, determined by the manufacturer of the compensator. The observer sees in the compensator plane a total retardation R. R = Rs + Rc = a⋅C⋅S x + b⋅y
(3)
Figure 7 – Apparatus for measuring surface stress (d)
The fringes (lines of R = Constant) are, therefore, tilted lines. (See Figure 8). The angle θ is the tilt of these fringes relative to a plane containing the light path of Figures 7 and 8. The measured stress is proportional to the tangent of the tilt angle θ , measured using a goniometer, and to an instrument calibration constant, K MPa (psi), determined by the manufacturer. tan θ =
Stress =
b Ca
a ⋅C ⋅ S b
· tan θ = K · tan θ
and
(4)
In the actual procedure (see below), the operator measures the tilt angle θ of the observed set of fringes. NOTE 1 – The surface-stress measuring apparatus described in this annex is manufactured by Strainoptic Technologies, Inc. in North Wales, Pennsylvania. NOTE 2 – The stress constant of float glass is typically 2.55 to 2.65 Brewsters. Calibration can be performed using one of the test methods described in Test Methods ASTM C770.
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SS 341 : 2001
Figure 8 – Fringes observed in the plane of the compensator
H.4
Procedure
The procedure of measuring the surface stress is as follows: (a)
Clean the surface of any trace of oil or other chemical deposits.
(b)
Place a few drops of index liquid on the tin side surface of the specimen at the point of interest. The index of refraction of the liquid should be higher than the index of the examined glass and lower or equal to the index of the prism.
(c)
Perform the adjustments of the optical path in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications to obtain a clear image of an equally spaced set of fringes in the compensator plane.
(d)
Using the goniometer, measure the angle θ symmetry (see Figure 8).
(e)
In all instances where the surface stress is uniform (independent of direction), measure the angle θ , orienting the instrument’s plane of symmetry to measure stress parallel to the nearest edge.
(f)
In those instances where the direction of maximum and minimum stress is uncertain (as a result of irregular geometry, proximity of edges, or non-uniformity of heat-treating process), orient the instrument along direction α1, α2, α3 and measure the fringe pattern angle θ 1, θ 2, θ 3, in degrees, for each direction. Select α1, α2, α3 as follows: α1 α2 α3
(in degrees) of these fringes to the plane of
parallel to the nearest edge, 45° to the nearest edge, and perpendicular to the nearest edge (See Figure 9).
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SS 341 : 2001
Figure 9 – Orientation of the instrument for measuring surface stress
H.5
Calculation and interpretation
The procedure for calculating the surface stress shall be as follows: (a)
Calculate the surface stress, S, using: S = K tan θ
(5)
where K is the instrument calibration constant determined by the manufacturer, in MPa (psi). (b)
In those instances where the surface stress is directional, assess the state of stress by comparing the reading S in three directions α1, α2, α3 . If all three directions yield the same measured angles θ 1, θ 2, θ 3, within 1°, calculate the average angle, then obtain the surface stress from equations 6.1 and 6.2 below:
θ average =
θ1 +θ 2 +θ 3 3
S = K⋅tan θ
(6.1)
(6.2)
If measured angles θ 1, θ 2, and θ 3, differ by more than 1°, then using Equation 5, obtain the three stresses S1, S 2, and S 3, in directions α1, α2, and α3 and then calculate the principal stresses Smax, and Smin from equations 7.1 and 7.2 below:
S max =
S min =
S1 + S 3 2
S1 + S 3 2
+
+
2 2
2 2
(S1 - S 2 ) 2 + (S 2 - S 3 )
(S1 - S 2 ) 2 + (S 2 - S 3 )
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2
2
(7.1)
(7.2)
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SS 341 : 2001
Standards referred to: ANSI Z97.1-1994
Glazing materials used in buildings – Safety performance specifications and methods of test
AS 2193-1978
Methods for calibration and grading of force-measuring systems of testing machines.
ASTM C 770-77 (1989)
Test method for measurement of glass stress – Optical coefficient
ASTM D 756-1993
Practice for determination of weight and shape changes of plastics under accelerated service conditions.
ASTM D 1499-1992
Recommended practice for operating light-and water-exposure apparatus (carbon-arc type) for exposure of plastics.
ASTM G 26-1995
Practice for operating light-exposure apparatus (xenon-arc type) with and without water for exposure of non-metallic materials
DIN 50017-1982
Condensation water test atmospheres
ISO 2859-0 : 1995
Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes Part 0: Introduction to the ISO 2859 attribute sampling system
ISO/IEC Guide 28 : 1982
General rules for a model third-party certification system for products
SS ISO 9000-1 : 1994
Quality management and quality assurance standards Part 1 : 1994 Guidelines for selection and use
SS ISO 9004-1 : 1994
Quality management and quality system elements Part 1 : 1994 Guidelines
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SS 341 : 2001 ABOUT THE SINGAPORE PRODUCTIVITY AND STANDARDS BOARD The Singapore Productivity and Standards Board (PSB) was established in April 1996. Its mission is to raise productivity so as to enhance Singapore’s competitiveness and economic growth for a better quality of life for our people. To achieve this mission, two broad thrusts are adopted -- developing world-class industries and creating a favourable environment for productivity improvement and innovation. The specific areas of focus are: small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), productivity and innovation, and standardisation and metrology. SMEs As the lead agency spearheading the upgrading of SMEs, PSB adopts a total approach to develop SMEs into vibrant and resilient enterprises. At the enterprise level, it develops promising SMEs by enhancing their capabilities. At the sector level, it improves the productivity of domestic industries through industry-wide programmes. The broad-based programmes include accelerating the adoption of e-commerce amongst SMEs, developing Singapore as an SME hub and providing SMEs with access to finance. PSB also serves as the first point of contact for SMEs that need information and assistance. Productivity and Innovation PSB spearheads the national Productivity and Innovation Movement to cultivate a strong commitment to productivity and innovation and to foster a creative and thinking workforce that is able to translate ideas into action. As the lead agency in charge of workforce development, it works closely with employers, unions and other government agencies to build up the capabilities of the workforce and the training infrastructure in Singapore. Financial incentives are provided to help employers defray the cost of training their employees. Organisations are also encouraged to establish systems that drive continuous improvement and attain business excellence through the Singapore Quality Award and Singapore Quality Class. Standardisation and Metrology As the national standards body and national metrology institute, PSB improves market access for Singapore’s exports through its work on standardisation and metrology. Standardisation is also used as a major strategy to raise the productivity of industries. PSB enforces the Weights & Measures Act and Regulations to protect both consumers and traders by ensuring that market transactions based on weights and measurement are accurate, fair and consistent with the relevant standards. As the Safety Authority, it administers the Singapore Consumer Protection (Safety Requirements) Registration Scheme to ensure compliance by industry on the registration of controlled goods.
ABOUT THE NATIONAL STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME Under the national standardisation programme, PSB helps companies and industry to meet international standards and conformity requirements by creating awareness of the importance of standardisation to enhance competitiveness and improve productivity, co-ordinating the development and use of Singapore Standards and setting up an information infrastructure to educate companies and industry on the latest developments. PSB is vested with the authority to appoint a Standards Council to advise on the preparation, publication and promulgation of Singapore Standards and Technical References and their implementation. Singapore Standards are in the form of specifications for materials and products, codes of practice, methods of test, nomenclature, services, etc. The respective standards committee will draw up the standards before seeking final approval from the Standards Council. To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the preparation of Singapore Standards, all committees appointed consist of representatives from various interest groups which include government agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and manufacturing organisations. Technical References are transition documents developed to help meet urgent industry demand for specifications or requirements on a particular product, process or service in an area where there is an absence of reference standards. Unlike Singapore Standards, they are issued for comments over a period of two years before assessment on their suitability for approval as Singapore Standards. All comments are considered when a technical reference is reviewed at the end of two years to determine the feasibility of its transition to a Singapore Standard. Technical References can therefore become Singapore Standards after two years, continue as Technical References for further comments or be withdrawn. In the international arena, PSB represents Singapore in the International Organisation of Standardisation (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) Sub-committee for Standards and Conformance (SCSC) and in the ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality (ACCSQ).
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