SQF Food Safety Code Food Manufacturing Portuguese
February 14, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Download SQF Food Safety Code Food Manufacturing Portuguese...
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G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths Cfnïçh >
Zcam hs g÷fnohs fc jmdrngmïçh rcemgnhbmfhs
Ghipecicbths menicbtmrcs
[rhfuths pmrm mbnimns
Tmï mïçh çh mb mbni nime me
Tmï mïçh çhcstnimïçh pmrm pm rm mb mbni nimn mnss fc
Whdrc h W]JN H W]JN î uim fnvnsçh fm JIN, cstmdcecgnfm pmrm mfinbnstrmr h [rhormim W]J, ui snstcim oehdme fc gcrtngmïçh c ocstçh fc qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths. Bhssm inssçh î hjcrcgcr prhormims ghbsnstcbtcs c oehdmeicbtc rcghb`cgnfhs fc gcrtngmïçh fc qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths, dmscmfhs ci prnbgépnhs gncbtéghs s÷enfhs, mpengmfhs ci thfhs hs scthrcs fm nbfñstrnm c vmehrnzmfhs phr thfms ms pmrtcs nbtcrcssmfms. www.sq.ghi Whdrc m JIN Ghih uim msshgnmïçh fm nbfñstrnm menicbtégnm, m JIN trmdme`m ghi c ci bhic fc thfm m nbfñstrnm pmrm prhihvcr uim gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth jhrbcgnicbth fc menicbths imns scourm, imns smufívce c imns cgncbtc mh ghbsuinfhr. [mrm phtcbgnmenzmr h trmdme`h ghectnvh fh scthr, m JIN rcñbc uim mipem omim fc icidrhs fc thfm m gmfcnm fc vmehr, fhs vmrcanstms quc vcbfci mhs ghbsuinfhrcs mhs prhfuthrcs quc jhrbcgci menicbths c hutrhs prhfuths, dci ghih uim mipem vmrncfmfc fc ciprcsms quc prcstmi scrvnïhs csscbgnmns. www.jin.hro Ghpyrno`t 4;4; JIN Vhfhs hs fnrcnths rcscrvmfhs. Cstm pudengmïçh bçh phfc scr rcprhfuznfm, mrimzcbmfm ci qumequcr snstcim fc nbjhrimïçh hu rcgupcrmïçh, bci trmbsintnfm, bh thfh hu ci pmrtc, fc qumequcr jhrim hu phr qumequcr icnh cectröbngh, icgäbngh, jhthg÷pnm, ormvmïçh hu qumequcr hutrh icnh, sci m pcrinssçh cxprcssm phr csgrnth fm JIN. [mrm hdtcr pcrinssçh, cbtrc ci ghbtmth ghi m JIN ci www.jin.hro hu 4763 Grystme Frnvc, Wuntc 0;;, Mrenbothb, ZM, 444;4, CSM. Fcvc-sc thimr gunfmfh pmrm omrmbtnr quc m cfnïçh mtume fh G÷fnoh scam usmfm c quc h imtcrnme scam mtumenzmfh sciprc quc h G÷fnoh jhr metcrmfh hu rcvnsmfh. M fmtm fh G÷fnoh fcvc scr gemrmicbtc nfcbtngmfm bhs imtcrnmns. [rnicnrm niprcssçh ci imnh fc =>>3. Wuocstócs pmrm m ice`hrnm fh G÷fnoh W]J, Cfnïçh > sçh nbgcbtnvmfms fc thfms ms pmrtcs. Ghicbtírnhs csgrnths fcvci scr cbvnmfhs ë W]JN bh cbfcrcïh 4763 Grystme Frnvc, Wuntc 0;;, Mrenbothb, ZM, 444;4, CSM. G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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W]JN Si iubfh. Sim bhrim. M oehdmenzmïçh rcvheugnhbhu m gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth fc menicbths. Cstm oehdmenzmïçh trhuxc, pmrm iuntms ciprcsms, nbñicrms hphrtubnfmfcs, ims tmidîi imns rnsghs. Hs ghbsuinfhrcs c hs vmrcanstms cxnoci hs imns meths bévcns b évcns fc scourmbïm, qumenfmfc c rcsphbsmdnenfmfc fms ciprcsms. Cecs cspcrmi quc ms ciprcsms snomi thfhs hs rnohrhshs pmfrócs fh scthr nbfustrnme c rcouemt÷rnhs. H W]J (Wmjc ]umenty Jhhf) Nbstntutc î scu pmrgcnrh fc ghbmbïm pmrm hdtcr h rcghb`cgnicbth ubnvcrsme fm scourmbïm c qumenfmfc fc scus prhfuths, scrvnïhs c prhgcsshs. Bh W]JN, bhssh hdactnvh î sciprc m qumenfmfc c m scourmbïm fc menicbths, c bhs fcfngmihs m csgrcvcr uim bhrim rnohrhsm c m fcscbvhevcr trcnbmicbths trcnbmicbths mdrmbocbtcs, imtcrnmns fc hrncbtmïçh ghcshs c rcgurshs cfugmgnhbmns ormtunths pmrm maufí-eh ci sum ahrbmfm. H sugcssh bçh mghbtcgc fh bmfm, c m scourmbïm fc menicbths tmidîi bçh. Aubths, phfcihs maufmr m ghbstrunr uim gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth imns scourm, ghi ui prhfuthr fc menicbths fc gmfm vcz.
G÷fnoh W]J Cfnïçh > H W]JN mtumenzhu h G÷fnoh W]J, fm cfnïçh 0.= pmrm m cfnïçh >, m i fc1 =.
Ghbshenfmr hs rcqunsnths pmrm grnmr uim cxpcrnábgnm imns htninzmfm c íone, sci nipmgth bcomtnvh pmrm m nbtcornfmfc fm bhrim.
4. Mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths mtumenzmfhs fm OJWN pmrm nipecicbtmïçh mp÷s 4;4;. H W]J Cfnïçh > trmz vírnhs mvmbïhs c ice`hrnms bm cstruturm, bm icthfhehonm c bhs rcqunsnths
tîgbnghs fh G÷fnoh. Fc supecicbths menicbtmrcs m menicbths pmrm mbnimns fc cstnimïçh, vírnhs scthrcs prniírnhs c nbfñstrnms mohrm tái g÷fnohs pr÷prnhs pmrm omrmbtnr ui ghbaubth imns cspcgégh fc rcqunsnths c mvmenmïçh fc rnsgh pmrm gmfm ui fcecs. Vhfms ms ice`hrnms jcntms bhs G÷fnohs W]J fcstnbmi-sc m grnmr uim ice`hr cxpcrnábgnm fc mufnthrnm, quc morcouc mnbfm imns vmehr ë gcrtngmïçh W]J.
H ghiprhinssh fh W]JN M gcrtngmïçh W]J mvmenm c omrmbtc m nipecicbtmïçh fh pembh fc qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths fc uim ubnfmfc c ghbrim quc m ubnfmfc tci ms jcrrmicbtms c h trcnbmicbth bcgcssírnhs pmrm ocrcbgnmr m qumenfmfc c m scourmbïm fc menicbths. M hdtcbïçh fm gcrtngmïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J phr uim ubnfmfc nbfngm ui ghiprhinssh ghi1 =. M prhfuïçh fc menicbths scourhs c fc qumenfmfc. 4. M ghbjhrinfmfc ghi hs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh W]J. 7. M ghbjhrinfmfc ghi m econsemïçh fc menicbths mpengívce.
Nipecicbtmbfh ui Wnstcim fc Ocstçh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J, ms ubnfmfcs gmi prcpmrmfms pmrm mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths fc qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths fc ui ghiprmfhr. H G÷fnoh W]J jhrbcgc uim sheuïçh pmrm ms ciprcsms quc mdmstcgci hs icrgmfhs fc menicbths ehgmns c oehdmns. [rhfuths prhfuznfhs c jmdrngmfhs phr icnh fh prhgcssh fc gcrtngmïçh fh G÷fnoh W]J fctái ui meth ormu fc mgcntmïçh bhs icrgmfhs oehdmns, h quc dcbcgnm tmbth ms ubnfmfcs gcrtngmfms, qumbth scus gencbtcs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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Whdrc h [rhormim W]J H [rhormim W]J jhn fcscbvhevnfh nbngnmeicbtc bm Mustríenm, ci =>>3 c, fcsfc 4;;7, pcrtcbgc c î ocrnfh pcem JIN, V`c Jhhf Nbfustry Msshgnmtnhb. Ci 4;;6, m OJWN rcghb`cgcu pcem prnicnrm vcz quc bhssm bhrim mtcbfc mhs scus rcqunsnths fc rcjcrábgnm. Znsçh fh W]JN Wcr m imns ghbívce jhbtc oehdme ñbngm pmrm gcrtngmïçh fc qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths. Inssçh fh W]JN Bhssm inssçh î hjcrcgcr prhormims ghbsnstcbtcs c oehdmeicbtc rcghb`cgnfhs fc gcrtngmïçh fc qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths, dmscmfhs ci prnbgépnhs gncbtéghs s÷enfhs, mpengmfhs ci thfhs hs scthrcs fm nbfñstrnm c vmehrnzmfhs phr thfms ms pmrtcs nbtcrcssmfms. Cbtrc ci ghbtmth ghi h W]JN Bh W]JN, nbghrphrmihs h jccfdmgl fhs vmrcanstms c fms pmrtcs nbtcrcssmfms pmrm mdhrfmr hs fnvcrshs prhdecims fc qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths quc m shgncfmfc cbjrcbtm thfhs hs fnms, ci bévce oehdme. B÷s rcghb`cgcihs quc dusgmr ui prhormim fc gcrtngmïçh pmrm m sum ciprcsm î ui ormbfc ghiprhinssh, nbfcpcbfcbtcicbtc fc scu bévce fc cxpcrnábgnm ci qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths. Mgcssc www.sq.ghi pmrm hdtcr m enstm fms ubnfmfcs gcrtngmfms, hrncbtmïçh shdrc h W]J, fngms c enstms fc vcrngmïçh, hphrtubnfmfcs fc trcnbmicbth, jcrrmicbtms pmrm ehgmenzmr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c pmrm sc rconstrmr bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN. H dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN î uim sheuïçh fc ocstçh fc mufnthrnm c ghectm fc fmfhs, fcscbvhevnfm pmrm ghbtcr hs gusths c ice`hrmr m cgnábgnm c m cgígnm fms mufnthrnms fc scourmbïm fc menicbths. Cssm tcgbhehonm nbhvmfhrm rcprcscbtm ui prhorcssh snobngmtnvh bm jhrim ghih hs fmfhs fc mufnthrnm sçh gmpturmfhs, ocrcbgnmfhs c fnsphbndnenzmfhs, c fnjcrcbgnm h prhormim W]J fc hutrhs prhormims sninemrcs fm OJWN.
Mtcbfnicbth mh gencbtc ‗ nbjhKsq.ghi | 4;4-44;-; 4;4-44;-;:73 :73 | =-0??-4??-4:73 Mssnstábgnm ghi h dmbgh fc fmfhs ‗ nbjhKsq.ghi Ghbjhrinfmfc ‗ ghipenmbgcKsq.ghi
Nscbïócs fc rcsphbsmdnenfmfc M gcrtngmïçh uim ubnfmfc pceh Wnstcim W]J, phr icnh fc ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh pcehfcWmjc ]umenty Jhhf Nbstntutc, bçh omrmbtc m scourmbïm fhs prhfuths bci m mfcsçh ghbstmbtc fm ubnfmfc m thfms ms econsemïócs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths. Cstc fhguicbth fc rcjcrábgnm î pudengmfh ci nboeás c cstí fnsphbévce ci vírnhs hutrhs nfnhims. Wc h ghbtcñfh trmfuznfh fnjcrnr fm vcrsçh hrnonbme ci nboeás, cssm fcvc scr ghbsuetmfm pmrm m nbtcrprctmïçh bme. Wnbtm-sc ë vhbtmfc pmrm usmr h oehssírnh nbgeuéfh nbgeué fh bh Mbcxh, pmrm ghbtcxtumenzmïçh c csgemrcgnicbths shdrc m tcrinbhehonm usmfm bcstc fhguicbth.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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Ébfngc [MTVC M1 Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ................... ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................? ....? M=1 Gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths bcstc g÷fnoh ..............................................0 ..............................................0 M41 Ctmpms pmrm hdtcr m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J (ctmpms fc = m =;) =;) ................................. ................................== == Ctmpm =1 Tconstrmr-sc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN .............................................. ...........................................................=7 .............=7 Ctmpm 41 Fcsnobmr ui prhjssnhbme fc W]J ..................... ......................................... ........................................ ........................................ ....................................=7 ................=7 4.= Vrcnbmicbth (hpgnhbme)......................................................................................................................................................=7 ....................................................................=7 ........................................ ......................................... ........................................ ............................ ........ =6 Ctmpm 71 Fctcrinbmr h csghph fm gcrtnjgmïçh ................... 7.= Cxgeusócs ............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................=3 ...........................=3 Ctmpm 61 Fhguicbtmr scu snstcim W]J ......................... .............................................. ......................................... ........................................ ....................................=3 ................=3 6.= Cecicbths mpengívcns ............................................................................................................................................................=3 ...................................................................................=3 6.4 Geíusuems hdrnomt÷rnms .........................................................................................................................................................=: ...................................................................................=: Ctmpm 31 Nipecicbtmr scu snstcim W]J ........................ ............................................. ......................................... ........................................ ....................................=: ................=: Ctmpm :1 [rî-mufnthrnm (hpgnhbme) .................... ........................................ ........................................ ......................................... ......................................... .............................=: .........=: Ctmpm ?1 Wcecgnhbmr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtnjgmïçh .................. ...................................... ........................................ ........................................ ....................... ...=? =?
Wcecgnhbmr h mufnthr W]J.....................................................................................................................................................=? .....................................................................................................................................................=? ...................................... ......................................... ........................................ ....................................=0 ................=0 Ctmpm 01 M mufnthrnm nbngnme fc gcrtnjgmïçh ................. 0.= Furmïçh fm mufnthrnm .........................................................................................................................................................4; ................................................................................. 4; 0.4 Mufnthrnms ghrphrmtnvms .....................................................................................................................................................4; ................................................................................. 4; 0.7 [rhfuïçh smzhbme ..................................................................................................................................................................4; ................................................................................. 4; Ctmpm >1 Tcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm c cbgcrrmicbth cbgcrrmi cbth .......................... .............................................. ........................................ .......................................4; ...................4; >.= Bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs ............................................................................................................................................................4 ................................................................................. 4; >.4 [hbtumïçh fm mufnthrnm ................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................4= ......................................................................4= >.7 Tcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm rcvnsmfh ....................................................................................................................................44 ........................................................44 >.6 Mïócs ghrrctnvms ......................................................................................................................................................................44 ...................................................................................44 ...................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .......................... ......447 Ctmpm =;1 Ghbgcssçh fm gcrtnjgmïçh .................. ?.=
=;.=
Cinssçh fh gcrtngmfh ......................................................................................................................................................4 ..................................................................... 46 =;.4 Jme`m bm mufnthrnm .................................................................................................................................................................4 ................................................................................... 46 =;.7 Mpcemïócs c rcgemimïócs ............................................................................................................................................ ...................................................................................... 43 M71 Imbutcbïçh fc sum gcrtnjgmïçh W]J (ctmpms fc == m =3) =3) ................ ............................... ...............4 4: Ctmpm ==1 Tcgcrtnjgmïçh .................. ...................................... ........................................ ......................................... ......................................... ........................................ ............................4 ........4: : ==.= Mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh............................................................................................................................................4? ...................................................................4? ==.4 Zmrnmïócs fh prhgcssh fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme...................................................................................................4? ..........................4? ==.7 Mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh ‗ Hpcrmïócs smzhbmns .....................................................................................4? .............4 ? ==.6 Mufnthrnms bçh mbubgnmfms ........................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................4? .....................................................................4? Ctmpm =41 Mufnthrnms fc imbutcbïçh ....................................................... ........................................................................... ......................................... .............................4 ........40 0 =4.= Mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh ‗ Hpcrmïócs smzhbmns .........................................................................................4> .................................................................................. 4> Ctmpm =71 Wuspcbsçh fm gcrtnjgmïçh ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ ......................................... .......................... .....4> 4>
Ghiubngmïçh fc suspcbsçh ........................................................................................................................................4> .................................................................................. 4> Ctmpm =61 Tctnrmfm fm gcrtnjgmïçh ................... ........................................ ......................................... ........................................ ........................................ ..............................7 ..........7= =7.=
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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Ctmpm =31 Metcrmïócs bhs rcqunsnths fc W]J fm ubnfmfc ............................................... ................................................................... ......................... .....7 74 =3.= Metcrmïçh tciphrírnm hu hu pcrimbcbtc fms fmtms fc mufnthrnm ............................................................74 =3.4 Metcrmïçh fh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh ............................................................................................ .............................................................................................................74 ..........................74 =3.7 Metcrmïçh fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ..............................................................................................................77 ........................................77 =3.6 Iufmbïm fh ehgme fms fcpcbfábgnms .....................................................................................................................77 ........................................77 =3.3 Iufmbïm fh prhprnctírnh fh bco÷gnh .....................................................................................................................7 ................................................................... 76 =3.:
Bhtngmïçh fc rcgmees c tîgbngh nbjrmïócs rcouemt÷rnms ................................................................................... ............ 776 ............ fc ui cspcgnmenstm ............................................................................ ...................................................... ......................................................7 6 =3.0 Nfnhim usmfh furmbtc m mufnthrnm ............................................................................................................................7 .................................................................... 73 =3.> [rhormim fc ghbjhrinfmfc c nbtcornfmfc W]JN .............................................................................................7 .................................................................... 73 =3.? Ssh
[MTVC D1 D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ..... 7: 4.= Ghiprhinssh fm metm fnrcïçh ......................................................................................................................................7? .....................................................7? 4.4 Ghbtrhec fc fhguicbths c rconstrhs .......................................................................................................................7> .................................................................. 7> 4.7 Cspcgngmïócs, jhriuemïócs, jhriuemïócs, rcmenzmïçh rcmenzmïçh c mprhvmïçh mprhvmïçh fhs jhrbcgcfhrcs ................................... ...................................6; 6; 4.6 Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths Menicbths ......................................................................................................................67 .................................................................. 67 4.3 Zcrngmïçh fh Wnstcim W]J ................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................60 .......... 60 4.: Tmstrcmdnenfmfc fc prhfuths c ocstçh fc grnscs grnscs ............................................................................................3; ......................... 3; 4.? Fcjcsm fhs menicbths c jrmufc ci menicbths.................................................................................................. .......................... 34 4.0 Ocstçh fc mecroábnghs ......................................................................................................................................................37 .................................................................... 37 4.> Vrcnbmicbth ..............................................................................................................................................................................36 ........................... 36 I÷fueh ==1 Dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh pmrm h prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs................. ..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ....................................... ...................... .. 3: ==.= Ehgmenzmïçh c fcpcbfábgnms fm ubnfmfc ............................................................................................................3: ......................................3: ==.4 Hpcrmïçh fm ubnfmfc. .......................................................................................................................................................:; ......................................: ; ==.7 @noncbc c dci-cstmr fh pcsshme ................................................................................................................................:6 ....................................................:6 ==.6 [rítngms fh pcsshme bh prhgcssmicbth ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................................... ........................ :? ==.3 Jhrbcgnicbth fc íoum, oceh c mr ...............................................................................................................................:0 ........................ :0 ==.: Tcgcdnicbth, mrimzcbmicbth mrimzcbmicbth c trmbsphrtc .....................................................................................................?; ..........................?; ==.? Wcpmrmïçh fc jubïócs........................................................................................................................................................?7 ==.0
Fcsgmrtc fc rcséfuhs ........................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................?3 ?3 MBCPH =1 Gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths W]J ............................................. ............................................... .. ?? MBCPH 41 41 Oehssírnh ................................................. .................................................................... ......................................0: ...................0: MBCPH 71 Tcorms fc ush fh ehohtnph W]J .......................................... ....................................................... ............. =; =;= = MBCPH 61 Tcqunsnths 61 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs ................. =; =;7 7
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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M
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
M=1 Gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths bcstc g÷fnoh GMVCOHTNM F FH HW WC CVHT F FC C ME MENICBVHW
I×FSEHW F FC CD D[ [J M M[ [ENGÍZCNW
=;
[rhgcssmicbth fc emtngébnhs
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
==
[rhgcssmicbth fc ice
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
=4
[rhgcssmicbth fc hvhs
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
=7
[rhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths fc pmbnjgmïçh c pctnsghs
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
=6
[rhgcssmicbth fc jrutms, vcoctmns c hecmonbhsms, c sughs fc jrutms
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
=3
Cbemtmicbth, S@V c hpcrmïócs mssîptngms
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
=:
[rhgcssmicbth fc oceh c dcdnfms
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
=?
Jmdrngmïçh fc fhgcs, dmems c ghbjcnths
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
=0
Jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths ci ghbscrvm
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
=>
Jmdrngmïçh fc nborcfncbtcs menicbtégnhs
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
4;
Jmdrngmïçh fc rcjcnïócs prhbtms
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
4=
×echs, ohrfurms c m jmdrngmïçh fc
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths
pmstms ë dmsc fc ÷echs hu ohrfurms
44
[rhgcssmicbth fc orçhs fc gcrcmns
menicbtégnhs I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
43
Tccidmemoci fc prhfuths bçh jmdrngmfhs bm ubnfmfc
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
77
Jmdrngmïçh fc ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm fc menicbths
I÷fueh ==1 D[J pmrm prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs
H Wmjc ]umenty Jhhf Nbstntutc (W]JN) pudengm ui ghbaubth fc g÷fnohs fc qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths oehdmeicbtc rcghb`cgnfhs, quc mdrmboci thfhs hs mspcgths fm gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth fc menicbths, fcsfc m prhfuïçh prniírnm mtî h vmrcah c hs scrvnïhs fc menicbtmïçh. Vhfms ms bhrims cstçh fnsphbévcns ormtuntmicbtc ci www.sq.ghi. Mbtcs fc cidmrgmr bm ahrbmfm fh W]J, ms ubnfmfcs sçh nbgcbtnvmfms m dmnxmr c rcvnsmr h g÷fnoh W]J quc mtcbfm ice`hr sums bcgcssnfmfcs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
0
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Jubfmicbths fm scourmbïm fc menicbths Jubfmicbths fh W]J pmrm m prhfuïçh prniírnm - Dísngh
Vhfms ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc prhfuïçh prniírnm fc menicbths
Jubfmicbths fh W]J pmrm Vhfms ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc prhfuïçh prniírnm fc m prhfuïçh prniírnm - Nbtcricfnírnh menicbths Jubfmicbths fh W]J pmrm jmdrngmïçh - Dísngh
Vhfms ms gmtcohrnms fc jmdrngmïçh, mrimzcbmicbth c fnstrndunïçh fh scthr fc menicbths
Jubfmicbths fh W]J pmrm jmdrngmïçh ‗ Nbtcricfnírnh
Vhfms ms gmtcohrnms fc jmdrngmïçh, mrimzcbmicbth c fnstrndunïçh fh scthr fc menicbths
G÷fnohs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths dmscmfhs ci M[[GG *Nbfngm hs G÷fnohs fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J rcghb`cgnfhs pcem OJWN
[rhfuïçh prniírnm G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 [rhfuïçh Mbnime [rniírnm*
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =1 [rhfuïçh, gmpturm c mdmtc fc mbnimns fc pcguírnm c fc gmïm, c mpngueturm
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 [rhfuïçh Zcoctme [rniírnm*
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 41 Guetnvh c ghe`cntm ci midncbtcs jcg`mfhs fc prhfuths jrcsghs c gueturms fc scicbtcs ocrinbmfms (BHZH!) Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 71 Guetnvh c prhfuïçh fc prhfuths jrcsghs c hecmonbhsms Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 61 Cidmemfhrcs fc vcoctmns jrcsghs, orçhs c hecmonbhsms Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 31 Hpcrmïócs moréghems cxtcbsnvms ci ormbfc csgmem
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Mqungueturm
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths :1 Grnmïçh nbtcbsnvm fc jruths fh imr
Jmdrngmïçh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths*
Cstc G÷fnoh mdrmboc hs rcqunsnths fc scourmbïm fc menicbths pmrm ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths ë fnrcntm
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =;1 [rhgcssmicbth fc emtngébnhs Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths ==1 [rhgcssmicbth fc ice Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =41 [rhgcssmicbth fc hvhs Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =71 [rhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths fc pmbngmïçh c pctnsghs Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =61 [rhgcssmicbth fc jrutms, vcoctmns, hecmonbhsms c sughs fc jrutms Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =31 Cbemtmicbth, S@V c hpcrmïócs mssîptngms Gmtcohrnm dcdnfms fh scthr fc menicbths =:1 [rhgcssmicbth fc oceh c Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =?1 Jmdrngmïçh fc fhgcs, dmems c ghbjcnths Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =01 Jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths ci ghbscrvm Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths =>1 Jmdrngmïçh fc nborcfncbtcs menicbtégnhs Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 4;1 Jmdrngmïçh fc rcjcnïócs prhbtms Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 4=1 ×echs, ohrfurms c jmdrngmïçh fc pmstms ë dmsc fc ÷echs hu ohrfurms Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 441 [rhgcssmicbth fc orçhs fc gcrcmns Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 431 Tccidmemoci fc prhfuths bçh jmdrngmfhs bm ubnfmfc Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 771 Jmdrngmïçh fc ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm fc menicbths
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc [rhfuths Mbnimns*
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths ?1 Hpcrmïócs fc mdmtc, fcshssm c ghrtc Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 01 [rhgcssmicbth fc gmrbcs c mvcs nbfustrnmenzmfms Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths >1 [rhgcssmicbth fc jruths fh imr
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Wupecicbths Menicbtmrcs*
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 7=1 Jmdrngmïçh fc supecicbths menicbtmrcs
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths pmrm Mbnimns fc Cstnimïçh*
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 741 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths pmrm Mbnimns fc Cstnimïçh
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Tmïçh Mbnime*
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 761 Jmdrngmïçh fc Tmïçh Mbnime
Cidmemoci fc menicbths G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Cidmemocbs fc Menicbths*
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 4?1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Cidmemocbs fc Menicbths
Mrimzcbmicbth c Fnstrndunïçh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 4:1 Mrimzcbmicbth c W]J1 Mrimzcbmicbth c Fnstrndunïçh* Fnstrndunïçh Zmrcah G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Zmrcah fc Menicbths
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 461 Zmrcah fc Menicbths
Wcrvnïhs fc menicbtmïçh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Wcrvnïhs fc menicbtmïçh
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths 471 Wcrvnïhs fc dujá, fc dhrfh c hpcrmïócs fc scrvnïhs fc menicbtmïçh
]umenfmfc fc menicbths dmscmfm ci M[[GG ]umenfmfc H G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc W]J
Mpengm-sc m thfms ms bhrims rcghb`cgnfms pcem OJWN c cqunvmecbtcs, meîi fc hutrms bhrims fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths, nbgeunbfh ms gcrtngmïócs M[[GG c NWH 44;;;
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
M41 Ctmpms pmrm hdtcr m gcrtngmïçh W]J (ctmpms fc = m =;) H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths fcbc hs rcqunsnths fc nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh c hs rcqunsnths tîgbnghs pmrm ms ubnfmfcs cbvhevnfms bm jmdrngmïçh, prhgcssmicbth, cidmemoci, mrimzcbmicbth c trmbsphrtc fc thfhs hs tnphs fc prhfuths vcoctmns, prhfuths insths fc hrnoci mbnime c vcoctme c prhfuths cstívcns ë tcipcrmturm midncbtc. ▫
▫
M pmrtc M (cstm pmrtc) fcbc ms ctmpms quc vhgá prcgnsm scounr pmrm nipecicbtmr c imbtcr m gcrtngmïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths c m pmrtc D î m bhrim mufntívce. Cem fctme`m hs cecicbths fh Wnstcim W]J quc fcvci scr mtcbfnfhs pmrm m jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths (i÷fueh 4) c ms dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh (D[J) rcecvmbtcs pmrm jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths (i÷fueh ==).
Wc vhgá hgupm uim jubïçh fc ocstçh hu tîgbngm ci uim ubnfmfc c î rcsphbsívce pcem nipecicbtmïçh fhs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, vhgá phfc mprcbfcr ghih ghicïmr c nipecicbtmr scu Wnstcim W]J fc vírnms imbcnrms. ▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
H W]JN hjcrcgc h trcnbmicbth hbenbc ―Nipecicbtmïçh fc Wnstcims W]J’, quc phfc scr mgcssmfh ci sq.ghi. Vrmtm-sc fc uim jcrrmicbtm hbenbc fnfítngm, bm qume vhgá phfc sc imtrnguemr c rcmenzmr h trcnbmicbth ci Wnstcims W]J bh scu pr÷prnh tciph c rntih. H trcnbmicbth ―Nipecicbtmïçh fc Wnstcims W]J’ cstí fnsphbévce bm rcfc fc gcbtrhs fc trcnbmicbth engcbgnmfhs fh W]JN. Nbjhrimïócs shdrc hs gcbtrhs fc trcnbmicbth c hs pméscs hbfc hpcrmi cstçh fnsphbévcns ci sq.ghi. Cidhrm scam rcghicbfmfh jmzcr h trcnbmicbth, vhgá phfc mprcbfcr shznb`h dmnxmbfh h G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths fc sq.ghi, ormtuntmicbtc, c mpengmbfh-h mh scu scthr, ubnfmfc c prhgcsshs. Wum metm fnrcïçh phfc hptmr phr utnenzmr hs scrvnïhs fc ui ghbsuethr W]J rconstrmfh. Vhfhs hs ghbsuethrcs W]J sçh rconstrmfhs pceh W]JN pmrm trmdme`mr ci gmtcohrnms cspcgégms fh scthr fc menicbths c phssuci ui gmrtçh fc nfcbtngmïçh, nbfngmbfh ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths bhs qumns cstçh rconstrmfhs. Hs grntîrnhs quc fcsgrcvci hs rcqunsnths bcgcssírnhs pmrm sc qumengmr ghih ghbsuethr W]J c hs jhriueírnhs fc gmbfnfmturm cstçh fnsphbévcns ci sq.ghi. H G÷fnoh fc Ghbfutm fh Ghbsuethr W]J fcsgrcvc ms prítngms cspcrmfms fhs ghbsuethrcs W]J. Fhguicbths fc hrncbtmïçh cstçh fnsphbévcns pmrm meoubs g÷fnohs W]J c ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths ci sq.ghi. Csscs fhguicbths phfci maufí-eh m nbtcrprctmr hs rcqunsnths fhs G÷fnohs W]J c muxnenmr bm fhguicbtmïçh c nipecicbtmïçh fc ui Wnstcim W]J. Hs fhguicbths jhrmi fcscbvhevnfhs ghi h mphnh fc cspcgnmenstms tîgbnghs fh scthr fc menicbths. Hs fhguicbths fc hrncbtmïçh cstçh fnsphbévcns pmrm maufí-eh, ims bçh sçh fhguicbths mufntívcns. ]umbfh `huvcr fnvcroábgnms cbtrc h fhguicbth fc hrncbtmïçh c h G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, h G÷fnoh W]J prcvmecgc.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
==
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Ms ctmpms pmrm hdtcr m gcrtngmïçh W]J sçh ms scounbtcs1 Ctmpm =1 Tconstrmr-sc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN Ctmpm 41 Fcsnobmr ui prhssnhbme fc W]J
4.= Vrcnbmicbth (hpgnhbme)
Ctmpm 71 Fctcrinbmr h csghph fm gcrtngmïçh
7.= Cxgeusócs
Ctmpm 61 Fhguicbtmr scu Wnstcim W]J
6.= Cecicbths mpengívcns
6.4 Cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs
Ctmpm 31 Nipecicbtmr scu Wnstcim W]J Ctmpm :1 [rî-mufnthrnm (hpgnhbme) Ctmpm ?1 Wcecgnhbmr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh
?.= Wcecgnhbmr h mufnthr W]J
Ctmpm 01 M mufnthrnm nbngnme fc gcrtngmïçh
0.= Furmïçh fm mufnthrnm
0.4 Mufnthrnms ghrphrmtnvms
0.7 [rhfuïçh smzhbme
Ctmpm >1 Tcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm c cbgcrrmicbth
>.= Bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs
>.4 [hbtumïçh fm mufnthrnm
>.7 Tcemt÷rnhs fc mufnthrnm rcvnsmfhs
=;.4 Jme`m bm mufnthrnm
=;.7 Mpcemïócs c rcgemimïócs
>.6 Mïócs ghrrctnvms Ctmpm =;1 Ghbgcssçh fm gcrtngmïçh
=;.= Cinssçh fh gcrtngmfh
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=4
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Ctmpm =1 Tconstrmr-sc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN [mrm scr ghbsnfcrmfh pmrm m gcrtngmïçh W]J, vhgá fcvc rconstrmr sum ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN. H dmbgh fc fmfhs phfc scr mgcssmfh ci sq.ghi. Sim tmxm fcvc scr pmom bh rconstrh c bm rcbhvmïçh mbume, pmrm gmfm ubnfmfc. H vmehr fm tmxm fcpcbfc fh tmimb`h fm ubnfmfc, ghbjhric fctcrinbmfh pcem rcgcntm drutm mbume fc vcbfms c pceh scthr nbfustrnme. M tmdcem fc tmxms cstí fnsphbévce ci sq.ghi. Zhgá prcgnsm rconstrmr sum ubnfmfc bh W]JN mbtcs fh nbégnh fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme c ghbtnbumr sciprc rconstrmfh pmrm imbtcr m gcrtngmïçh fc sum ubnfmfc. Wc vhgá bçh imbtnvcr h rconstrh, h gcrtngmfh fm ubnfmfc scrí nbvíenfh mtî quc m ubnfmfc scam fcvnfmicbtc rconstrmfm bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN.
Ctmpm 41 Fcsnobmr ui prhjssnhbme fc W]J G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths cxnoc quc gmfm ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm tcb`m ui prhssnhbme fc W]J fcvnfmicbtc qumengmfh pmrm supcrvnsnhbmr h fcscbvhevnicbth, nipecicbtmïçh, rcvnsçh c imbutcbïçh fh Wnstcim W]J, nbgeunbfh hs cecicbths fh snstcim, Dhms [rítngms fc Jmdrngmïçh (D[Js) c pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths. Hs rcqunsnths pmrm ui prhssnhbme fc W]J cstçh fcsgrnths bhs cecicbths fh snstcim, pmrtc D1 4.=.=.6 c 4.=.=.3. Zhgá phfc tcr imns fc ui prhssnhbme fc W]J pmrm mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths hpcrmgnhbmns c fc turbh. Si icidrh metcrbmtnvh fm cqunpc tmidîi fcvc scr nfcbtngmfh pmrm ocrcbgnmr h Wnstcim W]J bm musábgnm fh prhssnhbme fc W]J fcsnobmfh. 4.=
Vrcnbmicbth (hpgnhbme)
H trcnbmicbth ―Nipecicbtmïçh fc Wnstcims W]J’ cstí fnsphbévce hbenbc c bm rcfc fc gcbtrhs fc trcnbmicbth engcbgnmfhs pceh W]JN. [rhssnhbmns fc W]J, rcsphbsívcns phr fcbnr, nipecicbtmr c imbtcr hs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, sçh nbgcbtnvmfhs m pmrtngnpmr fc ui trcnbmicbth. H trcnbmicbth ―Nipecicbtmïçh fc Wnstcims W]J’ bçh î hdrnomt÷rnh pmrm prhssnhbmns fc W]J, ims î metmicbtc rcghicbfmfh.
Nbjhrimïócs shdrc hs gurshs cstçh fnsphbévcns ci sq.ghi. Î cxnonfh quc hs prhssnhbmns fc W]J ghbgeumi ghi sugcssh h trcnbmicbth M[[GG, quc tcb`m furmïçh iébnim fc fhns fnms c î mvmenmfh. Vrcnbmicbths ci hutrms fnsgnpenbms fh scthr fc menicbths, Dhms [rítngms fc Jmdrngmïçh (D[J) c Mufnthrnm Nbtcrbm tmidîi phfci scr ñtcns, c hs gcbtrhs fc trcnbmicbth ci W]J engcbgnmfhs phfci jhrbcgcr fctme`cs shdrc hs fcimns gurshs hjcrcgnfhs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=7
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Ctmpm 71 Fctcrinbmr h csghph fm gcrtnjgmïçh Mbtcs fc nipecicbtmr h G÷fnoh W]J, vhgá fcvc fctcrinbmr h csghph fm gcrtngmïçh. Ci hutrms pmemvrms, ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths, prhfuths c prhgcsshs quc scrçh nbgeuéfhs ci scu Wnstcim W]J. H csghph fm gcrtngmïçh fctcrinbm hs cecicbths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths quc fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs, c scrçh mufntmfhs pceh fcmbtcs gcrtngmïçh. H csghph prcgnsm scrnbngnme, mghrfmfh h hrombnsih fchrombnsih gcrtngmïçh fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh c bçhcbtrc phfcsum scrubnfmfc metcrmfhc furmbtc hu nicfnmtmicbtc mp÷s uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu fc rcgcrtngmïçh. H csghph fm gcrtngmïçh cspcgngm1 ▫
▫
M ubnfmfc. M gcrtngmïçh W]J î cspcgégm fm ubnfmfc. Vhfm m ubnfmfc, nbgeunbfh ms fcpcbfábgnms, cfnjégnhs fc mphnh, snehs, tmbqucs, fhgms fc gmrrcomicbth c fcsgmrrcomicbth, c írcms cxtcrbms, î nfcbtngmfm c nbgeuéfm mh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh. Wc ms mtnvnfmfcs jhrci rcmenzmfms ci fcpcbfábgnms fnjcrcbtcs, ims supcrvnsnhbmfms pcem icsim metm fnrcïçh hpcrmgnhbme c tîgbngm, c jhrci ghdcrtms phr ui Wnstcim W]J ñbngh, m ubnfmfc phfc scr cxpmbfnfm pmrm nbgeunr cssms fcpcbfábgnms. Gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths. H W]JN tci uim enstm fc gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths pmrm gemssngmr hs oruphs fc prhfuths c omrmbtnr quc h mufnthr quc zcr m mufnthrnm fc sum ubnfmfc tcb`m h ghb`cgnicbth c ms `mdnenfmfcs bcgcssírnms. Ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths W]J cstçh menb`mfms ghi hs scthrcs nbfustrnmns fm OJWN. Sim enstm ghipectm fc gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths pmrm fh thfhs hs fc g÷fnohs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]Jfc phfc scr cbghbtrmfm bh Mbcxh =. Ms gmtcohrnms scthr menicbths quc sc mpengmi mh G÷fnoh Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths sçh1 Gmtcohrnm fh scthr [rhgcssmicbth fc emtngébnhs Gmtcohrnm fh scthr Jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths fc menicbths =;1 fc menicbths =01 ci ghbscrvm Gmtcohrnm fh scthr [rhgcssmicbth fc ice fc menicbths ==1
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr Jmdrngmïçh fc nborcfncbtcs fc menicbths =>1 menicbtégnhs
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr [rhgcssmicbth fc hvhs fc menicbths =41
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr Jmdrngmïçh fc rcjcnïócs fc menicbths 4;1 prhbtms
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr [rhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths Gmtcohrnm fh scthr ×echs, ohrfurms c m fc menicbths =71 fc pmbngmïçh c pctnsghs fc menicbths 4=1 jmdrngmïçh fc pmstms ë dmsc fc ÷echs hu ohrfurms Gmtcohrnm fh =61 scthr vcoctmns, [rhgcssmicbth fc jrutms, fc menicbths hecmonbhsms c sughs fc jrutms
Gmtcohrnm fh 441 scthr fc [rhgcssmicbth fc orçhs fc menicbths gcrcmns
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr Cbemtmicbth, S@V c fc menicbths =31 hpcrmïócs mssîptngms
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr Tccidmemoci fc prhfuths fc menicbths 431 bçh jmdrngmfhs bm ubnfmfc
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr [rhgcssmicbth fc oceh c fc menicbths =:1 dcdnfms
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr Jmdrngmïçh fc fc menicbths 771 ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm fc menicbths
Gmtcohrnm fh scthr Jmdrngmïçh fc fhgcs, dmems fc menicbths =?1 c ghbjcnths ▫
Hs prhfuths. M gcrtngmïçh W]J î cspcgégm fh prhfuth. Fcbtrh fc gmfm gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths mpengívce, vhgá prcgnsm nfcbtngmr hs prhfuths (phr cxcipeh, crvne`ms ghbocemfms) quc cstçh nbgeuéfhs ci scu Wnstcim W]J. M jmdrngmïçh fc thfhs hs prhfuths enstmfhs scrí mufntmfm qumbth ë ghbjhrinfmfc ghi h W]J c scrí enstmfm bh gcrtngmfh fc ghbjhrinfmfc, m icbhs quc vhgá shengntc uim cxgeusçh (ghbsuetc m pmrtc M 7.=).
Zcam qumns sçh hs rcqunsnths pmrm metcrmïçh fh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh bm pmrtc 6.=
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=6
[MTVC M1
7.=
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Cxgeusócs
Gmsh qucnrm cxgeunr qumequcr prhfuth prhfuth prhgcssmfh hu imbnpuemfh bm ubnfmfc hu ci pmrtc fms fcpcbfábgnms, m shengntmïçh fc cxgeusçh prcgnsm scr cbvnmfm mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh phr csgrnth mbtcs fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh, fctme`mbfh h ihtnvh fm cxgeusçh. Wc mprhvmfms pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, ms cxgeusócs sçh enstmfms bm fcsgrnïçh fm ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c bhs rcemt÷rnhs fc mufnthrnm. Bh cbtmbth, bcb`uim pmrtc fms fcpcbfábgnms c fhs prhgcsshs cbvhevnfhs bm prhfuïçh, prhgcssmicbth c mrimzcbmicbth fc prhfuths nbgeuéfhs bh csghph phfc scr cxgeuéfm. [rhfuths c pmrtcs fm ubnfmfc cxgeuéfhs bçh phfci scr fnvueomfhs ghih cstmbfh ghdcrths pcem gcrtngmïçh. Gmshs ci quc m fnvueomïçh fc prhfuths, cqunpmicbths hu írcms cxgeuéfhs fm ubnfmfc scam nfcbtngmfm c ghiprhvmfm (phr icnh fc mufnthrnm rcouemr hu phr hutrhs icnhs) rcsuetmrçh bm rctnrmfm nicfnmtm fm gcrtngmïçh W]J.
Zhgá prcgnsm fcihbstrmr quc ms pmrtcs cxgeuéfms fm ubnfmfc, prhgcsshs hu prhfuths bçh ghehgmi hs prhfuths gcrtngmfhs ci rnsgh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths.
Ctmpm 61 Fhguicbtmr scu snstcim W]J [mrm hdtcr m gcrtngmïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J, vhgá prcgnsm fhguicbtmr c nipecicbtmr hs cecicbths fh snstcim (i÷fueh 4) c hs rcqunsnths fc D[J rcecvmbtcs (i÷fueh ==) fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths. Cstc î ui prhgcssh fc fhns cstíonhs1 [rnicnrh, vhgá prcgnsm prcpmrmr ms pheétngms, hs prhgcfnicbths, ms nbstruïócs fc trmdme`h c ms cspcgngmïócs quc mtcbfci mhs cecicbths fh snstcim c i÷fuehs D[J fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths. Ci hutrms pmemvrms, ―fnzcr h quc vhgá jmz’. 6.=
Cecicbths mpengívcns
Hs rcqunsnths mufntívcns fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths sçh fcsgrnths bm scounbtc `ncrmrqunm1 ▫
I÷fueh, i÷fueh 4 (cecicbths fh snstcim) c i÷fueh == (rcqunsnths fc D[J)
▫ ▫ ▫
Wcïçh, phr cxcipeh, 4.=, 4.4, 4.7 ctg. Geíusuem, phr cxcipeh, 4.=.=, 4.=.4, 4.=.7 ctg. Cecicbth, phr cxcipeh, 4.=.=.=. 4.=.=.4, 4.=.=.7 ctg.
Hs cecicbths mpengívcns sçh hs cecicbths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J rcecvmbtcs quc fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr m scourmbïm fhs prhfuths fcbtrh fh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh. Bci thfhs hs cecicbths sçh mpengívcns. [hfc `mvcr meouims scïócs hu geíusuems quc bçh sc mpengmi ë sum ubnfmfc (phr cxcipeh, ==.:.4 Mrimzcbmicbth rcjrnocrmfh, bçh scrnm mpengívce sc sum ubnfmfc bçh prhgcssm bci mrimzcbm ntcbs rcjrnocrmfhs).
Vhfhs hs cecicbths fh snstcim c rcqunsnths fc D[J mpengívcns sçh mvmenmfhs furmbtc m mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh. ]umbfh ui cecicbth bçh î mpengívce c nssh phfc scr austngmfh mfcqumfmicbtc, cec î fcgemrmfh ―bçh mpengívce’ hu ―B/M’ pceh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J bh rcemt÷rnh fcghih mufnthrnm.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=3
[MTVC M1
6.4
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Geíusuems hdrnomt÷rnms
Ms geíusuems hdrnomt÷rnms sçh hs rcqunsnths fcbtrh fh i÷fueh 4 ‗ cecicbths fh snstcim, quc fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs, nipecicbtmfhs c mufntmfhs pmrm quc m ubnfmfc hdtcb`m m gcrtngmïçh W]J< cecicbths fh snstcim quc bçh phfci scr cxgeuéfhs furmbtc uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu fc rcgcrtngmïçh. Cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs bçh phfci scr ghbsnfcrmfhs ghih ―bçh mpengívcns’ mpen gívcns’ hu ―cxgeuéfhs’, fcvci scr mufntmfhs c sum ghbjhrinfmfc/bçh ghbjhrinfmfc fcvc scr fcgemrmfm.
Hs cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs sçh nfcbtngmfhs ghi ―Hdrnomt÷rnh’ bhs cecicbths fh snstcim bh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths. Wçh cecs1 4.=.=
Tcsphbsmdnenfmfc fm metm fnrcïçh
4.3.=
Zmenfmïçh c cgígnm
4.=.4
Mbíensc grétngm pcem metm fnrcïçh
4.3.4
Mtnvnfmfcs fc vcrngmïçh
4.=.7
Ocstçh fc rcgemimïócs
4.3.7
Mïçh ghrrctnvm c prcvcbtnvm
4.4.=
Wnstcim fc Ocstçh fm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths
4.3.6
Mufnthrnms nbtcrbms c nbspcïócs
4.4.4
Ghbtrhec fc fhguicbths
4.:.=
Nfcbtngmïçh fc prhfuths
4.4.7
Tconstrhs
4.:.4
Tmstrcmdnenfmfc fc prhfuths
4.7.6
[rhormim fc mprhvmïçh fc jhrbcgcfhrcs
4.:.7
Tcghe`nicbth c rcgmee fc prhfuths
4.6.=
Econsemïçh fc menicbths
4.?.=
[embh fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths
4.6.4
Dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh
4.?.4
Jrmufc ci menicbths
4.6.7
[embh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths
4.0.=
Ocstçh fc mecroábnghs
4.6.?
Endcrmïçh fc prhfuths
4.>.4
[rhormim fc trcnbmicbth
Ctmpm 31 Nipecicbtmr scu snstcim W]J ]umbfh cstnvcr smtnsjcnth ghi ms pheétngms, prhgcfnicbths, nbstruïócs fc trmdme`h c cspcgngmïócs nipecicbtmfms pmrm mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths fh W]J, vhgá prcgnsm omrmbtnr quc thfhs hs fhguicbths scami scounfhs c quc hs rconstrhs scami imbtnfhs, fcihbstrmbfh ghbjhrinfmfc ghi hs i÷fuehs rcecvmbtcs fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths.
Ci hutrms pmemvrms, ―jmzcr h quc vhgá fnz’. H W]JN rcghicbfm quc ui iébnih fc bhvcbtm (>;) fnms fc rconstrhs cstcam fnsphbévce, mbtcs fm rcmenzmïçh fc uim mufnthrnm bm ubnfmfc.
Ctmpm :1 [rî-mufnthrnm (hpgnhbme) (hpgnhbme) Sim prî-mufnthrnm bçh î hdrnomt÷rnm, ims î suocrnfm ghih uim imbcnrm fc jhrbcgcr uim "rcvnsçh ocrme" fh Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J nipecicbtmfh pcem ubnfmfc. Sim prî-mufnthrnm phfc nbgeunr uim rcvnsçh fm sum fhguicbtmïçh, nb ehgh hu jhrm fm ubnfmfc, c phfc maufmr m nfcbtngmr jme`ms bh Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J fm sum ubnfmfc, fc jhrim quc m mïçh ghrrctnvm phssm hghrrcr mbtcs fc cbvhevcr h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh scecgnhbmfh pmrm uim mufnthrnm ghipectm fc gcrtngmïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=:
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
M prî-mufnthrnm phfc scr ghbfuznfm usmbfh fnvcrshs icnhs, ghih rcgurshs nbtcrbhs, ui ghbsuethr W]J rconstrmfh hu mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J rconstrmfh.
Ctmpm ?1 Wcecgnhbmr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtnjgmïçh Hs hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh sçh engcbgnmfhs pceh W]JN pmrm ghbfuznr mufnthrnms c cintnr gcrtngmfhs W]J. Hs hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfhs pceh W]JN sçh grcfcbgnmfhs scoubfh m bhrim nbtcrbmgnhbme NWH/NCG =?;:314;=4 (hu vcrsócs sudscqucbtcs, ghbjhric mpengívce) c cstçh suacnths m mvmenmïócs mbumns fc sums mtnvnfmfcs fc gcrtngmïçh pcehs hrombnsihs fc mgrcfntmïçh engcbgnmfhs pceh W]JN. Wum ubnfmfc prcgnsm tcr ui ghbtrmth ghi ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh sciprc ci vnohr, fcsgrcvcbfh hs scrvnïhs fc gcrtngmïçh W]J m scrci prcstmfhs. Bh iébnih, cstcs nbgeuci1 ▫ ▫ ▫
▫ ▫ ▫
H csghph fm gcrtngmïçh (ghbsuetc m ctmpm 7), nbgeunbfh thfms ms cxgeusócs mprhvmfms< M furmïçh cspcrmfm fm mufnthrnm c hs rcqunsnths fc rcemt÷rnh< M cstruturm fc tmxms fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, nbgeunbfh gusths fc mufnthrnm, tciph c fcspcsms fc vnmoci, cemdhrmïçh fc rcemt÷rnhs, gusths ghipecicbtmrcs c gusths fc cbgcrrmicbth fc bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs< Ms ghbfnïócs shd ms qumns h gcrtngmfh W]J î cintnfh, rctnrmfh hu suspcbsh< H prhgcssh fc mpcemïócs c rcgemimïócs fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, c M fnsphbndnenfmfc fc mufnthrcs pmrm ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths fm ubnfmfc.
Sim enstm fc hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfhs quc hpcrmi ci sum rconçh hu pmés cstí fnsphbévce ci sq.ghi. Hs hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh tmidîi cstçh enstmfhs bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN, c vhgá phfc shengntmr uim ghtmïçh hu scecgnhbmr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh hbenbc mp÷s sc rconstrmr (ghbsuetc m pmrtc M, ctmpm =). Hdscrvc quc sc vhgá fcscam nipecicbtmr ui prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs, vhgá prcgnsmrí nbfngmr nssh ci sum shengntmïçh mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. H prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs, nbgeunbfh m nfcbtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme c h bñicrh c hs bhics fms sudubnfmfcs, prcgnsm scr nbgeuéfh bh ghbtrmth ghi h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. Ghbsuetc h mbcxh 6 pmrm hdtcr hs rcqunsnths pmrm gcrtngmïçh fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs. ?.=
Wcecgnhbmr h mufnthr W]J
H mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J î scecgnhbmfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. H mufnthr fcvc scr ciprcomfh hu ghbtrmtmfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c rconstrmfh bh W]JN pmrm ms icsims gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths quc h csghph fc gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc (ghbsuetc m pmrtc M, ctmpm 7). Gmsh h mufnthr W]J bçh tcb`m ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths cxnonfms, ui cspcgnmenstm tîgbngh phfc scr usmfh pmrm muxnenmr h mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J rconstrmfh (ghbsuetc m pmrtc M1 =:.?). H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh î hdrnomfh m omrmbtnr quc bcb`ui mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J rcmenzc mufnthrnms fm icsim ubnfmfc ci imns fc trás (7) gngehs fc gcrtngmïçh ghbscgutnvhs. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc nbjhrimr m vhgá h bhic fh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J bh ihicbth ci quc m mufnthrnm W]J jhr mocbfmfm (cxgcth pmrm mufnthrnms bçh mbubgnmfms). Zhgá phfc vcrngmr h rconstrh c ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths fh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J ci sq.ghi.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=?
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Si mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J bçh phfc mufntmr uim ubnfmfc bm qume tcb`m pmrtngnpmfh ci uim jubïçh fc ghbsuethr hu tcb`m ui ghbnth fc nbtcrcsscs ghi qumequcr pcsshm fm ubnfmfc bhs ñetnihs fhns (4) mbhs. Zhgá phfc rcgusmr h scrvnïh fc ui mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J sc mg`mr quc h mufnthr tci ui ghbnth fc nbtcrcsscs hu phr hutrhs ihtnvhs. Ci tmns gnrgubstäbgnms, vhgá prcgnsm nbjhrimr hs ihtnvhs phr csgrnth mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh.
Ctmpm 01 M mufnthrnm nbngnme fc gcrtnjgmïçh
Sim mufnthrnm W]J fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths î uim mvmenmïçh, phr ui mufnthr (hu cqunpc fc mufnthrnm) fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J qumengmfh c rconstrmfh, pmrm omrmbtnr quc sum fhguicbtmïçh (ghbsuetc m ctmpm 6) cstí ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi h G÷fnoh W]J c quc sums mtnvnfmfcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, `noncbc c ocstçh sçh rcmenzmfms fc mghrfh ghi sums pheétngms, prhgcfnicbths c cspcgngmïócs fhguicbtmfhs. Sim fcbnïçh ghipectm fm mufnthrnm W]J cbghbtrm-sc bh Mbcxh 41 Oehssírnh. Fcphns quc h csghph fm mufnthrnm (ghbsuetc m ctmpm 7) jhr mghrfmfh ghi scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, cstc bçh phfcrí scr metcrmfh mp÷s h nbégnh fm mufnthrnm. M mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme î ghbfuznfm pcehs mufnthrcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J nbfngmfhs pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. [mrtc fm mufnthrnm phfc scr ghbfuznfm rcihtmicbtc, usmbfh tcgbhehonm fm nbjhrimïçh c ghiubngmïçh (VNG), ims pceh icbhs ictmfc fm furmïçh fm mufnthrnm mehgmfm fcvc scr rcmenzmfm nb ehgh. Ms mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms s÷ phfci scr ghbfuznfms phr mghrfh cbtrc vhgá c scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, c fcpcbfci fm sum gmpmgnfmfc fc VNG c fhs rcqunsnths fc scourmbïm fm nbjhrimïçh. Ms pmrtcs jhrm fm ubnfmfc c nb ehgh sçh ghbfuznfms ci ui ihicbth mghrfmfh cbtrc vhgá c h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, c h ghiphbcbtc nb ehgh shicbtc î rcmenzmfh qumbfh hs prhgcsshs prnbgnpmns cstnvcrci hpcrmbfh. Ms mtnvnfmfcs quc phfci scr ghbfuznfms furmbtc m pmrtc rcihtm fh prhgcssh fc mufnthrnm nbgeuci1 ▫
▫
▫ ▫
▫ ▫ ▫
Tcvnsçh fms qumengmïócs fhs prhssnhbmns fc W]J c fm cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths (M[[GG)< Tcvnsçh fc pheétngms, prhgcfnicbths, pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, nbstruïócs fc trmdme`h c rconstrhs/enstmocbs< Cbtrcvnstms ghi pcsshme-g`mvc< [embhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, prhormims M[[GG c pcsshme fm ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths< Tcvnsçh fc mufnthrnms nbtcrbms, mïócs ghrrctnvms, rcgemimïócs, rcgmees< Cxcrgégnh fc rmstrcmdnenfmfc c sniuemfh fc rcgmee< Mvmenmïócs fc micmïms c vuebcrmdnenfmfcs pmrm prhormims fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths c fc jrmufc ci menicbths.
Ms mtnvnfmfcs nb ehgh phfci nbgeunr h scounbtc, ghbjhric mprhprnmfh1 ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫
Mghipmb`micbth fc fhguicbths c rconstrhs qucstnhbmfhs furmbtc ms mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms< Mghipmb`micbth fc cbtrcvnstms c hdscrvmïçh fhs prhgcfnicbths fc trmdme`h< Nipecicbtmïçh fhs pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c fc Dhms [rítngms fc Jmdrngmïçh< c Zcrngmïçh fc quc h snstcim fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths, nbgeunbfh h M[[GG, mdhrfm thfhs hs prhfuths, prhgcsshs c nbstmemïócs quc cstçh fcbtrh fh csghph fc gcrtngmïçh.
Ms mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms bçh sc mpengmi m mufnthrnms bçh mbubgnmfms (ghbsuetc ==.6).
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC M1
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Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Furmïçh fm mufnthrnm
M furmïçh fm mufnthrnm î h tciph thtme quc sc cspcrm scr bcgcssírnh pmrm quc h mufnthr W]J ghbgeum m mvmenmïçh fh Wnstcim W]J. Cstm phfc hu bçh nbgeunr h tciph bcgcssírnh pmrm m cemdhrmïçh fh rcemt÷rnh. Zhgá fcvc ghbrimr ghi scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ms tmxms fm mufnthrnm, nbgeunbfh h tciph fc cemdhrmïçh fh rcemt÷rnh. M furmïçh iébnim fc uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh î fc fhns fnms, nbgeunbfh mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms c nb ehgh (ghbsuetc m ctmpm 0). M furmïçh fm mufnthrnm î gmeguemfm pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, ghi dmsc bh tmimb`h fm nbstmemïçh, bh bñicrh fc ciprcomfhs, bm ghipecxnfmfc fc scus prhgcsshs c bh rnsgh fc scourmbïm fhs menicbths. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh nrí fnsgutnr c mghrfmr m furmïçh fm mufnthrnm ghi vhgá, pmrm omrmbtnr m ghdcrturm thtme fh scu Wnstcim W]J. Jmthrcs quc phfci mjctmr m furmïçh fm mufnthrnm nbgeuci1 ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫
H csghph fm mufnthrnm< H tmimb`h fm ubnfmfc, h fcscb`h fh uxh fc prhfuths c m ihvnicbtmïçh fc pcsshme< H bñicrh c m ghipecxnfmfc fms enb`ms fc prhfuths c fh prhgcssh ocrme< Wc h prhfuth î fc meth hu dmnxh rnsgh< M ghipecxnfmfc fh fcscb`h c fm fhguicbtmïçh fh Wnstcim W]J< H bévce fc icgmbnzmïçh c fc nbtcbsnfmfc fh trmdme`h< M jmgnenfmfc fc ghiubngmïçh ghi h pcsshme fm hrombnzmïçh (phr cxcipeh, nfnhims fnjcrcbtcs jmemfhs bm ubnfmfc)
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc fhguicbtmr m austngmtnvm pmrm m furmïçh fm mufnthrnm bh ghbtrmth mghrfmfh ghi vhgá. 0.4
Mufnthrnms ghrphrmtnvms
Gmsh sum ubnfmfc jmïm pmrtc fc uim ghrphrmïçh imnhr c meouims jubïócs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths scami ghbfuznfms ci ui csgrnt÷rnh ghrphrmtnvh (hu scam, ui csgrnt÷rnh quc bçh prhgcssm bci imbnpuem prhfuths), uim mufnthrnm ghrphrmtnvm hpgnhbme fhs cecicbths fh g÷fnoh ocrcbgnmfhs phr cssc csgrnt÷rnh phfc scr ghbfuznfm pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. Cstm pmrtc fm mvmenmïçh tmidîi phfc scr ghbfuznfm rcihtmicbtc, usmbfh VNG. M fcgnsçh shdrc sc uim mufnthrnm ghrphrmtnvm scpmrmfm fcvc scr ghbfuznfm î thimfm phr mghrfh cbtrc h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c m ciprcsm, c ghiubngmfm pceh csgrnt÷rnh ghrphrmtnvh ës ubnfmfcs gcrtngmfms W]J quc sçh ocrcbgnmfms pceh csgrnt÷rnh ghrphrmtnvh.
]umbfh uim mufnthrnm ghrphrmtnvm î ghbfuznfm, m cvnfábgnm fm mufnthrnm fcvc scr rcvnsmfm c thfms ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs ghrphrmtnvms nfcbtngmfms fcvci scr cbgcrrmfms mbtcs quc ms mufnthrnms fm ubnfmfc scami ghbfuznfms. ]umnsqucr bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs mdcrtms, quc bçh cstçh cbgcrrmfms, sçh mtrnduéfms ë ubnfmfc hu ubnfmfcs. H mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J mufntm m mpengmïçh fms jubïócs ghrphrmtnvms ci rcemïçh mh csghph fc gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc furmbtc m mufnthrnm fc gmfm ubnfmfc ocrcbgnmfm pceh csgrnt÷rnh ghrphrmtnvh. Vhfhs hs cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs c mpengívcns fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths sçh mufntmfhs ci gmfm ubnfmfc, nbfcpcbfcbtcicbtc fhs mg`mfhs fm mufnthrnm ghrphrmtnvm. Ms mufnthrnms ghrphrmtnvms bçh sc mpengmi ës ubnfmfcs gcbtrmns fcsnobmfms ci ui prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs (ghbsuetc h Mbcxh 6).
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC M1
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Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
[rhfuïçh smzhbme
Wc m sum ubnfmfc cstnvcr cbvhevnfm ci prhfuïçh smzhbme (hu scam, ms prnbgnpmns mtnvnfmfcs fc prhfuïçh sçh ghbfuznfms furmbtc ui pcréhfh fc tciph imns gurth, quc bçh cxgcfm gnbgh icscs ghbscgutnvhs ci qumequcr mbh gnvne), sum mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme prcgnsmrí scr ghbfuznfm furmbtc h pngh hpcrmgnhbme fm smjrm/gmipmb`m (hu scam, qumbfh scus prhgcsshs cstnvcrci ci hpcrmïçh). Wc vhgá fcscamr nbgeunr prhfuths fc imns fc uim smjrm/gmipmb`m mh csghph fc sum gcrtngmïçh, scrí bcgcssírnh mghrfmr ghi h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh quc m mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme scrí ghbfuznfm furmbtc m hpcrmïçh fc prhfuïçh fc imnhr rnsgh c/hu imnhr vheuic. M fhguicbtmïçh c hs rconstrhs pmrm hutrms prhfuïócs smzhbmns sçh rcvnsmfhs ghih pmrtc fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh.
Ctmpm >1 Tcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm c cbgcrrmicbth Hs mufnthrcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J mbmensmi sum fhguicbtmïçh c m nipecicbtmïçh cjctnvm fc sums pheétngms, prhgcfnicbths c cspcgngmïócs fhguicbtmfhs. Hs mufnthrcs ghectmi cvnfábgnms fc ghbjhrinfmfc hu bçh ghbjhrinfmfc ci rcemïçh m thfhs hs cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs c mpengívcns fh g÷fnoh W]J, mbmensmbfh m fhguicbtmïçh c hs rconstrhs, cbtrcvnstmbfh h pcsshme-g`mvc c hdscrvmbfh ms mtnvnfmfcs fc hpcrmïçh c fc enipczm. Ms mtnvnfmfcs nb ehgh nbgeuci thfm m ubnfmfc, nbgeunbfh h nbtcrnhr c h cxtcrnhr fhs cfnjégnhs, nbfcpcbfcbtcicbtc fh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh c fms cxgeusócs mghrfmfms. M mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc nbgeun m rcvnsçh fc thfhs hs turbhs fc hpcrmïçh c fc enipczm, meîi fms nbspcïócs prî-hpcrmgnhbmns, qumbfh mpengívce.
]umbfh m mufnthrnm utnenzm mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms, h W]JN cspcrm quc h mufnthr omstc 0;% fh tciph fc mufnthrnm nb ehgh jmzcbfh hdscrvmïócs c ghbfuznbfh cbtrcvnstms. >.=
Bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs
]umbfh hs mufnthrcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J cbghbtrmrci fcsvnhs ci rcemïçh mhs rcqunsnths fhs i÷fuehs rcecvmbtcs fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh
fc Menicbths,c hs mufnthrcs fms fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J ghbjhrinfmfcs nbjhrimi m vhgá h bñicrh, m fcsgrnïçh m fnicbsçh bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs. Ms bçh tmidîi sçh g`mimfms fc musábgnm fc ghbjhrinfmfc. Ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs ci rcemïçh mh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths sçh gemssngmfms mssni1 ▫
Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc icbhr î cvnfábgnm fc uim jme`m mecmt÷rnm hu hgmsnhbme ci imbtcr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghi ui rcqunsnth, ims bçh nbfngm uim qucdrm bh snstcim fc ocstçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths hu quc m scourmbïm fc menicbths cstcam ghiprhictnfm. Î cvnfábgnm fc uim nipecicbtmïçh nbghipectm hu nbmfcqumfm fhs rcqunsnths W]J quc, sc bçh ghrrnonfm, phfc ecvmr m uim qucdrm fh cecicbth fh snstcim.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
4;
[MTVC M1
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Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc imnhr î uim jme`m fc ui cecicbth fh snstcim, uim qucdrm snstáingm bh snstcim fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths, ui fcsvnh sîrnh ci rcemïçh mhs rcqunsnths c/hu musábgnm fc cvnfábgnm fcihbstrmbfh ghbjhrinfmfc ghi ui cecicbth mpengívce fh snstcim hu ghi ms dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh. Î cvnfábgnm fc ui rnsgh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths pmrm hs prhfuths nbgeuéfhs bh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh. Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm î uim qucdrm fh(s) ghbtrhec(s) ci ui phbth grétngh fc ghbtrhec, ci ui prhormim fc prî-rcqunsnths hu ci hutrms ctmpms fh prhgcssh, c quc sc ghbsnfcrm prhvívce fc gmusmr ui rnsgh snobngmtnvh ë smñfc pñdengm c/hu ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth. Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm tmidîi î ecvmbtmfm sc h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ghbsnfcrmr quc `í jmesngmïçh snstáingm fhs rconstrhs rcemgnhbmfhs mhs ghbtrhecs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c mh Wnstcim W]J.
Wc h mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J ghbsnfcrmr quc cxnstc uim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm furmbtc uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh, h mufnthr fcvc nbjhrimr vhgá nicfnmtmicbtc c bhtngmr h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm ghbstmtmfm ci uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme rcsuetm bm rcprhvmïçh muthiítngm fm mufnthrnm, c sum ubnfmfc scrí hdrnomfm m shengntmr bhvmicbtc m gcrtngmïçh (ghbsuetc =;.4). >.4
[hbtumïçh fm mufnthrnm
Ghi dmsc bms cvnfábgnms ghectmfms pceh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J, gmfm geíusuem mpengívce fm mufnthrnm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fm gcrtngmïçh W]J î muthimtngmicbtc phbtumfm bh rcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm. M phbtumïçh î dmscmfm bhs scounbtcs jmthrcs1 ; - h mspcgth mtcbfc mhs grntîrnhs = - h mspcgth bçh mtcbfc mhs grntîrnhs fcvnfh m pcqucbms vmrnmïócs (bçh ghbjhrinfmfc icbhr) 3 - h mspcgth bçh mtcbfc mhs grntîrnhs (bçh ghbjhrinfmfc imnhr) 3; - h mspcgth bçh mtcbfc mhs grntîrnhs (bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm) Sim ñbngm gemssngmïçh î gmeguemfm pmrm m mufnthrnm fm sum ubnfmfc ghih (=;; ‗ B), hbfc B î m shim fhs grntîrnhs fc gemssngmïçh nbfnvnfumns mehgmfhs. M gemssngmïçh jhrbcgc uim nbfngmïçh fm ghbfnïçh ocrme fm sum ubnfmfc ci rcemïçh mh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths pceh W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc gcrtngmïçh. Menicbths, c M jhrbcgc uim fms fnrctrnz shdrc hci bévce cxnonfh imbutcbïçh hrombnsih fc jrcquábgnm mufnthrnms gmfm bévcefcfc gemssngmïçh î nbfngmfm fm scounbtc jhrim1 [hbtumïçh Gemssngmïçh
Gcrtngmïçh=
Jrcquábgnm fms mufnthrnms
>: - =;;
C - Cxgcecbtc
Gcrtngmfh cintnfh
Mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh m gmfm =4 icscs
0: - >3
O ‗ (Ohhf) Dhi
Gcrtngmfh cintnfh
Mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh m gmfm =4 icscs
?; ‗ 03
G - Ghbjhric
Gcrtngmfh cintnfh
Mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh m gmfm : icscs
; - :>
J ‗ Jme`m bm mufnthrnm
Gcrtngmfh bçh î cintnfh
Ghbsnfcrmfh rcprhvmfh bm mufnthrnm W]J
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
4=
[MTVC M1
>.7
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Tcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm rcvnsmfh
H W]JN jhrbcgc mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh m enstm fc vcrngmïçh fc mufnthrnm cectröbngm m scr usmfm pcehs mufnthrcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J ci sum mufnthrnm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J. M enstm cstí fnsphbévce bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c î pcrshbmenzmfm pmrm gmfm scthr nbfustrnme W]J. M enstm fc vcrngmïçh usmfm pmrm sum mufnthrnm î cspcgégm pmrm sum ubnfmfc. M enstm fc vcrngmïçh W]J jhn grnmfm pmrm omrmbtnr m mpengmïçh ubnjhric fhs rcqunsnths fc mufnthrnm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J. Cem î usmfm pcehs mufnthrcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J pmrm rconstrmr hs scus mg`mfhs c fctcrinbmr m cxtcbsçh bm qume ms hpcrmïócs fc sum ubnfmfc cstçh ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi hs rcqunsnths W]J. H rcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm cstí ci uim vcrsçh prceninbmr c m cvnfábgnm fc mufnthrnm mpcbms scrí rcghicbfmfm mtî scr tcgbngmicbtc rcvnsmfm c mprhvmfm pceh ocrcbtc fc gcrtngmïçh muthrnzmfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. H W]JN cxnoc quc1 ▫
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>.6
H mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths rcemtc (ghbjhrinfmfc/bçh ghbjhrinfmfc) thfhs hs cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs (ghbsuetc 6.4) bh rcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm fm scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J m scr cbvnmfh. Ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs (ghbsuetc >.=) nfcbtngmfms furmbtc m mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc prcgnsci scr fcsgrntms prcgnsçh bh rcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm fmJmdrngmïçh scourmbïmfc fcMenicbths menicbthscW]J c nbgeunr cecicbth fh ghi G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 h ihtnvh fmhbçh ghbjhrinfmfc. H mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J fcvm rcemtmr m vhgá thfms ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs mbtcs fh cbgcrrmicbth fm mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc. H rcemt÷rnh prceninbmr fc mufnthrnm scam prccbg`nfh pceh mufnthr W]J c cbvnmfh mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh pmrm rcvnsçh tîgbngm. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rcvnsc c mprhvc h rconstrh fc cvnfábgnm fm mufnthrnm c fnsphbndnenzm-h pmrm vhgá fcbtrh fc fcz (=;) fnms ghrrnfhs, m pmrtnr fh ñetnih fnm fm mufnthrnm.
Mïócs ghrrctnvms
Zhgá prcgnsm nipecicbtmr m mïçh ghrrctnvm mprhprnmfm pmrm gmfm bçh ghbjhrinfmfc nfcbtngmfm pceh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J. Mïçh ghrrctnvm î m mïçh quc vhgá rcmenzm pmrm (m ceninbmr m gmusm fc uim bçh fctcgtmfm, pmrm prcvcbnr m sum rcghrrábgnm fcbnïçh ghipectm cstí bhghbjhrinfmfc Mbcxh 41 Oehssírnh).
Î bcgcssírnh quc m cvnfábgnm fc sums mïócs ghrrctnvms scam cbvnmfm mh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J, pmrm quc phssm scr vcrngmfm c cbgcrrmfm fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s m ghbgeusçh fm mufnthrnm fm sum ubnfmfc. Wc vhgá bçh cbvnmr ms mïócs ghrrctnvms hu h mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J bçh vcrngmr sums mïócs ghrrctnvms fcbtrh fc trnbtm fnms, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh bçh phfcrí gcrtngmr sum ubnfmfc c vhgá scrí hdrnomfh m shengntmr bhvmicbtc m gcrtngmïçh (ghbsuetc =;.4).
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs icbhrcs (ghbsuetc >.=) fcvci scr cbgcrrmfms bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s m ghbgeusçh fm mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh phfc ghbgcfcr tciph mfngnhbme pmrm h cbgcrrmicbth qumbfh bçh `huvcr rnsgh nicfnmth ë scourmbïm fh prhfuth c iîthfhs metcrbmtnvhs tciphrírnhs fc ghbtrhec jhrci mpengmfhs. Wum ubnfmfc scrí nbjhrimfm shdrc h prmzh cstcbfnfh. ]umbfh î ghbgcfnfh tciph mfngnhbme, m bçh ghbjhrinfmfc mnbfm î cbgcrrmfm bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c h mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J fhguicbtm thfhs hs fctme`cs fm austngmtnvm fm cxtcbsçh, ghih h rnsgh cstí scbfh ghbtrhemfh c m fmtm fc ghbgeusçh mghrfmfm. Sim mbíensc fhguicbtmfm fm gmusm rmnz î bcgcssírnm, ghih pmrtc fm cvnfábgnm fc mïçh ghrrctnvm pmrm gmfm bçh ghbjhrinfmfc icbhr. Bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs imnhrcs (ghbsuetc >.=) fcvci scr cbgcrrmfms bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s m ghbgeusçh fm mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc. Sim mbíensc fhguicbtmfm fc gmusm rmnz î bcgcssírnm, ghih pmrtc fm cvnfábgnm fc mïçh ghrrctnvm pmrm gmfm bçh ghbjhrinfmfc imnhr. Wc m mïçh ghrrctnvm cbvhevcr iufmbïm cstruturme hu bçh pufcr scr ghrrnonfm fcvnfh m ghbfnïócs smzhbmns hu prmzhs fm ubnfmfc, phfc scr ghbgcfnfh tciph mfngnhbme, fcsfc quc h prmzh fm mïçh ghrrctnvm scam mgcntívce pmrm h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c uim mïçh tciphrírnm scam thimfm phr sum ubnfmfc, pmrm intnomr h rnsgh ë scourmbïm fh prhfuth. Bcstcs gmshs, m bçh ghbjhrinfmfc î cbgcrrmfm c h mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J fhguicbtm thfhs hs fctme`cs fm austngmtnvm fm cxtcbsçh, ghih h rnsgh cstí scbfh ghbtrhemfh c m fmtm fc ghbgeusçh mghrfmfm.
Ctmpm =;1 Ghbgcssçh fm gcrtnjgmïçh H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh thim m fcgnsçh shdrc m gcrtngmïçh ghi dmsc bm cvnfábgnm fc ghbjhrinfmfc c bçh ghbjhrinfmfc rcghicbfmfm pceh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbthsW]J, furmbtc m mufnthrnm W]J. Cidhrm h W]JN jhrbcïm hrncbtmïçh shdrc m gcrtngmïçh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh î rcsphbsívce phr fcgnfnr sc m gcrtngmïçh î austngmfm c ghbgcfnfm, ghi dmsc bm cvnfábgnm hdactnvm jhrbcgnfm pceh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J. Vhfms ms fcgnsócs fc gcrtngmïçh quc scami thimfms jhrm fh csghph fcstm geíusuem cxnoci quc h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh jhrbcïm austngmtnvm phr csgrnth mh W]JN. H rcemt÷rnh bme fc mufnthrnm, ghi mïócs ghrrctnvms ghbgeuéfms c mprhvmfms, î fnsphbndnenzmfh pmrm m ubnfmfc mbtcs fc scr thimfm m fcgnsçh bme fc gcrtngmïçh. H rcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J î fc prhprncfmfc fm ubnfmfc c bçh phfc scr fnstrnduéfh m hutrms pmrtcs sci m pcrinssçh fm sum ubnfmfc. M gcrtngmïçh fh Wnstcim W]J î ghbgcfnfm m ubnfmfcs quc megmbïmi m gemssngmïçh fc mufnthrnm ―G - ghbjhric’ hu supcrnhr, sci bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs pcbfcbtcs. Wcu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh thim m fcgnsçh fc gcrtngmïçh bh iíxnih ci qumrcbtm c gnbgh (63) fnms ghrrnfhs m pmrtnr fh ñetnih fnm fm mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc. Fcphns quc m gcrtngmïçh W]J î ghbgcfnfm, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh cintc ui bñicrh fc gcrtngmïçh cxgeusnvh fm ubnfmfc.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
47
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
=;.= Cinssçh
fh gcrtngmfh
Fcbtrh fc fcz (=;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s m ghbgcssçh fm gcrtngmïçh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh jhrbcgc uim g÷pnm cectröbngm c/hu niprcssm fh gcrtngmfh fm sum ubnfmfc. H gcrtngmfh î víenfh phr sctcbtm c gnbgh (?3) fnms pmrm meîi fh mbnvcrsírnh fm fmtm fc mufnthrnm fm gcrtngmïçh nbngnme. H gcrtngmfh ghbtnbum scbfh prhprncfmfc fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c phfc cstmr bh jhrimth grnmfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, ims fcvc nbgeunr ms scounbtcs nbjhrimïócs1 ▫ ▫ ▫
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H bhic c h cbfcrcïh fm sum ubnfmfc, ghbjhric enstmfh bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN< H bhic, cbfcrcïh c ehohtnph fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh< H ehohtnph fh hrombnsih fc mgrcfntmïçh c h bñicrh fc mgrcfntmïçh fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh< H tétueh ―gcrtngmfh’< M jrmsc ―m (bhic fm ubnfmfc) cstí rconstrmfm ghih mtcbfcbfh mhs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >’< H csghph fh rconstrh ‗ gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths c prhfuths< Ms fmtms fm mufnthrnm (ñetnih fnm), m fmtm fm pr÷xnim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh, m fmtm fm fcgnsçh fc gcrtngmïçh c m fmtm fc vcbgnicbth fh gcrtngmfh< Nbfngmïçh fc mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm fc rcgcrtngmïçh (qumbfh mpengívce)< Mssnbmturms fh ciprcomfh muthrnzmfh c fh ciprcomfh cinsshr fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh< c H ehohtnph W]J.
Ms nbjhrimïócs fm ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm sçh pudengmfms ci sq.ghi. Hs gcrtngmfhs sçh pudengmfhs ci nboeás. Bh cbtmbth, ms ubnfmfcs gcrtngmfms ci pméscs guah nfnhim bçh î h nboeás phfci rcqucrcr ui gcrtngmfh bh nfnhim ehgme. H W]JN pcrintc quc h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh cintm gcrtngmfhs bh nfnhim ehgme icfnmbtc shengntmïçh, fcsfc quc1 ▫ ▫
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Ms nbjhrimïócs enstmfms mgnim scami nbgeuéfms bh gcrtngmfh< H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh tcb`m ui prhthgheh nipecicbtmfh pmrm trmfuïçh c phssm vcrngmr m trmfuïçh< c Sim g÷pnm ci nboeás c hutrm trmfuznfm fh gcrtngmfh cstcami fnsphbévcns, sc shengntmfh pceh W]JN.
=;.4 Jme`m bm mufnthrnm Wc m sum ubnfmfc rcgcdcr uim gemssngmïçh ―J ‗ jme`m bm mufnthrnm’ phr uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths nbngnme, hu bçh ghrrnonr ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs nfcbtngmfms fcbtrh fh prmzh cxnonfh (ghbsuetc >.6), m sum ubnfmfc scrí rcprhvmfm bm mufnthrnm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J c fcvcrí, cbtçh, shengntmr bhvmicbtc hutrm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
46
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
=;.7 Mpcemïócs
c rcgemimïócs
Wcu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh prcgnsm jhrbcgcr m vhgá scu prhgcfnicbth fhguicbtmfh pmrm enfmr ghi c rcshevcr mpcemïócs c rcgemimïócs jcntms phr sum ubnfmfc hu phr hutrm pmrtc shdrc sum ubnfmfc.
Mpcemïócs. Wc tnvcr ihtnvh pmrm mpcemïçh fc uim fcgnsçh thimfm pceh scu mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J, ghih rcsuetmfh fc uim mufnthrnm hu fc uim fcgnsçh thimfm pceh scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ci rcemïçh ë sum gcrtngmïçh, vhgá fcvc mprcscbtmr cssm mpcemïçh mh scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. Wcu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh î hdrnomfh m nbvcstnomr c rcshevcr cssm qucstçh sci fcihrm c m imbtcr ui rconstrh fc thfms ms mpcemïócs c fc sum rcsheuïçh. Wc m mpcemïçh bçh pufcr scr rcshevnfm smtnsjmthrnmicbtc pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, h mssubth fcvc scr cbgminb`mfh mh W]JN, phr c-imne pmrm ghipenmbgcKsq.ghi< bh cbtmbth, nssh î mpcbms mp÷s m qucstçh tcr snfh cbgminb`mfm mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c bçh rcshevnfm smtnsjmthrnmicbtc. Ms mpcemïócs rcemtnvms m fcgnsócs shdrc m suspcbsçh c/hu rctnrmfm fm gcrtngmïçh W]J phr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh bçh mfnmi m fcgnsçh fc suspcbfcr hu rctnrmr m gcrtngmïçh. Ms rcgemimïócs shdrc m ghbfutm hu ghiphrtmicbth fc ui mufnthr rconstrmfh W]J hu fc hutrhs ciprcomfhs fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvci scr mprcscbtmfms mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, quc î hdrnomfh m nbvcstnomr c rcshevcr m rcgemimïçh sci fcihrm c m imbtcr ui rconstrh fm rcsheuïçh.
Wc h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rcgcdcr uim rcgemimïçh shdrc sum ubnfmfc, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc nbvcstnomr c rcshevcr h mssubth sci fcihrm c imbtcr ui rconstrh fm rcsheuïçh. Wc, mp÷s m nbvcstnomïçh fc uim rcgemimïçh, jhr fctcrinbmfh quc `huvc uim qucdrm ghiprhvmfm fh Wnstcim W]J fm sum ubnfmfc hu qumequcr hutrm ghbfnïçh quc bçh cstcam ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi h G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths c/hu hutrhs fhguicbths fc mphnh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc suspcbfcr m gcrtngmïçh ghih fcsgrnth bm ctmpm =6. Ms rcgemimïócs shdrc h W]JN, hs G÷fnohs W]J, h dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN, hs gcbtrhs fc trcnbmicbth ci W]J, hs prhssnhbmns fc W]J c ms rcgemimïócs bçh rcshevnfms
mprcscbtmfms mhs hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh phfci scr cbgminb`mfms mh W]JN phr c-imne pmrm ghipenmbgcKsq.ghi.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
43
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
M71 Imbutcbïçh fc sum gcrtngmïçh W]J (ctmpms fc == m =3) Ctmpm ==1 Tcgcrtnjgmïçh [mrm imbtcr sum gcrtngmïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, sum ubnfmfc fcvc hdtcr m gemssngmïçh fc mufnthrnm ―G - ghbjhric’ hu supcrnhr ci sums mufnthrnms fc gcrtngmïçh c rcgcrtngmïçh, omrmbtnr quc mufnthrnms fc imbutcbïçh c/hu rcgcrtngmïçh hghrrmi fcbtrh fh prmzh cxnonfh, omrmbtnr quc bcb`uim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm scam ghbstmtmfm bms mufnthrnms fc imbutcbïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh c quc thfms ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs, imnhrcs c icbhrcs scami ghrrnonfms fcbtrh fh prmzh cspcgngmfh. ==.=
Mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh
M mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh fm sum ubnfmfc î rcmenzmfm fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mbtcs hu fcphns fh mbnvcrsírnh fh ñetnih fnm fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme. Cem î ghbfuznfm pmrm vcrngmr m cgígnm ghbtébum fh Wnstcim W]J fm sum ubnfmfc. Ghbjhric m mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme, pmrtc fm mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh phfc scr ghbfuznfm rcihtmicbtc usmbfh VNG, ims pceh icbhs 3;% fm furmïçh fm mufnthrnm fcvc hghrrcr nb ehgh. Ms mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms s÷ phfci scr ghbfuznfms phr mghrfh cbtrc vhgá c scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, c fcpcbfci fm sum gmpmgnfmfc fc VNG c fhs rcqunsnths fc scourmbïm fm nbjhrimïçh. Cxcipehs fc mtnvnfmfcs jhrm fm ubnfmfc c nb ehgh cstçh enstmfhs bm ctmpm 01 M mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme. M phbtumïçh fm mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh î gmeguemfm fm icsim jhrim quc m mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme, c h icsih snstcim fc gemssngmïçh î mpengmfh (ghbsuetc >.4). H hdactnvh fm mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh î1 ▫
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Zcrngmr m cgígnm ghbtébum fms ghrrcïócs c fms mïócs ghrrctnvms cbgcrrmfms ci sums mufnthrnms mbtcrnhrcs< Zcrngmr sc h scu Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J ghbtnbum m scr nipecicbtmfh ghbjhric fhguicbtmfh< Zcrngmr sc sums mufnthrnms nbtcrbms, rcvnsócs mbumns fhs pembhs fc grnsc c fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths c fh snstcim fc rcgmee, c ms mbíenscs grétngms pcem metm fnrcïçh jhrmi cjctnvmicbtc rcmenzmfms< Zcrngmr sc mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms jhrmi thimfms pmrm thfms ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs< Gcrtngmr-sc fc quc vhgá thihu ms mïócs mprhprnmfms qumbfh iufmbïms jcntms bms hpcrmïócs fc sum ubnfmfc nipmgtmrmi h Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J fm ubnfmfc< Zcrngmr sc thfms ms ctmpms grétngms c ms nbtcrmïócs cjctnvms cbtrc thfhs hs cecicbths fh scu Wnstcim W]J pcrimbcgci shd ghbtrhec< Zcrngmr m cgígnm ocrme fh Wnstcim W]J ci sum thtmenfmfc, ci vnrtufc fc iufmbïms ci sums hpcrmïócs< Zcrngmr sc vhgá ghbtnbum m fcihbstrmr ghiprhinssh ci imbtcr m cgígnm fh scu Wnstcim W]J c ci mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c fhs gencbtcs< c Omrmbtnr m ghbtrndunïçh pmrm m ice`hrnm ghbtébum fh Wnstcim W]J c hpcrmïçh fhs bco÷gnhs fm sum ubnfmfc.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
4:
[MTVC M1
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Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Zmrnmïócs fh prhgcssh fc gcrtngmïçh gcrtngmïçh nbngnme
Hs rcqunsnths pmrm m mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh sçh hs icsihs fcsgrnths bm ctmpm 0 pmrm m mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme, ghi ms scounbtcs cxgcïócs1 ▫
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Wc m sum ubnfmfc bçh pcrintnr m mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh fcbtrh fh prmzh mghrfmfh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc suspcbfcr nicfnmtmicbtc h gcrtngmfh fm sum ubnfmfc. Wc m sum ubnfmfc jhr gemssngmfm ghih ―J ‗ jme`m bm mufnthrnm’ pcem mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc suspcbfcr nicfnmtmicbtc h gcrtngmfh fm sum ubnfmfc. Wc m sum ubnfmfc jme`mr bh cbgcrrmicbth fms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc suspcbfcr nicfnmtmicbtc h gcrtngmfh fc sum ubnfmfc.
Ghbsuetc =:.= pmrm hdtcr ms metcrmïócs tciphrírnms hu pcrimbcbtcs bms fmtms fc mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh c cxtcbsócs fc gcrtngmfh. ==.7
Mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh ‗ Hpcrmïócs smzhbmns
M mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh fms hpcrmïócs smzhbmns scouc hs rcqunsnths fm ctmpm ==.=. Bh cbtmbth, sc `huvcr uim iufmbïm snobngmtnvm bms hpcrmïócs smzhbmns, nipcfnbfh quc h pcréhfh fc scsscbtm (:;) fnms pmrm sum mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh scam guiprnfh, vhgá phfc mghrfmr ghi h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh pmrm rcfcbnr tciphrmrnmicbtc m fmtm fm mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh pmrm quc cem hghrrm furmbtc m pmrtc hpcrmgnhbme fc pngh fm smjrm/ gmipmb`m. Wc vhgá qunscr metcrmr pcrimbcbtcicbtc m fmtm fm mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh fcvnfh m ghbfnïócs smzhbmns, m shengntmïçh fcvc scr jcntm phr csgrnth mh Ocrcbtc fc Ghbjhrinfmfc W]J. ==.6 Mufnthrnms
bçh mbubgnmfms
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc ghbfuznr uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm ci sum ubnfmfc uim vcz m gmfm trás mbhs. Wcu prnicnrh gngeh fc trás mbhs ghicïm bm fmtm fm sum mufnthrnm nbngnme fc gcrtngmïçh. Fcbtrh fhs prnicnrhs trás mbhs fc gcrtngmïçh, vhgá fcvc tcr uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm. M pmrtnr fnssh, vhgá tcrí uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm m gmfm trás mbhs. H prhthgheh pmrm mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfms W]J î h scounbtc1 ▫
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M mufnthrnm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths bçh mbubgnmfm hghrrc bh pcréhfh fc scsscbtm (:;) fnms pmrm rcgcrtngmïçh (hu scam, m fmtm fc mbnvcrsírnh fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme +/- trnbtm \7;Y fnms). Wc vhgá trhgmr fc hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh, h grhbhormim fc mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfm fm ubnfmfc pcrimbcgcrí h icsih. M ubnfmfc gcbtrme c ms sudubnfmfcs fc ui prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs (ghbsuetc h Mbcxh 6) cstçh cxgeuéfms fc mufnthrnms bçh mbubgnmfms. H mbh fm mufnthrnm nbngnme bçh mbubgnmfm scrí fctcrinbmfh cbtrc sum ubnfmfc c h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. M pmrtnr fnssh, m mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm hghrrc m gmfm trás mbhs. M fmtm fm mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm î fctcrinbmfm pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, fcbtrh fh pcréhfh fc mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh fc scsscbtm (:;) fnms. Si pcréhfh fc rcstrnïçh fcbnfh phfc scr bcohgnmfh cbtrc sum ubnfmfc c h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, pmrm cvntmr quc m mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfm hghrrm jhrm fm smjrm/ gmipmb`m hu qumbfh m ubnfmfc bçh cstnvcr hpcrmbfh phr ihtnvhs ecoétnihs fh bco÷gnh. Mufnthrnms bçh mbubgnmfms sçh rcmenzmfms nb ehgh. Ms mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms, usmbfh VNG, bçh sc mpengmi m mufnthrnms bçh mbubgnmfms.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC M1
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Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Wc vhgá rcgusmr m cbtrmfm fc ui mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J pmrm uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh scrí hdrnomfh m suspcbfcr nicfnmtmicbtc scu gcrtngmfh. Hs gcrtngmfhs cintnfhs mp÷s mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfms nbfngmi quc m mufnthrnm bçh jhn mbubgnmfm (ghbsuetc =;.=)
Wum ubnfmfc phfc rcbubgnmr mh gngeh fc gcrtngmïçh fc trás mbhs c vheubtmrnmicbtc hptmr phr rcmenzmr mufnthrnms mbumns fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfms. Wc mufnthrnms mbumns fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh jhrci ghbfuznfms ci fcvc sum ubnfmfc, cbtçh h prhthgheh fcsgrnth pmrm m mufnthrnm fhmbubgnmfms gngeh fc gcrtngmïçh fc trás mbhs scr scounfh pmrm gmfm mufnthrnm. Ms ubnfmfcs ghi mufnthrnms mbumns fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfms sçh rcghb`cgnfms bh gcrtngmfh W]J ghih ―Sbnfmfc Wcecgnhbmfm W]JN’.
Ctmpm =41 Mufnthrnms fc imbutcbïçh Sim mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh scrí rcmenzmfm sc m sum ubnfmfc hdtnvcr m gemssngmïçh ―G - ghbjhric’ ci uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu fc rcgcrtngmïçh. M mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh î ghbfuznfm fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mbtcs hu fcphns fh mbnvcrsírnh fc scns (:) icscs fh ñetnih fnm fm ñetnim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu fc rcgcrtngmïçh. Sim bhvm phbtumïçh c gemssngmïçh sçh cintnfms bm mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh, ims m fmtm fm mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc bçh î mjctmfm. M mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh î uim mufnthrnm ghipectm fh Wnstcim W]J. Ci pmrtnguemr, m mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh fcstnbm-sc m1 ▫
▫ ▫
▫
▫ ▫
Zcrngmr m cgígnm ghbtébum fms ghrrcïócs c fms mïócs ghrrctnvms cbgcrrmfms ci sums mufnthrnms mbtcrnhrcs< Zcrngmr sc h scu Wnstcim W]J ghbtnbum m scr nipecicbtmfh ghbjhric fhguicbtmfh< Zcrngmr sc quc vhgá thihu ms mïócs mprhprnmfms qumbfh iufmbïms jcntms bms hpcrmïócs fc sum ubnfmfc nipmgtmrmi h Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J fm ubnfmfc< Ghbrimr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghbtébum ghi hs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths< Zcrngmr sc thfms ms ctmpms grétngms pcrimbcgci shd ghbtrhec< c Ghbtrndunr pmrm m ice`hrnm ghbtébum fh Wnstcim W]J c hpcrmïçh fhs bco÷gnhs fm sum ubnfmfc.
Ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs imnhrcs hu icbhrcs, ghbstmtmfms bm mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh, fcvci scr cbgcrrmfms, ghbjhric nbfngmfh bm pmrtc M, >.6.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
40
[MTVC M1
=4.=
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh ‗ Hpcrmïócs smzhbmns
Ms hpcrmïócs smzhbmns hghrrci ci ubnfmfcs hbfc ms prnbgnpmns mtnvnfmfcs fc prhfuïçh sçh ghbfuznfms phr ui pcréhfh imns gurth, quc bçh cxgcfm gnbgh icscs ghbscgutnvhs ci qumequcr mbh gnvne.
Ms hpcrmïócs smzhbmns quc hdtnvcrci gemssngmïçh fc ―G - ghbjhric’ ci uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh fcvci pmssmr phr uim mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh. ]umbfh m fmtm fm mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh cstnvcr fcbtrh fh pcréhfh fc hpcrmïçh fm smjrm/ gmipmb`m, m mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh fcvcrí scr ghbfuznfm fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms mbtcs hu fcphns fh mbnvcrsírnh fc scns (:) icscs fh ñetnih fnm fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh mbtcrnhr. Wc h prmzh pmrm sum mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh cstnvcr jhrm fh pcréhfh hpcrmgnhbme fm smjrm/ gmipmb`m, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc ghbfuznr uim mufnthrnm prî-hpcrmgnhbme pceh icbhs trnbtm (7;) fnms mbtcs fm pr÷xnim smjrm/gmipmb`m. M mufnthrnm prî-hpcrmgnhbme ghiprccbfc m rcvnsçh ghipectm fms mïócs ghrrctnvms fm ñetnim mufnthrnm c m prcpmrmïçh pmrm m pr÷xnim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh.
Ctmpm =71 Wuspcbsçh fm gcrtnjgmïçh H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc suspcbfcr scu gcrtngmfh W]J, gmsh sum ubnfmfc1 ▫ ▫ ▫
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Bçh pcrintm m mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh hu fc imbutcbïçh bh pcréhfh fc mufnthrnm< Bçh thic mïócs ghrrctnvms fcbtrh fh prmzh cspcgngmfh (ghbsuetc >.6)< Bçh pcrintm uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm hu rcgusc m cbtrmfm fh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J pmrm uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm< hu Tcgcdm uim gemssngmïçh ―J ‗ Jme`m bm mufnthrnm’ ci uim mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh hu fc rcgcrtngmïçh.
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh tmidîi phfc suspcbfcr m gcrtngmïçh sc, bm hpnbnçh fh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c mphnmfh pceh rcvnshr tîgbngh, m ubnfmfc bçh ghbscounr imbtcr hs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths. =7.=
Ghiubngmïçh fc suspcbsçh
Wc h gcrtngmfh fm sum ubnfmfc jhr suspcbsh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh nicfnmtmicbtc metcrm ms nbjhrimïócs shdrc m ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN pmrm h stmtus ―suspcbsh’, nbfngmbfh h ihtnvh pmrm m suspcbsçh c m fmtm fc cjctnvmïçh. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh tmidîi1 ▫
▫
Nbjhrim sum ubnfmfc phr csgrnth fhs ihtnvhs pmrm m mïçh thimfm c m fmtm fc cjctnvmïçh. Î hdrnomt÷rnh rcghb`cgcr h rcgcdnicbth fm bhtngmïçh fc suspcbsçh, c Bhtngm h W]JN shdrc m suspcbsçh usmbfh h jhriueírnh fc metcrmïçh c bhtngmïçh hbenbc, =7.4 Mïçh ghrrctnvm mp÷s suspcbsçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
4>
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
M scounbtc mïçh î bcgcssírnm, fcpcbfcbfh fh ihtnvh fm suspcbsçh1 WC
CBVÇH
n. Wum ubnfmfc bçh pcrintnr m mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh hu fc imbutcbïçh bh pcréhfh fc mufnthrnm1
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh shengntm quc, fcbtrh fc qumrcbtm c hnth (60) `hrms fh rcgcdnicbth fm bhtngmïçh fm suspcbsçh, vhgá jhrbcïm ui pembh fctme`mbfh m austngmtnvm austn gmtnvm pmrm pmrm h mtrmsh mtrmsh c h grhbhormim grhbhormim pmrm pmrm m mufnthrnm mufnthrnm rcmocbfm rcmocbfmfm fm (quc bçh fcvc scr imns fc 7; \trnbtmY fnms mp÷s h pcréhfh fc mufnthrnm). H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ghbfuz uim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh hu fc imbutcbïçh mbubgnmfm bmfh ubnfmfc (ghbjhric rcgcdnicbth scu pembh fc mïçhmpengívce) ghrrctnvm.fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s h Wc m sum ubnfmfc ghbgeunr ghi sugcssh m mufnthrnm W]J ghi uim gemssngmïçh C, O hu G, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rcstmdcecgc h stmtus fm sum ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c cbvnm m vhgá uim bhtngmïçh phr csgrnth fc quc scu gcrtngmfh bçh cstí imns suspcbsh. Nbfcpcbfcbtcicbtc fm gemssngmïçh c phrquc m ubnfmfc bçh pcrintnu m mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh bh prmzh fcsnobmfh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ghbfuz uim hutrm mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh bçh mbubgnmfm ci mtî scns (:) icscs mp÷s m suspcbsçh, pmrm vcrngmr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghbtébum ghi h G÷fnoh W]J.
nn. Wum ubnfmfc bçh thimr ms mïócs ghrrctnvms fcbtrh fh prmzh cspcgngmfh1
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh shengntm quc, fcbtrh fc qumrcbtm c hnth (60) `hrms fh rcgcdnicbth fm bhtngmïçh fm suspcbsçh, vhgá jhrbcïm ui pembh fctme`mfh, fcsgrcvcbfh ms mïócs ghrrctnvms m scrci thimfms pmrm rcshevcr ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs pcbfcbtcs. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh vcrngm sc h pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm jhn nipecicbtmfh phr icnh fc uim vnsntm nb ehgh fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s h rcgcdnicbth fh scu pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm. Wc h pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm jhr nipecicbtmfh ghi sugcssh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rcstmdcecgc h stmtus fm sum ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c cbvnm m vhgá uim bhtngmïçh phr csgrnth fc quc scu gcrtngmfh bçh cstí imns suspcbsh.
nnn. Wum ubnfmfc bçh pcrintnr uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm hu rcgusmr m cbtrmfm fh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J pmrm uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm1
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh shengntm quc fcbtrh fc qumrcbtm c hnth (60) `hrms fh rcgcdnicbth fm bhtngmïçh fm suspcbsçh, vhgá jhrbcïm ui pembh fctme`mbfh m austngmtnvm austn gmtnvm pmrm pmrm m rcgusm rcgusm fc pcrint pcrintnr nr uim mufnthrn mufnthrnm m bçh mbubgnmf mbubgnmfm m c ui mghrfh pmrm prhsscounr ghi uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm fcbtrh fhs pr÷xnihs trnbtm (7;) fnms. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ghbfuz uim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh bm ubnfmfc, ci trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s h rcgcdnicbth fm ghbrimïçh fm ubnfmfc. Wc m sum ubnfmfc ghbgeunr ghi sugcssh m mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm ghi uim gemssngmïçh C, O hu G, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rcstmdcecgc h stmtus fm sum ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c cbvnm m vhgá uim bhtngmïçh phr csgrnth fc quc scu gcrtngmfh bçh cstí imns suspcbsh. Meîi fnssh, uim mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh bçh mbubgnmfm î ghbfuznfm ci bçh imns fh quc scns (:) icscs mp÷s m mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfm, icbgnhbmfm mgnim, pmrm vcrngmr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghbtébum ghi h Wnstcim W]J.
nv. Wum ubnfmfc rcgcdcr m gemssngmïçh ―J ‗
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh shengntm quc, fcbtrh fc qumrcbtm c hnth (60) `hrms fh rcgcdnicbth fm bhtngmïçh fm suspcbsçh, vhgá jhrbcïm ui pembh fctme`mfh,
jme`m ci uim bm mufnthrnm’ mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh hu fc rcgcrtngmïçh1
fcsgrcvcbfh ms mïócs ghrrctnvms m scrci thimfms pmrm rcshevcr ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs pcbfcbtcs. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh vcrngm sc ms mïócs ghrrctnvms jhrmi nipecicbtmfms phr icnh fc uim vnsntm nb ehgh ë ubnfmfc, fcbtrh fc scsscbtm (:;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s h rcgcdnicbth fh scu pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm. Wc h pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm jhr nipecicbtmfh ghi sugcssh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rcstmdcecgc h stmtus fm sum ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c cbvnm m vhgá uim bhtngmïçh phr csgrnth fc quc scu gcrtngmfh bçh cstí imns suspcbsh. Wc m suspcbsçh jhr h rcsuetmfh fc uim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ghbfuznrí uim mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh bçh mbubgnmfm ci mtî scns (:) icscs mp÷s m suspcbsçh, pmrm vcrngmr m nipecicbtmïçh cgmz fh pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
7;
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
WC
CBVÇH
v. Wum ubnfmfc bçh imbtnvcr hs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths1
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh shengntm quc fcbtrh fc qumrcbtm c hnth (60) `hrms fh rcgcdnicbth fm bhtngmïçh fm suspcbsçh, vhgá jhrbcïm ui pembh fctme`mfh, fcsgrcvcbfh ms mïócs ghrrctnvms m scrci thimfms pmrm rcshevcr m jme`m ci imbtcr h G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh vcrngm sc ms mïócs ghrrctnvms jhrmi nipecicbtmfms phr icnh fc uim vnsntm nb ehgh ë ubnfmfc, fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs mp÷s h rcgcdnicbth fh scu pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm. Wc h pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm jhr nipecicbtmfh sugcssh, hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rcstmdcecgc h stmtus fm sum ubnfmfcghi bh dmbgh fchfmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c cbvnm m vhgá uim bhtngmïçh phr csgrnth fc quc scu gcrtngmfh bçh cstí imns suspcbsh.
Wc h gcrtngmfh W]J fc sum ubnfmfc jhr suspcbsh, sum ubnfmfc bçh phfc sc mprcscbtmr ghih phrtmfhrm fc ui gcrtngmfh W]J furmbtc m suspcbsçh. Ms mpcemïócs rcemtnvms m fcgnsócs shdrc m suspcbsçh c/hu rctnrmfm fm gcrtngmïçh W]J phr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh bçh mfnmi m fcgnsçh fc suspcbfcr hu rctnrmr m gcrtngmïçh (ghbsuetc =;.7).
Ctmpm =61 Tctnrmfm fm gcrtnjgmïçh H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rctnrm h gcrtngmfh sc m sum ubnfmfc1 ▫
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Vnvcr snfh suspcbsm c bçh scounr h prhthgheh fc suspcbsçh, ghbjhric fcbnfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ci sum bhtngmïçh fc suspcbsçh< Bçh thimr mïócs ghrrctnvms mprhvmfms fcbtrh fhs prmzhs cspcgngmfhs, ghbjhric fctcrinbmfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh (ghbsuetc m ctmpm =7.=)< Vnvcr jmesngmfh nbtcbgnhbme c snstcingmicbtc scus rconstrhs< Bçh imbtnvcr m nbtcornfmfc fh gcrtngmfh W]J< hu Vnvcr ui mfinbnstrmfhr, mfinbnstrmfhr aufngnme, mfinbnstrmfhr aufngnme c ocrcbtc, ocrcbtc hgnme hu enqunfmfhr prhvns÷rnh mphbtmfh shdrc scus mtnvhs hu qumbfh ui pcfnfh jhr jcnth hu uim rcsheuïçh jhr mprhvmfm pmrm h jcg`micbth fc sum ubnfmfc (cxgcth pmrm bs fc jusçh hu rcghbstruïçh) hu m ubnfmfc fcnxmr fc rcmenzmr bco÷gnhs, jmenr hu shengntmr h dcbcjégnh fc qumequcr ecn pmrm meévnh fc fcvcfhrcs jmenfhs hu nbshevcbtcs, hu zcr qumequcr mrrmbah hu ghiphsnïçh ghi scus grcfhrcs.
Wc h gcrtngmfh fm sum ubnfmfc jhr rctnrmfh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh nicfnmtmicbtc metcrm ms nbjhrimïócs shdrc m ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN pmrm h stmtus ―rctnrmfh’, nbfngmbfh h ihtnvh c m fmtm cjctnvm fm rctnrmfm. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh tmidîi1 ▫
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Nbjhrim m vhgá, phr csgrnth, quc h gcrtngmfh W]J jhn rctnrmfh, h ihtnvh pmrm tme mïçh c m fmtm fc cjctnvmïçh< Î hdrnomt÷rnh rcghb`cgcr h rcgcdnicbth fm bhtngmïçh fc rctnrmfm. Bhtngm h W]JN shdrc m rctnrmfm, usmbfh h jhriueírnh fc metcrmïçh c bhtngmïçh hbenbc< c Nbstrun vhgá m fcvhevcr h gcrtngmfh fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms fm bhtngmïçh.
Wc h scu gcrtngmfh jhr rctnrmfh, vhgá bçh phfc shengntmr bhvmicbtc m gcrtngmïçh phr fhzc (=4) icscs m pmrtnr fm fmtm ci quc h gcrtngmfh jhn rctnrmfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. M ubnfmfc quc shjrcu m rctnrmfm î pudengmfm ci sq.ghi phr fhzc (=4) icscs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
7=
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Ctmpm =31 Metcrmïócs bhs rcqunsnths fc W]J fm ubnfmfc G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths pcrintc quc vhgá iufc scus rcqunsnths fc mghrfh ghi ms iufmbïms ghicrgnmns fh scu bco÷gnh. Nssh nbgeun iufmbïms c mfnïócs mh csghph fc prhfuths, iufmbïm fc hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, iufmbïm fm ubnfmfc pmrm hutrh ehgme c iufmbïms fc prhprnctírnh fh bco÷gnh. Wc sum ubnfmfc rcmenzmr ui rcgmee fc prhfuths nbgeuéfhs ci scu csghph fc gcrtngmïçh hu pmssmr phr nbtcrvcbïçh rcouemt÷rnm, h W]JN c scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvci scr bhtngmfhs. Hs rcqunsnths W]J cstçh enstmfhs mqun. Wc prcgnsmr fc mssnstábgnm ghi qumequcr uim fcssms metcrmïócs, vhgá phfc cbtrmr ci ghbtmth ghi m cqunpc fc mtcbfnicbth mh gencbtc fh W]JN pceh c-imne nbjhKsq.ghi. =3.= Metcrmïçh
tciphrírnm tci phrírnm hu pcrimbcbtc fms fmtms fc mufnthrnm
M mprhvmïçh phr csgrnth pceh Ocrcbtc fc Ghbjhrinfmfc W]J î bcgcssírnm pmrm cintnr uim cxtcbsçh fh gcrtngmfh pmrm sum ubnfmfc hu uim metcrmïçh tciphrírnm hu pcrimbcbtc bh prmzh fc mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh fm sum ubnfmfc, nbgeunbfh metcrmïócs fcvnfh m cvcbths cxtrmhrfnbírnhs, ghih fcsmstrcs bmturmns hu nbtcipîrncs. Vhfms ms shengntmïócs fc metcrmïçh fcvci scr cbvnmfms pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh quc cintnu h gcrtngmfh W]J imns rcgcbtc fm sum ubnfmfc. Vhfms ms shengntmïócs rcjcrcbtcs m metcrmïócs tciphrírnms hu pcrimbcbtcs fc gcrtngmïçh, phr ihtnvhs ecoétnihs fh bco÷gnh, fcvci scr cbvnmfms mh W]JN pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh usmbfh h jhriueírnh fc shengntmïçh c bhtngmïçh fc metcrmïçh (fnsphbévce ci sq.ghi). Ssmr cstc jhriueírnh hbenbc pcrintc quc h W]JN rmstrcnc c ocrcbgnc thfms ms shengntmïócs rcgcdnfms c rcsphbfm ci tciph `ídne.
Metcrmïçh etcrmïçh =3.4 M
fh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh
Wc fcscamr mfngnhbmr gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths hu bhvhs prhfuths mh csghph fc sum gcrtngmïçh, vhgá phfc shengntmr m cxtcbsçh fh csghph fc gcrtngmïçh phr csgrnth mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. Wc m metcrmïçh fc csghph jhr ui bhvh prhgcssh hu uim iufmbïm niphrtmbtc ci ui prhgcssh cxnstcbtc, uim bhvm enb`m fc prhfuths hu uim iufmbïm snobngmtnvm bh pcsshme, imtîrnms-prnims, cidmemocbs hu nborcfncbtcs, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc scr nbjhrimfh phr csgrnth. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ghbfuz uim mufnthrnm fh prhgcssh hu fhs prhfuths mfngnhbmns fm ubnfmfc c cintc ui bhvh gcrtngmfh, hu nbjhrim m vhgá, phr csgrnth, h ihtnvh pceh qume ui bhvh gcrtngmfh bçh phfc scr cintnfh.
Sim mufnthrnm pmrm cxtcbsçh fh csghph bçh metcrm m fmtm fc rcgcrtngmïçh hu m fmtm fc vmenfmfc fh gcrtngmfh. ]umbfh ui bhvh gcrtngmfh î cintnfh, m fmtm fc mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh c m fmtm fc vmenfmfc fh gcrtngmfh pcrimbcgci ms icsims fh gcrtngmfh hrnonbme. ]umbfh h csghph fm gcrtngmïçh jhr metcrmfh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh jmz ms metcrmïócs fc csghph mprhprnmfms bh rconstrh fm sum ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN. Wc sum shengntmïçh jhr rcgcdnfm fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms mbtcs fh pcréhfh fc mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh phfc mfnmr m cxtcbsçh fh csghph pmrm m pr÷xnim
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
74
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh, c vhgá î nbjhrimfh fnssh. H bhvh gcrtngmfh bçh î cintnfh mtî quc hghrrm uim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh dci-sugcfnfm. =3.7 Metcrmïçh
fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh
Wc bçh cstnvcr smtnsjcnth ghi hs mghrfhs hu h fcscipcb`h fh scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, vhgá phfc iufmr pmrm hutrh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh pceh W]J mp÷s ui gngeh fc gcrtngmïçh c shicbtc mp÷s h cbgcrrmicbth fc thfms ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs pcbfcbtcs, fcsfc quc m gcrtngmïçh bçh cstcam suspcbsm bci micmïmfm fc suspcbsçh hu rctnrmfm. Wc sum ubnfmfc cxnonr mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh, vhgá s÷ phfc metcrmr hs hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh mp÷s m mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh scr ghbfuznfm hu icfnmbtc m mprhvmïçh, phr csgrnth, fh Ocrcbtc fc Ghbjhrinfmfc W]J (ghipenmbgcKsq.ghi). ]umbfh uim ubnfmfc metcrm hs hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh, h gcrtngmfh cintnfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh mbtcrnhr pcrimbcgc víenfh mtî m fmtm fc vmenfmfc prcvnstm. H bñicrh fc sum gcrtngmïçh c fmtm fc rcgcrtngmïçh sçh trmbsjcrnfhs ghi sum ubnfmfc pmrm h bhvh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. H bhvh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc rcmenzmr uim rcvnsçh fm gcrtngmïçh fm sum ubnfmfc, mbtcs quc m trmbsjcrábgnm scam ghbgeuéfm, pmrm1 ▫
▫
▫ ▫
▫
Ghbrimr quc h gcrtngmfh cstí mtumenzmfh, víenfh c rcemgnhbmfh mh Wnstcim W]J ghih gcrtngmfh< Ghbrimr quc m gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths fm sum ubnfmfc cstí fcbtrh fh csghph fc mgrcfntmïçh fh bhvh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh< Ghbrimr quc thfms ms rcgemimïócs rcgcdnfms jhrmi ocrmrmi thimfm fc mïçh< Mbmensmr h `nst÷rngh fc mufnthrnms fm sum ubnfmfc (hbfc vhgá phfc fcihbstrmr tme `nst÷rngh fc jhrim smtnsjmt÷rnm pmrm h bhvh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, phr icnh fc g÷pnms fc rcemt÷rnhs fc mufnthrnm cemdhrmfhs pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh mbtcrnhr c h nipmgth fc qumnsqucr bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs pcbfcbtcs)< Ghbrimr h cstíonh fh gngeh fc gcrtngmïçh mtume.
Wc vhgá metcrmr scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, scrí bcgcssírnh fnsphbndnenzmr h ñetnih rcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh c h rcemt÷rnh fc mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh (sc mpengívce) pmrm h bhvh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. =3.6 Iufmbïm fh
e hgme fms fcpcbfábgnms ehgme
M gcrtngmïçh W]J î cspcgégm fm ubnfmfc (ghbsuetc m Ctmpm 7), phrtmbth, sc vhgá iufmr ms fcpcbfábgnms fc sum ciprcsm pmrm hutrh ehgme, m gcrtngmïçh fm sum ubnfmfc bçh scrí trmbsjcrnfm pmrm m bhvm ubnfmfc. Î bcgcssírnm uim gcrtngmïçh dci-sugcfnfm fms bhvms fcpcbfábgnms. Sim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme fcvc scr ghbgeuéfm pmrm m bhvm nbstmemïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
77
[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
=3.3 Iufmbïm fh
prhprnctírnh fh bco÷gnh
Wc h prhprnctírnh fc uim ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm jhr metcrmfh (phr cxcipeh, h bco÷gnh fm ubnfmfc jhr vcbfnfh), fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs fcphns fm iufmbïm fc prhprnctírnh, h bhvh prhprnctírnh fcvc bhtngmr h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c shengntmr m rctcbïçh fm gcrtngmïçh W]J c fh bñicrh fc gcrtngmïçh cxnstcbtc. Wc m cqunpc ghi rcsphbsmdnenfmfc prnbgnpme pcem ocstçh c supcrvnsçh fh Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J jhr imbtnfm, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh phfc rctcr h stmtus fc jrcquábgnm fc mufnthrnm cxnstcbtc. Wc `huvcr iufmbïms snobngmtnvms bhs ocsthrcs c bh pcsshme fm ubnfmfc, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc rcmenzmr uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme c cintnr ui bhvh gcrtngmfh c ui bhvh bñicrh fc gcrtngmïçh. M jrcquábgnm fc mufnthrnm, víenfm pmrm uim bhvm gcrtngmïçh, sc mpengm. =3.: Bhtngmïçh
fc rcgmees c nbjrmïócs rcouemt÷rnms
Wc sum ubnfmfc nbngnmr ui cvcbth fc scourmbïm fc menicbths quc cxnam bhtngmïçh pñdengm, ghih ui rcgmee Gemssc N hu Gemssc ee hu rcgcdcr uim gmrtm fc mfvcrtábgnm rcouemt÷rnm, vhgá fcvc bhtngmr scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c h W]JN cbvnmbfh ui c-imne pmrm jhhfsmjctygrnsnsKsq.ghi, fcbtrh fc vnbtc c qumtrh (46) `hrms fh cvcbth. Wcu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c h W]JN fcvci scr nbgeuéfhs ci sums enstms fc ghbtmths csscbgnmns, ghbjhric fcbnfh bh cecicbth fh snstcim 4.:.7 fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths. Wcu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh î hdrnomfh m bhtngmr h W]JN fcbtrh fc imns qumrcbtm c hnth (60) `hrms fc qumequcr mïçh quc prctcbfm thimr pmrm omrmbtnr m nbtcornfmfc fm gcrtngmïçh. =3.? Ssh
fc ui cspcgnmenstm tîgbngh
Cspcgnmenstms tîgbnghs phfci scr usmfhs pmrm muxnenmr hs mufnthrcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J bms mufnthrnms ci quc h mufnthr cstí rconstrmfh bh W]J, ims bçh tci meouims hu thfms ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths fm ubnfmfc, hu pmrm prhfuths/prhgcsshs ci quc m mufnthrnm sc dcbcgnmrnm fc hrncbtmïçh tîgbngm cspcgnmenzmfm. Î pcrintnfh h ush fc ui cspcgnmenstm tîgbngh pmrm muxnenmr ui mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J bh fcscipcb`h fc uim mufnthrnm W]J, fcsfc quc sum ubnfmfc tcb`m snfh bhtngmfm mbtcs fm mufnthrnm c mgcntc m pmrtngnpmïçh fh cspcgnmenstm. H cspcgnmenstm tîgbngh fcvc mssnbmr ui ghbtrmth fc ghbfcbgnmenfmfc ghi h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh.
Mbtcs fm mufnthrnm, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc cbvnmr ms qumengmïócs c m austngmtnvm pmrm h ush fh cspcgnmenstm tîgbngh mh W]JN. M mprhvmïçh, sc ghbgcfnfm, scrí mpcbms pmrm uim mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc. Hs cspcgnmenstms tîgbnghs fcvci1 ▫
▫ ▫
Vcr fnpehim ubnvcrsntírnh ci uim fnsgnpenbm rcemgnhbmfm ë gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths, pmrm scthrcs fc meth rnsgh, hu qumengmïçh fc cbsnbh supcrnhr pmrm gmtcohrnms fc dmnxh rnsgh< Vcr rcgcdnfh trcnbmicbth M[[GG ghi gcrtngmfh fc ghbgeusçh cintnfh< c Vcr gnbgh mbhs fc cxpcrnábgnm ci tciph nbtcorme ci ui gmroh tîgbngh, prhssnhbme hu fc supcrvnsçh rcemgnhbmfh ë gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths c m prhfuths cspcgéghs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC M1
Nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
Wc m mufnthrnm nbgeunr mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms, h cspcgnmenstm tîgbngh fcsnobmfh phfc jmzcr ush fc VNG furmbtc h prhgcssh fc mufnthrnm. H mufnthr W]J rconstrmfh fcvc cstmr prcscbtc, pcsshme hu rcihtmicbtc.
=3.0 Nfnhim
usmfh furmbtc m mufnthrnm
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh î hdrnomfh m omrmbtnr quc h mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J quc ghbfuznr m mufnthrnm phssm sc ghiubngmr fc jhrim ghipctcbtc bm enboumoci hrme c csgrntm usmfm bm ubnfmfc quc cstí scbfh mufntmfm. Wc jhr bcgcssírnh ui trmfuthr, cstc fcvc scr jhrbcgnfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c ghb`cgcr hs tcrihs tîgbnghs usmfhs furmbtc m mufnthrnm, scr nbfcpcbfcbtc fm ubnfmfc scbfh mufntmfm c bçh tcr ghbnth fc nbtcrcsscs. M ubnfmfc fcvc scr bhtngmfm fc qumequcr cxtcbsçh bm furmïçh fm mufnthrnm c fh gusth msshgnmfh mh ush fc ui trmfuthr. Wc `huvcr ui ghbnth, m vcrsçh ci nboeás fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths prcvmecgc. =3.> [rhormim
fc ghbjhrinfmfc c nbtcornfmfc fh W]JN
[mrm mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths fh [rhormim fc Ghbjhrinfmfc c Nbtcornfmfc fh W]JN, h W]JN phfc ihbnthrmr icnh fc tîgbngms mecmthrnmicbtc quc nbgeuci, ms mtnvnfmfcs cbtrc hutrms, fhsmufnthrnms hrombnsihs fcfc vmenfmïçh gcrtngmïçh c/huctcstciub`mfms. scus mufnthrcs phr Mh ghbfuznr cssms mtnvnfmfcs mfngnhbmns fc ihbnthrmicbth, sum ubnfmfc î hdrnomfm m pcrintnr quc rcprcscbtmbtcs muthrnzmfhs pceh W]JN cbtrci bm ubnfmfc furmbtc hu mp÷s m mufnthrnm. M pmrtngnpmïçh fc ui rcprcscbtmbtc fh W]JN bçh nbtcrjcrc bms hpcrmïócs fm ubnfmfc bci rcsuetm ci tciph fc mufnthrnm mfngnhbme hu bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs, c bçh muicbtmrí h gusth ghdrmfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh pmrm m mufnthrnm.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
D
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths
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G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
7:
[MT [MTVC VC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.=
Ghiprhinssh fm metm fnrcïçh
4.=.= 4.=.=.=
Tcsphbsmdnenfmfc fm metm fnrcïçh (hdrnomt÷rnh) M metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc fcvc prcpmrmr c nipecicbtmr uim pheétngm quc fcsgrcvm, bh iébnih, h ghiprhinssh fc thfhs hs ocsthrcs fm ubnfmfc fc1
n. Jhrbcgcr menicbths scourhs< nn. Cstmdcecgcr c imbtcr uim gueturm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcbtrh fm ubnfmfc< nnn. Cstmdcecgcr c ice`hrmr ghbtnbumicbtc h snstcim fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths fm ubnfmfc< c nv. Guiprnr hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c fc gencbtcs pmrm jhrbcgcr menicbths scourhs.
M pheétngm fcvc scr1 v. Mssnbmfm pcem metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc c cxndnfm ci ehgmns fc fcstmquc< c vn. Ghiubngmfm cjctnvmicbtc m thfh h pcsshme fm ubnfmfc, ci enboumoci ghiprccbfnfm phr thfh h pcsshme fm ubnfmfc.
4.=.=.4 M metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc fcvc enfcrmr c mphnmr uim gueturm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcbtrh fm ubnfmfc quc omrmbtm, pceh icbhs1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v. vn.
H cstmdcecgnicbth, m fhguicbtmïçh c m ghiubngmïçh m thfh h pcsshme rcecvmbtc fhs hdactnvhs
fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c fms icfnïócs fc fcscipcb`h< M fnsphbndnenzmïçh fc rcgurshs mfcqumfhs pmrm mtcbfcr mhs hdactnvhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths< M mfhïçh c imbutcbïçh fms prítngms fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c thfhs hs rcqunsnths mpengívcns fh Wnstcim W]J< ]uc h pcsshme scam nbjhrimfh c rcsphbsmdnenzmfh phr sums mtrndunïócs rcouemt÷rnms c fc scourmbïm fc menicbths< ]uc h pcsshme scam phsntnvmicbtc nbgcbtnvmfh c tcb`m h fcvcr fc bhtngmr hs ocsthrcs shdrc prhdecims rcmns hu phtcbgnmns fc scourmbïm fc menicbths< c ]uc h pcsshme scam cbghrmamfh m monr pmrm rcshevcr prhdecims fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcbtrh fh csghph fc scu trmdme`h.
4.=.=.7 M cstruturm fc rcphrtc fcvc nfcbtngmr c fcsgrcvcr fcsgrcvcr h pcsshme fm ubnfmfc ghi rcsphbsmdnenfmfcs cspcgégms bh snstcim fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths c nfcbtngmr sudstntuths bm musábgnm fc pcsshme-g`mvc. Ms fcsgrnïócs fc gmrohs pmrm h pcsshme-g`mvc fcvci scr fhguicbtmfms. M ocstçh fm ubnfmfc fcvc omrmbtnr quc hs fcpmrtmicbths c ms hpcrmïócs cstcami fcvnfmicbtc prhvnfms fc pcsshme c menb`mfms hrombnzmgnhbmeicbtc pmrm megmbïmr hs hdactnvhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MT [MTVC VC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.=.=.6 M metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc fcvc nbfngmr h prhssnhbme fc W]J prnbgnpme c h sudstntuth, pmrm gmfm ubnfmfc, ghi rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c muthrnfmfc pmrm1 n. Wupcrvnsnhbmr h fcscbvhevnicbth, m nipecicbtmïçh, m rcvnsçh c m imbutcbïçh fh Wnstcim W]J< nn. Vhimr ms mïócs mprhprnmfms pmrm omrmbtnr m nbtcornfmfc fh Wnstcim W]J< c nnn. Ghiubngmr mh pcsshme rcecvmbtc thfms ms nbjhrimïócs csscbgnmns pmrm omrmbtnr m nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh cjctnvms fh Wnstcim W]J.
4.=.=.3 Hs prhssnhbmns fc W]J prnbgnpmns c sudstntuths fcvci1 n. nn. nnn. nv.
Wcr ciprcomfhs fm ubnfmfc< Vcr ui gmroh fc rcsphbsmdnenfmfc ci rcemïçh ë ocstçh fh Wnstcim W]J fm ubnfmfc< Vcr ghbgeuéfh ui trcnbmicbth M[[GG< Vcr ghipctábgnm pmrm nipecicbtmr c imbtcr pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths dmscmfhs ci M[[GG< c v. Ghiprccbfcr h G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths c hs rcqunsnths pmrm nipecicbtmr c imbtcr ui Wnstcim W]J rcecvmbtc mh csghph fc gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc.
4.=.=.: M metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc fcvc mehgmr rcgurshs pmrm mtcbfcr ës bcgcssnfmfcs fc trcnbmicbth fm ubnfmfc, c omrmbtnr quc hs trcnbmicbths scami nipecicbtmfhs c mtcbfmi mhs rcqunsnths fcsgrnths bhs cecicbths fh snstcim 4.> c quc h pcsshme fm ubnfmfc tcb`m ms ghipctábgnms rcqucrnfms pmrm fcscipcb`mr ms jubïócs quc mjctmi 4.=.=.?
m ecomenfmfc c m scourmbïm fhs prhfuths menicbtégnhs. M metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc fcvc omrmbtnr m nbtcornfmfc c m hpcrmïçh ghbtébum fh snstcim fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, bh gmsh fc iufmbïms hrombnzmgnhbmns hu fc pcsshme fcbtrh fm ciprcsm hu fms nbstmemïócs msshgnmfms.
4.=.=.0 M metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc fcvc fcsnobmr pcréhfhs fc rcstrnïçh rcstrnïçh fcbnfhs, pmrm cvntmr cvntmr quc mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfms hghrrmi jhrm fm smjrm/gmipmb`m hu qumbfh m ubnfmfc bçh cstnvcr hpcrmbfh phr ihtnvhs ecoétnihs fh bco÷gnh. M enstm fc fmtms fc rcstrnïçh c sum austngmtnvm fcvci scr cbvnmfms mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, bh iébnih ui (=) iás mbtcs fh pcréhfh fc scsscbtm (:;) fnms fm rcgcrtngmïçh pmrm m mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm mghrfmfm.
4.=.4 Mbíensc grétngm pcem metm fnrcïçh (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.=.4.= H Wnstcim Wnstcim W]J fcvc fcvc scr mbmensmfh grntngmicbtc pcem metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc, pceh icbhs mbumeicbtc, c nbgeunr1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v. vn.
Iufmbïms bm fhguicbtmïçh fh snstcim fc ocstçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths (pheétngms, prhgcfnicbths, cspcgngmïócs, pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths)< H fcscipcb`h fm gueturm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths< Hdactnvhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c icfnïócs fh fcscipcb`h< Ms mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms, c ms tcbfábgnms bhs mg`mfhs fms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms c cxtcrbms, rcgemimïócs fc gencbtcs c mtnvnfmfcs fc vcrngmïçh c vmenfmïçh< H snstcim fc ocstçh fc pcrnohs c rnsghs< c H mghipmb`micbth fms mïócs fms mbíenscs grétngms mbtcrnhrcs jcntms pcem metm fnrcïçh.
Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc thfms ms mbíenscs grétngms c mtumenzmïócs jcntms pcem metm fnrcïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC [MTVC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.=.4.4 Hs prhssnhbmns fc W]J fcvci mtumenzmr m metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc, pceh icbhs uim vcz phr iás, shdrc qucstócs quc nipmgtci m nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh Wnstcim W]J. Ms mtumenzmïócs c ms rcsphstms fm metm fnrcïçh fcvci scr fhguicbtmfms.
4.=.7 Ocstçh fc rcgemimïócs (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.=.7.= Hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pceh imbuscnh, nbvcstnomïçh c rcsheuïçh fms rcgemimïócs shdrc scourmbïm fc menicbths fc gencbtcs ghicrgnmns, ghbsuinfhrcs c muthrnfmfcs, fcghrrcbtcs fc prhfuths jmdrngmfhs hu imbnpuemfhs bm ubnfmfc hu ghjmdrngmfhs, fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. 4.=.7.4 Ms tcbfábgnms mfvcrsms fhs fmfhs fms rcgemimïócs fc gencbtcs fcvci scr nbvcstnomfms c mbmensmfms, c m gmusm rmnz fcvc scr cstmdcecgnfm phr pcsshme ghi ghb`cgnicbth shdrc hs nbgnfcbtcs. 4.=.7.7 Mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms fcvci scr nipecicbtmfms ghi dmsc bm ormvnfmfc fh nbgnfcbtc c bm mbíensc fm gmusm rmnz, ghbjhric fcsgrnth ci 4.3.7. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fms rcgemimïócs fc gencbtcs, sums nbvcstnomïócs c rcsheuïócs. 4.4
Ghbtrhec fc fhguicbths c rconstrhs
4.4.=
Wnstcim fc Ocstçh fm Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths (hdrnomt÷rnh)
4.4.=.= Hs iîthfhs c prhgcfnicbths quc m ubnfmfc usm pmrm mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths fcvc scr imbtnfm ci fhguicbtmïçh cectröbngm c/hu niprcssm. Cstcs fhguicbths scrçh fnsphbndnenzmfhs pmrm h pcsshme rcecvmbtc c nbgeunrçh1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v. vn. vnn. vnnn.
Si rcsuih fms pheétngms fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fm hrombnzmïçh c hs iîthfhs quc scrçh mpengmfhs pmrm mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths fcstm bhrim< M pheétngm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c h hrombhormim fm ciprcsm< Hs prhgcsshs c prhfuths nbgeuéfhs bh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh< Tcouemicbths fc scourmbïm fc menicbths mpengívcns ë ubnfmfc fc jmdrngmïçh c mhs pméscs fc vcbfm (sc ghb`cgnfhs)< Cspcgngmïócs fc imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs c prhfuths mgmdmfhs< [rhgcfnicbths fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, prhormims fc prî-rcqunsnths, pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths< Ghbtrhecs fhs prhgcsshs quc mjctmi m scourmbïm fhs prhfuths< c Hutrm fhguicbtmïçh bcgcssírnm pmrm mphnmr h fcscbvhevnicbth, m nipecicbtmïçh, m imbutcbïçh c h ghbtrhec fh Wnstcim W]J.
4.4.=.4 [embhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh c thfhs hs mspcgths rcecvmbtcs fh Wnstcim W]J fcvci scr rcvnsmfhs, mtumenzmfhs c ghiubngmfhs ghbjhric bcgcssírnh, qumbfh qumnsqucr iufmbïms nipecicbtmfms mjctmrci m gmpmgnfmfc fm ubnfmfc fc jhrbcgcr menicbths scourhs. Vhfms ms iufmbïms bhs pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh c hutrhs mspcgths fh Wnstcim W]J fcvci scr vmenfmfms hu austngmfms mbtcs fc sum nipecicbtmïçh. Hs ihtnvhs pmrm m iufmbïm fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs.
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[MT [MTVC VC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.4.4 Ghbtrhec fc fhguicbths (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.4.4.= Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pmrm imbtcr h ghbtrhec fhs fhguicbths c fc omrmbtnr quc h pcsshme tcb`m mgcssh mhs rcqunsnths c nbstruïócs vnocbtcs. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs fhguicbths c cicbfms mhs fhguicbths vnocbtcs fh Wnstcim W]J.
4.4.7 Tconstrhs (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.4.7.= Hs iîthfhs, m jrcquábgnm c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem vcrngmïçh, imbutcbïçh c rctcbïçh fc rconstrhs fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. 4.4.7.4 Vhfhs hs rconstrhs fcvci scr ecoévcns c ghbrimfhs phr mqucecs quc rcmenzmi mtnvnfmfcs fc ihbnthrmicbth quc fcihbstrmi quc ms nbspcïócs, mbíenscs c hutrms mtnvnfmfcs csscbgnmns jhrmi rcmenzmfms. 4.4.7.7 Hs rconstrhs fcvci cstmr prhbtmicbtc mgcssévcns, scr rcgupcrívcns c cstmr mrimzcbmfhs ci scourmbïm pmrm prcvcbnr mgcssh bçh muthrnzmfh, pcrfm, fmbhs c fctcrnhrmïçh. Hs pcréhfhs fc rctcbïçh fcvci cstmr fc mghrfh ghi hs rcqunsnths ecomns, rcouemt÷rnhs c fh gencbtc, scbfh, bh iébnih, h prmzh fc vmenfmfc fh prhfuth hu cstmdcecgnfh pcem ubnfmfc, sc bçh `huvcr prmzh fc vmenfmfc. 4.7
Cspcgngmïócs, jhriuemïócs, rcmenzmïçh c mprhvmïçh
fhs jhrbcgcfhrcs
4.7.= Jhriuemïçh c rcmenzmïçh fh prhfuth 4.7.=.= Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem grnmïçh c fcscbvhevnicbth fc bhvms jhriuemïócs fc prhfuths c pcem ghbvcrsçh fc ghbgcnths fc prhfuths ci rcmenzmïçh ghicrgnme. 4.7.=.4 Jhriuemïócs fc bhvhs prhfuths, hs prhgcsshs fc jmdrngmïçh c h guiprnicbth fhs rcqunsnths fhs prhfuths fcvci scr cstmdcecgnfhs, vmenfmfhs c vcrngmfhs phr cbsmnhs bm ubnfmfc c tcstcs fhs prhfuths, ghbjhric bcgcssírnh, pmrm omrmbtnr m scourmbïm fhs prhfuths. Ms jhriuemïócs fc prhfuths scr fcscbvhevnfms phr pcsshms omrmbtnr quc mtcbfmi mh ushfcvci prctcbfnfh. ]umbfh bcgcssírnh, tcstcsmuthrnzmfms, fc prmzh fcpmrm vmenfmfc fcvci scr ghbfuznfhs pmrm vmenfmr c vcrngmr ui bhvh prhfuth qumbth m1 n.
Tcqunsnths fc imbnpuemïçh c mrimzcbmicbth mbtcs fc g`comr mh ghbsuinfhr, nbgeunbfh h cstmdcecgnicbth fc "ghbsuinr mtî", "fmtm fc vmenfmfc" hu tcrinbhehonm cqunvmecbtc< nn. Grntîrnhs ingrhdnhe÷onghs, qumbfh mpengívcns< c nnn. [rcpmrmïçh pceh ghbsuinfhr, qumbfh mpengívce, c rcqunsnths fc mrimzcbmicbth c imbuscnh.
4.7.=.7 Si pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc scr vmenfmfh c vcrngmfh pcem cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fm ubnfmfc, pmrm gmfm bhvh prhfuth c prhgcssh msshgnmfh, mtî m ghbvcrsçh pmrm m prhfuïçh c fnstrndunïçh ghicrgnme hu qumbfh hghrrcr uim iufmbïm bhs nborcfncbtcs, prhgcsshs hu cidmemoci quc phssm mjctmr m scourmbïm fc menicbths.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MT [MTVC VC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.7.=.6 Jhriuemïócs fc prhfuths c prhgcsshs fc jmdrngmïçh pmrm prhfuths nbgeuéfhs bh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh fcvci scr rcvnsmfhs qumbfh `huvcr iufmbïms ci imtcrnmns, nborcfncbtcs hu cqunpmicbths. 4.7.=.3 Hs uxhs fc thfhs hs prhgcsshs fc jmdrngmïçh, bhvhs c cxnstcbtcs, fcvci scr prhactmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc h prhfuth scam jmdrngmfh fc mghrfh ghi ms jhriuemïócs fc prhfuth mprhvmfms c pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh gruzmfm. 4.7.=.: Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fhs prhacths fc prhfuth, jhriuemïócs, ghbjhrinfmfc fc r÷tueh, uxhs fc prhgcssh, tcstcs fh prmzh fc vmenfmfc c mprhvmïócs pmrm thfhs hs prhfuths, bhvhs c cxnstcbtcs.
4.7.4 Cspcgngmïócs (imtîrnms-prnims, cidmemocbs, prhfuths mgmdmfhs c scrvnïhs) 4.7.4.= Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pceh fcscbvhevnicbth, ocstçh c mprhvmïçh fms cspcgngmïócs fc imtîrnms-prnims, prhfuths mgmdmfhs c cidmemocbs. 4.7.4.4 Ms cspcgngmïócs pmrm pmrm thfms ms imtîrnms-prnims c cidmemocbs, nbgeunbfh, cbtrc hutrhs, nborcfncbtcs, mfntnvhs, prhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs, ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm c cidmemocbs quc nipmgtci m scourmbïm fh prhfuth mgmdmfh, fcvci scr fhguicbtmfms c imbtnfms mtumenzmfms. 4.7.4.7 Vhfms ms imtîrnms-prnims, imtîrnms-prnims, cidmemocbs c nborcfncbtcs, nbgeunbfh mqucecs rcgcdnfhs fc hutrms ubnfmfcs shd h icsih ghbtrhec ghrphrmtnvh, fcvci guiprnr ms cspcgngmïócs c m econsemïçh rcecvmbtc bh pmés fc jmdrngmïçh c fhs pméscs fc fcstnbh, sc ghb`cgnfhs. 4.7.4.6 Imtîrnms-prnims, cidmemocbs c nborcfncbtcs fcvci scr vmenfmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc m scourmbïm fh prhfuth bçh scam ghiprhictnfm c quc h imtcrnme scam mfcqumfh pmrm m bmenfmfc prctcbfnfm. 4.7.4.3 M ocstçh fm ubnfmfc fcvc cxnonr quc hs jhrbcgcfhrcs fc imtîrnms-prnims mprhvmfhs bhtnquci m ubnfmfc shdrc iufmbïms bm ghiphsnïçh fhs prhfuths quc phssmi nipmgtmr bm jhriuemïçh fhs prhfuths (phr cxcipeh, tchr prhtcngh, uinfmfc, pcrs fc minbhígnfhs, bévcns fc ghbtminbmbtcs, mecroábnghs c/hu hutrhs pmräictrhs quc phfci vmrnmr phr gueturm hu smjrm/gmipmb`m). 4.7.4.: M vcrngmïçh fm cidmemoci fcvc nbgeunr uim gcrtngmïçh fc quc thfms ms cidmemocbs quc cbtrmi ci ghbtmth fnrcth ghi menicbths mtcbfci mhs grntîrnhs fc mprhvmïçh hu fc mgcntmïçh rcouemt÷rnm. M fhguicbtmïçh fcvc cstmr bm jhrim fc uim fcgemrmïçh fc omrmbtnm ghbtébum fc ghbjhrinfmfc, ui gcrtngmfh fc ghbjhrinfmfc hu ui gcrtngmfh fm moábgnm rcouemt÷rnm mpengívce. Bm musábgnm fh gcrtngmfh fc ghbjhrinfmfc, gcrtngmfh fc mbíensc hu fc gmrtm fc omrmbtnm, mbíenscs pmrm ghbrimr m musábgnm fc phssévce inormïçh quéingm fm cidmemoci pmrm h menicbth fcvci scr ghbfuznfms c rconstrhs fcvci scr imbtnfhs. 4.7.4.? Hs r÷tuehs fhs prhfuths mgmdmfhs fcvci scr prcgnshs, guiprnr m econsemïçh rcecvmbtc c scr mprhvmfhs phr pcsshme qumengmfh fm ciprcsm. 4.7.4.0 M fcsgrnïçh fhs scrvnïhs scrvnïhs pmrm prcstmfhrcs fc scrvnïhs tcrgcnrnzmfhs quc tcb`mi nipmgth shdrc m scourmbïm fh prhfuth fcvc scr fhguicbtmfm, mtumenzmfm, nbgeunr uim fcsgrnïçh ghipectm fhs scrvnïhs m scrci prcstmfhs c fctme`mr hs rcqunsnths fc trcnbmicbth rcecvmbtcs fc thfh h pcsshme tcrgcnrnzmfh.
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[MT [MTVC VC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.7.4.> Ms cspcgngmïócs fh prhfuth mgmdmfh fcvci scr fhguicbtmfms, mtumenzmfms, mprhvmfms pcem ubnfmfc c phr scu gencbtc, mgcssévcns mh pcsshme rcecvmbtc c fcvci nbgeunr, qumbfh mpengívce1 n. Hs enintcs ingrhdnhe÷onghs, quéinghs c jésnghs< nn. M ghiphsnïçh pmrm mtcbfcr ës mecomïócs fh r÷tueh< nnn. Hs rcqunsnths fc rhtuemoci c cidmemoci< c nv. Ms ghbfnïócs fc mrimzcbmicbth.
4.7.4.=; Ms cspcgngmïócs pmrm imtîrnms-prnims c cidmemocbs, prhfuths quéinghs, ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm, scrvnïhs tcrgcnrnzmfhs c prhfuths mgmdmfhs fcvci scr rcvnsmfms ë icfnfm quc hghrrmi iufmbïms quc nipmgtci m scourmbïm fh prhfuth. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fms rcvnsócs. Sim enstm fc thfms ms cspcgngmïócs mgnim fcvc scr imbtnfm c mtumenzmfm.
4.7.7 Jmdrngmbtcs ghbtrmtmfhs 4.7.7.= Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc fc omrmbtnr thfhs hs mghrfhs ghi jmdrngmbtcs ghbtrmtmfhs, rcemgnhbmfhs ë scourmbïm fc menicbths, rcqunsnths fc prhfuths fh gencbtc, rcmenzmïçh c cbtrcom. 4.7.7.4 M ubnfmfc fcvc cstmdcecgcr ui iîthfh pmrm fctcrinbmr h bévce fc rnsgh pmrm m scourmbïm fc menicbths fh prhfuth jmdrngmfh phr ghbtrmth, c fcvc fhguicbtmr h rnsgh. M ubnfmfc fcvc omrmbtnr quc1 n.
Hs prhfuths c prhgcsshs fc gh-jmdrngmbtcs ghbsnfcrmfhs fc meth rnsgh pmssmrmi phr uim mufnthrnm jcntm pcem ubnfmfc hu phr uim moábgnm tcrgcnrnzmfm, pmrm ghbrimr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghi h G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths c ghi hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c fh gencbtc< nn. Hs prhfuths c prhgcsshs fc gh-jmdrngmbtcs ghbsnfcrmfhs fc dmnxh rnsgh mtcbfci mhs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, hu hutrhs prhormims fc gcrtngmïçh rcghb`cgnfhs pcem OJWN c mhs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c fh gencbtc< c nnn. Ms iufmbïms bhs ghbtrmths scami mprhvmfms phr midms ms pmrtcs c ghiubngmfms mh pcsshme rcecvmbtc.
4.7.7.7 Ghbtrmths ghi ciprcsms fc mrimzcbmicbth c fnstrndunïçh tcrgcnrnzmfms fcvci nbgeunr hs rcqunsnths fc prhfuth fh gencbtc c ghbjhrinfmfc ghi m geíusuem 4.7.7.4 fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths. Hsrcecvmbtc. ghbtrmthsMfcvci scrfcvc mprhvmfhs phrfc midms ms pmrtcs c ghiubngmfhs mh pcsshme ubnfmfc vcrngmr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghi h G÷fnoh W]J c omrmbtnr quc hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c fh gencbtc scami sciprc mtcbfnfhs. 4.7.7.6 Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc mufnthrnms, ghbtrmths, iufmbïms bhs ghbtrmths c sums rcspcgtnvms mprhvmïócs.
4.7.6 [rhormim fc mprhvmïçh fc jhrbcgcfhrcs (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.7.6.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c h prhgcfnicbth pmrm scecgnhbmr, mvmenmr, mprhvmr c ihbnthrmr ui jhrbcgcfhr mprhvmfh fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Fcvc scr imbtnfh ui rconstrh mtumenzmfh fhs jhrbcgcfhrcs mprhvmfhs, fms nbspcïócs fc rcgcdnicbth c fms mufnthrnms fc jhrbcgcfhrcs. 4.7.6.4 fc H prhormim fc mprhvmïçh mprchvmïçh fcvc scr dmscmfh bh fcscipcb`h mbtcrnhr ui jhrbcgcfhr bh bévcefc fcjhrbcgcfhrcs rnsgh fms imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm, cidmemoci c scrvnïhs prcstmfhs, c fcvc ghbtcr, bh iébnih1
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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n. nn. nnn. nv. v. vn. vnn.
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
Ms cspcgngmïócs mghrfmfms (ghbsuetc 4.7.4)< Tcjcrábgnm mh bévce fc rnsgh mpengmfh m imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs c scrvnïhs fh jhrbcgcfhr mprhvmfh< Si rcsuih fhs ghbtrhecs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths quc jhrmi nipecicbtmfhs pceh jhrbcgcfhr mprhvmfh< Hs iîthfhs pmrm ghbgcfcr stmtus fc jhrbcgcfhr mprhvmfh< Hs iîthfhs c m jrcquábgnm fh ihbnthrmicbth fhs jhrbcgcfhrcs mprhvmfhs< Hs fctme`cs fhs gcrtngmfhs fc ghbjhrinfmfc, sc bcgcssírnh< c Hs iîthfhs c m jrcquábgnm fm rcvnsçh fh fcscipcb`h fh jhrbcgcfhr mprhvmfh c fc scu stmtus.
4.7.6.7 M vcrngmïçh fc imtîrnms-prnims fcvc nbgeunr gcrtngmfhs fc ghbjhrinfmfc, gcrtngmfhs fc mbíensc, hu mihstrmoci c tcstcs. M jrcquábgnm fc vcrngmïçh fcvc scr fctcrinbmfm pcem ubnfmfc. 4.7.6.6 H rcgcdnicbth fc imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm c cidmemocbs fc jhrbcgcfhrcs bçh mprhvmfhs s÷ scrí mgcntívce ci sntumïçh fc cicroábgnm c fcsfc quc uim nbspcïçh fc rcgcdnicbth hu mbíensc scam ghbfuznfm c rconstrmfm mbtcs fh ush. 4.7.6.3 Imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs c cidmemocbs rcgcdnfhs fc hutrms ubnfmfcs shd m icsim prhprncfmfc ghrphrmtnvm fcvci cstmr suacnths mhs icsihs rcqunsnths fc cspcgngmïçh (ghbsuetc 4.7.4), rcqunsnths fc jhrbcgcfhrcs mprhvmfhs c nbspcïócs fc rcgcdnicbth mpengmfhs m thfhs hs hutrhs jhrbcgcfhrcs fc imtcrnmns. 4.7.6.: Ms mufnthrnms fc jhrbcgcfhrcs fcvci scr dmscmfms bh rnsgh (ghbjhric fctcrinbmfh ci 4.7.6.4) c fcvci scr ghbfuznfms phr pcsshms quc ghb`cïmi dci hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c fc scourmbïm fc menicbths mpengívcns, c scami trcnbmfms ci tîgbngms fc mufnthrnm. 4.6
Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths
4.6.= Econsemïçh fc menicbths (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.6.=.= M ubnfmfc fcvc omrmbtnr quc, bh ihicbth fm cbtrcom mhs gencbtcs, hs prhfuths mgmdmfhs cstcami ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi m econsemïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths mpengívce bh pmés fc jmdrngmïçh c fc vcbfm. Nssh nbgeun ghbjhrinfmfc ghi hs rcqunsnths econsemtnvhs mpengívcns enintcs iíxnihs rcséfuhs, scourmbïm fc menicbths, cidmemoci, fcsgrnïçhm fh prhfuth, pcshsfceéqunfhs, rhtuemoci butrngnhbme, mecroábnghs, c rhtuemoci fc mfntnvhs, rhtuemoci fc menicbths fc nfcbtnfmfc prcscrvmfm, qumnsqucr hutrhs grntîrnhs enstmfhs bm econsemïçh fc menicbths c bhs g÷fnohs fc prítngm rcecvmbtcs cstmdcecgnfhs pceh scthr.
4.6.=.4 Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pmrm omrmbtnr quc m ubnfmfc cstcam nbjhrimfm shdrc ms iufmbïms bm econsemïçh rcecvmbtc, fcscbvhevnicbths gncbtéghs c tîgbnghs, qucstócs cicrocbtcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c g÷fnohs fc prítngms rcecvmbtcs fh scthr. 4.6.=.7 H W]JN c h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvci scr bhtngmfhs phr csgrnth fcbtrh fc vnbtc c qumtrh (46) `hrms ghih rcsuetmfh fc uim mfvcrtábgnm hu cvcbth rcouemt÷rnh. M bhtngmïçh mh W]JN fcvc scr cbvnmfm phr c-imne pmrm jhhfsmjctygrnsnsKsq.ghi.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.6.4 Dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.6.4.= M ubnfmfc fcvc omrmbtnr quc ms dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh mpengívcns, fcsgrntms bh i÷fueh == fcstc G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths, scami mpengmfms hu cxgeuéfms fc mghrfh ghi uim mbíensc fc rnsgh phr csgrnth, fcsgrcvcbfh m austngmtnvm pmrm m cxgeusçh hu m cvnfábgnm fm cgígnm fms icfnfms fc ghbtrhec metcrbmtnvms quc omrmbtci quc m scourmbïm fc menicbths bçh scam ghiprhictnfm. 4.6.4.4 Ms dhms prítngms fcfc jmdrngmïçh mh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh, ghih m scourmbïm menicbthsmpengívcns î ghbtrhemfm c omrmbtnfm, fcvci scrfcsgrcvcbfh fhguicbtmfms c nipecicbtmfms.
4.6.7 [embh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.6.7.= Si pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc scr prcpmrmfh fc mghrfh ghi ms fhzc ctmpms nfcbtngmfms bms fnrctrnzcs fh M[[GG fm Ghinssçh fh Ghfcx Menicbtmrnus. H pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc scr cjctnvmicbtc nipecicbtmfh c imbtnfh, c fcvc fcsgrcvcr ghih m ubnfmfc ghbtrhem c omrmbtc m scourmbïm fc menicbths fhs prhfuths, hu oruphs fc prhfuths, nbgeuéfhs bh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh W]J c scus prhgcsshs msshgnmfhs. [hfc scr bcgcssírnh imns fc ui pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths M[[GG pmrm ghdrnr thfhs hs prhfuths nbgeuéfhs bh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh. 4.6.7.4 H pembh hu pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvci scr fcscbvhevnfhs c imbtnfhs phr uim cqunpc iuetnfnsgnpenbmr quc nbgeum h prhssnhbme fc W]J c h pcsshme fm ubnfmfc ghi ghb`cgnicbth tîgbngh, fc prhfuïçh c cbocb`mrnm fms imtîrnms-prnims rcecvmbtcs, cidmemoci, ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm, prhfuths c prhgcsshs msshgnmfhs. Wc bçh `huvcr cxpcrnábgnm rcecvmbtc bm ubnfmfc, phfc-sc hdtcr hrncbtmïçh fc hutrms jhbtcs pmrm muxnenmr m cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths. 4.6.7.7 H csghph fc gmfm pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc scr fcscbvhevnfh c fhguicbtmfh, nbgeunbfh h nbégnh c hs phbths bmns fhs prhgcsshs ci ghbsnfcrmïçh c thfms ms cbtrmfms c sméfms rcecvmbtcs. 4.6.7.6 Ms fcsgrnïócs fc thfhs hs prhfuths nbgeuéfhs bh csghph csghph fhs pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvci scr fcscbvhevnfms c fhguicbtmfms. Ms fcsgrnïócs fcvci jmzcr rcjcrábgnm ës cspcgngmïócs fh prhfuth mgmdmfh (ghbsuetc 4.7.4.>), imns qumnsqucr nbjhrimïócs mfngnhbmns rcecvmbtcs pmrm m scourmbïm fh prhfuth, ghih p@, mtnvnfmfc fm íoum, ghiphsnïçh c/hu ghbfnïócs fc mrimzcbmicbth. 4.6.7.3 H prctcbfnfh fc gmfm prhfuth fcvc scr fctcrinbmfh c fhguicbtmfh pcem cqunpc fcush scourmbïm fc menicbths. Nssh fcvc nbgeunr oruphs fc ghbsuinfhrcs-mevh, h phtcbgnme fc ghbsuih phr oruphs vuebcrívcns fm phpuemïçh, rcqunsnths pmrm prhgcssmicbth mfngnhbme, sc mpengívce, c ushs metcrbmtnvhs phtcbgnmns fh prhfuth. 4.6.7.: M cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc fcscbvhevcr fcscbvhevcr c fhguicbtmr ui uxhormim mdrmbocbfh h csghph fc gmfm pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths. H uxhormim fcvc nbgeunr thfms ms ctmpms fh prhgcssh, thfms ms imtîrnms-prnims, cidmemocbs, utnenfmfcs (phr cxcipeh, íoum, vmphr, omscs, ghbjhric mpengívce), pmrmfms prhormimfms fh prhgcssh c thfms ms sméfms fh prhgcssh, nbgeunbfh rcséfuhs c rctrmdme`h. Gmfm uxhormim fcvc scr ghbrimfh pcem cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths mh ehboh fc thfms ms ctmpms c `hrírnhs fc hpcrmïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MT [MTVC VC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.6.7.? M cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc nfcbtngmr c fhguicbtmr thfhs hs pcrnohs ë scourmbïm fc menicbths quc phssmi rmzhmvceicbtc hghrrcr ci gmfm ctmpm fhs prhgcsshs, nbgeunbfh imtîrnms-prnims c hutrhs nbsuihs. 4.6.7.0 M cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc ghbfuznr uim mbíensc fc pcrnohs pmrm gmfm pcrnoh nfcbtngmfh, fctcrinbmbfh qumns sçh snobngmtnvhs, hu scam, sum ceninbmïçh hu rcfuïçh m ui bévce mgcntívce î bcgcssírnm pmrm ghbtrhemr m scourmbïm fhs menicbths. M icthfhehonm pmrm fctcrinbmr m snobngäbgnm fh pcrnoh fcvc scr fhguicbtmfm c usmfm ghbsnstcbtcicbtc, pmrm mvmenmr thfhs hs pcrnohs phtcbgnmns. 4.6.7.> M cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc fctcrinbmr fctcrinbmr c fhguicbtmr ms icfnfms fc ghbtrhec quc fcvci scr mpengmfms m thfhs hs pcrnohs snobngmtnvhs. Imns fc uim icfnfm fc ghbtrhec phfc scr bcgcssírnm pmrm ghbtrhemr ui pcrnoh nfcbtngmfh, c imns fc ui pcrnoh snobngmtnvh phfc scr ghbtrhemfh phr uim icfnfm fc ghbtrhec cspcgégm. 4.6.7.=; Ghi dmsc bhs rcsuetmfhs fm mbíensc fc pcrnoh (ghbsuetc 4.6.7.0), m cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc nfcbtngmr ms ctmpms bh prhgcssh ci quc h ghbtrhec fcvc scr mpengmfh pmrm ceninbmr ui pcrnoh snobngmtnvh hu rcfuzn-eh m ui bévce mgcntívce (hu scam, ui phbth grétngh fc ghbtrhec hu [GG). Bhs gmshs ci quc ui pcrnoh snobngmtnvh î nfcbtngmfh ci uim ctmpm fh prhgcssh, ims bçh cxnstc icfnfm fc ghbtrhec, m cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc ihfngmr h prhgcssh pmrm nbgeunr uim icfnfm fc ghbtrhec mprhprnmfm. 4.6.7.== [mrm gmfm [GGhs nfcbtngmfh, cqunpc fc fc menicbths fcvc fctcrinbmr c fhguicbtmr enintcs quc mscpmrmi hsscourmbïm prhfuths scourhs fhs prhfuths nbscourhs (enintcs grétnghs). M cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc vmenfmr thfhs hs enintcs grétnghs pmrm omrmbtnr h bévce fc ghbtrhec fhs pcrnohs ë scourmbïm fc menicbths nfcbtngmfhs c quc thfhs hs enintcs grétnghs c thfms ms icfnfms fc ghbtrhec, nbfnvnfumeicbtc hu ci ghidnbmïçh, jhrbcïmi cgmzicbtc h bévce fc ghbtrhec bcgcssírnh (ghbsuetc 4.3.4.=). 4.6.7.=4 M cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc fcscbvhevcr c fhguicbtmr prhgcfnicbths pmrm ihbnthrmr hs [GGs, pmrm omrmbtnr quc pcrimbcïmi fcbtrh fhs enintcs cstmdcecgnfhs (ghbsuetc 4.6.7.==). Hs prhgcfnicbths fc ihbnthrmicbth fcvci nfcbtngmr h pcsshme fcsnobmfh pmrm ghbfuznr h ihbnthrmicbth, hs iîthfhs fc mihstrmoci c cbsmnhs, nbgeunbfh m jrcquábgnm fms mbíenscs. 4.6.7.=7 M cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc fcscbvhevcr c fhguicbtmr prhgcfnicbths fc fcsvnh quc nfcbtnquci m fnsphsnïçh fh Hs prhfuth mjctmfh qumbfh h ihbnthrmicbth nbfngmr uim pcrfm fc ghbtrhec ci ui [GG. prhgcfnicbths tmidîi fcvci fctcrinbmr mïócs pmrm ghrrnonr m ctmpm fh prhgcssh c prcvcbnr m rcghrrábgnm fm jme`m fc scourmbïm. 4.6.7.=6 Hs pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fhguicbtmfhs c mprhvmfhs fcvci scr nipecicbtmfhs nbtcormeicbtc. M cgígnm fm nipecicbtmïçh fcvc scr ihbnthrmfm pcem cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c uim rcvnsçh ghipectm fhs pembhs fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs fcvc scr ghbfuznfm pceh icbhs mbumeicbtc, hu qumbfh hghrrcrci iufmbïms ci prhgcsshs, cqunpmicbths, nbsuihs hu hutrms, quc mjctci m scourmbïm fh prhfuth. 4.6.7.=3 Fcvci scr nipecicbtmfhs prhgcfnicbths pmrm vcrngmr quc hs phbths grétnghs fc ghbtrhec cstçh ihbnthrmfhs fc jhrim cgmz c sc ms mïócs ghrrctnvms mprhprnmfms sçh mpengmfms. Hs pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths nipecicbtmfhs fcvci scr vcrngmfhs ghih pmrtc fm vcrngmïçh fh Wnstcim W]J (ghbsuetc 4.3). 4.6.7.=: Hs rconstrhs fh ihbnthrmicbth fhs phbths grétnghs fc ghbtrhec, fms mïócs ghrrctnvms c fm vcrngmïçh fcvci scr imbtnfhs c usmfhs fc jhrim mprhprnmfm.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.6.7.=? ]umbfh ms econsemïócs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths bh pmés fc prhfuïçh c fcstnbh (sc ghb`cgnfh) prcsgrcvcrci uim icthfhehonm fc ghbtrhec fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fnjcrcbtc fms fnrctrnzcs fh M[[GG fm Ghinssçh fh Ghfcx Menicbtmrnus, m cqunpc fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc nipecicbtmr pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths quc mtcbfmi tmbth mhs rcqunsnths fh Ghfcx, qumbth mhs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs fc menicbths.
4.6.6 Mihstrmoci, nbspcïçh c mbíensc fc prhfuths 4.6.6.= Hs iîthfhs, m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs grntîrnhs pmrm mihstrmoci, nbspcïçh c/hu mbíensc fc imtîrnms-prnims, prhfuth ci prhgcssh c prhfuth mgmdmfh fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Hs iîthfhs mpengmfhs fcvci omrmbtnr quc ms nbspcïócs c mbíenscs scami rcmenzmfms ci nbtcrvmehs rcouemrcs, ghbjhric rcqucrnfh, c fc mghrfh ghi ms cspcgngmïócs c rcqunsnths ecomns mghrfmfhs. M mihstrmoci c ms mbíenscs fcvci scr rcprcscbtmtnvhs ci rcemïçh mh ehtc fh prhgcssh c omrmbtnr quc hs ghbtrhecs fc prhgcssh scami imbtnfhs pmrm mtcbfcr ës cspcgngmïócs c jhriuemïócs.
4.6.6.4 Ms mbíenscs fc prhfuths fcvci scr ghbfuznfms ghbjhric iîthfhs bmgnhbmeicbtc rcghb`cgnfhs hu rcqunsnths fm ciprcsm, hu iîthfhs metcrbmtnvhs quc scami vmenfmfhs ghih cqunvmecbtcs mhs iîthfhs bmgnhbmeicbtc rcghb`cgnfhs. ]umbfh emdhrmt÷rnhs nbtcrbhs jhrci usmfhs pmrm rcmenzmr mbíenscs midncbtmns, fc nbsuihs hu fc prhfuths, hs iîthfhs fc mihstrmoci c cbsmnhs fcvci cstmr fc mghrfh ghi hs rcqunsnths mpengívcns fm NWH/NCG =?;43, nbgeunbfh tcstcs fc prhgnábgnm mbumns pmrm h pcsshme quc rcmenzm ms mbíenscs. Hs emdhrmt÷rnhs cxtcrbhs fcvci scr mgrcfntmfhs fc mghrfh ghi m NWH/NCG =?;43, hu bhrim nbtcrbmgnhbme cqunvmecbtc, c nbgeuéfhs bm enstm fc cspcgngmïócs fc scrvnïhs tcrgcnrnzmfhs fm ubnfmfc (ghbsuetc 4.7.4.==). 4.6.6.7 Hs emdhrmt÷rnhs nbtcrbhs quc ghbfuzmi mbíenscs quéingms c ingrhdnhe÷ongms quc phssmi rcprcscbtmr ui rnsgh pmrm m scourmbïm fh prhfuth fcvci cstmr ehgmenzmfhs scpmrmfmicbtc fc qumequcr mtnvnfmfc fc prhgcssmicbth hu fc imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths, c scr prhactmfhs fc jhrim m enintmr h mgcssh mpcbms mh pcsshme muthrnzmfh. Sim snbmenzmïçh fcvc scr cxndnfm nfcbtngmbfh m írcm fh emdhrmt÷rnh ghih írcm rcstrntm, mgcssévce mpcbms mh pcsshme muthrnzmfh. 4.6.6.6 Fcvci scr thimfms prhvnfábgnms pmrm nshemr c ghbtcr thfhs hs rcséfuhs rcséfuhs fc emdhrmt÷rnh pcrnohshs, imbtnfhs bms nbstmemïócs, c ocrcbgní-ehs scpmrmfmicbtc fhs rcséfuhs fc menicbths. Ms sméfms fhs rcséfuhs fc emdhrmt÷rnh fcvci, bh iébnih, cstmr m ausmbtc fhs frcbhs quc scrvci ës írcms fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths. 4.6.6.3 Ms mihstrms fc rctcbïçh, sc cxnonfms pcehs gencbtcs hu pcehs rcouemicbths, fcvci scr mrimzcbmfms fc mghrfh ghi ms ghbfnïócs tépngms fc mrimzcbmicbth fh prhfuth c imbtnfms furmbtc h prmzh fc vmenfmfc fcgemrmfh fh prhfuth. 4.6.6.: Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc thfms ms nbspcïócs c mbíenscs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MT [MTVC VC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.6.3 [rhfuths c imtcrnmns bçh ghbjhrics 4.6.3.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs quc fcsgrcvci ghih enfmr ghi prhfuths, imtîrnmsprnims, nborcfncbtcs, prhfuth ci prhgcssh hu cidmemocbs bçh ghbjhrics, fctcgtmfhs furmbtc h rcgcdnicbth, mrimzcbmicbth, prhgcssmicbth, imbnpuemïçh hu cbtrcom, fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Hs iîthfhs mpengmfhs fcvci omrmbtnr quc1 n. nn.
H prhfuth bçh scam ghehgmfh nfcbtngmfh, imbnpuemfh fcsgmrtmfh fc ghbjhric jhrim m inbninzmr h rnsghci fc qumrcbtcbm, ush nbmfvcrtnfh, ush nbfcvnfh hu rnsgh c/hu pmrm m nbtcornfmfc fh prhfuth mgmdmfh< c Vhfh h pcsshme rcecvmbtc cstcam gncbtc fhs rcqunsnths fm hrombnzmïçh pmrm qumrcbtcbm c endcrmïçh mpengívcns mh prhfuth ghehgmfh ci stmtus fc qumrcbtcbm.
4.6.3.4 Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc qumrcbtcbm c fc imbnpuemïçh, mïçh ghrrctnvm hu fcsgmrtc fc imtcrnmns hu prhfuths bçh ghbjhrics.
4.6.: Tctrmdme`h fh prhfuth 4.6.:.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs quc fcsgrcvci ghih hs nborcfncbtcs, ms cidmemocbs hu hs prhfuths sçh rctrmdme`mfhs fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Hs iîthfhs mpengmfhs fcvci omrmbtnr quc1 n.
Ms hpcrmïócs fc rctrmdme`h scami supcrvnsnhbmfms phr pcsshme qumengmfh<
nn. H prhfuth rctrmdme`mfh scam gemrmicbtc nfcbtngmfh c rmstrcívce< nnn. H prhfuth rctrmdme`mfh scam prhgcssmfh fc mghrfh ghi h pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fm ubnfmfc< nv. Gmfm ehtc fc prhfuth rctrmdme`mfh scam nbspcgnhbmfh hu mbmensmfh ghbjhric rcqucrnfh, mbtcs fm endcrmïçh< v. Ms nbspcïócs c mbíenscs cstcami ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi hs rcqunsnths fcsgrnths bh cecicbth 4.6.6.=< vn. M endcrmïçh fc prhfuth rctrmdme`mfh cstcam ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi h cecicbth 4.6.?< c vnn. H prhfuth rctrmdme`mfh bçh mjctc m scourmbïm hu nbtcornfmfc fh prhfuth mgmdmfh.
Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc thfms ms hpcrmïócs fc rctrmdme`h.
4.6.? Endcrmïçh fc prhfuths (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.6.?.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs pmrm endcrmïçh fc prhfuths fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Hs iîthfhs mpengmfhs fcvci omrmbtnr quc h prhfuth scam endcrmfh phr pcsshme muthrnzmfh c shicbtc fcphns quc thfms ms nbspcïócs c mbíenscs jhrci ghbgeuéfms c fhguicbtmfms ghi sugcssh, pmrm vcrngmr sc hs ghbtrhecs fc econsemïçh c hutrhs ghbtrhecs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths cstmdcecgnfhs jhrmi guiprnfhs. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc thfms ms endcrmïócs fc prhfuths. 4.6.?.4 M endcrmïçh fh prhfuth fcvc nbgeunr ui prhgcfnicbth pmrm ghbrimr quc hs r÷tuehs fh prhfuth cstçh ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi m econsemïçh fc menicbths mpengívce bh pmés fc jmdrngmïçh c bhs pméscs fc ush hu vcbfm, sc ghb`cgnfhs (ghbsuetc 4.6.=.=). Wc h prhfuth jhr cidmemfh c fnstrnduéfh m ormbce hu sci r÷tuehs, ms nbjhrimïócs fh prhfuth fcvci scr fnsphbndnenzmfms pmrm nbjhrimr mhs gencbtcs c/hu ghbsuinfhrcs shdrc hs rcqunsnths pmrm scu ush scourh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MT [MTVC VC D1
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.6.?.7 Gmsh m ubnfmfc usc endcrmïçh phsntnvm, ghi dmsc ci pmt÷ocbh hu mbíensc quéingm fh prhfuth, ui prhgcfnicbth fcvc scr nipecicbtmfh pmrm omrmbtnr quc h prhfuth bçh scam endcrmfh mtî quc rcsuetmfhs mgcntívcns tcb`mi snfh rcgcdnfhs. Gmsh scami usmfhs mrimzîbs jhrm fm ubnfmfc hu tcrgcnrnzmfhs, csscs rcqunsnths fcvci scr cjctnvmicbtc ghiubngmfhs c fcvc scr vcrngmfh sc cstçh scbfh scounfhs.
4.6.0 Ihbnthrmicbth midncbtme 4.6.0.= Si prhormim fc ihbnthrmicbth midncbtme, dmscmfh ci rnsgh, fcvc cstmr nipecicbtmfh pmrm thfhs hs prhgcsshs fc jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths c írcms mfamgcbtcs nicfnmtms ghi nipmgth bhs prhgcsshs fc jmdrngmïçh. M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs pmrm h prhormim fc ihbnthrmicbth midncbtme fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs.
4.6.0.4 Fcvc scr prcpmrmfh ui grhbhormim fc mihstrmoci c mbíenscs midncbtmns. Cec fcvc, bh iébnih1 n. Fctme`mr hs pmt÷ocbhs hu hrombnsihs nbfngmfhrcs mpengívcns ës mbíenscs bmqucec scthr nbfustrnme< nn. Enstmr h bñicrh fc mihstrms pmrm ghectm c m jrcquábgnm fm mihstrmoci< nnn. Fcsgrcvcr hs ehgmns hbfc ms mihstrms fcvci scr ghectmfms c h rhféznh fhs ehgmns, ghbjhric bcgcssírnh< c nv. Fcsgrcvcr hs iîthfhs pmrm enfmr ghi rcsuetmfhs cecvmfhs hu nbfcscaívcns.
4.6.0.7 Hs rcsuetmfhs fms mbíenscs midncbtmns fcvci scr ihbnthrmfhs, rmstrcmfhs rmstrcmfhs c sums tcbfábgnms nfcbtngmfms, c ms mïócs prcvcbtnvms (ghbsuetc 4.3.7.=) fcvci scr nipecicbtmfms qumbfh rcsuetmfhs nbsmtnsjmt÷rnhs hu tcbfábgnms jhrci hdscrvmfhs. 4.3
Zcrngmïçh fh Wnstcim W]J
4.3.= Zmenfmïçh c cgígnm (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.3.=.= Hs iîthfhs, m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs grntîrnhs pmrm omrmbtnr m cgígnm fc thfhs hs cecicbths mpengívcns mh [rhormim W]J fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Hs iîthfhs mpengmfhs fcvci vmenfmr quc1 n.
Î ghbrimfh quc dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh omrmbtci quc hs rcsuetmfhs rcqucrnfhs sçh megmbïmfhs< nn. Hs enintcs grétnghs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths sçh rcvnsmfhs mbumeicbtc c rcvmenfmfhs hu austngmfhs austng mfhs phr phr bhrims bhrims rcouemt÷r rcouemt÷rnms nms qumbfh qumbfh hghrrcrci hghrrcrci iufmb iufmbïms< ïms< c nnn. Iufmbïms bhs prhgcsshs hu prhgcfnicbths sçh mvmenmfms pmrm omrmbtnr quc hs ghbtrhecs mnbfm sçh cgmzcs.
Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc thfms ms mtnvnfmfcs fc vmenfmïçh.
4.3.4 Mtnvnfmfcs fc vcrngmïçh (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.3.4.= Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs hs iîthfhs, m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs grntîrnhs pmrm vcrngmr h ihbnthrmicbth fms dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh, phbths grétnghs fc ghbtrhec c hutrhs ghbtrhecs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, dci ghih m ecomenfmfc fhs prhfuths gcrtngmfhs. Hs iîthfhs mpengmfhs fcvci omrmbtnr quc h pcsshme rcsphbsívce phr vcrngmr ms mtnvnfmfcs fc ihbnthrmicbth muthrnzc gmfm rconstrh vcrngmfh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.3.4.4 Fcvc scr cemdhrmfh c nipecicbtmfh ui grhbhormim fc vcrngmïçh, fcsgrcvcbfh ms mtnvnfmfcs fc vcrngmïçh, m jrcquábgnm fc rcmenzmïçh c m pcsshm rcsphbsívce phr gmfm mtnvnfmfc. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc vcrngmïçh fms mtnvnfmfcs.
4.3.7
Mïçh ghrrctnvm c prcvcbtnvm (hdrnomt÷rnh)
4.3.7.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs quc fcbci ghih ms mïócs ghrrctnvms cfm prcvcbtnvms sçh fctcrinbmfms, nipecicbtmfms c vcrngmfms, nbgeunbfh m nfcbtngmïçh gmusm rmnz c m rcsheuïçh fm bçh ghbjhrinfmfc fc enintcs grétnghs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c fcsvnhs fhs rcqunsnths fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Fcsvnhs fhs rcqunsnths fc scourmbïm fc menicbths phfci nbgeunr rcgemimïócs fc gencbtcs, bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs ghbstmtmfms ci mufnthrnms c nbspcïócs nbtcrbms hu cxtcrbms, prhfuths c cqunpmicbths bçh ghbjhrics, rcghe`nicbths c rcgmees, ghbjhric mprhprnmfh. 4.3.7.4 Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc thfms ms nbvcstnomïócs, mbíensc fc gmusm rmnz c rcsheuïócs fc bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs, sums ghrrcïócs c fm nipecicbtmïçh fc mïócs prcvcbtnvms.
4.3.6 Mufnthrnms nbtcrbms c nbspcïócs (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.3.6.= Hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem prhormimïçh c ghbfuïçh fc mufnthrnms nbtcrbms pmrm vcrngmr m cgígnm fh Wnstcim W]J fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Ms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms fcvci scr rcmenzmfms bm thtmenfmfc c, pceh icbhs, mbumeicbtc. Hs iîthfhs mpengmfhs fcvci omrmbtnr quc1 n.
Vhfhs hs rcqunsnths mpengívcns fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths scami mufntmfhs, fc mghrfh ghi m enstm fc vcrngmïçh fc mufnthrnm W]J hu uim jcrrmicbtm scice`mbtc< nn. Wcami rconstrmfms cvnfábgnms hdactnvms pmrm vcrngmr m ghbjhrinfmfc c/hu bçh ghbjhrinfmfc< nnn. Wcami thimfms ms mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms pmrm ms fcgnábgnms nfcbtngmfms furmbtc ms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms< c nv. Hs rcsuetmfhs fm mufnthrnm scami ghiubngmfhs mhs ocsthrcs rcecvmbtcs c mh pcsshme rcsphbsívce pcem nipecicbtmïçh c vcrngmïçh fms mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms.
4.3.6.4 H pcsshme quc rcmenzm mufnthrnms nbtcrbms fcvc scr trcnbmfh c ghipctcbtc bhs prhgcfnicbths fc mufnthrnm nbtcrbm. ]umbfh phssévce, h pcsshme quc ghbfuz mufnthrnms nbtcrbms fcvc scr nbfcpcbfcbtc fm jubïçh quc cstí scbfh mufntmfm. 4.3.6.7 Fcvci scr pembcamfms c rcmenzmfms nbspcïócs rcouemrcs fm ubnfmfc c fhs cqunpmicbths, pmrm vcrngmr sc ms dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh c m imbutcbïçh fc nbstmemïócs c cqunpmicbths cstçh ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi h G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths. M ubnfmfc fcvc1 n. nn.
Jmzcr ghrrcïócs hu thimr mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms< c Imbtcr rconstrhs fc nbspcïócs c qumnsqucr mïócs ghrrctnvms rcmenzmfms.
4.3.6.6 Hs rconstrhs fc mufnthrnms nbtcrbms c nbspcïócs, c fc qumnsqucr mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms thimfms ghih rcsuetmfh fms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms, fcvci scr imbtnfhs fc mghrfh ghi 4.3.7.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
Iufmbïms nipecicbtmfms m pmrtnr fc mufnthrnms nbtcrbms, quc tcb`mi nipmgth bm gmpmgnfmfc fm ubnfmfc fc jhrbcgcr menicbths scourhs, fcvci cxnonr uim rcvnsçh fhs mspcgths mpengívcns fh Wnstcim W]J (ghbsuetc 4.7.=.7). 4.:
Tmstrcmdnenfmfc fc prhfuths c ocstçh fc grnscs
4.:.= prhfuths (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.:.=.= Nfcbtngmïçh Hs iîthfhs cfhs m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem nfcbtngmïçh fc imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs, prhfuth ci prhgcssh, nbsuihs fc prhgcssh c prhfuths mgmdmfhs, mgm dmfhs, furmbtc thfhs hs cstíonhs fc prhfuïçh c mrimzcbmicbth, fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc1 n. nn.
Imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs, prhfuth ci prhgcssh, nbsuihs fc prhgcssh c prhfuths mgmdmfhs scami gemrmicbtc nfcbtngmfhs furmbtc thfhs hs cstíonhs fc rcgcdnicbth, prhfuïçh, mrimzcbmicbth c cxpcfnïçh< c H prhfuth mgmdmfh scam rhtuemfh fc mghrfh ghi m cspcgngmïçh fh gencbtc c/hu rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs.
4.:.=.4 [rhgcfnicbths fc nbégnh fc prhfuïçh, trhgm fc prhfuth c trhgm fc cidmemoci (nbgeunbfh iufmbïms fc r÷tueh) fc prhfuths fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc h prhfuth ghrrcth cstcam bm cidmemoci ghrrctm c ghi h r÷tueh muthrnzmfm. ghrrcth, c quc m trhgm scam nbspcgnhbmfm c mprhvmfm phr pcsshm Fcvci scr nipecicbtmfhs prhgcfnicbths pmrm omrmbtnr quc h ush fc r÷tuehs scam rcghbgnenmfh c qumnsqucr nbghbsnstábgnms nbvcstnomfms c rcshevnfms. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc trhgm fc prhfuths c fc rcghbgnenmïçh fc r÷tueh.
4.:.4 Tmstrcmdnenfmfc fc prhfuths (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.:.4.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm rmstrcmr h prhfuth fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc1 n. nn.
H prhfuth mgmdmfh scam rmstrcívce, pceh icbhs, ui pmssh mfnmbtc bm fnrcïçh fh ghbsuinfhr c, pceh icbhs, ui pmssh mtrís bh prhgcssh bm fnrcïçh fh jhrbcgcfhr fm jmdrngmïçh< Ms fmtms fc rcgcdnicbth fc imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs c imtcrnmns ci ghbtmth ghi hs menicbths c hutrhs nbsuihs scami rconstrmfms (ghbsuetc 4.0.=.0 pmrm rmstrcmdnenfmfc fc
prhfuths menicbtégnhs ghbtcbfh mecroábnghs)< nnn. M rmstrcmdnenfmfc scam imbtnfm hbfc h prhfuth î rctrmdme`mfh (ghbsuetc 4.6.:)< c nv. M cgígnm fh snstcim fc rmstrcmdnenfmfc fh prhfuth scam rcvnsmfm, pceh icbhs mbumeicbtc, ghih pmrtc fm rcvnsçh fh rcgmee c rcghe`nicbth fh prhfuth (ghbsuetc 4.:.7.4).
Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fh rcgcdnicbth c ush fc imtîrnms-prnims c imtcrnmns fc cidmemoci, c fm cxpcfnïçh c fcstnbh fhs prhfuths mgmdmfhs.
4.:.7 Tcghe`nicbth c rcgmee fc prhfuth (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.:.7.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm rcghe`cr hu jmzcr rcgmee fh prhfuth fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. H prhgcfnicbth fcvc1 n. nn.
Nfcbtngmr hs rcsphbsívcns phr nbngnmr, ocrcbgnmr c nbvcstnomr h rcghe`nicbth hu rcgmee fc prhfuth< Fcsgrcvcr hs prhgcfnicbths fc ocstçh m scrci nipecicbtmfhs, nbgeunbfh jhbtcs fc msscsshrnm auréfngm, auréfng m, rcouemt÷rnm rcouemt÷rnm c hrncbtmïçh hrncbtmïçh cspcgnmenz cspcgnmenzmfm, mfm, c nbjhrim nbjhrimïócs ïócs csscbgnm csscbgnmns ns fc rmstrcmdn rmstrcmdnenfmfc< enfmfc< nnn. Fcsgrcvcr ui pembh fc ghiubngmïçh pmrm nbjhrimr h pcsshme fm ubnfmfc, gencbtcs, ghbsuinfhrcs, muthrnfmfcs c hutrhs hrombnsihs csscbgnmns fc imbcnrm hphrtubm c mprhprnmfm shdrc m bmturczm fh nbgnfcbtc< c
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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nv. Omrmbtnr quc h W]JN, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c m muthrnfmfc rcouemt÷rnm mprhprnmfm scami enstmfhs ghih hrombnzmïócs csscbgnmns c bhtngmfhs ci gmshs fc nbgnfcbtcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fc bmturczm pñdengm hu rcgmee fc prhfuths phr qumequcr ihtnvh.
4.:.7.4 H snstcim fc rcghe`nicbth rcghe`nicbth c rcgmee fc prhfuths fcvc tcr sum cgígnm rcvnsmfm, tcstmfm c vcrngmfm mh icbhs mbumeicbtc. H tcstc fcvc nbgeunr imtcrnmns rcgcdnfhs (rmstrcmdnenfmfc iébnim ui pmssh mtrís) c prhfuth mgmdmfh (rmstrcmdnenfmfc iébnim ui pmssh mfnmbtc). Hs tcstcs fcvci scr rcmenzmfhs ci prhfuths fc fnjcrcbtcs turbhs c imtcrnmns (nbgeunbfh imtcrnme m ormbce) usmfhs ci fnvcrshs prhfuths c/hu ci prhfuths cbvnmfhs pmrm uim mipem omim fc gencbtcs. 4.:.7.7 Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc tcstcs fc rcghe`nicbth c rcgmee, nbvcstnomïócs fc gmusm rmnz shdrc rcghe`nicbths c rcgmees rcmns, c fms mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms mpengmfms. 4.:.7.6 H W]JN c h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvci scr bhtngmfhs phr csgrnth fcbtrh fc vnbtc c qumtrh (46) `hrms mp÷s m nfcbtngmïçh fc ui cvcbth fc scourmbïm fc menicbths quc cxnam bhtngmïçh pñdengm. H W]JN fcvc scr bhtngmfh phr c-imne pmrm jhhfsmjctygrnsnsKsq.ghi.
4.:.6
[embcamicbth fm ocstçh fc grnscs
4.:.6.= Si pembh fc ocstçh fc grnscs, ghi dmsc bm ghiprccbsçh fhs pcrnohs phtcbgnmns ghb`cgnfhs (phr cxcipeh, nbubfmïçh, scgm, nbgábfnh, tsubmin hu hutrhs cvcbths geniítnghs ormvcs, oucrrm hu ghbnth gnvne, jme`ms ci snstcims nbjhriítnghs, pmbfcinm, jmetm fc cectrngnfmfc hu fc rcjrnocrmïçh, vmzmicbth fc miöbnm, orcvc fc trmdme`mfhrcs) quc phssmi mjctmr m gmpmgnfmfc fm ubnfmfc fc jhrbcgcr menicbths scourhs, fcvc scr fhguicbtmfh pcem metm fnrcïçh, fcenbcmbfh hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pceh pembh quc m ubnfmfc fcvc nipecicbtmr pmrm enfmr ghi uim grnsc fh bco÷gnh. H pembh fc ocstçh fc grnscs fcvc nbgeunr, bh iébnih1 n.
Si icidrh fm metm fnrcïçh, rcsphbsívce pcem thimfm fc fcgnsócs, supcrvnsçh c nbégnh fc mïócs fcghrrcbtcs fc ui nbgnfcbtc fc ocstçh fc grnscs< nn. M bhicmïçh c h trcnbmicbth fc uim cqunpc fc ocstçh fc grnscs< nnn. Hs ghbtrhecs nipecicbtmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc bcb`uim rcsphstm ghiprhictm m scourmbïm fhs prhfuths< nv. Ms icfnfms pmrm nshemr c nfcbtngmr hs prhfuths mjctmfhs phr uim rcsphstm m uim grnsc< v. Ms icfnfms thimfms pmrm vcrngmr m mgcntmdnenfmfc fhs menicbths mbtcs fm endcrmïçh< vn. M cemdhrmïçh c imbutcbïçh fc uim enstm mtume fc ghbtmths pmrm mecrtms fc grnsc, nbgeunbfh gencbtcs fm gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth< vnn. Jhbtcs fc mssnstábgnm auréfngm c cspcgnmenzmfm< c vnnn. M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcems ghiubngmïócs nbtcrbms c pcem ghiubngmïçh ghi ms muthrnfmfcs, ms hrombnzmïócs cxtcrbms c m iéfnm.
4.:.6.4 H pembh fc ocstçh fc grnscs fcvc scr rcvnsmfh, tcstmfh c vcrngmfh, pceh icbhs mbumeicbtc, ghi ms jme`ms c ms mïócs ghrrctnvms mprhprnmfms fhguicbtmfms. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fms rcvnsócs fh pembh fc ocstçh fc grnscs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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4.?
Fcjcsm fhs menicbths c jrmufc ci menicbths
4.?.= 4.?.=.=
[embh fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths (hdrnomt÷rnh) Sim mvmenmïçh mvmenmïçh fc micmïms ë fcjcsm fhs menicbths fcvc scr ghbfuznfm pmrm nfcbtngmr micmïms quc phssmi scr gmusmfms phr ui mth fcendcrmfh fc smdhtmoci hu tcrrhrnstm.
4.?.=.4 Si pembh fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths fcvc scr fhguicbtmfh, nipecicbtmfh c imbtnfh ghi dmsc bm mvmenmïçh fms micmïms (ghbsuetc 4.?.=.=). H pembh fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths fcvc mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths ecomns, ghbjhric mpengívce, c fcvc nbgeunr, bh iébnih1 n.
Hs iîthfhs, m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs grntîrnhs pmrm prcvcbnr m mfuetcrmïçh fc menicbths gmusmfm phr ui mth fcendcrmfh fc smdhtmoci hu tcrrhrnstm< nn. H bhic fh icidrh fm metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc, rcsphbsívce pcem fcjcsm fhs menicbths< nnn. Hs iîthfhs nipecicbtmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc mpcbms pcsshme muthrnzmfh tcb`m mgcssh m cqunpmicbths fc prhfuïçh c vcéguehs, írcms fc jmdrngmïçh c mrimzcbmicbth, mtrmvîs fhs phbths fc mgcssh fcsnobmfhs< nv. Hs iîthfhs nipecicbtmfhs pmrm prhtcocr phbths fc prhgcssmicbth scbsévcns ghbtrm mfuetcrmïçh nbtcbgnhbme< v. Ms icfnfms thimfms pmrm omrmbtnr h rcgcdnicbth c mrimzcbmicbth scourhs fc imtîrnms-
prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs, cqunpmicbths c prhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs, pmrm prhtcoáehs fc mths fcendcrmfhs fc smdhtmoci hu tcrrhrnsih< vn. Ms icfnfms nipecicbtmfms pmrm omrmbtnr quc imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs (nbgeunbfh r÷tuehs), prhfuth ci prhgcssh, nbsuihs fc prhgcssh c prhfuths mgmdmfhs scami imbtnfhs ci ghbfnïócs scourms fc mrimzcbmicbth c trmbsphrtc< c vnn. Hs iîthfhs nipecicbtmfhs pmrm rconstrmr c ghbtrhemr h mgcssh ës fcpcbfábgnms pceh pcsshme fm ubnfmfc, tcrgcnrhs c vnsntmbtcs.
4.?.=.7 Fcvci scr jhrbcgnfms nbstruïócs m thfh h pcsshme rcecvmbtc shdrc shdrc m nipecicbtmïçh cjctnvm fh pembh fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths (ghbsuetc 4.>.4.=). 4.?.=.6 H pembh fc mvmenmïçh c prcvcbïçh prcvcbïçh fms micmïms ë fcjcsm fhs menicbths fcvc scr rcvnsmfh c tcstmfh pceh icbhs mbumeicbtc, hu qumbfh h bévce fc micmïm, ghbjhric fcbnfh pcem mvmenmïçh fc micmïms, iufmr. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fms rcvnsócs c fhs tcstcs fh pembh fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths.
4.?.4 Jrmufc ci menicbths (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.?.4.= Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs, nipecicbtmfhs c imbtnfhs hs iîthfhs, m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs grntîrnhs pmrm nfcbtngmr m vuebcrmdnenfmfc fm ubnfmfc ë jrmufc ci menicbths, nbgeunbfh m susgctndnenfmfc ë sudstntunïçh ci imtîrnms-prnims hu nborcfncbtcs, rhtuemoci cbombhsm fc prhfuths mgmdmfhs, fneunïçh hu jmesngmïçh. 4.?.4.4 Fcvc scr fcscbvhevnfh c nipecicbtmfh ui pembh fc intnomïçh fm jrmufc ci menicbths, quc cspcgnquc hs iîthfhs pcehs qumns ms vuebcrmdnenfmfcs ë jrmufc ci menicbths nfcbtngmfms fcvmi scr ghbtrhemfms, nbgeunbfh vuebcrmdnenfmfcs nfcbtngmfms fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fhs nborcfncbtcs c imtcrnmns. 4.?.4.7 Fcvci scr jhrbcgnfms nbstruïócs m thfh h pcsshme rcecvmbtc shdrc m nipecicbtmïçh cgmz fh pembh fc intnomïçh fm jrmufc ci menicbths (ghbsuetc 4.>.4.=).
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4.?.4.6 H pembh fc mvmenmïçh c intnomïçh fc vuebcrmdnenfmfc ë jrmufc ci menicbths fcvc scr rcvnsmfh c vcrngmfh pceh icbhs mbumeicbtc, ghi ms jme`ms c ms mïócs ghrrctnvms fhguicbtmfms. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fms rcvnsócs. 4.0
Ocstçh fc mecroábnghs
4.0.= fc mecroábnghs 4.0.=.= Ocstçh M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs(hdrnomt÷rnh) iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm ghbtrhemr mecroábnghs c prcvcbnr quc jhbtcs fc mecroábnghs ghbtminbci h prhfuth fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. H prhormim fc ocstçh fc mecroábnghs fcvc nbgeunr1 n.
Sim mbíensc fc rnsgh fms imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs c ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm, nbgeunbfh eudrngmbtcs fc ormu menicbtégnh, quc ghbtcb`mi mecroábnghs menicbtmrcs< nn. Sim mvmenmïçh fhs mecroábnghs menicbtmrcs rcemgnhbmfhs mh ehgme fc trmdme`h, quc phfci sc hrnonbmr m pmrtnr fc vcstnírnhs, iíqunbms fc vcbfm muthiítngm, rcjcnt÷rnhs c vnsntmbtcs< nnn. Sim enstm fhs mecroábnghs mpengívcns bh pmés fc jmdrngmïçh c bhs pméscs fc fcstnbh, sc ghb`cgnfhs< nv. Sim enstm fhs mecroábnghs, mgcssévce mh pcsshme rcecvmbtc< v. H ghbtrhec fhs pcrnohs msshgnmfhs mhs mecroábnghs c nbghrphrmfhs mh pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths< c vn. Hs pembhs fc ocstçh pmrm ghbtrhec fhs mecroábnghs nfcbtngmfhs.
4.0.=.4 Fcvci scr jhrbcgnfms nbstruïócs m thfh h pcsshme rcecvmbtc cbvhevnfh bh rcgcdnicbth hu imbnpuemïçh fc imtîrnms-prnims, prhfuth ci prhgcssh, rctrmdme`h hu prhfuth mgmdmfh shdrc ghih nfcbtngmr, imbnpuemr, mrimzcbmr c scorcomr imtîrnms-prnims c prhfuths ghbtcbfh mecroábnghs. 4.0.=.7 Fcvci scr thimfms prhvnfábgnms pmrm nfcbtngmr gemrmicbtc c scorcomr menicbths quc ghbtcb`mi mecroábnghs. Hs prhgcfnicbths fc scorcomïçh fcvci scr nipecicbtmfhs c ihbnthrmfhs ghbtnbumicbtc. 4.0.=.6 Wc meoui imtcrnme mecroábngh pufcr cstmr prcscbtc, nbtcbgnhbmeicbtc hu bçh, m enipczm c m smbntnzmïçh fc supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi h prhfuth cbtrc trhgms fc enb`m fcvci scr cgmzcs, mprhprnmfms pmrm h rnsgh c hs rcqunsnths ecomns, c sugncbtcs pmrm rcihvcr thfhs hs mecroábnghs-mevh phtcbgnmns fms supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi h prhfuth, nbgeunbfh mcrhss÷ns, ghbjhric mprhprnmfh, pmrm prcvcbnr h ghbtmth gruzmfh. Fcvci scr jhrbcgnfhs cqunpmicbths scpmrmfhs pmrm m imbnpuemïçh c pmrm m prhfuïçh, hbfc bçh jhr phssévce m `noncbc c rcihïçh hu scorcomïçh smtnsjmt÷rnms fm enb`m. 4.0.=.3 Ghi dmsc bm mvmenmïçh fc rnsgh, hs prhgcfnicbths pmrm vmenfmïçh c vcrngmïçh vcrngmïçh fm cgígnm fm enipczm c smbntnzmïçh fc írcms c cqunpmicbths bhs qumns hs mecroábnghs sçh usmfhs fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs fc ihfh cgmz. 4.0.=.: Hbfc pufcr `mvcr prcscbïm fc imtcrnme mecroábngh, hs prhgcfnicbths fc trhgm fc prhfuths fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs pmrm ceninbmr cen inbmr h rnsgh fc ghbtmth gruzmfh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC VC D1 [MT
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
4.0.=.? H snstcim fc nfcbtngmïçh fc prhfuths (ghbsuetc 4.:.=.=) 4.:.=.=) fcvc prhvnfcbgnmr nfcbtngmïçh c rhtuemoci gemrms, fc mghrfh ghi hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs fms enb`ms fc prhfuïçh c fhs cqunpmicbths hbfc menicbths ghbtcbfh mecroábnghs sçh jmdrngmfhs. 4.0.=.0 H snstcim fc rmstrcmdnenfmfc fc prhfuth (ghbsuetc 4.:.4) fcvc ecvmr ci ghbsnfcrmïçh ms ghbfnïócs bms qumns hs menicbths ghbtcbfh mecroábnghs sçh jmdrngmfhs c omrmbtnr m rmstrcmdnenfmfc ghipectm fc thfhs hs nborcfncbtcs c ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm usmfhs. 4.0.=.> M ubnfmfc fcvc fhguicbtmr c nipecicbtmr iîthfhs pmrm ghbtrhemr m ghrrctm nbjhrimïçh fhs r÷tuehs fhs prhfuths mgmdmfhs (hu nbjhrimïócs mh ghbsuinfhr, qumbfh mpengívce) c omrmbtnr quc h prhfuth ci prhgcssh c h prhfuth mgmdmfh scami îns mh r÷tueh ghi rcemïçh mhs mecroábnghs. Ms icfnfms phfci nbgeunr mprhvmïócs fc r÷tuehs bh rcgcdnicbth, rcghbgnenmïócs fc r÷tuehs furmbtc m prhfuïçh, fcstrunïçh fc r÷tuehs hdshecths, vcrngmïçh fc r÷tuehs bh prhfuth mgmdmfh, ghbjhric mprhprnmfh, c prhgcfnicbths fc trhgm fc prhfuth. 4.0.=.=; H rctrmdme`h fc prhfuths (ghbsuetc 4.6.:) ghbtcbfh mecroábnghs menicbtmrcs fcvc scr ghbfuznfh ci ghbfnïócs quc omrmbtmi quc m scourmbïm c m nbtcornfmfc fh prhfuth scami imbtnfms. [rhfuths rctrmdme`mfhs ghbtcbfh mecroábnghs fcvci scr gemrmicbtc nfcbtngmfhs c rmstrcívcns. 4.0.=.== Ms ubnfmfcs quc bçh imbnpuemi imtcrnmns mecroábnghs bci jmdrngmi prhfuths mecroábnghs fcvci fhguicbtmr, nipecicbtmr c imbtcr ui prhormim fc ocstçh fc mecroábnghs, mdhrfmbfh, bh iébnih, m intnomïçh fc mecroábnghs nbtrhfuznfhs hu mecroábnghs bçh nbtcbgnhbmns mtrmvîs fc jhrbcgcfhrcs, jmdrngmbtcs ghbtrmtmfhs, pcsshme fm ubnfmfc c mtnvnfmfcs fhs vnsntmbtcs. 4.>
Vrcnbmicbth
4.>.= Tcqunsnths fc trcnbmicbth 4.>.=.= Fcvc scr fcbnfm c fhguicbtmfm m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc fc cstmdcecgcr ms bcgcssnfmfcs fc trcnbmicbth c nipecicbtmr hs trcnbmicbths fh pcsshme fm hrombnzmïçh pmrm omrmbtnr quc tcb`mi ms ghipctábgnms bcgcssírnms pmrm fcscipcb`mr ms jubïócs quc mjctmi hs prhfuths, m ecomenfmfc c m scourmbïm, (ghbsuetc 4.=.=.:) 4.>.=.4 Fcvc scr jhrbcgnfh trcnbmicbth mprhprnmfh pmrm h pcsshme quc rcmenzm ms tmrcjms csscbgnmns fc nipecicbtmïçh cgmz fh Wnstcim W]J c m imbutcbïçh fhs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c fc scourmbïm fc menicbths.
4.>.4 [rhormim fc trcnbmicbth (hdrnomt÷rnh) 4.>.4.= Si prhormim fc trcnbmicbth fcvc scr fhguicbtmfh c nipecicbtmfh, fcsgrcvcbfh, bh iébnih, ms ghipctábgnms bcgcssírnms pmrm tmrcjms cspcgégms c hs iîthfhs fc trcnbmicbth m scrci mpengmfhs mh pcsshme quc rcmenzm tmrcjms msshgnmfms m1 n.
Nipecicbtmïçh fh M[[GG, pmrm h pcsshme cbvhevnfh bh fcscbvhevnicbth c imbutcbïçh fhs pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths< nn. [rhgcfnicbths fc ihbnthrmicbth c fc mïçh ghrrctnvm pmrm thfh h pcsshme cbvhevnfh bh ihbnthrmicbth fc phbths grétnghs fc ghbtrhec ([GGs)< nnn. @noncbc pcsshme pmrm thfh h pcsshme cbvhevnfh bm imbnpuemïçh fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs c supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths<
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
[MTVC VC D1 [MT
H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ Cecicbths fh Wnstcim
nv. Dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh c nbstruïócs fc trmdme`h pmrm thfh h pcsshme cbvhevnfh bm imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths, prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths, c cqunpmicbths< v. Iîthfhs fc mihstrmoci c fc cbsmnhs pmrm thfh h pcsshme cbvhevnfh bm mihstrmoci c mbíenscs fc imtîrnms-prnims, cidmemocbs, prhfuth ci prhgcssh c prhfuths mgmdmfhs< vn. Ihbnthrmicbth midncbtme pmrm h pcsshme rcecvmbtc< vnn. Ocstçh fc mecroábnghs, fcjcsm fhs menicbths c jrmufc ci menicbths pmrm thfh h pcsshme rcecvmbtc< c vnnn. Mtnvnfmfcs nfcbtngmfms ghih grétngms pmrm mtcbfcr ë nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh cgmzcs fh g÷fnoh W]J.
H prhormim fc trcnbmicbth fcvc nbgeunr fnsphsnïócs pmrm nfcbtngmr c smtnsjmzcr ms bcgcssnfmfcs fc trcnbmicbth fc rcgngemoci fm hrombnzmïçh. 4.>.4.4 Hs imtcrnmns fc trcnbmicbth, m rcmenzmïçh fc trcnbmicbths c hs prhgcfnicbths ci thfms ms mtnvnfmfcs grétngms pmrm mtcbfcr ë ghbjhrinfmfc ghi ms econsemïócs c m imbutcbïçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvci scr jhrbcgnfhs ci enboumoci ghiprccbfnfm pceh pcsshme. 4.>.4.7 Hs rconstrhs fc trcnbmicbth fcvci scr imbtnfhs c nbgeunr1 n. nn.
Bhic fh pmrtngnpmbtc< Fcsgrnïçh fms `mdnenfmfcs<
nnn. nv. v. vn.
Fcsgrnïçh fh trcnbmicbth jhrbcgnfh< Fmtm fc ghbgeusçh fh trcnbmicbth< Nbstruthr hu jhrbcgcfhr fc trcnbmicbth< c Zcrngmïçh fc quc h pmrtngnpmbtc fh trcnbmicbth î ghipctcbtc pmrm rcmenzmr ms mtnvnfmfcs bcgcssírnms.
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G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
I÷fueh ==1 Dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh pmrm h prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs ==.=
Ehgmenzmïçh c fcpcbfábgnms fm ubnfmfc
==.=.= ==.=.=.=
Ehgmenzmïçh c mprhvmïçh fms fcpcbfábgnms M ubnfmfc fcvc fcvc mvmenmr ms mtnvnfmfcs c h midncbtc fm ubnfmfc pmrm nfcbtngmr qumnsqucr rnsghs quc phssmi tcr nipmgth mfvcrsh bm scourmbïm fh prhfuth, c nipecicbtmr ghbtrhecs pmrm qumnsqucr fhs rnsghs nfcbtngmfhs. M mvmenmïçh fcvc scr rcvnsmfm ci rcsphstm m qumequcr iufmbïm bh midncbtc hu bms mtnvnfmfcs fh ehgme. M ghbstruïçh c m hpcrmïçh ci gursh fms fcpcbfábgnms fm ubnfmfc fcvci scr mprhvmfms pcem muthrnfmfc ghipctcbtc.
==.=.4
Imtcrnmns fc ghbstruïçh
==.=.4.= Hs pnshs fcvci scr ghbstruéfhs ghi imtcrnme ensh, fcbsh c rcsnstcbtc rcsnstcbtc m nipmgths, quc phssm scr cjctnvmicbtc bnvcemfh c frcbmfh c quc scam nipcricívce m eéqunfhs, c phssm scr eniph ghi jmgnenfmfc. Hs pnshs fcvci scr nbgenbmfhs ci fnrcïçh m frcbhs bh pnsh, ci fcgenvcs mfcqumfhs pmrm pcrintnr m rcihïçh cgmz fc thfh h cxgcssh fc uxh hu íoum rcsnfume, bms ghbfnïócs bhrimns fc trmdme`h. Hbfc bçh `huvcr frcbmoci fc pnsh fnsphbévce, hpïócs fc cbgmbmicbth pmrm enfmr ghi cxgcssh fc uxh hu íoums rcsnfumns fcvci scr nipecicbtmfms.
==.=.4.4 Hs frcbhs fcvci fcvci scr ghbstruéfhs c ehgmenzmfhs fc ihfh quc scami jígcns fc enipmr c bçh rcprcscbtci pcrnoh. ==.=.4.7 H snstcim snjhbmfh ghi orce`m pmrm rcséfuhs bhs frcbhs fcvc cstmr ehgmenzmfh ehboc fc qumnsqucr írcms fc imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths hu fms cbtrmfms fms fcpcbfábgnms. ==.=.4.6 [mrcfcs, fnvns÷rnms, tcths c phrtms fcvci scr fc ghbstruïçh furívce. Ms supcrjégncs nbtcrbms fcvci tcr supcrjégnc ubnjhric, rcouemr c fcvci scr nipcricívcns, ghi mgmdmicbth ci ghr gemrm, c fcvci scr imbtnfms enipms (ghbsuetc ==.4.3). Aubïócs cbtrc pmrcfcs c cbtrc ms pmrcfcs c h pnsh fcvci scr prhactmfms pmrm scrci jmgneicbtc enipms c vcfmfms pmrm prcvcbnr h mgñiueh fc rcséfuhs fc menicbths. ==.=.4.3 Fuths, ghbfuétcs c tuduemïócs quc trmbsphrtmi nborcfncbtcs, prhfuths hu utnenfmfcs, ghih vmphr hu íoum, fcvci scr prhactmfhs c ghbstruéfhs pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh fc menicbths, nborcfncbtcs c fms supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths, meîi fc jmgnentmr m enipczm. Sim mbíensc fc rnsgh fcvc scr ghbfuznfm, pmrm omrmbtnr quc hs rnsghs fc ghbtminbmïçh fc menicbths scami intnomfhs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
3:
[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.=.4.: Ms tuduemïócs quc trmbsphrtmi rcséfuhs smbntírnhs hu íoums rcsnfumns, ehgmenzmfms fnrctmicbtc shdrc enb`ms fc prhfuths p rhfuths hu írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth, fcvci scr prhactmfms c ghbstruéfms pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh fc menicbths, imtcrnmns, nborcfncbtcs c supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths, c fcvci jmgnentmr m enipczm. Sim mbíensc fc rnsgh fcvc scr ghbfuznfm, pmrm omrmbtnr quc hs rnsghs fc ghbtminbmïçh fc menicbths scami intnomfhs. ==.=.4.? Ms phrtms, csghtne`ms c ambcems, c sums ihefurms bms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth, imbnpuemïçh hu mrimzcbmicbth fc menicbths, fcvci scr fc imtcrnme c ghbstruïçh quc mtcbfmi mhs icsihs rcqunsnths jubgnhbmns fms pmrcfcs c fnvns÷rnms nbtcrbms. Ms phrtms c csghtne`ms fcvci scr fc ghbstruïçh s÷enfm, c ms ambcems fcvci scr jcntms fc vnfrh ë prhvm fc cstne`mïmicbth hu imtcrnme sninemr. ==.=.4.0 Hs prhfuths fcvci scr prhgcssmfhs c imbnpuemfhs ci írcms cqunpmfms ghi tcth hu hutrm cstruturm mgcntívce, quc scam ghbstruéfm c imbtnfm pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh fhs prhfuths. Jhrrhs rcdmnxmfhs, qumbfh prcscbtcs, fcvci scr ghbstruéfhs pmrm pcrintnr h ihbnthrmicbth fc prmoms, jmgnentmr m enipczm c jhrbcgcr mgcssh ës utnenfmfcs. ==.=.4.> Csgmfms, pmssmrcems c pemtmjhrims ci írcms fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths fcvci scr prhactmfms c ghbstruéfms pmrm quc bçh rcprcscbtci rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth, c sci orce`ms mdcrtms fnrctmicbtc shdrc ms supcrjégncs cxphstms fc prhfuths menicbtégnhs. Cems fcvci scr imbtnfms enipms (ghbsuetc ==.4.3).
==.=.7 Neuinbmïçh c euinbírnms ==.=.7.= M neuinbmïçh bms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth, fc imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths c bms cstmïócs fc nbspcïçh fcvc tcr nbtcbsnfmfc mprhprnmfm pmrm pcrintnr quc h pcsshme rcmenzc sums mtnvnfmfcs fc jhrim cgncbtc c cgmz, c fcvc guiprnr ghi hs rcouemicbths ehgmns hu bhrims fh scthr pmrm m nbtcbsnfmfc fm euz. ==.=.7.4 Euinbírnms ci írcms fc prhgcssmicbth, cstmïócs fc nbspcïçh, írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth fc nborcfncbtcs c cidmemocbs, c ci thfms ms írcms hbfc h prhfuth cstcam cxphsth, fcvci scr ë prhvm fc cstne`mïmicbth, jmdrngmfms ghi uim prhtcïçh ë prhvm fc cstne`mïmicbth hu cqunpmfms ghi rcvcstnicbths prhtcthrcs c cidutnfms hu cbgmnxmfms bh tcth. Wc ms euinbírnms bçh pufcrci scr cidutnfms, ms cstruturms fcvci scr prhtconfms ghbtrm qucdrm mgnfcbtme, jmdrngmfms ghi imtcrnmns jígcns fc enipmr c nbgeuéfms mh prhormim fc enipczm c smbntnzmïçh.
==.=.7.7 Euinbírnms bh mrimzîi, mrimzîi, hu ci hutrms írcms hbfc h prhfuth cstnvcr ghdcrth hu prhtconfh fc hutrm jhrim, fcvci scr prhactmfms pmrm prcvcbnr m qucdrm c m ghbtminbmïçh fhs prhfuths.
==.=.6 Írcm fc nbspcïçh/ghbtrhec fc qumenfmfc ==.=.6.= Wc jhr bcgcssírnm nbspcïçh bm enb`m, uim írcm mfcqumfm pr÷xnim ë enb`m fc prhgcssmicbth fcvc scr jhrbcgnfm pmrm m nbspcïçh fh prhfuth (ghbsuetc 4.6.6). M írcm fc nbspcïçh/ghbtrhec fc qumenfmfc fcvc scr prhvnfm fc nbstmemïócs mfcqumfms pmrm nbspcïçh c mbíenscs fc mghrfh ghi h tnph fc prhfuth imbnpuemfh/prhgcssmfh. M írcm fc nbspcïçh fcvc1 n.
Vcr jígne mgcssh ës nbstmemïócs pmrm emvmoci fms içhs<
nn. [crintnr m imbnpuemïçh c m rcihïçh mprhprnmfms fhs rcséfuhs< c nnn. Wcr imbtnfm enipm, pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.=.3 [rhtcïçh ghbtrm phcnrm, nbscths c prmoms ==.=.3.= Vhfms ms ambcems cxtcrbms, mdcrturms fc vcbtnemïçh, phrtms c hutrms mdcrturms fcvci scr cjctnvmicbtc vcfmfms qumbfh jhrci jcg`mfms c scr ë prhvm fc phcnrm, mbnimns fmbnb`hs c hutrms prmoms. Ms phrtms pmrm mgcssh cxtcrbh fh pcsshme fcvci scr cjctnvmicbtc ë prhvm fc nbscths, cqunpmfms ghi ui fnsphsntnvh fc jcg`micbth muthiítngh c vcfmïócs mfcqumfms
pmrm prhtcocr ghbtrm m cbtrmfm fc phcnrm, mbnimns fmbnb`hs c hutrms prmoms. ==.=.3.4 Ms phrtms cxtcrbms, nbgeunbfh phrtms suspcbsms ci fhgms bms írcms fc imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths, usmfms pmrm mgcssh m prhfuths, pcfcstrcs hu gminb`ócs, fcvci scr prhactmfms c imbtnfms pmrm prcvcbnr m cbtrmfm fc prmoms phr, pceh icbhs, ui hu uim ghidnbmïçh fhs scounbtcs iîthfhs1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v.
Si fnsphsntnvh fc jcg`micbth muthiítngh< Sim ghrtnbm fc mr cgmz< Sim tcem ë prhvm fc prmoms< Si mbcxh ë prhvm fc prmoms< c Zcfmïçh mfcqumfm ci thrbh fhs gminb`ócs bms fhgms.
==.=.3.7 Fnsphsntnvhs ceîtrnghs fc ghbtrhec fc nbscths, jcrhiöbnhs hu hutrms mrimfne`ms c nsgms fcvci scr ehgmenzmfhs c hpcrmfhs pmrm quc bçh rcprcscbtci rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh pmrm h prhfuth, m cidmemoci, hs rcgnpncbtcs hu h cqunpmicbth fc prhgcssmicbth. Nsgm rmtngnfm vcbcbhsm bçh fcvc scr usmfm fcbtrh fc írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth fc nborcfncbtcs hu fc prhfuths, hu ci írcms fc prhgcssmicbth hbfc nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs c prhfuths scami imbnpuemfhs, prhgcssmfhs hu cxphsths.
==.=.: Zcbtnemïçh ==.=.:.= Fcvc scr jhrbcgnfm vcbtnemïçh mfcqumfm ës írcms jcg`mfms fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths. ]umbfh mprhprnmfh, snstcims fc prcssçh phsntnvm fc mr fcvci scr nbstmemfhs, pmrm prcvcbnr ghbtminbmïçh mtrmvîs fh mr.
==.=.:.4 Vhfhs hs cqunpmicbths c fnsphsntnvhs fc vcbtnemïçh bms írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc prhfuths fcvci scr mfcqumfmicbtc eniphs, fc mghrfh ghi h ntci ==.4.3, pmrm cvntmr ghbfnïócs bçh smbntírnms. ==.=.:.7 Fcvci scr nbstmemfhs cxmusthrcs c ghnjms bms írcms hbfc hpcrmïócs mdcrtms fc ghznicbth scami rcmenzmfms hu hbfc uim ormbfc qumbtnfmfc fc vmphr scam ocrmfm. Ms vcehgnfmfcs fc gmpturm fcvci scr sugncbtcs pmrm cvntmr h mgñiueh fc ghbfcbsmfh c rcihvcr thfh h gmehr, hs vmphrcs c hutrhs mcrhss÷ns pmrm h cxtcrnhr, mtrmvîs fc uim ghnjm cxmusthrm phsngnhbmfm shdrc hs cqunpmicbths fc ghznicbth. ==.=.:.6 Hs vcbtnemfhrcs c cxmusthrcs fcvci scr prhtconfhs ghbtrm m cbtrmfm fc nbscths c scr ehgmenzmfhs fc ihfh quc bçh rcprcscbtci rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh, c fcvci scr imbtnfhs eniphs.
==.=.? Cqunpmicbths c utcbséenhs ==.=.?.= Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfms c nipecicbtmfms cspcgngmïócs pmrm cqunpmicbths c utcbséenhs, meîi fc prhgcfnicbths pmrm ghiprm fc cqunpmicbths. ==.=.?.4 Cqunpmicbths c utcbséenhs fcvci scr prhactmfhs, ghbstruéfhs, nbstmemfhs, hpcrmfhs c imbtnfhs pmrm mtcbfcr m thfhs hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs mpengívcns c bçh rcprcscbtmr rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh mhs prhfuths.
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.=.?.7 Ms smems fc mrimzcbmicbth fc cqunpmicbths fcvci scr prhactmfms c ghbstruéfms pmrm pcrintnr h mrimzcbmicbth `nonábngh c cgmz fc cqunpmicbths c rcgnpncbtcs. ]umbfh phssévce, h cqunpmicbth quc tci ghbtmth ghi menicbths fcvc scr scpmrmfh fh cqunpmicbth quc bçh tci ghbtmth ghi menicbths. ==.=.?.6 Ms supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi prhfuths c ms supcrjégncs sci ghbtmth fnrcth ghi menicbths, bms írcms fc imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths, mrimzcbmicbth fc imtîrnmsprnims, mrimzcbmicbth fc cidmemocbs c írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth rcjrnocrmfh, fcvci scr ghbstruéfms ghi imtcrnmns quc bçh ghbtrndumi pmrm h rnsgh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths. ==.=.?.3 Dmbgmfms, icsms, cstcnrms, insturmfhrcs, trnturmfhrcs, scecgnhbmfhrms scecgnhbmfhrms c hutrhs cqunpmicbths fc prhgcssmicbth icgäbngh fcvci scr prhactmfhs fc jhrim smbntírnm c ehgmenzmfhs fc jhrim m pcrintnr m enipczm mprhprnmfm. Ms supcrjégncs fhs cqunpmicbths fcvci scr ensms, nipcricívcns c bçh mprcscbtmr trnbgms hu jcbfms. ==.=.?.: Tcgnpncbtcs, tuduemïócs c ghbtánbcrcs fc prhfuths, usmfhs pmrm imtcrnme ghicstévce c bçh ghicstévce, fcvci scr ghbstruéfhs ghi imtcrnmns bçh t÷xnghs, enshs, nipcricívcns c fc jígne enipczm, fc mghrfh ghi ==.4.3.=. Hs ghbtánbcrcs usmfhs pmrm imtcrnme bçh ghicstévce fcvci scr gemrmicbtc nfcbtngmfhs. ==.=.?.? Vhfhs hs cqunpmicbths c utcbséenhs fcvci scr eniphs mp÷s h ush (ghbsuetc ==.4.3.=) hu ci uim jrcquábgnm fcbnfm c vmenfmfm pmrm ghbtrhemr m ghbtminbmïçh, c fcvci scr mrimzcbmfhs ci ghbfnïçh enipm c utnenzívce, pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh ingrhdnhe÷ongm hu ghbtmth gruzmfh phr mecroábnghs. ==.=.?.0 Hs vcéguehs usmfhs ci írcms fc ghbtmth, imbnpuemïçh hu prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths hu smems fc mrimzcbmicbth rcjrnocrmfh fcvci scr prhactmfhs c hpcrmfhs fc ihfh m bçh rcprcscbtmr ui pcrnoh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths. ==.=.?.> Cqunpmicbths bçh ghbjhrics fcvci scr nfcbtngmfhs, ctnquctmfhs c/hu scorcomfhs scorcomfhs pmrm rcpmrh hu fcsgmrtc, fc jhrim m inbninzmr h rnsgh fc ush nbmfvcrtnfh, ush nbmfcqumfh hu rnsgh pmrm m nbtcornfmfc fh prhfuth mgmdmfh. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fh imbuscnh, fms mïócs ghrrctnvms c/hu fh fcsgmrtc fc cqunpmicbths bçh ghbjhrics.
==.=.0
Írcms cxtcrbms c vnms fc mgcssh
==.=.0.= scr Fcvc ihbnthrmfm scr cstmdcecgnfh c rcvnsmfm ui midncbtc pcrnhfngmicbtc. cxtcrbhMs mfcqumfh, fcpcbfábgnms, c m cgígnm sums írcms fms icfnfms mfamgcbtcs, fcvc ms nbstmemïócs fc mrimzcbmicbth, h imqunbírnh c hs cqunpmicbths fcvci scr imbtnfhs sci rcséfuhs hu fctrnths mguiuemfhs, c m vcoctmïçh fcvc scr ghbtrhemfm fc ihfh m bçh mtrmnr prmoms c mbnimns fmbnb`hs, bci rcprcscbtmr pcrnoh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths pmrm m hpcrmïçh smbntírnm fm ubnfmfc. ==.=.0.4 Gminb`hs, vnms fc mgcssh c írcms fc gmrrcomicbth c fcsgmrrcomicbth fcsgmrrcomicbth fcvci scr scr imbtnfms fc ihfh m bçh rcprcscbtmr pcrnoh pmrm m scourmbïm fc menicbths fms hpcrmïócs fms fcpcbfábgnms. Cems fcvci scr mfcqumfmicbtc frcbmfms pmrm cvntmr h mgñiueh fc íoum. Hs frcbhs fcvci scr scpmrmfhs fh snstcim fc frcbmoci fm ubnfmfc, ghi rcihïçh rcouemr fhs rcséfuhs. ==.=.0.7 Hs gminb`hs fms nbstmemïócs ghectnvms fh pcsshme mtî ms cbtrmfms fm ubnfmfc fcvci scr cgmzicbtc vcfmfhs.
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.4
Hpcrmïçh fm ubnfmfc
==.4.= Tcpmrhs c imbutcbïçh ==.4.=.= Hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem imbutcbïçh c rcpmrh fm jídrngm, cqunpmicbths c cfnjégnhs fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs, pembcamfhs c nipecicbtmfhs fc jhrim m inbninzmr h rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh fc prhfuths, cidmemocbs hu cqunpmicbths. ==.4.=.4 M imbutcbïçh fc rhtnbm fm jídrngm c fhs cqunpmicbths, ci qumequcr írcm fc prhgcssmicbth, imbnpuemïçh hu mrimzcbmicbth fc menicbths, fcvc scr rcmenzmfm fc mghrfh ghi ui grhbhormim fc ghbtrhec fc imbutcbïçh c fcvc scr rconstrmfm. H grhbhormim fc imbutcbïçh fcvc nbgeunr cfnjégnhs, cqunpmicbths c hutrms írcms fms fcpcbfábgnms, quc scami grétngms pmrm m imbutcbïçh fm scourmbïm fh prhfuth. ==.4.=.7 Ms jme`ms fm jídrngm c fhs cqunpmicbths ci qumequcr írcm fc prhgcssmicbth, imbnpuemïçh hu mrimzcbmicbth fc menicbths fcvci scr fhguicbtmfms c rcvnsmfms, c scus rcpmrhs nbghrphrmfhs mh grhbhormim fc ghbtrhec fc imbutcbïçh. ==.4.=.6 Hs supcrvnshrcs fm ubnfmfc fcvci scr bhtngmfhs fm rcmenzmïçh fc imbutcbïçh hu rcpmrhs, ci qumequcr írcm fc prhgcssmicbth, imbnpuemïçh hu mrimzcbmicbth. ==.4.=.3 H supcrvnshr fc imbutcbïçh c h supcrvnshr fm ubnfmfc fcvci scr nbjhrimfhs sc qumnsqucr hu mtnvnfmfcs fc imbutcbïçh rnsgh phtcbgnme ë c scourmbïmrcpmrhs fh prhfuth (phr cxcipeh, pcfmïhs fc rcprcscbtmrci h ceîtrngh, euinbírnms fmbngmfms mgcss÷rnhs suspcbshs sheths). ]umbfh phssévce, m imbutcbïçh fcvc scr rcmenzmfm jhrm fh `hrírnh fc hpcrmïçh. ==.4.=.: Hs rcpmrhs tciphrírnhs, qumbfh bcgcssírnhs, bçh fcvci rcprcscbtmr rnsgh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths c fcvci scr nbgeuéfhs bms nbspcïócs fc rhtnbm (ghbsuetc 4.3.6.7) c bh prhormim fc enipczm. Fcvc `mvcr ui pembh nipecicbtmfh pmrm trmtmr fm ghbgeusçh fc rcpmrhs tciphrírnhs, omrmbtnbfh quc bçh sc thrbci sheuïócs pcrimbcbtcs. ==.4.=.? Cqunpmicbths quc cbtrci ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths c cqunpmicbths ehgmenzmfhs shdrc hs cqunpmicbths quc cbtrmi ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths fcvci utnenzmr eudrngmbtc fc ormu menicbtégnh, c scu ush fcvc scr ghbtrhemfh pmrm inbninzmr m ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth. ==.4.=.0 M tnbtm usmfm ci uim írcm fc imbnpuemïçh hu fc prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths fcvc scr mfcqumfm pmrm ush, cstmr ci dhms ghbfnïócs c bçh fcvc scr usmfm ci bcb`uim supcrjégnc fc ghbtmth ghi prhfuths.
==.4.4 [csshme nbtcrbh c tcrgcnrhs fc imbutcbïçh ==.4.4.= H pcsshme nbtcrbh c hs tcrgcnrhs fc imbutcbïçh fcvci guiprnr hs rcqunsnths fc `noncbc pcsshme c fc prhgcsshs fm ubnfmfc (ghbsuetc ==.7). ==.4.4.4 Vhfhs hs tcrgcnrhs fc imbutcbïçh c fc cbocb`mrnm quc prcgnsci trmdme`mr bm ubnfmfc fcvci scr trcnbmfhs bhs prhgcfnicbths fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c `noncbc fm ubnfmfc hu fcvci cstmr sciprc mghipmb`mfhs, mtî quc scu trmdme`h cstcam ghbgeuéfh. ==.4.4.7 H pcsshme nbtcrbh c hs tcrgcnrhs fc imbutcbïçh fcvci rcihvcr thfms ms jcrrmicbtms c rcséfuhs mp÷s m ghbgeusçh fc qumequcr mtnvnfmfcpmrm fc imbutcbïçh c nbjhrimr h supcrvnshr fm írcm c h supcrvnshr fc imbutcbïçh, quc m enipczm c m smbntnzmïçh mprhprnmfms phssmi scr rcmenzmfms c uim nbspcïçh prî-hpcrmgnhbme scam ghbgeuéfm mbtcs fh rcnbégnh fms hpcrmïócs fm ubnfmfc.
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.4.7 Gmendrmïçh ==.4.7.= Fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem gmendrmïçh c rcgmendrmïçh fc cqunpmicbths fc icfnïçh, tcstc c nbspcïçh, usmfhs pmrm ihbnthrmr ms mtnvnfmfcs fcsgrntms ci prhormims fc prî-rcqunsnths, pembhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths men icbths c hutrhs ghbtrhecs fc prhgcssh hu pmrm fcihbstrmr ghbjhrinfmfc ghi ms cspcgngmïócs fh gencbtc. H shjtwmrc usmfh pmrm tmns mtnvnfmfcs fcvc scr vmenfmfh, ghbjhric mprhprnmfh. ==.4.7.4 Hs cqunpmicbths fcvci scr gmendrmfhs fc mghrfh ghi hs pmfrócs c iîthfhs fc rcjcrábgnm bmgnhbmns hu nbtcrbmgnhbmns, hu ghi m prcgnsçh mfcqumfm mh scu ush. Bhs gmshs ci quc bçh `huvcr pmfrçh fnsphbévce, m ubnfmfc fcvc jhrbcgcr cvnfábgnm pmrm vmenfmr h iîthfh fc rcjcrábgnm fc gmendrmïçh mpengmfh. ==.4.7.7 M gmendrmïçh fcvc scr rcmenzmfm fc mghrfh ghi hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c/hu ghi h grhbhormim rcghicbfmfh pceh jmdrngmbtc fh cqunpmicbth. ==.4.7.6 Hs prhgcfnicbths pmrm trmtmr m fnsphsnïçh fc prhfuths phtcbgnmeicbtc mjctmfhs, qumbfh jhrci cbghbtrmfhs cqunpmicbths fc icfnïçh, tcstc hu nbspcïçh jhrm fc gmendrmïçh, fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. ==.4.7.3 Hs cqunpmicbths gmendrmfhs pmrm icfnïçh, tcstc c nbspcïçh fcvci scr prhtconfhs ghbtrm fmbhs c maustc hu ush bçh muthrnzmfh. ==.4.7.: Fcvci scr imbtnfhs uim enstm fhs cqunpmicbths fc icfnïçh, tcstc c nbspcïçh quc cxnoci gmendrmïçh c hs rconstrhs fhs tcstcs fc gmendrmïçh.
==.4.6 [rcvcbïçh fc prmoms ==.4.6.= Si prhormim fhguicbtmfh fc prcvcbïçh fc prmoms fcvc scr nipecicbtmfh fc jhrim cgmz. Cec fcvc1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v. vn. vnn. vnnn. nx. x.
Fcsgrcvcr hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pceh fcscbvhevnicbth, nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh prhormim fc prcvcbïçh fc prmoms< Tconstrmr hdscrvmïócs fc prmoms c mghipmb`mr m tcbfábgnm fm jrcquábgnm fms mtnvnfmfcs fms prmoms, pmrm fnrcgnhbmr ms mpengmïócs fc pcstngnfms< Fcsgrcvcr hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm prcvcbnr prhdecims ghi prmoms< Fcsgrcvcr hs iîthfhs fc ceninbmïçh fc prmoms c m fhguicbtmïçh mprhprnmfm pmrm gmfm nbspcïçh< Fcsgrcvcr m jrcquábgnm ghi quc m sntumïçh fms prmoms fcvc scr vcrngmfm< Nbgeunr m nfcbtngmïçh, m ehgmenzmïçh, h bñicrh c h tnph fc fnsphsntnvhs fc ghbtrhec/ ihbnthrmicbth fc prmoms ci ui impm fm ubnfmfc< Enstmr hs prhfuths quéinghs usmfhs. Hs prhfuths quéinghs fcvci scr mprhvmfhs pcem muthrnfmfc ghipctcbtc c sums Jng`ms fc Nbjhrimïçh fc Wcourmbïm fc [rhfuths ]uéinghs (JNW[]) fcvci scr fnsphbndnenzmfms. Fcsgrcvcr hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm ghbsgncbtnzmr h pcsshme shdrc h prhormim fc ghbtrhec fc nsgms c ms icfnfms m scrci thimfms qumbfh cecs cbtrmrci ci ghbtmth ghi ui phbth fc nsgms< Fcsgrcvcr hs rcqunsnths pmrm m ghbsgncbtnzmïçh c trcnbmicbth fh pcsshme shdrc h ush fc prhfuths quéinghs c nsgms fc ghbtrhec fc prmoms c mbnimns fmbnb`hs< c Icfnr m cgígnm fh prhormim, pmrm vcrngmr m ceninbmïçh fc prmoms mpengívcns c nfcbtngmr tcbfábgnms.
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.4.6.4 Hs ghbtrhemfhrcs fc prmoms nbtcrbhs hu tcrgcnrhs fcvci1 n. nn. nnn. nv.
Wcr engcbgnmfhs c mprhvmfhs pcem muthrnfmfc ehgme rcecvmbtc< Ssmr mpcbms hpcrmfhrcs trcnbmfhs c qumengmfhs, quc guiprmi hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs< Ssmr mpcbms prhfuths quéinghs mprhvmfhs< Jhrbcgcr ui pembh fc prcvcbïçh fc prmoms (ghbsuetc 4.7.4.0), quc nbgeum ui impm fm ubnfmfc, nbfngmbfh m ehgmenzmïçh fms mrimfne`ms ghi nsgm c hutrhs fnsphsntnvhs fc ghbtrhec/
ihbnthrmicbth fc prmoms mpengívcns< v. Nbjhrimr m pcsshm muthrnzmfm rcsphbsívce bm cbtrmfm bms fcpcbfábgnms c bm ghbgeusçh fms nbspcïócs hu trmtmicbths< vn. Nbspcgnhbmr rcouemricbtc m mtnvnfmfc fc prmoms, thimbfh m mïçh mprhprnmfm sc `huvcr prcscbïm fc prmoms, c vnn. Jhrbcgcr ui rcemt÷rnh phr csgrnth fc scus mg`mfhs, fms nbspcïócs c fhs trmtmicbths mpengmfhs.
==.4.6.7 Hs rnsghs fc mtnvnfmfc fc prmoms fcvci fcvci scr mbmensmfhs c rconstrmfhs. Ms nbspcïócs pmrm mtnvnfmfc fc prmoms fcvci scr ghbfuznfms rcouemricbtc, phr pcsshme trcnbmfh fm ubnfmfc, thimbfh m mïçh mprhprnmfm sc `huvcr prcscbïm fc prmoms. M mtnvnfmfc fc prmoms nfcbtngmfm bçh fcvc rcprcscbtmr rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh m prhfuths menicbtégnhs, imtîrnms-prnims hu cidmemocbs. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fc thfms ms nbspcïócs c mpengmïócs fc ghbtrhec fc prmoms. ==.4.6.6 [rhfuths menicbtégnhs, imtîrnms-prnims hu cidmemocbs ghbtminbmfhs phr prmoms fcvci scr cgmzicbtc fcsgmrtmfhs c m jhbtc fc nbjcstmïçh fc prmoms fcvc scr nbvcstnomfm c rcshevnfm. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fh fcsgmrtc, fm nbvcstnomïçh c fm rcsheuïçh. ==.4.6.3 Hs pcstngnfms fcvci scr gemrmicbtc rhtuemfhs c mrimzcbmfhs, fc mghrfh ghi ==.:.6, sc imbtnfhs bm ubnfmfc. ==.4.6.: Bcb`ui mbnime fcvc scr pcrintnfh bms írcms fc imbnpuemïçh c mrimzcbmicbth fc menicbths fm ubnfmfc.
==.4.3 Enipczm c smbntnzmïçh ==.4.3.= Hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem enipczm cgmz fhs cqunpmicbths fc imbnpuemïçh c prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths, meîi fh midncbtc c fms írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth, fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Fcvc-sc ecvmr ci ghbsnfcrmïçh1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v.
H quc fcvc scr eniph< Ghih fcvc scr eniph< ]umbfh fcvc scr eniph< ]uci î rcsphbsívce pcem enipczm< M vmenfmïçh fhs prhgcfnicbths fc enipczm fms supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths (nbgeunbfh GN[)< vn. Hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm ghbrimr ms ghbgcbtrmïócs ghrrctms fc fctcrocbtcs c smbntnzmbtcs< c vnn. M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm vcrngmr m cgígnm fh prhormim fc enipczm c smbntnzmïçh.
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.4.3.4 Hs fctcrocbtcs c smbntnzmbtcs fcvci scr mfcqumfhs pmrm ush ci midncbtc fc jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths, rhtuemfhs fc mghrfh ghi hs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c ghiprmfhs fc mghrfh ghi m econsemïçh mpengívce. M hrombnzmïçh fcvc omrmbtnr quc1 n. M ubnfmfc imbtcb`m uim enstm fc prhfuths quéinghs mprhvmfhs pmrm ush< nn. Si nbvcbtírnh fc thfhs hs prhfuths quéinghs ghiprmfhs c usmfhs scam imbtnfh< nnn. Hs fctcrocbtcs c smbntnzmbtcs scami mrimzcbmfhs, ghbjhric fcsgrnth bh cecicbth ==.:.6< nv. Wcami jhrbcgnfms Jng`ms fc Nbjhrimïçh fc Wcourmbïm fc [rhfuths ]uéinghs (JNW[]) pmrm thfhs hs fctcrocbtcs c smbntnzmbtcs ghiprmfhs< c v. Mpcbms pcsshme trcnbmfh imbnpuec smbntnzmbtcs c fctcrocbtcs.
==.4.3.7 Hs fctcrocbtcs c smbntnzmbtcs fcvci scr insturmfhs ghrrctmicbtc, fc mghrfh ghi ms nbstruïócs fh jmdrngmbtc, mrimzcbmfhs ci rcgnpncbtcs mfcqumfhs pmrm ush c scr gemrmicbtc nfcbtngmfhs. Ms ghbgcbtrmïócs fc insturm fcvci scr vcrngmfms c hs rconstrhs imbtnfhs. ==.4.3.6 Hs snstcims fc enipczm GN[, qumbfh usmfhs, bçh fcvci rcprcscbtmr rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh quéingm pmrm imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs hu prhfuths. Hs pmräictrhs fc enipczm GN[, grétnghs pmrm omrmbtnr m cgígnm fm enipczm, fcvci scr fcbnfhs, ihbnthrmfhs c rconstrmfhs (phr cxcipeh, prhfuth quéingh c ghbgcbtrmïçh usmfhs, tciph fc ghbtmth c tcipcrmturm). Hs cqunpmicbths fc enipczm GN[, nbgeunbfh csjcrms fc puevcrnzmïçh, fcvci scr imbtnfhs, c thfms ms ihfngmïócs bhs cqunpmicbths fc enipczm GN[ fcvci scr vmenfmfms. H pcsshme cbvhevnfh bms mtnvnfmfcs fc enipczm GN[ fcvc scr cjctnvmicbtc trcnbmfh. ==.4.3.3 Hs cqunpmicbths, jcrrmicbtms, suphrtcs c hutrhs ntcbs usmfhs ghih mphnh fh prhormim fc enipczm c smbntnzmïçh fcvci scr gemrmicbtc nfcbtngmfhs, mrimzcbmfhs c imbtnfhs, fc jhrim m prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh fms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth, fhs cqunpmicbths fc imbnpuemïçh fc prhfuths c fms írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth, dci ghih fms pr÷prnms jcrrmicbtms ci sn. ==.4.3.: Fcvci scr fcsnobmfms írcms mfcqumfmicbtc cqunpmfms pmrm m enipczm fc rcgnpncbtcs fc prhfuths, jmgms, tídums fc ghrtc c hutrhs utcbséenhs usmfhs pceh pcsshme. Ms írcms pmrm tmns hpcrmïócs fc enipczm fcvci scr ghbtrhemfms. pmrm quc bçh nbtcrrmi bms hpcrmïócs fc jmdrngmïçh, bhs cqunpmicbths hu bhs prhfuths. Wuphrtcs c rcgnpncbtcs pmrm mrimzcbmr utcbséenhs eniphs fcvci scr jhrbcgnfhs ghbjhric bcgcssírnh. ==.4.3.? Fcvci scr rcmenzmfms nbspcïócs prî-hpcrmgnhbmns mp÷s ms hpcrmïócs fc enipczm c smbntnzmïçh, pmrm omrmbtnr quc ms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths, supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi prhfuths, cqunpmicbths, nbstmemïócs ghectnvms fh pcsshme, nbstmemïócs smbntírnms c hutrms írcms csscbgnmns cstcami enipms mbtcs fh nbégnh fm prhfuïçh. Ms nbspcïócs prî-hpcrmgnhbmns fcvci scr ghbfuznfms phr pcsshme qumengmfh. ==.4.3.0 Ms nbstmemïócs ghectnvms fh pcsshme, nbstmemïócs smbntírnms c hutrms írcms csscbgnmns fcvci scr nbspcgnhbmfms phr pcsshme qumengmfh, ci jrcquábgnm fcbnfm pmrm omrmbtnr quc ms írcms cstcami enipms. ==.4.3.> M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm vcrngmr vcrngmr m cgígnm fh prhormim fc enipczm c smbntnzmïçh fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. Si grhbhormim fc vcrngmïçh fcvc scr cemdhrmfh. Fcvc scr imbtnfh rconstrh fms nbspcïócs prî-hpcrmgnhbmns fc `noncbc, fms mtnvnfmfcs fc enipczm c smbntnzmïçh, c fms mtnvnfmfcs fc vcrngmïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.7
@noncbc c dci-cstmr dci-cstmr fh pcsshme
==.7.= Dci-cstmr fh pcsshme ==.7.=.= H pcsshme pcsshme quc smdnfmicbtc scam phrtmfhr fc fhcbïms nbjcggnhsms c quc rcprcscbtc rcprcscbtc rnsgh pmrm m smñfc fc hutrms pcsshms, mtrmvîs fhs prhgcsshs fc cidmemoci hu mrimzcbmicbth, bçh fcvci sc cbvhevcr bh prhgcssmicbth hu cidmemoci fc menicbths hu cbtrmr ci írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth hbfc h menicbth cstí cxphsth. ==.7.=.4 M ubnfmfc fcvc tcr icfnfms nipecicbtmfms pmrm prcvcbnr h ghbtmth fc imtcrnmns, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs fc menicbths, menicbths hu supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths, ghi qumnsqucr unfhs ghrphrmns, jcrnfms mdcrtms, thssc, cspnrrh, guspc hu qumequcr hutrh icnh. Bh gmsh fc ecsçh quc gmusc fcrrmimicbth fc unfh ghrphrme, ui icidrh fh pcsshme fcvnfmicbtc trcnbmfh fcvc omrmbtnr quc thfms ms írcms mjctmfms, nbgeunbfh ms írcms fc imbuscnh c prhgcssmicbth, scami mfcqumfmicbtc enipms c quc thfhs hs imtcrnmns c prhfuths scami ghehgmfhs ci qumrcbtcbm c/hu fcsgmrtmfhs. ==.7.=.7 [csshme ghi ghrtcs, jcrnfms hu ecsócs cxphstms bçh fcvc sc cbvhevcr bm imbnpuemïçh hu prhgcssmicbth fc prhfuths cxphsths, hu bm imbnpuemïçh fc cidmemocbs prniírnms (ghbtmth ghi menicbths) hu tcr ghbtmth ghi supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths. [cqucbhs ghrtcs hu mrrmb`ócs ci pmrtcs cxphstms fh ghrph fcvci scr ghdcrths ghi dmbfmoci ghehrnfm, fctcgtívce phr ictme hu ui gurmtnvh metcrbmtnvh c mfcqumfh, ë prhvm f'íoum c ghehrnfh.
==.7.4 Emvmoci fms içhs ==.7.4.= Vhfh h pcsshme fcvc tcr içhs enipms, c thfhs hs ciprcomfhs, tcrgcnrhs c vnsntmbtcs fcvci emvmr ms içhs1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v.
Mh cbtrmr ci írcms fc imbnpuemïçh hu prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths< Mp÷s gmfm nfm mh smbntírnh< Fcphns fc usmr ui ecbïh< Mp÷s juimr, ghicr hu dcdcr< c Fcphns fc imbnpuemr imboucnrms fc enipczm, imtcrnmns fc enipczm, prhfuths quc gmérmi hu imtcrnme ghbtminbmfh.
==.7.4.4 Fcvci scr jhrbcgnfhs emvmt÷rnhs pmrm m emvmoci fms içhs pr÷xnihs m thfhs hs phbths fc mgcssh fh pcsshme, c ci ehgmns mgcssévcns mh ehboh fc thfms ms írcms fc imbnpuemïçh c prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths, ghbjhric bcgcssírnh. ==.7.4.7 Hs emvmt÷rnhs pmrm m emvmoci fms içhs fcvci fcvci scr jcnths fc mïh nbhxnfívce hu imtcrnme bçh ghrrhsnvh sninemr c, bh iébnih, jhrbcgnfhs ghi1 n. Íoum phtívce ci tcipcrmturm mfcqumfm< nn. Wmdhbctc eéqunfh, fcbtrh fc ui fnspcbsmfhr xh< nnn. Vhme`ms fc pmpce ci ui fnspcbsmfhr quc phssm scr eniph c quc bçh rcqucnrm ghbtmth fms içhs< c nv. Si rcgnpncbtc pmrm ms thme`ms fc pmpce usmfms.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.7.4.6 Ms scounbtcs nbstmemïócs mfngnhbmns fcvci scr jhrbcgnfms, ci írcms fc meth rnsgh1 rnsgh1 n. nn.
Vhrbcnrms quc bçh scami mgnhbmfms imbumeicbtc< c Wmbntnzmbtcs pmrm ms içhs.
==.7.4.3 Wnbmenzmïçh ci enboumoci mprhprnmfm, nbstrunbfh ms pcsshms m emvmr ms içhs mbtcs fc cbtrmr bms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths, fcvc scr ghehgmfm ci phsnïçh fc fcstmquc bms ghpms/rcjcnt÷rnhs, bms sméfms fms ghpms/rcjcnt÷rnhs, smbntírnhs c írcms fc menicbtmïçh cxtcrbms, ghbjhric mpengívce. ==.7.4.: ]umbfh jhrci usmfms euvms, h pcsshme fcvc imbtcr ms prítngms fc emvmoci fms içhs fcsgrntms mgnim.
==.7.7 Sbnjhrics c hdacths pcsshmns ==.7.7.= M ubnfmfc fcvc rcmenzmr uim mbíensc fc rnsgh pmrm omrmbtnr quc m pheétngm fc ubnjhrics c gmdcehs prhtcam imtcrnmns, menicbths c supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths ghbtrm ghbtminbmïçh ingrhdnhe÷ongm hu jésngm bçh nbtcbgnhbme. ==.7.7.4 H ubnjhric usmfh pceh pcsshme cbvhevnfh bm imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths fcvc scr imbtnfh, mrimzcbmfh, emvmfh c usmfh fc tme ihfh quc bçh rcprcscbtci rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh fhs prhfuths. ==.7.7.7 imbtnfhs Hs ubnjhrics, nbgeunbfh smpmths, ci dhms ghbfnïócs fcfcvci ush. cstmr eniphs bh nbégnh fc gmfm turbh c ==.7.7.6 Sbnjhrics cxgcssnvmicbtc suahs fcvci scr trhgmfhs hu sudstntuéfhs qumbfh mprcscbtmrci rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh fhs prhfuths. ==.7.7.3 Euvms c mvcbtmns fcsgmrtívcns fcvci scr trhgmfhs mp÷s gmfm nbtcrvmeh, bm rccbtrmfm bm írcm fc prhgcssmicbth c qumbfh fmbngmfhs. Hs mvcbtmns c euvms bçh fcsgmrtívcns fcvci scr eniphs c smbntnzmfhs ghbjhric bcgcssírnh c, qumbfh bçh cstnvcrci ci ush, fcvci scr mrimzcbmfhs ci suphrtcs jhrbcgnfhs bm írcm fc prhgcssmicbth hu ci rcgnpncbtcs scemfhs ci mriírnhs pcsshmns. Bçh fcvci scr ghehgmfhs hu mrimzcbmfhs shdrc cidmemocbs, nborcfncbtcs, prhfuths hu cqunpmicbths.
==.7.7.: Ms rhupms fc prhtcïçh fcvci scr jmdrngmfms ghi imtcrnme quc bçh rcprcscbtc rnsgh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths c quc phssm scr jmgneicbtc eniph. Vhfms ms rhupms fc prhtcïçh fcvci scr enipms mp÷s h ush, hu ghi uim jrcquábgnm quc ghbtrhec m ghbtminbmïçh, c fcvci scr mrimzcbmfms ci ghbfnïçh enipm c ci dhi cstmfh, pmrm cvntmr m ghbtminbmïçh ingrhdnhe÷ongm hu ghbtmth-gruzmfh ghi mecroábnghs. ==.7.7.? Wuphrtcs fcvci scr prhvnfcbgnmfhs pmrm h mrimzcbmicbth tciphrírnh fc rhupms fc prhtcïçh, qumbfh h pcsshme fcnxmr m írcm fc prhgcssmicbth, c fcvci scr jhrbcgnfhs bms prhxninfmfcs hu cstmrci mfamgcbtcs ës phrtms fc mgcssh fh pcsshme c fms nbstmemïócs fc emvmoci fc içhs. ==.7.7.0 Mfhrbhs c hutrhs hdacths sheths bçh fcvci scr usmfhs bci ecvmfhs ecvmfhs pmrm uim írcm fc hpcrmïçh fc imbnpuemïçh hu prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths, hu qumequcr írcm hbfc h menicbth cstcam cxphsth. [hfc scr pcrintnfh usmr menmbïms snipecs c sci pcfrmrnm, drmgcectcs mecrtmquc prcsgrnths phr iîfngh mfhrbhs mgcnths phr ihtnvhs rcenonhshs hu gueturmns,fcfcsfc csscs ntcbs cstcamihu fcvnfmicbtc ghdcrths c bçh rcprcscbtci rnsgh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
Vhfms ms cxgcïócs fcvci mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs c fh gencbtc, c cstmrçh suacntms m uim mvmenmïçh fc rnsgh c cvnfábgnm fm ocstçh ghbtébum fh rnsgh.
==.7.6 Znsntmbtcs ==.7.6.= Vhfhs hs vnsntmbtcs fcvci scr trcnbmfhs bhs prhgcfnicbths fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c `noncbc fm ubnfmfc mbtcs fc cbtrmr ci qumequcr írcm fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths hu fcvci cstmr sciprc mghipmb`mfhs bms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth, imbnpuemïçh c mrimzcbmicbth fc menicbths. ==.7.6.4 Vhfhs hs vnsntmbtcs, nbgeunbfh h pcsshme pcsshme fm ocstçh, fcvci rcihvcr mfhrbhs c hutrhs hdacths sheths fc mghrfh ghi ms dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh fm ubnfmfc c ==.7.7.0. Vhfhs hs vnsntmbtcs fcvci usmr ubnjhrics c gmeïmfhs mfcqumfhs mh cbtrmr ci qumequcr írcm fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths. ==.7.6.7 Hs vnsntmbtcs quc mprcscbtmrci snbmns vnsévcns fc fhcbïm fcvci scr nipcfnfhs fc cbtrmr bms írcms hbfc menicbths sçh imbnpuemfhs c prhgcssmfhs. ==.7.6.6 Hs vnsntmbtcs fcvci cbtrmr c smnr fms írcms fc imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths mtrmvîs fhs phbths fc cbtrmfm mfcqumfhs fh pcsshme c guiprnr thfhs hs rcqunsnths fc emvmoci fms içhs c fc prítngms fh pcsshme.
==.7.3 Nbstmemïócs ghectnvms fh pcsshme (vcstnírnhs, smbntírnhs, ghpms/rcjcnt÷rnhs) ==.7.3.= Ms nbstmemïócs ghectnvms fh pcsshme fcvci tcr prhgcfnicbths fc enipczm fhguicbtmfhs, scr jhrbcgnfms ghi neuinbmïçh c vcbtnemïçh mprhprnmfms c fcvci scr fnsphbndnenzmfms pmrm h ush fc thfms ms pcsshms cbvhevnfms bh imbnpuemïçh c prhgcssmicbth fh prhfuth. ==.7.3.4 Fcvci scr prhvnfcbgnmfhs vcstnírnhs vcstnírnhs pmrm pcrintnr quc h pcsshme c hs vnsntmbtcs vnstmi c rctnrci ms rhupms fc prhtcïçh, ghbjhric bcgcssírnh. Hs vcstnírnhs fcvci scr imbtnfhs eniphs. ==.7.3.7 Zcstnírnhs fc meth rnsgh fcvci scr jhrbcgnfhs pmrm h pcsshme cbvhevnfh bh prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths fc meth rnsgh hu hpcrmïócs fc prhgcssmicbth bms qumns ms rhupms phssmi gmr suams. ==.7.3.6 Fcvci scr thimfms prhvnfábgnms pmrm quc h pcsshme pcsshme mrimzcbc sums rhupms c ntcbs pcsshmns scpmrmfhs fc ubnjhrics eniphs, zhbms fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths, menicbths c írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth fc cidmemocbs. ==.7.3.3 ]umbfh bcgcssírnh, ui bñicrh sugncbtc fc g`uvcnrhs fcvc scr jhrbcgnfh pmrm ush fh pcsshme. ==.7.3.: Hs smbntírnhs fcvci scr1 scr1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v. vn.
[rhactmfhs c ghbstruéfhs pmrm scrci mgcssévcns mh pcsshme c scpmrmfhs fc qumequcr hpcrmïçh fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths< Mgcssmfhs pcem írcm fc prhgcssmicbth, mtrmvîs fc uim mbtcgäimrm prcssurnzmfm ghi sméfm pmrm h cxtcrnhr hu mtrmvîs fc uim smem mfamgcbtc< Wugncbtcs pmrm h bñicrh iíxnih fc ciprcomfhs< Ghbstruéfhs fc ihfh quc phssmi scr jmgneicbtc eniphs c imbtnfhs< Ehgmenzmfhs fcbtrh hu bms írcms pr÷xnims pmrm mrimzcbmr rhupms fc prhtcïçh, rhupms cxtcrbms c hutrhs ntcbs furmbtc h ush fms nbstmemïócs< c Imbtnfhs eniphs c hrombnzmfhs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
Jcrrmicbtms/cqunpmicbths usmfhs pmrm enipmr hs smbntírnhs bçh fcvci scr usmfhs pmrm enipmr írcms fc prhgcssmicbth. ==.7.3.? H csohth smbntírnh bçh fcvc scr ghbcgtmfh m bcb`ui hutrh frcbh fcbtrh fms fcpcbfábgnms c fcvc scr fnrcgnhbmfh m ui tmbquc sîptngh hu snstcim fc csohth, fc mghrfh ghi ms rcouemicbtmïócs. ==.7.3.0 Ms pnms pmrm emvmoci fms içhs fcvci fcvci scr jhrbcgnfms nicfnmtmicbtc jhrm hu fcbtrh fh smbntírnh, c prhactmfms ghbjhric fcsgrnth ci ==.7.4.7. ==.7.3.> Tcjcnt÷rnhs c ghpms scpmrmfhs fcvci cstmr ehgmenzmfhs ehboc fms írcms fc ghbtmth/ imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths. Tcjcnt÷rnhs c ghpms fcvci scr1 n. nn.
Zcbtnemfhs c dci neuinbmfhs< Ihdnenmfhs ghi icsms c msscbths mfcqumfhs pmrm mghihfmr h bñicrh iíxnih fc ciprcomfhs fc uim s÷ vcz< nnn. Cqunpmfhs ghi uim pnm ghi íoum phtívce qucbtc c jrnm, pmrm emvmr utcbséenhs< nv. Cqunpmfhs ghi nbstmemïócs fc rcjrnocrmïçh c mqucgnicbth, pcrintnbfh quc h pcsshme mrimzcbc hu mqucïm menicbths c prcpmrc dcdnfms bçh megh÷engms, sc bcgcssírnh< c v. Imbtnfhs eniphs, envrcs fc rcséfuhs c prmoms.
==.7.3.=; Wc `huvcr írcms fc menicbtmïçh cxtcrbms, cems fcvci scr imbtnfms enipms c envrcs fc rcséfuhs,bm fcubnfmfc. jhrim m inbninzmr h phtcbgnme fc nbtrhfuïçh fc ghbtminbmïçh, nbgeunbfh prmoms,
==.6
[rítngms fh pcsshme bh prhgcssmicbth
==.6.= [csshme cbvhevnfh ci hpcrmïócs fc imbnpuemïçh c prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths ==.6.=.= Vhfh h pcsshme cbvhevnfh ci qumequcr hpcrmïçh fc imbnpuemïçh, prcpmrmïçh hu prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths fcvc omrmbtnr quc hs prhfuths c imtcrnmns scami imbnpuemfhs c mrimzcbmfhs fc jhrim m prcvcbnr fmbhs hu ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth. H pcsshme fcvc guiprnr ms scounbtcs prítngms fc prhgcssmicbth1 n. nn.
M cbtrmfm fc pcsshme bms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth fcvc scr jcntm shicbtc pcems phrtms fc mgcssh fc pcsshme. Vhfms ms phrtms fcvci scr imbtnfms sciprc jcg`mfms. Ms phrtms bçh fcvci pcrimbcgcr
mdcrtms phr pcréhfhs prhehbomfhs, qumbfh h mgcssh jhr bcgcssírnh pmrm m rcihïçh fc rcséfuhs hu rcgcdnicbth fc prhfuth/nborcfncbtc/cidmemoci. nnn. Cidmemocbs, prhfuths c nborcfncbtcs fcvci scr imbtnfhs ci rcgnpncbtcs mprhprnmfhs, ghbjhric bcgcssírnh, c ehboc fh pnsh. nv. Hs rcséfuhs fcvci scr ghehgmfhs bhs ghecthrcs nfcbtngmfhs pmrm cstc i c rcihvnfhs fm írcm fc prhgcssmicbth rcouemricbtc, sci fcnxmr mguiuemr< c v. Vhfms ms imboucnrms fc emvmoci c fc mr ghiprninfh fcvci scr mrimzcbmfms bhs suphrtcs mp÷s h ush, bubgm fcnxmfms bh g`çh.
==.6.=.4 H pcsshme trmdme`mbfh hu vnsntmbfh hpcrmïócs fc imbnpuemïçh hu prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths fcvc omrmbtnr h scounbtc1 n. nn.
H pcsshme bçh fcvc ghicr bci prhvmr bcb`ui prhfuth ci prhgcssmicbth bms írcms fc imbnpuemïçh/ghbtmth ghi menicbths, cxgcth ghbjhric nbfngmfh bh cecicbth ==.6.=.6. H ush fc ub`ms hu géenhs phstnïhs, cxtcbsócs fc géenhs, ub`ms ehboms hu csimetc pmrm ub`ms bçh î
pcrintnfh bm imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths cxphsths.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
nnn. Vhugms fc gmdceh c prhtcthrcs fc dmrdm, qumbfh mpengívce, fcvci scr usmfhs ci írcms hbfc h prhfuth cstí cxphsth. nv. Juimr, imsgmr, ghicr hu guspnr bçh î pcrintnfh ci írcms hbfc h prhfuth î prhfuznfh, mrimzcbmfh hu cxphsth. v. Dcdcr íoum î pcrintnfh shicbtc ci ghbfnïócs quc nipcïmi m ghbtminbmïçh hu hghrrábgnm fc hutrhs rnsghs ë scourmbïm fc menicbths. Hs rcgnpncbtcs fc íoum phtívce bms írcms fc prhfuïçh c mrimzcbmicbth fcvci scr trmbspmrcbtcs c ghdcrths, mrimzcbmfhs bms írcms fcsnobmfms, ehboc fh mrimzcbmicbth fc imtîrnms-prnims, cidmemocbs, jcrrmicbtms hu cqunpmicbths.
==.6.=.7 H uxh fc pcsshme bms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths fcvc scr ocrcbgnmfh pmrm rcfuznr h phtcbgnme fc ghbtminbmïçh. ==.6.=.6 Ci gnrgubstäbgnms ci quc jhr bcgcssírnh rcmenzmr mvmenmïócs scbshrnmns ci uim írcm fc imbnpuemïçh/ghbtmth ghi menicbths, m ubnfmfc fcvc nipecicbtmr ghbtrhecs c prhgcfnicbths pmrm omrmbtnr quc1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v.
M scourmbïm fc menicbths bçh scam ghiprhictnfm< Ms mvmenmïócs scbshrnmns scami ghbfuznfms mpcbms phr pcsshme muthrnzmfh< Si meth pmfrçh fc `noncbc pcsshme scam prmtngmfh pceh pcsshme quc rcmenzm mvmenmïócs scbshrnmns< Ms mvmenmïócs scbshrnmns scami rcmenzmfms ci írcms cqunpmfms pmrm m bmenfmfc< c H cqunpmicbth usmfh pmrm mvmenmïócs scbshrnmns scam smbntnzmfh, imbtnfh c mrimzcbmfh scpmrmfmicbtc fhs cqunpmicbths fc prhgcssmicbth.
==.3 Jhrbcgnicbth
fc íoum, oceh c mr
==.3.= Jhrbcgnicbth fc íoum ==.3.=.= Jhrbcgnicbth mfcqumfh fc íoum phtívce, prhvcbncbtc fc uim jhbtc ghb`cgnfm c enipm, fcvc scr prhvnfh pmrm íoum fc ush ghih nborcfncbtc furmbtc ms hpcrmïócs fc prhgcssmicbth c pmrm enipmr ms fcpcbfábgnms c cqunpmicbths. M jhbtc fc íoum phtívce fcvc scr nfcbtngmfm, dci ghih h mrimzcbmicbth bm ubnfmfc (sc mpengívce) c m rcfc fc fnstrndunïçh bm nbstmemïçh. ==.3.=.4 [embhs fc ghbtnboábgnm fcvci cstmr cstmr nipecicbtmfhs pmrm gmshs ci quc h jhrbcgnicbth fc íoum phtívce scam ghbsnfcrmfh ghbtminbmfh hu nbmfcqumfh pmrm ush. ==.3.=.7 Fcvc jhrbcgnfm íoum qucbtc c jrnm, ghbjhric bcgcssírnh, pmrm pcrintnr m enipczm cgmz fms nbstmemïócs c cqunpmicbths. ==.3.=.6 M fnstrndunïçh fc íoum pmrm ms nbstmemïócs fcvc omrmbtnr quc m íoum phtívce bçh cstcam ghbtminbmfm. Vcstcs fh snstcim fc rcuxh, qumbfh phssévce, fcvci scr rcmenzmfhs pceh icbhs mbumeicbtc c hs rconstrhs fcvci scr imbtnfhs. ==.3.=.3 H ush fc íoum bçh phtívce fcvc scr ghbtrhemfh, fc ihfh quc1 n. Bçh `mam ghbtminbmïçh gruzmfm cbtrc enb`ms fc íoum phtívce c bçh phtívce< nn. Ms tuduemïócs c sméfms fc íoum bçh phtívce scami gemrmicbtc nfcbtngmfms< c nnn. Imboucnrms, thrbcnrms c hutrms jhbtcs sninemrcs fc phssévce ghbtminbmïçh scami prhactmfms pmrm prcvcbnr h rcuxh hu rcuxh phr qucfm fc prcssçh.
==.3.=.: Wc m íoum jhr mrimzcbmfm bm ubnfmfc, ms nbstmemïócs fc mrimzcbmicbth fcvci scr mfcqumfmicbtc prhactmfms, ghbstruéfms c rhtnbcnrmicbtc enipms pmrm cvntmr ghbtminbmïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.3.4 Vrmtmicbth fc íoum ==.3.4.= Hs iîthfhs, cqunpmicbths c imtcrnmns fc trmtmicbth fc íoum, sc bcgcssírnhs, fcvci scr prhactmfhs, nbstmemfhs c hpcrmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc m íoum rcgcdm trmtmicbth cgmz. Hs cqunpmicbths fc trmtmicbth fc íoum fcvci scr ihbnthrmfhs rcouemricbtc, pmrm omrmbtnr quc pcrimbcïmi ci ghbfnïócs fc ush. ==.3.4.4 M íoum usmfm ghih nborcfncbtc bh prhgcssmicbth hu pmrm enipczm c smbntnzmïçh fc cqunpmicbths fcvc scr mbmensmfm c, sc bcgcssírnh, trmtmfm pmrm imbtcr m phtmdnenfmfc (ghbsuetc ==.3.4.=). ==.3.4.7 M íoum trmtmfm fcvc scr ihbnthrmfm rcouemricbtc, pmrm omrmbtnr quc mtcbfm mhs pmräictrhs cspcgngmfhs. H ush fc prhfuths quéinghs pmrm trmtmicbth fc íoum fcvc scr ihbnthrmfh, pmrm omrmbtnr quc hs rcséfuhs quéinghs pcrimbcïmi fcbtrh fhs enintcs mgcntívcns. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fhs rcsuetmfhs fms mbíesncs.
==.3.7 ]umenfmfc fm íoum ==.3.7.= M íoum fcvc fcvc cstmr ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi hs pmfrócs ingrhdnhe÷onghs c fc qumenfmfc fc íoum phtívce ehgmns, bmgnhbmns hu nbtcrbmgnhbmeicbtc rcghb`cgnfhs, ghbjhric cxnonfh, qumbfh usmfm pmrm1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v. vn. vnn.
Emvmr, fcsghbocemr c trmtmr menicbths< Emvmoci fms içhs< Vrmbsphrtc fc menicbths< Nborcfncbtc hu ghmfauvmbtc fc tcgbhehonm fc menicbths< Enipczm fc supcrjégncs c cqunpmicbths fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths< Jmdrngmïçh fc oceh< hu Ocrmïçh fc vmphr, quc cbtrmrí ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths hu scrí usmfh pmrm mqucgcr m íoum quc cbtrmrí ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths.
==.3.7.4 M mbíensc ingrhdnhe÷ongm fh jhrbcgnicbth fc íoum c oceh fcvc scr ghbfuznfm pmrm vcrngmr m enipczm fh jhrbcgnicbth, ms mtnvnfmfcs fc ihbnthrmicbth c m cgígnm fms icfnfms fc trmtmicbth nipecicbtmfms. Mihstrms pmrm mbíensc fcvci scr ghectmfms bms jhbtcs quc jhrbcgci íoum pmrm h prhgcssh, hu enipczm hu fc fcbtrh fm ubnfmfc. M jrcquábgnm fm mbíensc fcvc scr dmscmfm bhs rnsghs c, bh iébnih, hghrrcr mbumeicbtc. ==.3.7.7 Íoum c oceh fcvci scr mbmensmfhs usmbfh pmfrócs c iîthfhs fc rcjcrábgnm. rcjcrábgnm.
==.3.6 Jhrbcgnicbth fc oceh ==.3.6.= H oceh jhrbcgnfh pmrm ush furmbtc hpcrmïócs fc prhgcssmicbth, ghih muxnenmr fc prhgcssmicbth hu ghih nborcfncbtc, fcvc cstmr ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi ==.3.7.=. ==.3.6.4 H oceh mfqunrnfh fcvc scr prhvcbncbtc fc ui jhrbcgcfhr mprhvmfh c nbgeuéfh bm mvmenmïçh fc rnsgh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths fm ubnfmfc. H oceh fcvc scr jhrbcgnfh ci rcgnpncbtcs mprhprnmfhs pmrm ush, quc phssmi scr eniphs sc rcutnenzmfhs, c mbmensmfhs ghbjhric mprhprnmfh. ==.3.6.7 Wmems c rcgnpncbtcs pmrm oceh fcvci scr ghbstruéfhs ghi imtcrnmns ghbjhric fcsgrnth bh cecicbth ==.=.4 c prhactmfhs pmrm inbninzmr m ghbtminbmïçh fh oceh furmbtc h mrimzcbmicbth, ghectm c fnstrndunïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.3.3 Mr c hutrhs omscs ==.3.3.= Mr ghiprninfh hu hutrhs omscs (phr cxcipeh, bntrhoábnh hu fn÷xnfh fc gmrdhbh) quc cbtrmi ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths hu ghi supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths fcvci cstmr eniphs c bçh rcprcscbtmr rnsgh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths. ==.3.3.4 Wnstcims fc mr ghiprninfh c snstcims usmfhs pmrm mrimzcbmr hu fnstrndunr hutrhs omscs quc cbtrmi ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths hu ghi supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi menicbths fcvci scr imbtnfhs c ihbnthrmfhs rcouemricbtc, qumbth ë qumenfmfc mhs pcrnohs ë scourmbïm fc menicbths mpengívcns. M jrcquábgnm fm mbíensc fcvc scrc dmscmfm bhs rnsghs c, bh iébnih, hghrrcr mbumeicbtc. ==.:
Tcgcdnicbth, mrimzcbmicbth c trmbsphrtc trmbsphrtc
==.:.= Tcgcdnicbth, mrimzcbmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc prhfuths ==.:.=.= M ubnfmfc fcvc fhguicbtmr c nipecicbtmr ui pembh fc mrimzcbmicbth cgmz, quc pcrintm h rcgcdnicbth c mrimzcbmicbth scourh c `nonábngh fc imtîrnms-prnims (nsth î, ghbocemfms, rcsjrnmfms c ci tcipcrmturm midncbtc), nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs, cqunpmicbths c prhfuths quéinghs. ==.:.=.4 Fcvci cxnstnr ghbtrhecs nipecicbtmfhs pmrm omrmbtnr quc thfhs hs nborcfncbtcs, imtîrnms-prnims, ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm c cidmemocbs scami rcgcdnfhs c mrimzcbmfhs mfcqumfmicbtc, pmrm prcvcbnr hs rnsghs fc ghbtminbmïçh gruzmfm. Ms imtîrnms-prnims bçh prhgcssmfms fcvci scr rcgcdnfms c mrimzcbmfms scpmrmfmicbtc fms imtîrnms-prnims prhgcssmfms, pmrm cvntmr h rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh gruzmfm. ==.:.=.7 M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs pmrm omrmbtnr prnbgépnhs cgmzcs fc rhtmïçh fc csthquc fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. ==.:.=.6 Fcvci scr nipecicbtmfhs prhgcfnicbths pmrm omrmbtnr quc thfhs hs nborcfncbtcs, imtcrnmns, prhfuth ci prhgcssh, rctrmdme`h c prhfuth mgmdmfh scami utnenzmfhs fcbtrh fc sum vmenfmfc fcsnobmfm. ==.:.=.3 ]umbfh imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs, cqunpmicbths c prhfuths quéinghs jhrci imbtnfhs ci ghbfnïócs tciphrírnms hu cxgcfcbtcs, quc bçh scami prhactmfms pmrm h mrimzcbmicbth scourh fc prhfuths, uim mbíensc fc rnsgh fcvc scr rcmenzmfm pmrm omrmbtnr quc bçh `mam rnsghs pmrm m nbtcornfmfc fcsscs prhfuths, bcb`ui phtcbgnme fc ghbtminbmïçh hu fc cjcnth mfvcrsh pmrm m scourmbïm fc menicbths. ==.:.=.: Tconstrhs fcvci cstmr fnsphbévcns pmrm vcrngmr m cgígnm fc icfnfms fc ghbtrhec metcrbmtnvms hu tciphrírnms pmrm h mrimzcbmicbth fc imtîrnms-prnims, nborcfncbtcs, cidmemocbs, cqunpmicbths, prhfuths quéinghs hu prhfuths mgmdmfhs.
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.:.4 Mrimzcbmicbth rcjrnocrmfh, ghbocemicbth c rcsjrnmicbth fc menicbths ==.:.4.= M ubnfmfc fcvc ghbrimr h fcscipcb`h hpcrmgnhbme cjctnvh fms nbstmemïócs fc ghbocemicbth, rcsjrnmicbth c mrimzcbmicbth rcjrnocrmfh. Tcsjrnmfhrcs, ghbocemfhrcs c smems fc mrimzcbmicbth rcjrnocrmfh fcvci scr prhactmfhs c ghbstruéfhs pmrm pcrintnr m rcjrnocrmïçh `nonábngm c cgmz fhs menicbths, c cstmrci jmgneicbtc mgcssévcns pmrm nbspcïçh c enipczm. ==.:.4.4 Fcvc `mvcr gmpmgnfmfc rcjrnocrmïçh c sugncbtc pmrm rcsjrnmr, ghbocemr hu mrimzcbmr rcjrnocrmfmfchu ghbocemfm fnsphbévce m prhfuïçh iíxnim prcvnstm fh prhfuth, ghi jheom pmrm enipczm pcrn÷fngm fms írcms rcjrnocrmfms. ==.:.4.7 M ubnfmfc fcvc tcr ui prhgcfnicbth csgrnth pmrm ihbnthrmr tcipcrmturms, nbgeunbfh m jrcquábgnm fms vcrngmïócs c ms mïócs ghrrctnvms gmsh m tcipcrmturm cstcam jhrm fm cspcgngmïçh. Ms smems fc ghbocemicbth, rcsjrnmicbth c mrimzcbmicbth rcjrnocrmfh fcvci scr prhvnfms fc cqunpmicbths fc ihbnthrmicbth fc tcipcrmturm quc scami ehgmenzmfhs pmrm ihbnthrmr m pmrtc imns qucbtc fm smem c fcvci scr cqunpmfms ghi ui fnsphsntnvh fc icfnïçh fc tcipcrmturm fc jígne mgcssh c ecnturm. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fms tcipcrmturms fms smems fc mrimzcbmicbth ghbocemfh, rcjrnocrmfh c rcsjrnmfh.
==.:.4.6 snstcim M fcsgmrom fms enb`ms fc fcoceh c ghbfcbsmfh fcvc scr ghbtrhemfm c cjctumfm bh fc frcbmoci.
==.:.7 Mrimzcbmicbth fc nborcfncbtcs scghs, cidmemoci c prhfuths cidmemfhs cstívcns ==.:.7.= Ms smems usmfms pmrm h mrimzcbmicbth fc nborcfncbtcs fc prhfuths, cidmemocbs c hutrhs prhfuths scghs fcvci cstmr ehgmenzmfms ehboc fms írcms ñinfms c scr ghbstruéfms pmrm prhtcocr h prhfuth ghbtrm ghbtminbmïçh c fctcrnhrmïçh, cvntmbfh quc ms cidmemocbs sc thrbci mdrnoh pmrm prmoms hu mbnimns fmbnb`hs. ==.:.7.4 [rmtcecnrms jhrbcgnfms pmrm h mrimzcbmicbth fc cidmemocbs fcvci scr ghbstruéfms ghi imtcrnmns nipcricívcns c prhactmfms pmrm pcrintnr m enipczm c nbspcïçh fhs pnshs c mtrís fms prmtcecnrms. Ms írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth fcvci scr enipms ghi uim jrcquábgnm prcfctcrinbmfm.
==.:.6 Mrimzcbmicbth fc prhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms ==.:.6.= [rhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms ghi phtcbgnme fc ghbtminbmïçh fhs menicbths fcvci scr1 n. nn.
Gemrmicbtc rhtuemfhs, nfcbtngmbfh c ghrrcsphbfcbfh mh ghbtcñfh fc scus rcgnpncbtcs< Nbgeuéfhs ci ui rconstrh mtume fc thfhs hs prhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms quc cstçh mrimzcbmfhs bm ubnfmfc< c nnn. Ghipecicbtmfhs ghi Jng`ms fc Nbjhrimïçh fc Wcourmbïm fc [rhfuths ]uéinghs (JNW[]) mtumenzmfms c fnsphbndnenzmfms m thfh h pcsshme.
==.:.6.4 H mrimzcbmicbth fc prhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms fcvc scr1 n.
Ehgmenzmfh ci uim írcm ghi snbmenzmïçh mprhprnmfm, nbfngmbfh quc m írcm fcstnbm-sc m mrimzcbmicbth pcrnohsh< nn. Ghbtrhemfh, dehqucívce c mgcssévce mpcbms m pcsshme trcnbmfh bh mrimzcbmicbth c ush fc prhfuths quéinghs< nnn. Mfcqumfmicbtc vcbtnemfh< nv. Mrimzcbmfh bhs ehgmns fcstnbmfhs, c bçh insturmfhs (phr cxcipeh, ormu menicbtégnh scpmrmfh fc ormu bçh menicbtégnh)<
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
v. [rhactmfh fc ihfh quc pcstngnfms, rmtngnfms, juinombtcs c nbsctngnfms scami mrimzcbmfhs scpmrmfmicbtc fc smbntnzmbtcs c fctcrocbtcs< c vn. Mrimzcbmfh fc jhrim c bçh ghehgmr ci pcrnoh h prhfuth mgmdmfh hu ms supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi h prhfuth.
Stcbséenhs fc prhgcssmicbth c cidmemocbs bçh fcvci scr mrimzcbmfhs ci írcms usmfms pmrm mrimzcbmr prhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms. ==.:.6.7 [rhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms fcvci scr ghrrctmicbtc rhtuemfhs c1 n. nn.
Ssmfhs mpcbms fc mghrfh ghi ms nbstruïócs fh jmdrngmbtc< Ghbtrhemfhs, pmrm prcvcbnr ghbtminbmïçh hu pcrnoh pmrm imtîrnms-prnims c imtcrnmns fc cidmemoci, prhfuth ci prhgcssh, prhfuths mgmdmfhs hu supcrjégncs fc ghbtmth ghi h prhfuth< nnn. Fcvhevnfhs ës írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth mprhprnmfms, mp÷s h ush< c nv. Cstmr ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi m econsemïçh bmgnhbme c ehgme.
==.:.6.6 Hs suprnicbths fnírnhs fc prhfuths quéinghs usmfhs pmrm smbntnzmïçh ghbtébum fm íoum, ghih ghmfauvmbtc fc tcgbhehonm hu pmrm enipczm fc cicroábgnm fc cqunpmicbths c supcrjégncs ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths, phfci scr mrimzcbmfhs fcbtrh hu bms prhxninfmfcs fc uim írcm fc prhgcssmicbth, fcsfc quc h mgcssh ë nbstmemïçh fc mrimzcbmicbth fc prhfuths quéinghs scam rcstrnth mpcbms mh pcsshme muthrnzmfh. ==.:.6.3 H pcsshme quc imbnpuem prhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms, nbgeunbfh pcstngnfms c prhfuths quéinghs fc enipczm fcvc1 n.
Wcr thtmeicbtc trcnbmfh bm bmenfmfc fhs prhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms, scu mrimzcbmicbth, imbnpuemïçh c ush< nn. Tcgcdcr cqunpmicbth fc prnicnrhs shghrrhs c cqunpmicbth fc prhtcïçh nbfnvnfume (C[N)< c nnn. Omrmbtnr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghi hs rcqunsnths mfcqumfhs fc nfcbtngmïçh, mrimzcbmicbth, ush, fcsgmrtc c enipczm.
==.:.6.: M ubnfmfc fcvc fcsgmrtmr prhfuths quéinghs, pcstngnfms, sudstäbgnms t÷xngms c cidmemocbs vmznms, hdshectms c bçh utnenzmfms fc mghrfh ghi hs rcqunsnths c omrmbtnr quc ms cidmemocbs prniírnms1 n. Bçh scami rcutnenzmfms< nn. Wcami scorcomfms c mrimzcbmfms ci scourmbïm mbtcs fm ghectm< c nnn. Wcami fcsgmrtmfms phr icnh fc ui jhrbcgcfhr mprhvmfh.
==.:.6.? Ci gmsh fc vmzmicbth pcrnohsh, m ubnfmfc fcvc1 n. nn.
Vcr nbstruïócs fc enipczm fc vmzmicbths, pmrm omrmbtnr quc h vmzmicbth scam mfcqumfmicbtc ghbtnfh< c Cstmr cqunpmfm ghi cqunpmicbth fc prhtcïçh nbfnvnfume (C[N), lnts fc vmzmicbth c cqunpmicbth fc enipczm
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.:.3 [rítngms fc gmrrcomicbth, trmbsphrtc c fcsgmrrcomicbth ==.:.3.= Ms prítngms mpengmfms furmbtc h gmrrcomicbth, trmbsphrtc c fcsgmrrcomicbth fc menicbths fcvci scr fhguicbtmfms, nipecicbtmfms c prhactmfms pmrm imbtcr ms ghbfnïócs fc mrimzcbmicbth mprhprnmfms c m nbtcornfmfc fh prhfuth. Hs menicbths fcvci scr gmrrcomfhs, trmbsphrtmfhs c fcsgmrrcomfhs ci ghbfnïócs mfcqumfms, pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh gruzmfm. ==.:.3.4 Zcéguehs (phr cxcipeh, gminb`ócs/vmbs/ghbtánbcrcs) usmfhs pmrm trmbsphrtmr menicbths fcbtrh c jhrm fm ubnfmfc fcvci scr nbspcgnhbmfhs mbtcs fh gmrrcomicbth, pmrm omrmbtnr quc cstcami eniphs, ci dhi cstmfh fc ghbscrvmïçh, mfcqumfhs pmrm m bmenfmfc c sci hfhrcs hu hutrms ghbfnïócs quc phssmi mjctmr bcomtnvmicbtc h prhfuth. ==.:.3.7 Zcéguehs (phr cxcipeh, gminb`ócs/vmbs/ghbtánbcrcs) fcvci scr prhtconfhs ghbtrm mfuetcrmïçh, usmbfh emgrcs hu hutrhs fnsphsntnvhs hu snstcims mghrfmfhs c mgcntívcns. ==.:.3.6 Ms fhgms fc gmrrcomicbth c fcsgmrrcomicbth fcvci scr prhactmfms pmrm prhtcocr h prhfuth furmbtc ms hpcrmïócs. Ms prítngms fc gmrrcomicbth fcvci scr prhactmfms pmrm inbninzmr m cxphsnïçh fcsbcgcssírnm fh prhfuth m ghbfnïócs prcaufngnmns ë imbutcbïçh fm nbtcornfmfc fh prhfuth c fm cidmemoci furmbtc h gmrrcomicbth c trmbsphrtc. ==.:.3.3 ghbourmïócs Ms ubnfmfcs rcjrnocrmfms fcvci h prhfuth bm maustmfms, tcipcrmturm rcqucrnfm.c Ms rcqucrnfm. fc tcipcrmturm fmimbtcr ubnfmfc fcvci scr vcrngmfms rconstrmfms mbtcs fh gmrrcomicbth, c m tcipcrmturm fh prhfuth fcvc scr rconstrmfm ci nbtcrvmehs rcouemrcs furmbtc h gmrrcomicbth, ghbjhric mpengívce. ==.:.3.: M ubnfmfc fc rcjrnocrmïçh fcvc cstmr sciprc hpcrmgnhbme c ms vcrngmïócs fm hpcrmïçh fm ubnfmfc, fms vcfmïócs fm phrtm c fm tcipcrmturm fc mrimzcbmicbth fcvci scr ghbfuznfms m nbtcrvmehs rcouemrcs furmbtc h träbsnth. ==.:.3.? Bm g`comfm, mbtcs fc mdrnr ms phrtms, ms ghbourmïócs fc tcipcrmturm fc mrimzcbmicbth c fc hpcrmïçh fm ubnfmfc fc rcjrnocrmïçh fh vcégueh fc trmbsphrtc fc menicbths fcvci scr vcrngmfms c rconstrmfms. M fcsgmrom fcvc scr ghbgeuéfm fc jhrim cgncbtc c ms tcipcrmturms fh prhfuth fcvci scr rconstrmfms bh nbégnh fm hpcrmïçh fc fcsgmrrcomicbth c m nbtcrvmehs rcouemrcs furmbtc h fcsgmrrcomicbth. ==.:.3.0 Ms prítngms fc fcsgmrrcomicbth fcvci scr prhactmfms pmrm inbninzmr m cxphsnïçh fcsbcgcssírnm fh prhfuth m ghbfnïócs prcaufngnmns ë imbutcbïçh fm nbtcornfmfc fh prhfuth c fm cidmemoci. ==.?
Wcpmrmïçh fc jubïócs
==.?.= [rhgcsshs fc meth rnsgh ==.?.=.= H prhgcssmicbth prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths fc meth rnsgh rnsgh fcvc scr ghbfuznfh shd ghbfnïócs ghbtrhemfms, fc ihfh quc írcms scbsévcns, bms qumns h menicbth fc meth rnsgh tcb`m pmssmfh phr uim ctmpm fc ―ceninbmïçh’, uim ―nbtcrvcbïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths’ hu cstcam suacnth ë imbnpuemïçh p÷s-prhgcssh, scami prhtconfms/ scorcomfms fc hutrhs prhgcsshs, imtîrnms-prnims hu pcsshme quc imbnpuec imtîrnmsprnims, pmrm omrmbtnr quc m ghbtminbmïçh gruzmfm scam inbninzmfm. ==.?.=.4 H mr midncbtc ci írcms fc meth rnsgh fcvc scr mbmensmfh pceh icbhs mbumeicbtc, pmrm ghbrimr quc bçh rcprcscbtm ui rnsgh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
?7
[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.?.=.7 Ms írcms bms qumns prhgcsshs fc meth rnsgh sçh ghbfuznfhs fcvci scr mtcbfnfms mpcbms pceh pcsshme fcfngmfh m cssm jubïçh. ==.?.=.6 H pcsshme cbvhevnfh ci írcms fc meth rnsgh rnsgh fcvci usmr ubnjhrics c gmeïmfhs eniphs, hu rhupms fc prhtcïçh tciphrírnms, mh cbtrmr ci írcms fc meth rnsgh. Hs phbths fc mgcssh fh pcsshme fcvci scr ehgmenzmfhs, prhactmfhs c cqunpmfhs pmrm pcrintnr quc h pcsshme usc rhupm fc prhtcïçh fnjcrcbgnmfm c imbtcb`m h meth pmfrçh fc `noncbc pcsshme, pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth. ==.?.=.3 Hs phbths fc trmbsjcrábgnm fc prhfuths fcvci scr ehgmenzmfhs c prhactmfhs pmrm quc bçh ghiprhictmi m scorcomïçh fc meth rnsgh c inbninzci h rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh gruzmfm.
==.?.4 Fcsghbocemicbth fc menicbths ==.?.4.= H fcsghbocemicbth fc menicbths fcvc scr scr rcmenzmfh ci cqunpmicbths c smems smems mprhprnmfhs pmrm m bmenfmfc. H cqunpmicbth pmrm fcsghbocemicbth fc íoum fcvc scr fc uxh ghbtébuh, pmrm omrmbtnr quc m tmxm fc trhgm fc íoum c m tcipcrmturm bçh ghbtrndumi pmrm m fctcrnhrmïçh hu ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth. H cxgcssh fc íoum fcvc scr fnrcgnhbmfh mh snstcim fc frcbmoci bh pnsh, bçh pmrm h pnsh, hu fcvc scr mfcqumfmicbtc cbgmbmfh. ==.?.4.4 Ms nbstmemïócs pmrm fcsghbocemicbth bh mr fcvci scr prhactmfms pmrm fcsghbocemr fcsghbocemr menicbths shd ghbfnïócs ghbtrhemfms, m uim tmxm c tcipcrmturm quc bçh ghbtrndum pmrm m fctcrnhrmïçh hu ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth. ==.?.4.7 Fcvc scr jcntm prhvnsçh prhvnsçh pmrm m ghbtcbïçh c fcsgmrtc rcouemr fc gmnxms c cidmemocbs usmfms fc prhfuths fcsghbocemfhs, pmrm quc bçh `mam rnsgh pmrm h prhfuth.
==.?.7 Ghbtrhec fc ghbtminbmïçh phr imtîrnm cstrmb`m ==.?.7.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth phr imtîrnm cstrmb`m fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs, nipecicbtmfhs c ghiubngmfhs m thfh h pcsshme. Fcvci scr rcmenzmfms nbspcïócs (ghbsuetc 4.3.6.7) pmrm omrmbtnr quc m jídrngm c hs cqunpmicbths pcrimbcïmi ci dhms ghbfnïócs, quc hs cqunpmicbths bçh sc fcsprcbfmi bci sc fctcrnhrci, c cstcami envrcs fc phtcbgnmns ghbtminbmbtcs. ==.?.7.4 Tcgnpncbtcs, cqunpmicbths c hutrhs utcbséenhs jcnths fc vnfrh, phrgcembm, gcräingm, gcräingm, jrmsghs emdhrmthrnmns fc vnfrh hu hutrhs imtcrnmns sninemrcs bçh fcvci scr pcrintnfhs ci írcms fc prhgcssmicbth/ghbtmth ghi menicbths (cxgcth qumbfh h prhfuth cstnvcr ghbtnfh ci cidmemoci jcntm ghi cstcs imtcrnmns, hu jhrci usmfhs nbstruicbths fc icfnïçh ghi tmipms fc vnfrh bhs ihstrmfhrcs hu tcriöictrhs fc icrgñrnh ci vnfrh jhrci cxnonfhs pcem rcouemicbtmïçh). Wc hdacths fc vnfrh hu imtcrnme sninemr jhrci bcgcssírnhs bms zhbms fc imbnpuemïçh/ ghbtmth ghi menicbths, cecs fcvci scr enstmfhs ci ui nbvcbtírnh fhs ntcbs fc vnfrh, nbgeunbfh ehgmenzmïçh c ghbfnïçh. ==.?.7.7 Fcvci scr rcmenzmfms nbspcïócs rcouemrcs rcouemrcs fms zhbms zhbms fc imbnpuemïçh/ghbtmth ghi menicbths (ghbsuetc 4.3.6.7) pmrm omrmbtnr quc cstcami envrcs fc vnfrh hu hutrhs imtcrnmns scice`mbtcs c pmrm cstmdcecgcr iufmbïms bm ghbfnïçh fhs hdacths enstmfhs bh nbvcbtírnh fhs ntcbs fc vnfrh. ==.?.7.6 Ms tmipms fc vnfrh fhs ihstrmfhrcs fhs nbstruicbths ci cqunpmicbths fc prhgcssmicbth c tcriöictrhs fc icrgñrnh ci vnfrh fcvci scr nbspcgnhbmfms bh nbégnh fc gmfm turbh, pmrm ghbrimr quc bçh cstcami fmbngmfms.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.?.7.3 Gmsh hghrrm qucdrm fc vnfrh hu imtcrnme sninemr, m írcm mjctmfm fcvc scr nshemfm, enipm, nbspcgnhbmfm gunfmfhsmicbtc (nbgeunbfh cqunpmicbths fc enipczm c gmeïmfhs) c endcrmfm phr uim pcsshm mfcqumfmicbtc rcsphbsívce, mbtcs fh nbégnh fms hpcrmïócs. ==.?.7.: [mectcs c hutrhs utcbséenhs fc imfcnrm usmfhs ci írcms fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths fcvci scr fcfngmfhs m cssm bmenfmfc, eniphs c imbtnfhs ci dhi cstmfh. Wum ghbfnïçh fcvc scr suacntm ë nbspcïçh rcouemr. ==.?.7.? Hdacths fc ictme sheths ci cqunpmicbths, tmipms fc cqunpmicbths c cstruturms suspcbsms fcvci scr rcihvnfhs hu ricicbtc xmfhs, fc ihfh m bçh rcprcscbtmr ui pcrnoh. ==.?.7.0 Jmgms c nbstruicbths fc ghrtc usmfhs bms hpcrmïócs fc prhgcssmicbth c cidmemoci fcvci scr ghbtrhemfhs, imbtnfhs eniphs c dci ghbscrvmfhs. Cstnectcs ghi eäinbm qucdrívce bçh fcvci scr usmfhs bms írcms fc jmdrngmïçh hu mrimzcbmicbth. ==.?.7.> Zcfmïócs, rhthrcs ci dhrrmg`m c hutrhs cqunpmicbths jcnths fc imtcrnmns quc phfci sc fcsomstmr hu fctcrnhrmr mh ehboh fh tciph fcvci scr nbspcgnhbmfhs rcouemricbtc (ghbsuetc 4.3.6.7).
==.?.6 Fctcgïçh fc hdacths cstrmb`hs ==.?.6.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc, iîthfhs c metrhs jrcquábgnm fc ihbnthrmicbth, gmendrmïçh c ush fc hs tcems, pcbcnrms, hu hutrms tcgbhehonms pmrmimbutcbïçh, rcihvcr hu fctcgtmr imtîrnm cstrmb`m fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. ==.?.6.4 Wc snstcims fc fctcgïçh c/hu rcihïçh jhrci usmfhs, m ubnfmfc fcvc cstmdcecgcr enintcs pmrm m fctcgïçh, ghi dmsc ci uim mvmenmïçh fc rnsgh pmrm h prhfuth c sum cidmemoci, c nfcbtngmr m ehgmenzmïçh fhs fctcgthrcs bh prhgcssh. ==.?.6.7 Hs fctcgthrcs fc ictmns hu hutrms tcgbhehonms fc fctcgïçh fc ghbtminbmbtcs jésnghs fcvci scr rhtnbcnrmicbtc ihbnthrmfhs, vmenfmfhs c vcrngmfhs qumbth ë cgígnm hpcrmgnhbme. H cqunpmicbth fcvc scr prhactmfh pmrm nshemr h prhfuth fcjcntuhsh c nbfngmr sum rcacnïçh. ==.?.6.6 Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fm nbspcïçh fc fnsphsntnvhs fc fctcgïçh fc hdacths cstrmb`hs, fc thfhs hs prhfuths rcacntmfhs hu rcihvnfhs phr cecs c fms mïócs ghrrctnvms c prcvcbtnvms rcsuetmbtcs fms nbspcïócs. ==.?.6.3 Ci thfhs hs gmshs fc ghbtminbmïçh phr imtîrnm cstrmb`m, h ehtc hu ntci mjctmfh fcvc scr nshemfh, nbspcgnhbmfh, rctrmdme`mfh hu fcsgmrtmfh. Fcvci scr imbtnfhs rconstrhs fh fcsgmrtc. ==.0 Fcsgmrtc
fc rcséfuhs
==.0.=.= M rcsphbsmdnenfmfc c hs iîthfhs usmfhs pmrm ghectmr c imbuscmr rcséfuhs scghs, ñinfhs c eéqunfhs, c h ihfh fc mrimzcbí-ehs mbtcs fm rcihïçh fms fcpcbfábgnms, fcvci scr fhguicbtmfhs c nipecicbtmfhs. ==.0.=.4 Hs rcséfuhs fcvci scr rcihvnfhs rcouemricbtc c bçh fcvci scr mguiuemfhs bms írcms fc imbnpuemïçh hu prhgcssmicbth fc menicbths. Ms írcms fcsnobmfms pmrm mrimzcbmicbth fc rcséfuhs fcvci scr imbtnfms enipms c hrombnzmfms mtî quc m ghectm cxtcrbm fc rcséfuhs scam rcmenzmfm.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
?3
[MTVC D1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths ‗ I÷fueh ==
==.0.=.7 Íoums rcsnfumns c csghmfms fc gudms, tmbqucs c hutrhs cqunpmicbths fcvci scr fcsgmrrcomfms fnrctmicbtc bh snstcim fc frcbmoci fh pnsh hu phr ui iîthfh metcrbmtnvh, quc mtcbfm mhs rcqunsnths rcouemt÷rnhs ehgmns. ==.0.=.6 Hs gmrrnb`hs, cqunpmicbths vcnguemrcs fc fcsgmrtc fc rcséfuhs, ghecthrcs c írcms fc mrimzcbmicbth fcvci scr imbtnfhs ci ghbfnïócs fc ush, eniphs en iphs c `noncbnzmfhs rcouemricbtc, pmrm cvntmr m mtrmïçh fc prmoms c mbnimns fmbnb`hs. ==.0.=.3 Fcvc scr prhvnfcbgnmfh h fcsgmrtc mfcqumfh fc thfhs hs rcséfuhs s÷enfhs fh prhgcssmicbth, nbgeunbfh mpmrms, imtcrnme bçh ghicstévce c cidmemocbs usmfms. ==.0.=.: ]umbfh mpengívce, ui prhgcfnicbth fhguicbtmfh fcvc cstmr nipecicbtmfh pmrm h fcsgmrtc ghbtrhemfh fc rcséfuhs fc imtcrnmns ghi imrgm rconstrmfm, ghbsnfcrmfhs fc meth rnsgh pmrm imbnpuemïçh, hu phr hutrhs ihtnvhs. Wc ui scrvnïh fc fcsgmrtc tcrgcnrnzmfh jhr usmfh, h prhgcssh fc fcsgmrtc fcvc scr rcvnsmfh rcouemricbtc pmrm ghbrimr m ghbjhrinfmfc. ==.0.=.? Tcséfuhs bçh ghicstévcns fcsnobmfhs pmrm rmïçh mbnime fcvci scr mrimzcbmfhs c imbnpuemfhs fc jhrim m bçh gmusmr rnsgh pmrm h mbnime hu mh prhgcssmicbth mfngnhbme. Wc fcsbmturmbtcs jhrci usmfhs pmrm nfcbtngmr rcséfuhs bçh ghicstévcns, fcvc scr fcihbstrmfh quc h fcsbmturmbtc bçh rcprcscbtm rnsgh pmrm m smñfc mbnime. ==.0.=.0 Hs rcséfuhs imbtnfhs bm ubnfmfc mbtcs fh fcsgmrtc fcvci scr mrimzcbmfhs scpmrmfmicbtc, ë prhvm fc nbscths, n bscths, c ehgmenzmfhs hbfc bçh rcprcscbtci bcb`ui pcrnoh. ==.0.=.> Fcvc scr prhvnfcbgnmfh h fcsgmrtc mfcqumfh fc thfhs hs rcséfuhs eéqunfhs fms írcms fc prhgcssmicbth c imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths. Hs rcséfuhs eéqunfhs fcvci scr rcihvnfhs fh midncbtc fc prhgcssmicbth ghbtnbumicbtc, hu scr imbtnfhs ci uim írcm fc mrimzcbmicbth fcsnobmfm ci rcgnpncbtcs jcg`mfhs mbtcs fh fcsgmrtc, hbfc bçh rcprcscbtci bcb`ui pcrnoh. ==.0.=.=; Ms rcvnsócs fm cgígnm fm ocstçh fc rcséfuhs fcvci jmzcr pmrtc fms nbspcïócs rcouemrcs fm ubnfmfc (ghbsuetc 4.3.6.7), c hs rcsuetmfhs fcssms nbspcïócs fcvci scr nbgeuéfhs bhs rcemt÷rnhs fc nbspcïçh rcecvmbtcs.
?:
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
MBCPH =11 Gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths W]J
Mbcxh =1 Gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths W]J h t b c
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, h b n c v t h c d n c h e , f s m h v o , h , s s h r t c u v h m , h c r b t é b u s c , , n h e . u e b c g n v b N h i , c t r c h m h ç p v s n b b s b s m c r t t m
m c s n r f r t h h o h t b c = c t c i n m s e h G f m
c h b c c n s p f f c s s m p c c f , m h f f b 1 m m n ç s f f t h c c r b r n i t n r s r c c u m m m o i n s h v r v h e u s s p s c , c c f r t c r m t m b t c i b s c s c m g u v m c n , m b f m n f i i n j o h u h c h e e h g V i V s V m G b N • • • • m v n s b c t b n c
s
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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MBCPH =11 Gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths W]J
s h t u f h r p c f h e p i c x C
h ç ï n r g s c F
s h e s n u f c v ÷ í i g n e c s p h m o J n f ] ÷ W G m f m r r s m h h p t p N c s h W g J h s O C ) h c c m ç n f f r ï h h m m f o p g n c n t h g t b m s r u C c m G ( g f
, s n , s i s m s c n s c . h x e n m m z u t u . i n t c r b c h c t u c h v c s b p u f c h < n n h o m í f < s m c h g r z i m c c n n t s m f e f v V h f m n r t c e e c r s @ h v c , m n m v m e o c s h h m n x c h S t n c g t r m n m u h t s ç ï g h g c c v p h u s f c t f u í b e c c d m e m s b e s u f h r h z o s h n t c m c c g i h s t ( t r u h t c é f c v h c t u h v m x c s i u u m e h s g c s i t m c t m t f f u b ç h h s h h j s r c ï f ` c h ç m e m t m f r r r s m n t p ï t h s i p u r p c t h m n j r n c m u i , u c f u r i z u t u e b n o n j s t h e h e , c b m g h g h s n o c r s c e n b c s h s c c 1 s b n n n c b h m ) c g i n t é t b m p n c t n v u e m 4 u n d h n g s e s r c e h s m f g 7 m g t g c m p ç m c i b M g h N s r c B e i • • • •
, e s m r r , c s m s n b m t u h f n h f i d m m c c g u d m , a n o s c c s í , f h c v r m s o í n u g , . s o q é h s e c ` m t i g n b c î j b n e m v s m r g , ÷ h c c g c s e o m n r g m n í j i h ` t s c g î m r n m g , o f u h r n e u e d g o c c b c b N í o c d
r i h h c p g , i s i h c m c ç g s o s h s m u f m f e r t c c p h x c f , . i s u , h h q ç u h i s c s p n s g t h o t c r í s n m c ` p v h j m s b g i h h b h h f g h g t , b h c g c t , h n s h f i u n m b n e e z g m i c m h b d r N g
s h r h c c t m ç t f u h r ï b m s h u t x m c h t n u t i b m h m r g n r m c d V r c c g d @ n i c p d t h m j . m f S i s s h g m c s s h ç c h i h t r c f ï ç c c f g t h m e m e z m h t b t s s c ` g m n n r h p m r m e n c ç r t m c s c b h c t f s p b s s m s s c s n m c h r m c c s s p h p n s t c s r - b z s m t g h f c m c c c t e u m r h g g n i f h m s ` e n n h g p e g r u i c M m m p h c f j
c h s ç m ï s c s , v m c s h z ó m g b n c í ` r c s t , u u ï u , s g m h c r r c h j t h ç s c t e c b p c s ï t f n n p c i . m h r p h m c t s b i , e s f c s h ÷ i c x c c c c p c g r g c g o f c b u o r h f r b c h m c g i V h @ s c s n b h p p ( s g S c f m , s c s c h t h m s t n h u h ó ç c t g g n m m ï ï h e í e f e ç n b ï c p n . h c m u s u s m d e m s r t g n c n h i - b t g m t f m c c . h b t m p n t u r c s d ) h c p g î h m f p o h m î n s i e r j r s ç t h r c c ç m m p m r c s M f j m B c p f v B p g
, . s c m c c t f b g c m s c e h h - s h f h , t m g b h c f t c f d h b ë ` b i c m s c g h f h c i b n p b t b f m c t c s z s t c s m h s h ç i c i c , ï g m h r h s s s m n m t h r f t n c i p c h n c g t j h c b h r c m i c h c o f g p c s m c h t e - e c h m m m f m s f h g d n n m h g f e e h p i b m t ` M c u d m g
m m ï r b 1 m h m J p t r b u ] h J c s s W o c f [ c s f s D h n 1 t h W h = i g h = m h t é t c b ç s b m h s u t f s e b f c ï t h c i u c h c m b c f g r h i p n n g c i t ÷ h i o n e n c s r r c e e n f M d n p f m ÷ c m i e C s I G f J M • •
m m ï r b 1 m h m J p t r b u ] h J c s s W o c f [ c s f s D h n 1 t h W h = i g h = m h t é t c b ç s b m h s u t f s e b f c ï t h c i u c h c m b c f g r h i p n n g c i t ÷ h i o n e n c s r r c e e n f M d n p f m ÷ c m i e C s I G f J M • •
m m ï r b 1 m h m J p t r b u ] h J c s s W o c f [ c s f s D h n 1 t h W h = i g h = m h t é t c b ç s b m h s u t f s e b f c ï t h c i u c h c m b c f g r h i p n n g c i t ÷ h i o n e n c s r r c e e n f M d n p f m ÷ c m i e C s I G f J M • •
s s ) n h c h t t s v n b í c c s t t i h b s t c s i c c n h m u s s s f n n d t s h m u m r t i f 1 c g p c m i h n o Z h e r c c b h r p G [ f v m m (
s s ) n h c h t t s v n b í c c s t t i h b s t c s i c c n h m u s s s f n n d t s h m u m r t i f 1 c g p c m i h n o Z h e r c c b h r p G [ f v m m (
s s ) n h c h t t s v n b í c c s t t i h b s t c s i c c n h m u s s s f n n d t s h m u m r t i f 1 c g p c m i h n o Z h e r c c b h r p G [ f v m m (
s c , ó ï h t m s b r c c m p g n i h t m p t c î m V s e b @ s C S m
s m h f t n b d c c d i m c s h s e c c g o h r c [ f
c c f s m h e ç m s ï d m t , h g s n n c j r c d g b m h h J f g
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c m n f s r h h 3 t h o r t b c = c c t s n i m h e G f m
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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MBCPH =11 Gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths W]J
. ÷ n m s c s m g d c m r m h r f b s é i p c t , n c s m h r f m u r p b t s n m c h b f t i m s s b c t n h t m v r n u u i e t c u e f s n p g h r u b N p i s
. m r ) m m 3 = s m p c t s h , r s e g s m t u h h p c u s b f s r s c b m s g t h i - h h n f e g m e ( n g s c n i m e c h . b c h t c ç s ç m c s o f b s p h ï h ï r m m t h c t g b h i i u n c t n t s u t c f h s s t h h s i n c c e h r b s c p c m c f , h n f m s f f e i n r e h m s u s n n n r g h m f c m n b n o n m o u n c i h n i e i t j n g ñ r ç b b m c b N c r m B m g
. ) [ N G s ( h c n g c g f e é m u s i u p m r c t o q b m s c b h n b t f v m u u s a f c e c t f h r g b m h m g p s g , c m n n m r h n i c é d g o t n u t h s e e b n c h s u m b e i g r g n e m c b N m t p
c s m t s h . p s i m h s g t h s b c c ó ï i m m r n g n u e f g c b i N
, m t r h u t b c s s n i h t i b , m b h c c ç z i c ï m e m p g n r i r u s d m c c m j f . c s ë i r f c c c m m s o m - e f t b m m n b c g d n u e i p i e m n M c b m
s h t c b c f s i n r n e m m h i c p n f h b m h i ç u c ï s s m b h g n r h t g n s d g h î m j m i . ë s h h f ç c h s f n - m s ï m m m b n g t n n e s i n i p c b t s M f m c
s . t s c c c s h f b r t m h c b v t t c r a u c s h f s i n p m h e , s b m h b h g s c ç m ï r t c h f m c s f h g n r h n h s g m t c u b d t b i m m c é j n i u o m ë i q e h s c m s h s c s b g - c h t b h g m z u m c r g f t n p e i p r h r c c M m p f f
, c m r f u t t h s n b c i , i h m ç b ï c m z g n r m . r s d i n m m m j i ë c n b t c c m s r - h s m p s c g n e b ó ï p m M r t m r
s h e s n u f c v ÷ í i g n e c s p h m o J n f ] ÷ W G
m m ï i m b c r m t r s m h s n u h s h s p t h o ç t t c s ï b h J [ b c b W t s f m h c D c s c c g i 1 i c b n r s r ? i r h f c d e c m t = m c m t t s e h b h i s p b c e c p b n m J o e c c u u n u g s f M 1 J W n i f i i h ÷ ÷ c ] c e c r c n e G f W f M e C I p f m
h m m ç ï r ï b 1 m h c m m p t f r J i b s n u ] m n h J c h s o W c r t f [ D t m h c s f m s C s i b n W t h h p c h 1 i ç 6 m c b ç s f t s c b ï m h b s e f c ï h i m n m s e u c n c i m t h i i m n g b c f m i n n g c t ÷ h m r o e n c n s r c m t s e i f M r n i p f p c n ÷ c d e b C s I m G f J M M • •
m m ï r b 1 m h m p t r J u ] h J b c s s o W c f [ c s f s D h h 1 i t n W h = = m u g h h é t c t t s ç s b m h e s f b f b c ï h h c t c i r u m b c f g p c h i i n n g c t ÷ h i o e n n c n s r c e e f M r i p f m n ÷ c d e C s I m G f J M • •
m h h m ï ç r ç b 1 ï ï m m m p r r J m T u ] h J o W c f [ c f c s f s D 1 h W h h 7 h t ç e c b ç t m h e ï f c ï b c u m i u m e h i c i f m i n n g n t ÷ f o e n c n s h r b e i f M r n d C s I p m ÷ c m b G f J M • •
m f m r r s m h h p t p N c s h W g J h s O C
c f s h u s h m n h m c s s r s s t o h h h u i ç t h n b h t h c ï s ç t n g m e ï u g e g b u h é h u v c t u f é n b f t i g s b u b f h a f g m h r c r u n c c f c h h r p q d f p r i t i [ n m n u m e s o h c m n 1 c h b e L f d h u n m g f b m
c u i r h e e j e e h b c G v , e í e h g g , n G , e Z e e p G G m
c f s h u s h m n h m c s s r s s t o h h h u i ç t h n b h t h c ï s ç t n g m e ï u g e g b u h é h u v c t u f é n b f t i g s b u b f h a f g m h r c r u n c c f c h h r p q d f p r i t i [ n m n u m e s o h c m n 1 c h b e L f d h u n m g f b m
c e f m h i ç n ï b u m f h h r ç [ 1 ï m F r
c f s h h t s c ç b r ï c m t m i b g n c c r e i d p n e m u J s m
r c m f m h p c h ç s f ç h ï t s ï n m b g c m m n r i i n n i d n e b t s m J m m c
c f c s n c m f t o h b h s e ç m ï v h h t m u b b a g g n c c r f V i d m n e m h c J G f M
c e f m h i n ç ï b m m g h n r ç d ï m m J r
4 7
7 7
6 7
s h t u f h r p c f h e p i c x C
h ç ï n r g s c F
) h c c m ç n f f r ï h h m m f o p g n c n t h g t b m s r u C c m G ( g f
, , s c h f g n ñ t
c m n f s r h h r t h = o t b c 7 c c t s n i m h e G f m
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
03
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
Mbcxh 41 Oehssírnh M Mïçh ghrrctnvm1 Mïçh pmrm ceninbmr m gmusm fc uim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc fctcgtmfm ci uim mufnthrnm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, ui fcsvnh nfcbtngmfh ci uim mufnthrnm fc qumenfmfc hu hutrm sntumïçh nbfcscaívce, c cvntmr rcghrrábgnm. Vmidîi g`mimfm fc ―mïçh ghrrctnvm c prcvcbtnvm’ (ghbsuetc ―mbíensc fc gmusm rmnz’). Mgrcfntmïçh1 Mprhvmïçh phr ui hrombnsih fc mgrcfntmïçh, icidrh fh Nbtcrbmtnhbme Mggrcfntmtnhb Jhrui (NMJ, J÷rui fc Grcfcbgnmicbth Nbtcrbmgnhbme) c snobmtírnh fh Iuetnemtcrme Tcghobntnhb Morccicbt, (IEM, Mghrfh fc Tcghb`cgnicbth Iuetnemtcrme), ghbrimbfh quc h snstcim fc ocstçh fc ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh cstí ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi m bhrim NWH/NCG =?;:31 4;=4 (hu vcrsçh sudscqucbtc) c ghi hs rcqunsnths fhs Grntîrnhs pmrm Hrombnsihs fc Gcrtngmïçh W]J, c quc h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh î mfcqumfh pmrm rcgcdcr uim engcbïm pceh W]JN pmrm prcstmr h scrvnïh bhs tcrrnt÷rnhs engcbgnmfhs. Mfvcrtábgnm rcouemt÷rnm1 Sim bhtngmïçh hu mvnsh jhrime, fc uim muthrnfmfc rcecvmbtc pmrm uim ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm, shdrc uim vnhemïçh fms cxnoábgnms ecomns. Mecroábnghs1 Ci ocrme, prhtcébms fc hghrrábgnm bmturme ci menicbths hu scus fcrnvmfhs, quc gmusmi rcsphstms niubcs mbhrimns. Menicbth1 Vhfm sudstäbgnm, ocrmeicbtc fc hrnoci mbnime hu vcoctme, nbtcbgnhbmeicbtc ghbsuinfm phr scrcs `uimbhs, scam prhgcssmfm, pmrgnmeicbtc prhgcssmfm hu bçh prhgcssmfm. [hfc nbgeunr íoum, dcdnfms megh÷engms c bçh megh÷engms, imtcrnmns nbgeuéfhs ci ui prhfuth menicbtégnh prhgcssmfh c qumequcr hutrm sudstäbgnm nfcbtngmfm pcem rcouemicbtmïçh (econsemïçh) ghih menicbth.
Menicbths fc meth rnsgh1 Menicbths hu prhfuths menicbtégnhs ghi mtrnduths ghb`cgnfhs pmrm grcsgnicbth ingrhdnhe÷ongh, ghbtminbmïçh jésngm hu quéingm, hu quc phfci pcrintnr m shdrcvnvábgnm fm hrm ingrhdnmbm pmthoábngm hu hutrhs ghbtminbmbtcs quc, sc bçh ghbtrhemfhs, phfci ghbtrndunr pmrm gmusmr fhcbïms bh ghbsuinfhr. [hfc tmidîi sc mpengmr m ui menicbth ghbsnfcrmfh fc meth rnsgh phr ui gencbtc, fcgemrmfh fc meth rnsgh pcem rcouemicbtmïçh fc menicbths rcecvmbtc hu quc tcb`m gmusmfhphr uimenicbths. surth ormvc fc fhcbïms trmbsintnfms
Menicbths pmrm mbnimns fc cstnimïçh1 Vhfm sudstäbgnm fcstnbmfm mh ghbsuih phr mbnimns fhiîstnghs c mbnimns fc cstnimïçh. Nbgeun menicbths c pctnsghs scghs c ñinfhs, prhfuths scin-grus, cbemtmfhs, rcjrnocrmfhs hu ghbocemfhs pmrm mbnimns fc cstnimïçh. Metm fnrcïçh fm ubnfmfc1 [csshms bh bévce imns meth bm ubnfmfc, rcsphbsívcns pcem hpcrmïçh fhs bco÷gnhs c m nipecicbtmïçh c ice`hrnm fh snstcim fc ocstçh fm qumenfmfc c scourmbïm fc menicbths. Mbtcgäimrm prcssurnzmfm1 Si cspmïh quc pcrintc m pmssmoci fc pcsshms cbtrc ui midncbtc c hutrh, ghi fums phrtms ci sîrnc quc bçh mdrci sniuetmbcmicbtc, inbninzmbfh mssni m trmbsjcrábgnm fc prmoms, phcnrm, hfhrcs hu mr fc uim írcm pmrm hutrm.
Mbume/mbumeicbtc1 Hghrrcbfh uim vcz phr mbh. Mbíensc fm gmusm rmnz1 Si iîthfh fc rcsheuïçh fc prhdecims, quc nfcbtngm c rcshevc hs prhdecims prnbgnpmns quc gmusmi uim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc, fcsvnh hu hutrh cvcbth mfvcrsh pmrm m scourmbïm hu qumenfmfc fhs menicbths.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
0:
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
M M[[GG (OJWN)1 Mbíensc fc pcrnohs c phbths grétnghs fc ghbtrhec. Si snstcim quc nfcbtngm, mvmenm, ghbtrhem c ihbnthrm pcrnohs rcemgnhbmfhs ë scourmbïm fc menicbths, cspcgngmfhs pceh Ghfcx Menicbtmrnus (GMG/TG[ =-=>:>).
Mr midncbtc1 Mr mtihsjîrngh fcbtrh fc uim nbstmemïçh fc menicbths jcg`mfm. Írcm fc meth rnsgh1 Sim smem hu írcm scorcomfm, hbfc prhgcsshs fc menicbths fc meth rnsgh sçh rcmenzmfhs c quc cxnoci ui bévce imns meth fc prítngms `nonábngms pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh fc menicbths fc meth rnsgh phr hrombnsihs pmthoábnghs. Írcm fc nbspcïçh1 Sim cstmïçh fcsnobmfm pr÷xnim mhs prhgcsshs, ghi m bmenfmfc fc ihbnthrmr mtrnduths c pmräictrhs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c/hu qumenfmfc. Mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms1 Ms mïócs fc ghectm fms cvnfábgnms hdactnvms fc ui ehgme, fnjcrcbtc fh ehgme jésngh fm hrombnzmïçh mufntmfm, ghih pmrtc fc uim mufnthrnm ghipectm fhs snstcims. Mufnthr1 Ghbsuetc Mufnthr W]J Mufnthrnm1 Ghbsuetc Mufnthrnm W]J Mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc1 H ghiphbcbtc nbtcrbh fc uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh quc rcvnsm hs prhfuthsmc prhgcsshs fm ubnfmfc pmrm fctcrinbmr fhguicbtmïçh c m nipecicbtmïçh cgmzcs fh Wnstcim fc ]umenfmfc hu fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J fm ubnfmfc (ghbsuetc ―vnsntm nb ehgh’).
Mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh1 Sim mufnthrnm fh Wnstcim W]J ghipecth fc uim ubnfmfc quc bçh jhn prcvnmicbtc gcrtngmfm hu jhn prcvnmicbtc gcrtngmfm, ims rcqucr gcrtngmïçh, phns m gcrtngmïçh mbtcrnhr jhn rcvhomfm hu fcsghbtnbumfm vheubtmrnmicbtc pcem ubnfmfc.
Mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh1 Sim mufnthrnm scicstrme (scns (:) icscs) fh Wnstcim W]J fc uim ubnfmfc, hbfc m ubnfmfc rcgcdcu uim gemssngmïçh ―G - ghbjhric’ bm ñetnim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh, hu sc m ubnfmfc cstí suspcbsm ci rcsuetmfh fc uim gemssngmïçh ―J - jme`m bm mufnthrnm’ ci uim mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh. Mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm1 Sim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh, ghbfuznfm uim vcz m gmfm trás (7) mbhs, c trnbtm (7;) fnms mbtcs hu mp÷s m fmtm fc mbnvcrsírnh fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme c sci mvnsh prîvnh ë ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm W]J. H prnicnrh gngeh fc trás mbhs ghicïm bm fmtm fm mufnthrnm nbngnme fc gcrtngmïçh. Bhs prnicnrhs mbhsuim fc gcrtngmïçh, m ubnfmfc fcvc trás rcgcdcr mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm. M pmrtnr fnssh, m mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm hghrrc m gmfm trás mbhs. Sim ubnfmfc phfc rcbubgnmr mh gngeh fc gcrtngmïçh fc trás mbhs c vheubtmrnmicbtc hptmr phr rcmenzmr mufnthrnms mbumns fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfms. Ms ubnfmfcs ghi mufnthrnms mbumns fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfms sçh rcghb`cgnfms bh gcrtngmfh W]J ghih ―Sbnfmfc scecgnhbmfm W]JN’ (ghbsuetc ―ubnfmfc scecgnhbmfm W]JN’).
Mufnthrnm W]J1 Sim mvmenmïçh snstciítngm c nbfcpcbfcbtc fh Wnstcim fc ]umenfmfc c/hu fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J fc uim ubnfmfc phr ui mufnthr fc qumenfmfc c/hu scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J, pmrm fctcrinbmr sc ms mtnvnfmfcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, hs snstcims fc qumenfmfc, `noncbc c ocstçh sçh rcmenzmfms fc mghrfh ghi m fhguicbtmïçh fh snstcim c guiprci hs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc c/hu Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J, ghbjhric mprhprnmfh, c pmrm vcrngmr sc csscs icgmbnsihs cstçh nipecicbtmfhs fc jhrim cgmz. M mufnthrnm phfc scr ghbfuznfm, ci pmrtc, usmbfh mtnvnfmfcs rcihtms vnm tcgbhehonm fc nbjhrimïçh c ghiubngmïçh (VNG) fc ui ehgme fnjcrcbtc fh ehgme jésngh fm ubnfmfc ci mufnthrnm.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
M Mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh1 Sim mufnthrnm fh Wnstcim fc ]umenfmfc hu Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J fm ubnfmfc, hghrrcbfh ci trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs fh mbnvcrsírnh fh ñetnih fnm fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme. Mufnthr W]J1 Sim pcsshm rconstrmfm pceh W]JN pmrm mufntmr h Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths c/hu ]umenfmfc W]J fc uim ubnfmfc. Si mufnthr fcvc trmdme`mr ci bhic fc ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh. Hs tcrihs ―mufnthr W]J’ c ―mufnthr W]J tcrgcnrnzmfh’ tái h icsih snobngmfh. Muthrnfmfc rcecvmbtc1 Ohvcrbh, ghinssçh hu ghbsce`h cstmtutírnh bmgnhbme, cstmfume hu iubngnpme, quc cstmdcecgc c ghbtrhem ms cxnoábgnms ecomns rcemtnvms ë scourmbïm fc prhfuths moréghems c menicbtégnhs ci thfm m gmfcnm fc suprnicbths.
Mvmenmïçh fm vuebcrmdnenfmfc ë jrmufc ci menicbths1 Sim mvmenmïçh, sninemr ë mvmenmïçh fc rnsgh, fm vuebcrmdnenfmfc fc ui menicbth ë jrmufc ci menicbths. Mvmenmïçh fc rnsgh1 Î h prhgcssh fc fctcrinbmr h bévce fc mïçh bcgcssírnh pmrm prcvcbnr hu ceninbmr ui cvcbth mfvcrsh pmrm m scourmbïm fc menicbths (hu qumenfmfc) hu fctcrinbmr m prhdmdnenfmfc c m ghbscquábgnm fc ui rcsuetmfh mfvcrsh ci tcrihs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths (hu qumenfmfc), sc ms mtnvnfmfcs pembcamfms bçh hghrrcrci ghbjhric cspcrmfh. M mvmenmïçh fc rnsgh jmz pmrtc fc uim cstrmtîonm fc ocstçh fc rnsgh.
D Dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN1 H dmbgh fc fmfhs hbenbc usmfh pceh W]JN pmrm ocrcbgnmr h rconstrh, ms mufnthrnms, m ghbgeusçh fc mïócs ghrrctnvms c m gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc.
G Gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths1 Si csqucim fc gemssngmïçh cstmdcecgnfh pmrm muxnenmr ci uim mdhrfmoci ubnjhric pmrm m ocstçh fh [rhormim W]J, fcbnbfh ms mtnvnfmfcs fc jmdrngmïçh, prhfuïçh, prhgcssmicbth, mrimzcbmicbth, vcbfm bh mtmgmfh, fnstrndunïçh, vmrcah, scrvnïhs fc menicbtmïçh c hutrhs scrvnïhs fh scthr fc menicbths. Ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths sçh mpengmfms mh rconstrh fm ubnfmfc, fh mufnthr, fcbnfh fh nbstruthr fh ghbsuethr, ghbjhric pcehc W]JN.
Gcbtrh fc trcnbmicbth1 Sim cbtnfmfc quc gcecdrhu ui ghbtrmth fc engcbïm ghi h W]JN pmrm jhrbcgcr trcnbmicbths engcbgnmfhs pceh W]JN, nbgeunbfh Vrcnbmicbth ci Nipecicbtmïçh fc Wnstcims W]J, Gursh Mvmbïmfh pmrm [rhssnhbmns fc W]J c Gursh fc Nipecicbtmïçh fhs Jubfmicbths W]J.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
G Gcrtngmfh1 Si fhguicbth hgnme, ci jhrimth mprhvmfh pceh W]JN, cintnfh pmrm uim ubnfmfc phr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh, mtcstmbfh m ghbgeusçh dci-sugcfnfm fc uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c/hu qumenfmfc W]J c/hu uim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh.
Ghmfauvmbtc fc tcgbhehonm (hu muxnenmr fc prhgcssmicbth)1 Vhfms ms sudstäbgnms nbtcbgnhbmeicbtc usmfms bh prhgcssmicbth fc imtîrnms-prnims, menicbths hu scus nborcfncbtcs, pmrm mtcbfcr m uim fctcrinbmfm bmenfmfc tcgbhe÷ongm furmbtc h trmtmicbth hu prhgcssmicbth, ims quc bçh jmzci pmrtc fh prhfuth mgmdmfh.
Gcrtngmïçh1 Si prhgcssh pceh qume ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh W]J ghbrim m ghbjhrinfmfc fh Wnstcim fc ]umenfmfc c/hu Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J fc uim ubnfmfc ghi h G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc c/hu Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J, ghbjhric mprhprnmfh, mp÷s uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh. Hs tcrihs ―gcrtngmr’, ―gcrtngm’ c ―gcrtngmfh’ tái snobngmfhs ghrrcsphbfcbtcs bh [rhormim W]J1 m ghbgeusçh fc uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c/hu qumenfmfc W]J c/hu uim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh.
Ghinssçh Ghfcx Menicbtmrnus (Ghfcx)1 Cbtnfmfc nbtcrbmgnhbmeicbtc rcghb`cgnfm, guah hdactnvh î hrncbtmr c prhihvcr m cemdhrmïçh c h cstmdcecgnicbth fc fcbnïócs, bhrims c rcqunsnths pmrm menicbths, muxnenmr bm sum `mrihbnzmïçh c, mh jmzá-eh, jmgnentmr h ghiîrgnh nbtcrbmgnhbme. M Wcgrctmrnm fm Ghinssçh î ghiphstm phr pcsshme fm Hrombnzmïçh fms Bmïócs Sbnfms pmrm Menicbtmïçh c Morngueturm c fm Hrombnzmïçh Iubfnme fm Wmñfc. M Ghinssçh Ghfcx Menicbtmrnus mfhthu hs prnbgépnhs fh snstcim fc Mbíensc fc [crnohs c [hbths Grétnghs fc Ghbtrhec (M[[GG) ci =>>?.
Gcrtngmïçh fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs1 M gcrtngmïçh fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs cbvhevc m fcsnobmïçh c m gcrtngmïçh fc uim ubnfmfc gcbtrme (hu scam, jmdrngmbtc, cipmghtmfhr, fcp÷snth) menicbtmfm phr uim rcfc fc sudubnfmfcs gcrtngmfms quc rcmenzmi m icsim jubïçh. M ubnfmfc gcbtrme c thfms ms sudubnfmfcs cstçh ehgmenzmfms ci ui ñbngh pmés c hpcrmi shd m icsim econsemïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths (ghbsuetc h Mbcxh 61 Tcqunsnths pmrm gcrtngmïçh fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs)
Ghipctábgnm1 Gmpmgnfmfc fc mpengmr ghb`cgnicbth c `mdnenfmfcs pmrm megmbïmr hs rcsuetmfhs prctcbfnfhs (NWH =>;==).
Gngeh fc gcrtngmïçh1 H pcréhfh mbume cbtrc ms mufnthrnms fc gcrtngmïçh/rcgcrtngmïçh fc uim ubnfmfc. Gencbtc1 Si ghiprmfhr hu pcsshm quc ghiprm prhfuths hu scrvnïhs fm ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm W]J.
Ghbsuethr W]J1 Sim pcsshm rconstrmfm pceh W]JN pmrm muxnenmr bh fcscbvhevnicbth, vmenfmïçh, vcrngmïçh, nipecicbtmïçh c imbutcbïçh fh Wnstcim W]J ci bhic fm ubnfmfc fh gencbtc, bms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths mprhprnmfms mh scu csghph fc rconstrh. Ghrphrmïçh (hu ghrphrmtnvh)1 M imtrnz. Sim cbtnfmfc quc bçh jmdrngm bci imbnpuem h prhfuth, ims supcrvnsnhbm c ghbtrndun pmrm h Wnstcim fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths c/hu Ocstçh fm ]umenfmfc ci uim ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm W]J fc prhprncfmfc fm ghrphrmïçh. Ghrrcïçh1 Mïçh pmrm ceninbmr uim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc fctcgtmfm. Vci h icsih snobngmfh fc ―ghrrnonfh’.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
G Grhbhormim fc vcrngmïçh1 Si grhbhormim fcsgrcvcbfh m jrcquábgnm c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem ghbfuïçh fhs iîthfhs, prhgcfnicbths hu tcstcs mfngnhbmns mhs usmfhs bh ihbnthrmicbth, pmrm fctcrinbmr sc h cstufh M[[GG jhn ghbgeuéfh ghrrctmicbtc, sc h Wnstcim W]J rcecvmbtc cstí ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi h pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c/hu qumenfmfc fc menicbths rcecvmbtc c sc cec ghbtnbum m scr cgmz. G÷fnoh fc prítngms fh scthr1 Bhrims, rcorms hu prhthghehs cstmdcecgnfhs phr oruphs fh scthr quc jhrbcgci fnrctrnzcs prítngms c cspcgégms shdrc ghih mtcbfcr ës econsemïócs c, mh icsih tciph, mtcbfcr ës bcgcssnfmfcs fh scthr.
Gueturm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths (OJWN)1 Zmehrcs, grcbïms c bhrims ghipmrtne`mfms, quc mjctmi m icbtmenfmfc c h ghiphrtmicbth ci rcemïçh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths ci thfm m hrombnzmïçh. Hs cecicbths fm gueturm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths sçh mqucecs fh snstcim fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths, quc m metm fnrcïçh fc uim ciprcsm phfc usmr pmrm ounmr m gueturm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcbtrh fm ciprcsm. Nssh nbgeun, cbtrc hutrhs1 • Ghiubngmïçh shdrc pheétngms pheétngms c rcsphbsmdnenfmfcs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths • Vrcnbmicbth • Jccfdmgl fhs ciprcomfhs shdrc qucstócs rcemgnhbmfms ë scourmbïm fc menicbths • Icfnïçh fh fcscipcb`h.
F Fcjcsm fhs menicbths1 Ghbjhric fcbnfh pcem Moábgnm fc Mfinbnstrmïçh fc Menicbths c Icfngmicbths fhs CSM (SW Jhhf mbf Fruo Mfinbnstrmtnhb), hs csjhrïhs pmrm prcvcbnr m ghbtminbmïçh nbtcbgnhbme fc menicbths phr pcrnohs dnhe÷onghs, jésnghs, quéinghs hu
• Si fcsvnh fc qumenfmfc imnhr î uim hinssçh hu fcgnábgnm bh snstcim fc qumenfmfc, ocrmbfh ghbfnïócs nbsmtnsjmt÷rnms quc mprcscbtmi ui rnsgh snobngmtnvh ë qumenfmfc, c prhvmvceicbtc gmusmrçh m qucdrm fh cecicbth fh
rmfnhe÷onghs bçhbh scami rmzhmvceicbtc prhvívcns fcquc hghrrcr jhrbcgnicbth fc menicbths.
snstcim. Bcb`ui fcsvnh grétngh î ecvmbtmfh ci uim mufnthrnm fc snstcims fc qumenfmfc.
Fcsvnh1 Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc ci rcemïçh mh G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc W]J. Hs fcsvnhs sçh gemssngmfhs fm scounbtc jhrim1 • Si fcsvnh fc qumenfmfc icbhr î uim hinssçh hu fcgnábgnm bh snstcim fc qumenfmfc, ocrmbfh ghbfnïócs nbsmtnsjmt÷rnms quc, sc bçh jhrci rcshevnfms, phfci ecvmr m ui rnsgh ë qumenfmfc, ims prhvmvceicbtc bçh gmusmrçh m qucdrm fh cecicbth fh snstcim.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
C Cecicbths fc dhms prítngms1 [rítngms fc ocstçh c hpcrmïçh quc fcbci ms ice`hrcs prítngms fc imbnpuemïçh c cecicbths fc `noncbc pmrm prhfuïçh, jmdrngmïçh, mrimzcbmicbth, trmbsphrtc c vmrcah fc menicbths c rmïçh mbnime. • Ms Dhms [rítngms Moréghems/Hpcrmgnhbmns (D[Ms/D[Hs) sc mpengmi mhs guetnvhs fc jrutms, vcoctmns c orçhs • Ms Dhms [rítngms fc Mqungueturm (D[Ms) sc mpengmi ë grnmïçh nbtcbsnvm fc jruths fh imr • Ms Dhms [rítngms fc Fnstrndunïçh (D[Fs) sc mpengmi m nbstmemïócs nbfcpcbfcbtcs fc mrimzcbmicbth c trmbsphrtc fc menicbths • Ms Dhms [rítngms fc Jmdrngmïçh (D[Js) sc mpengmi ë jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths c rmïócs mbnimns • Ms Dhms [rítngms fc [rhfuïçh (D[[s) sc mpengmi ës jmzcbfms pcgumrnstms • Ms Dhms [rítngms fc Zmrcah (D[Zs) sc mpengmi mhs phbths fc vcbfm fc menicbths bh vmrcah Cecicbths fh snstcim1 Hs rcqunsnths fc ocstçh fc scourmbïm hu qumenfmfc fc menicbths W]J pmrm gmfm G÷fnoh W]J quc sçh mpengmfhs phr thfms ms ubnfmfcs bm gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth pmrm gcrtngmïçh W]J (hu scam, geíusuems 4.= ‗ 4.>). Cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs1 Cecicbths fh snstcim quc fcvci scr nipecicbtmfhs c mufntmfhs, pmrm quc uim ubnfmfc hdtcb`m m gcrtngmïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J. Cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs bçh phfci scr cxgeuéfhs furmbtc uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh/rcgcrtngmïçh. Cidmemoci ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths1 Cidmemoci fc menicbths î h imtcrnme ci thrbh fc ui menicbth, quc h ghbtîi c prhtcoc mh ehboh fm gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth. Cidmemoci ci ghbtmth ghi menicbths î h imtcrnme rcgnpncbtc ci ghbtmth fnrcth ghi h menicbth.
Cqunpmicbth bçh ghbjhric1 Cqunpmicbths fc prhgcssmicbth, cidmemoci, mrimzcbmicbth, trmbsphrtc hu imbnpuemïçh quc bçh cstcami mfcqumfhs pmrm m bmenfmfc prctcbfnfm c quc phssmi ghiprhictcr m scourmbïm c/hu m qumenfmfc fc menicbths hu fms rmïócs mbnimns. Csghph fc gcrtngmïçh1 M ubnfmfc cspcgégm, ms gmtcohrnms fh scthr fc menicbths c prhfuths ghdcrths pceh gcrtngmfh. Csgufh fc ]umenfmfc W]J1 Wnobngm h csgufh W]J rcprcscbtmfh bms Tcorms fc ush fh csgufh fc qumenfmfc W]J. Cspcgnmenstm tîgbngh1 Sim pcsshm ghbtrmtmfm phr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh W]J engcbgnmfh, pmrmëprcstmr ui suphrtc tîgbngh fc meth bévce cqunpc fc mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh. H cspcgnmenstm tîgbngh fcvc scr mprhvmfh pceh W]JN mbtcs fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh/rcgcrtngmïçh c fcihbstrmr ui meth ormu fc cspcgnmenzmïçh c ghipctábgnm tîgbngm bm gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths ci cstufh, meîi fc ghb`cgnicbth c ghiprccbsçh s÷enfhs fh iîthfh M[[GG.
Cvcbth fc scourmbïm fc menicbths1 Si nbgnfcbtc bm gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth fc menicbths hbfc `í rnsgh, phtcbgnme hu pcrgcdnfh, hu ghbrimïçh fc fhcbïm msshgnmfm ghbsuih (jsgj-ptnb.mpcg.hro) fc ui menicbth c quc rcqucrmh nbtcrvcbïçh
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
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MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
C Cxgeunr (hu cxgeusçh)1 Si tcrih mpengmfh m cecicbths fh G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc c Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J, nbfngmfh quc m ubnfmfc bçh fcscam quc scami nbgeuéfhs bm mufnthrnm fh Wnstcim W]J c quc cbvnhu uim shengntmïçh phr csgrnth mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh pmrm m cxgeusçh, mbtcs fh nbégnh fc qumequcr mtnvnfmfc fc mufnthrnm prhormimfm. Bh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J, cecicbths hdrnomt÷rnhs fh snstcim bçh phfci scr cxgeuéfhs. H hrombnsih
fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc ghbrimr hs ihtnvhs fm cxgeusçh ghih pmrtc fm mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc. H tcrih tmidîi sc mpengm m prhfuths, prhgcsshs hu írcms fm ubnfmfc quc sc fcscam cxgeunr fm mufnthrnm. Sim shengntmïçh fcvc scr cbvnmfm mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh phr csgrnth, mbtcs fm mtnvnfmfc fc mufnthrnm, c scr enstmfm bm fcsgrnïçh fm ubnfmfc bh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN.
J Jmdrngmbtc ghbtrmtmfh (hu gh-jmdrngmbtc)1 Nbstmemïócs quc sçh ghbtrmtmfms pcem ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm W]J pmrm prhfuznr, prhgcssmr, cidmemr c/hu mrimzcbmr pmrtc hu thfhs hs prhfuths nbgeuéfhs bh csghph fc gcrtngmïçh W]J fm ubnfmfc. Ci meoubs gmshs, ui prhfuth phfc scr jmdrngmfh fc jhrim nbtcrgmidnívce bm ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm c pceh jmdrngmbtc ghbtrmtmfh. Ci hutrhs gmshs, ui jmdrngmbtc ghbtrmtmfh s÷ phfc scr usmfh nbtcrintcbtcicbtc, pmrm mtcbfcr hu ghipecicbtmr m prhfuïçh fm ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm. Hs jmdrngmbtcs ghbtrmtmfhs fcvci scounr hs rcqunsnths fcsgrnths bh
Jrmufc ci menicbths1 Ghbjhric fcbnfh pcem Ing`nomb Wtmtc Sbnvcrsnty, ui tcrih ghectnvh usmfh pmrm mdrmbocr m sudstntunïçh, mfnïçh, mfuetcrmïçh hu jmesngmïçh, fcendcrmfm c nbtcbgnhbme, fc menicbths, nborcfncbtcs menicbtégnhs, rmïçh mbnime hu cidmemoci c/hu rhtuemoci fc menicbths, nbjhrimïócs fc prhfuths< hu fcgemrmïócs jmesms hu cbombhsms jcntms shdrc ui prhfuth pmrm omb`h cghböingh. [hfc tmidîi nbgeunr h icrgmfh pmrmeceh hu prhfuths rhudmfhs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J. JIN1 Sim hrombnzmïçh sci bs eugrmtnvhs, trmdme`mbfh ghi c ci bhic fc thfh h scthr fc menicbths pmrm prhihvcr uim gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth fc menicbths imns scourm, imns smufívce c imns cgncbtc, ghi scfc ci 4763 Grystme Frnvc, Wuntc 0;;, Mrenbothb, ZM 444;4, CSM.
Si g÷fnoh bévce dísngh pmrm ciprcsms bhvms c cifc fcscbvhevnicbth, quc mdrmboc dhms prítngms fc morngueturm hu mqungueturm (D[M), dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh (D[J) hu dhms prítngms fc fnstrndunïçh (D[F) c fcbc hs cecicbths csscbgnmns quc fcvci scr nipecicbtmfhs pmrm mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths fc econsemïçh c fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fh gencbtc. Ms ubnfmfcs quc guiprci hs rcqunsnths fc gcrtngmïçh fh G÷fnoh W]J pmrm h G÷fnoh fc Jubfmicbths fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths rcgcdci ui gcrtngmfh fc ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh pceh W]JN.
Jhrbcgcfhr1 M cbtnfmfc quc jhrbcgc ui prhfuth hu scrvnïh pmrm m ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm W]J. Jhrbcgcfhr mprhvmfh1 Si jhrbcgcfhr quc jhn mvmenmfh mprhvmfhfcphr uim ubnfmfc, ghi dmsc ci cmvmenmïçh rnsgh, ghih gmpmz fc mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c qumenfmfc fm ubnfmfc pmrm hs
Jubfmicbths fm scourmbïm fc menicbths1
prhfuths c hs scrvnïhs jhrbcgnfhs. G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>4
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
O Ocstçh fc grnscs1 H prhgcssh pceh qume uim ubnfmfc ocrcbgnm ui cvcbth (phr cxcipeh, nbubfmïçh, scgm, nbgábfnh, pmbfcinm, ctg.) quc mjctm mfvcrsmicbtc m gmpmgnfmfc fm ubnfmfc fc ghbtnbumr m jhrbcgcr menicbths scourhs c fc qumenfmfc, c rcqucr m nipecicbtmïçh fc ui pembh fc ocstçh fc grnscs.
Oehdme Jhhf Wmjcty Nbntnmtnvc (OJWN)1 M Oehdme Jhhf Wmjcty Nbntnmtnvc (OJWN, Nbngnmtnvm Oehdme fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths) î uim hrombnzmïçh prnvmfm, cstmdcecgnfm c ocrcbgnmfm pcem msshgnmïçh ghicrgnme nbtcrbmgnhbme, h Ghbsuicr Ohhfs Jhrui. M OJWN imbtîi ui csqucim pmrm mvmenmr ms bhrims fc scourmbïm fc menicbths usmfms pmrm gcrtngmr prhfuthrcs, mrimzîbs fc jmdrngmbtcs, vmrcanstms fc menicbths c hutrhs bco÷gnhs bm gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth fc menicbths.
N Nborcfncbtcs1 Imtcrnmns icbhrcs (phr cxcipeh, cspcgnmrnms) usmfhs pmrm ghipecicbtmr m ghbvcrsçh fc imtîrnmsprnims bh prhgcssh fc jmdrngmïçh fc menicbths (ghbsuetc ―imtîrnms-prnims’). Nbstmemïçh1 H cbfcrcïh jésngh fms fcpcbfábgnms fm ubnfmfc. M írcm fc prhfuïçh, jmdrngmïçh hu mrimzcbmicbth hbfc h prhfuth î prhfuznfh, prhgcssmfh, cidmemfh c/hu mrimzcbmfh, c nbgeun hs prhgcsshs, cqunpmicbths, midncbtc, imtcrnmns c pcsshme cbvhevnfh. M nbstmemïçh
fcvc scr ocrcbgnmfm c supcrvnsnhbmfm pcem icsim ocstçh hpcrmgnhbme. M nbstmemïçh î m ubnfmfc mufntmfm furmbtc uim mufnthrnm prcscbgnme (ghbsuetc ―ubnfmfc’).
Nbstruthr W]J1 Sim pcsshm ghbtrmtmfm phr ui gcbtrh fc trcnbmicbth W]J engcbgnmfh, quc tcb`m sc gmbfnfmtmfh c mtcbfnfh mhs rcqunsnths enstmfhs bhs ―Grntîrnhs pmrm Nbstruthrcs W]J’ pudengmfhs pceh W]JN c, icfnmbtc mprhvmïçh, cstcam rconstrmfm bh W]JN pmrm jhrbcgcr trcnbmicbth ghbsnstcbtc shdrc h [rhormim W]J.
E Emdhrmt÷rnhs nbtcrbhs1 Sim írcm fcsnobmfm c jcg`mfm bm ubnfmfc, ci quc mbíenscs quéingms, ingrhdnhe÷ongms c hutrhs tcstcs fc prhfuths sçh ghbfuznfhs c quc, sc bçh ghbtrhemfm, phfc gmusmr ghbtminbmïçh c cxnonr h ush fc dhms prítngms emdhrmthrnmns. Ecomenfmfc1 Ecomenfmfc rcjcrc-sc ës econsemïócs jcfcrmns, cstmfumns c/hu iubngnpmns quc sçh mpengívcns mh prhfuth gcrtngmfh bh pmés fc jmdrngmïçh c bhs icrgmfhs fc fcstnbh.
Enintcs iíxnihs fc rcséfuhs1 Wçh fcbnfhs pcem rcouemicbtmïçh ehgme hu pcem Ghinssçh GHFCP Menicbtmrnus c mpengmisc mhs bévcns iíxnihs pcrintnfhs pmrm trmïhs fc prhfuths quéinghs moréghems c vctcrnbírnhs ci prhfuths moréghems, pmrtnguemricbtc prhfuths quc cbtrci bm gmfcnm fc menicbths.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>7
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
E Enstm fc vcrngmïçh fc mufnthrnm1 H jhriueírnh enstmbfh hs cecicbths fh G÷fnoh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c/hu qumenfmfc W]J cspcgéghs pmrm h csghph c m fmtm fc mufnthrnm fc uim ubnfmfc rconstrmfm, quc î dmnxmfh fh dmbgh fc fmfhs fc mvmenmïçh fh W]JN c î usmfh pceh mufnthr fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c/hu qumenfmfc W]J mh rcmenzmr uim mufnthrnm fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c/hu qumenfmfc W]J.
Ehohtnph W]J1 Wnobngm h ehohtnph W]J mprcscbtmfh ci Tcorms fc ush fh ehohtnph W]J.
I Imrgms rconstrmfms1 Si r÷tueh, ehohtnph hu imrgm rcghb`cgévce quc nfcbtngm uim imtîrnm-prnim hu prhfuth mgmdmfh ghi ui fctcrinbmfh prhfuthr, jmdrngmbtc hu vmrcanstm. Imtîrnms-prnims1 H imtcrnme prniírnh m pmrtnr fh qume ui menicbth hu rmïçh mbnime î jcnth. Ms imtîrnms-prnims phfci scr bçh prhgcssmfms, hu scam, imtcrnmns moréghems prniírnhs, hu prhgcssmfms, hu scam, m jhrim jhn sudstmbgnmeicbtc metcrmfm mbtcs fh rcgcdnicbth pcem ubnfmfc (ghbsuetc ―nborcfncbtcs’). Ihbnthrmicbth fc mr ghiprninfh1 Si prhormim quc nbgeun mbíenscs fc pmrtéguems, íoum, ÷ech, mbíenscs ingrhdnhe÷ongms c fc
omscs rcecvmbtcs ci mr ghiprninfh hu hutrhs omscs. Zcrngmïçh fm cgígnm fm imbutcbïçh c etrmïçh fc ui ghiprcsshr nipecicbtmfm pcem ocstçh fm nbstmemïçh.
Iîthfh M[[GG1 M nipecicbtmïçh fc prhormims fc prî-rcqunsnths c m mpengmïçh fhs prnbgépnhs fc M[[GG bm scquábgnm e÷ongm fms fhzc ctmpms, ghbjhric fcsgrnth bm cfnïçh mtume fms Fnrctrnzcs fm Ghinssçh GHFCP Menicbtmrnus. Hs g÷fnohs fc qumenfmfc c fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J utnenzmi h iîthfh M[[GG pmrm ghbtrhemr pcrnohs ë scourmbïm fc menicbths c rnsghs ë qumenfmfc bh scoicbth fm gmfcnm fc menicbths ci ghbsnfcrmïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>6
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
B Bçh ghbjhrinfmfc1 Î h bçh guiprnicbth fc ui rcqunsnth (NWH/NCG =>;==). Hs bévcns c fcbnïócs fc bçh ghbjhrinfmfc fcbtrh fhs G÷fnohs fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J sçh1
Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm tmidîi î mphbtmfm sc h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ghbsnfcrmr quc `í jmesngmïçh snstáingm fhs rconstrhs rcemgnhbmfhs mhs ghbtrhecs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths c mh Wnstcim W]J.
• Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc icbhr î cvnfábgnm fc uim jme`m mecmt÷rnm hu nbjrcqucbtc ci imbtcr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghi ui rcqunsnth, ims bçh nbfngm uim qucdrm bh snstcim fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths bci quc m scourmbïm fc menicbths cstcam ghiprhictnfm. Î cvnfábgnm fc uim nipecicbtmïçh nbghipectm hu nbmfcqumfm fhs rcqunsnths fc W]J quc, sc bçh ghrrnonfm, phfc ecvmr ë qucdrm fh cecicbth fh snstcim
Bhrim1 Si fhguicbth bhrimtnvh c hutrhs fhguicbths bhrimtnvhs fcbnfhs, cstmdcecgnfhs phr ghbscbsh c mprhvmfhs phr ui hrombnsih, quc jhrbcgci, pmrm ush ghiui c rcpctnfh, rcorms, fnrctrnzcs hu gmrmgtcréstngms pmrm mtnvnfmfcs hu scus rcsuetmfhs, vnsmbfh m hdtcbïçh fh bévce nfcme fc hrfci ci ui fctcrinbmfh ghbtcxth.
• jme`m î uim Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc fc ui cecicbth fhimnhr snstcim, uim qucdrm snstáingm bh snstcim fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths, ui fcsvnh sîrnh ci rcemïçh mhs rcqunsnths c/hu musábgnm fc cvnfábgnm fcihbstrmbfh ghbjhrinfmfc ghi ui cecicbth fh snstcim mpengívce hu ghi ms dhms prítngms fc jmdrngmïçh. Î cvnfábgnm fc ui rnsgh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths pmrm hs prhfuths nbgeuéfhs bh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh. • Sim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm î uim qucdrm fhs ghbtrhecs ci ui phbth fc grétngh fc ghbtrhec, ui prhormim fc prî-
rcqunsnth hu hutrms ctmpms fh prhgcssh c quc î ghbsnfcrmfm ghih prhvívce gmusm fc ui rnsgh snobngmtnvh pmrm m smñfc pñdengm c/hu ui rnsgh fc ghbtminbmïçh fh prhfuth.
Bñicrh fc gcrtngmïçh1 Si bñicrh cxgeusnvh, jhrbcgnfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, c nbgeuéfh bh gcrtngmfh cintnfh pmrm uim ubnfmfc quc ghbgeunu ghi sugcssh uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh fc qumenfmfc hu scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J. B/M1 Wnobngm ―bçh mpengívce’ c phfc scr rcemtmfh furmbtc m mufnthrnm fc qumenfmfc c/hu scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J pceh mufnthr fc qumenfmfc c/hu scourmbïm fc menicbths qumbfh, bm ghbsnfcrmïçh fh mufnthr, ui cecicbth bçh sc mpengmr. B/M tmidîi phfc scr rcemtmfh pmrm cvntmr fîdnth fupeh, phr cxcipeh, bh gmsh fc uim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc aí tcr snfh mphbtmfm ci ui cecicbth sninemr, phrîi imns mprhprnmfh. Bcssc rcemtmfh ghih B/M.gmsh, h cecicbth scrí
H Hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh (tmidîi hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh)1 Sim cbtnfmfc quc gcecdrhu ui ghbtrmth fc engcbïm ghi h W]JN, muthrnzmbfh-m m gcrtngmr h Wnstcim W]J fc uim ubnfmfc fc mghrfh ghi m bhrim NWH/NCG =?;:31 4;=4 (hu vcrsçh sudscqucbtc) c hs Grntîrnhs pmrm Hrombnsihs fc Gcrtngmïçh W]J.
Hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh1 Ghbsuetc ―Hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh’
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>3
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
[ [créhfh fc rcstrnïçh1 Fmtms nbfngmfms pcem ubnfmfc c mgcntms pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, qumbfh uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm bçh pufcr hghrrcr fcvnfh m ihtnvhs ecoétnihs fh bco÷gnh (phr cxcipeh, imbutcbïçh, jmetm fc imtîrnm-prnim). [embh1 Ghbjhric fcbnfh pcem bhrim NWH >;;=, ui fhguicbth usmfh pmrm cstmdcecgcr hs hdactnvhs c prhgcsshs bcgcssírnhs pmrm cbtrcomr rcsuetmfhs, fc mghrfh ghi hs rcqunsnths fh gencbtc c ms pheétngms fm hrombnzmïçh (ghbsuetc h [embh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths \]umenfmfcY). [embh M[[GG1 Si fhguicbth prcpmrmfh fc mghrfh ghi h iîthfh M[[GG fh GHFCP pmrm omrmbtnr h ghbtrhec fc pcrnohs snobngmtnvhs ë scourmbïm fc menicbths hu m nfcbtngmïçh fc rnsghs ë qumenfmfc fh prhfuth ci ghbsnfcrmïçh. [embh fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths1 Si ghbaubth fc fhguicbths csgrnths, dmscmfhs bhs prnbgépnhs fc fcjcsm fhs menicbths, c quc nbghrphrm mvmenmïçh fc vuebcrmdnenfmfc, nbgeun cstrmtîonms fc intnomïçh c fcenbcnm h ihbnthrmicbth fm fcjcsm fhs menicbths, fms mïócs ghrrctnvms c fhs prhgcfnicbths fc vcrngmïçh m scrci scounfhs. (www.jfm.ohv) [embh fc intnomïçh fc jrmufc ci menicbths1 Si pembh grnmfh pmrm trmtmr hs jmthrcs fc rnsgh nfcbtngmfhs bm mvmenmïçh fc vuebcrmdnenfmfc ë jrmufc ci menicbths. [embh fc qumenfmfc fhs menicbths1 Ghbjhric fcsgrnth bh G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc W]J, h pembh î dmscmfh bh iîthfh GHFCP M[[GG c nbgeun ghbtrhecs fc prhgcssh ci phbths fc qumenfmfc bm prhfuïçh, pmrm ihbnthrmr m qumenfmfc fh prhfuth, nfcbtngmr fcsvnhs fhs pmräictrhs fc ghbtrhec c fcbnr ms ghrrcïócs bcgcssírnms pmrm imbtcr h prhgcssh shd ghbtrhec.
[embh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths1 Ghbjhric fcsgrnth bhs G÷fnohs fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J, ui pembh dmscmfh bh iîthfh GHFCP M[[GG quc nbgeun ghbtrhecs fc prhgcssh ci phbths fc ghbtrhec bm prhfuïçh, pmrm ihbnthrmr m scourmbïm fh prhfuth, nfcbtngmr fcsvnhs fhs pmräictrhs fc ghbtrhec c fcbnr ms ghrrcïócs bcgcssírnms pmrm imbtcr h prhgcssh shd ghbtrhec.
[htívce1 Íoum quc î scourm pmrm dcdcr. [rmoms1 Mbnimns fmbnb`hs, nbgeunbfh píssmrhs, rhcfhrcs, nbscths hu hutrms cspîgncs nbfcscamfms, quc phfci trmzcr fhcbïms c rcprcscbtmr ui rnsgh pmrm cidmemocbs, rmïócs mbnimns hu menicbths. [rhgcssmicbth1 Sim sîrnc fc ctmpms hpcrmgnhbmns ci quc m bmturczm fh menicbth î metcrmfm. H prhgcssmicbth nbgeun, cbtrc hutrhs c bçh enintmfh m, rccidmemoci, cbsmgmicbth mfngnhbme c rc-rhtuemoci fc menicbths, mdmtc, fcsicidrmicbth, scecïçh, gemssngmïçh, enipczm, trmtmicbth, scgmoci, smeom, fcjuimïçh, ghznicbth, cbemtmicbth, purngmïçh c pmstcurnzmïçh fc menicbths. [rhgcsshs fc menicbths fc meth rnsgh1 Si prhgcssh quc rcqucr ghbtrhecs cspcgéghs c/hu ui bévce imns meth fc prítngms `nonábngms pmrm cvntmr m ghbtminbmïçh fc menicbths phr pmt÷ocbhs. [rhfuth1 Sim sudstäbgnm menicbtégnm hu rmïçh mbnime quc sc mpengm m uim gmtcohrnm cspcgégm fh scthr fc menicbths, ghbjhric fcbnfh pceh W]JN. [rhfuth bçh ghbjhric1 Menicbths hu rmïócs mbnimns ci prhgcssh hu mgmdmfhs, quc bçh mtcbfci ës cspcgngmïócs fc scourmbïm c/hu qumenfmfc fc menicbths, ghbjhric mpengívce, c quc phfci scr nbscourhs.
[rhfuthr prniírnh hu prhfuthr1 Sim ñbngm cbtnfmfc cbvhevnfm bm prhfuïçh prniírnm,c cidmemoci bh gmiph, mrimzcbmicbth jhrbcgnicbth fc prhfuth moréghem prhfuznfh c/hu ghe`nfh shd scu ghbtrhec cxgeusnvh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>:
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
[ [rhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs c sudstäbgnms t÷xngms1 W÷enfhs, eéqunfhs hu omscs rmfnhmtnvhs, nbmiívcns, cxpehsnvhs, ghrrhsnvhs, hxnfmbtcs, msxnmbtcs, pmthoábnghs hu mecroábnghs, nbgeunbfh, cbtrc hutrhs, fctcrocbtcs, smbntnzmbtcs, prhfuths quéinghs pmrm ghbtrhec fc prmoms, eudrngmbtcs, tnbtms, ghmfauvmbtcs fc tcgbhehonm, mfntnvhs dnhquéinghs quc, sc usmfhs hu imbnpuemfhs nbghrrctmicbtc hu ci fhscs imnhrcs, phfci gmusmr fmbhs mh imbnpuemfhr c/hu ghbsuinfhr. [rhfuths quéinghs pcrnohshs hu t÷xnghs phfci scr prcsgrnths pcem rcouemicbtmïçh ghih ―prhfuths pcrnohshs’ c phfci ghbtcr ui r÷tueh fc ―vcbcbh’, ―imtcrnme pcrnohsh’ hu ―prhfuth quéingh pcrnohsh’, fcpcbfcbfh fm aurnsfnïçh. [rhssnhbme fc W]J (tmidîi [rhssnhbme fc ]umenfmfc W]J)1 Si nbfnvéfuh fcsnobmfh phr uim ubnfmfc pmrm supcrvnsnhbmr h fcscbvhevnicbth, m nipecicbtmïçh, m rcvnsçh c m imbutcbïçh fh Wnstcim W]J fm ubnfmfc. Hs fctme`cs fc qumengmïçh fh prhssnhbme fc W]J sçh vcrngmfhs pceh mufnthr fc qumenfmfc hu scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J, furmbtc m mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh/rcgcrtngmïçh, ghih mtcbfcbfh mhs rcqunsnths fh G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc c/hu Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J. H prhssnhbme fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J c h prhssnhbme fc qumenfmfc W]J phfci hu bçh scr m icsim pcsshm.
[rhormim1 Si pembh usmfh pmrm cstmdcecgcr hs hdactnvhs c prhgcsshs bcgcssírnhs pmrm cbtrcomr rcsuetmfhs, fc mghrfh ghi hs rcqunsnths fh gencbtc c ms pheétngms fm hrombnzmïçh. Hs cxcipehs nbgeuci ui prhormim fc ocstçh fc mecroábnghs hu ui prhormim fc ihbnthrmicbth midncbtme. [rhormim fc gcrtngmïçh1 Ghbjhric fcbnfh pcem Oehdme Jhhf Wmjcty Nbntnmtnvc, ui pembh snstciítngh fcscbvhevnfh, nipecicbtmfh c imbtnfh pmrm h csghph fm scourmbïm fc menicbths. Ghbsnstc ci uim bhrim c ui snstcim fc scourmbïm
cspcgngmfhs hu ui scrvnïh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths, mh qume h icsih pembh sc mpengm. H prhormim fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fcvc ghbtcr, pceh icbhs, uim bhrim, ui csghph gemrmicbtc fcbnfh c ui snstcim fc scourmbïm fc menicbths.
[rhormim fc ihbnthrmicbth midncbtme1 Si prhormim quc nbgeun ghectm fc mihstrm phr csjrcomïh pmrm mbíensc fc pmt÷ocbh hu nbfngmfhr, ghbjhric mprhprnmfh, pmrm fctcgtmr rnsgh bms ghbfnïócs smbntírnms fh midncbtc fc prhgcssmicbth hu imbnpuemïçh fc menicbths. Sim vcrngmïçh fm cgígnm fhs ghbtrhecs fc pmt÷ocbhs nipecicbtmfm bm nbstmemïçh ocrcbgnmfm. [rhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs1 Si prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs î ghiphsth phr uim ubnfmfc gcbtrme, gcrtngmfm W]J, shd m qume mtnvnfmfcs sçh pembcamfms pmrm ocrcbgnmr c ghbtrhemr hs snstcims fc ocstçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths fc uim rcfc fc sudubnfmfcs shd vébgueh ecome hu ghbtrmtume (ghbsuetc h Mbcxh 61 Tcqunsnths pmrm gcrtngmïçh fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs) [rhormim fc prî-rcqunsnths1 Sim icfnfm prhgcfnicbtme quc, qumbfh nipecicbtmfm, rcfuz m prhdmdnenfmfc fc hghrrcr ui pcrnoh ë scourmbïm fc menicbths hu ui rnsgh ë qumenfmfc fh menicbth, ims quc phfc bçh cstmr fnrctmicbtc rcemgnhbmfm ës mtnvnfmfcs quc hghrrci furmbtc m prhfuïçh. [rhormim W]J1 H G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths c/hu ]umenfmfc W]J c thfms ms rcorms msshgnmfms, csgufh fc qumenfmfc, prhprncfmfc nbtcecgtume c fhguicbths. [rhprnctírnh fh [rhormim fc Gcrtngmïçh (OJWN)1 Ghbjhric fcbnfh pcem Oehdme Jhhf Wmjcty Nbntnmtnvc, uim hrombnzmïçh rcsphbsívce pceh fcscbvhevnicbth, ocstçh c imbutcbïçh fc ui prhormim fc gcrtngmïçh. M musábgnm fcpcrnoh ghbtminbmbtcs qucfc [urczm1 phfcrnmi gmusmr ui ë scourmbïm menicbths.
fc menicbths ci rcemïçh m prhgcsshs G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>?
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
] ]umenfmfc1 Sim icfnfm pmrm cxgcfcr ms cxpcgtmtnvms fh gencbtc hu ghrphrmtnvms c ui cstmfh fc cstmr envrc fc fcjcnths, fcgnábgnms c vmrnmïócs snobngmtnvms.
T Tmïçh mbnime1 Vhfh imtcrnme, ñbngh hu iñetnpeh, prhgcssmfh, scinprhgcssmfh hu druth, quc sc fcstnbm ë menicbtmïçh fnrctm fc mbnimns prhfuthrcs fc menicbths.
Ssh fh Csgufh fc ]umenfmfc, c nbgeuci h grhbhormim fhs gcrtngmfhs c qumequcr ihfngmïçh, vmrnmïçh hu sudstntunïçh fms rcorms fc ush fm imrgm rconstrmfm W]J.
Tcgcrtngmïçh1 Sim rcgcrtngmïçh phr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fh Wnstcim fc ]umenfmfc hu Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J fc uim ubnfmfc, ghih rcsuetmfh fc uim mufnthrnm cspcgégm. Tcgcrtngmfh tci snobngmfh ghrrcsphbfcbtc.
Tcqunsnths ocrmns1 M cfnïçh mtume fh fhguicbth ―Grntîrnhs pmrm Hrombnsihs fc Gcrtngmïçh W]J1 Hrncbtmïçh fh W]J shdrc m mpengmïçh fm bhrim NWH/NCG =?;:31fc4;=4, Tcqunsnths Ocrmns pmrm Hrombnsihs Gcrtngmïçh’, pudengmfm pceh W]JN.
Tcgupcrmïçh1 [rhfuth nbtmgth, quc bçh rcqucr prhgcssmicbth hu imbnpuemïçh mfngnhbme, ims î rccidmemfh pmrm fnstrndunïçh. [hr cxcipeh, insturm fc gmnxms pmrgnmns pmrm grnmr uim gmnxm ghipectm. Vmidîi phfc scr g`mimfh fc ―rccidmemoci’.
Tctrmdme`h1 Menicbths, imtcrnmns c nborcfncbtcs, nbgeunbfh prhfuth ci prhgcssh, quc fcnxmrmi h uxh bhrime fhs prhfuths c rcqucrci mïçh mbtcs quc cstcami mgcntívcns pmrm endcrmïçh c mfcqumfhs pmrm rcutnenzmïçh fcbtrh fh prhgcssh.
Tcorms fc ush1 Ms rcorms c prhgcfnicbths ghbtnfhs bh Ehohtnph W]J c/hu Tcorms fc
Tnsgh ë qumenfmfc1 Si rnsgh nfcbtngmfh quc, sc bçh jhr ghbtrhemfh, tci h phtcbgnme fc mjctmr m qumenfmfc fc ui prhfuth.
W Wmjrm/gmipmb`m hu smzhbme1 Si pcréhfh ci quc m mtnvnfmfc prnbgnpme î ghbfuznfm phr bçh imns fc gnbgh gn bgh icscs ghbscgutnvhs ci ui mbh gnvne< phr cxcipeh, ghe`cntm c cidmemoci furmbtc m smjrm fc imïçs. Wcourmbïm fm rmïçh mbnime1 Hs prnbgépnhs c prítngms mpengmfhs ë prhfuïçh c jmdrngmïçh fc rmïçh mbnime, pmrm omrmbtnr quc bçh gmusci fmbhs m mbnimns hu scrcs `uimbhs.
Wnstcim W]J1 Si snstcim prcvcbtnvh c fc ocstçh fc rnsgh, quc nbgeun ui pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths hu ui pembh fc qumenfmfc fc menicbths nipecicbtmfhs c hpcrmfhs phr uim ubnfmfc pmrm omrmbtnr m scourmbïm hu m qumenfmfc fc menicbths. Î nipecicbtmfh c imbtnfh phr ui prhssnhbme fc W]J, mufntmfh phr ui mufnthr fc qumenfmfc hu fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J c gcrtngmfh phr ui hrombnsih fc
Wcrvnïh1 Sim hu imns mtnvnfmfcs, ocrmeicbtc tmboévcns, rcmenzmfms cbtrc h jhrbcgcfhr c h gencbtc (NWH/NCG =?;:3).
gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh, mhs rcqunsnths rcecvmbtcsghih pmrmmtcbfcbfh h G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc hu Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>0
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
W W]JN1 H W]J Nbstntutc, uim fnvnsçh fm JIN. Wudubnfmfc1 Sim ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm pceh W]J quc hpcrm shd vébgueh ghbtrmtume ghi uim ubnfmfc gcbtrme, gcrtngmfm pceh W]J fcbtrh fc ui prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs (ghbsuetc h mpábfngc 61 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtngmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs). Wupecicbth menicbtmr1 Si prhfuth quc ghbtîi uim hu imns vntminbms, crvms, cbznims, minbhígnfhs hu hutrhs nborcfncbtcs thimfhs phr vnm hrme pmrm ghipecicbtmr hu muicbtmr m butrnïçh fh ghbsuinfhr.
V Vcgbhehonm fc nbjhrimïçh c ghiubngmïçh
(VNG)1 H ush fc tcgbhehonm pmrm ghectmr, mrimzcbmr, rcgupcrmr, prhgcssmr, mbmensmr c trmbsintnr nbjhrimïócs. Nbgeun shjtwmrc c `mrfwmrc, ghih simrtp`hbcs, fnsphsntnvhs phrtítcns, empthps, ghiputmfhrcs, fcslthps, frhbcs, gäicrms fc véfch, tcgbhehonm vcstévce, nbtcenoábgnm mrtngnme c hutrhs. (Tcjcrábgnm1 NMJ IF1 6, Imbfmthry Fhguicbt jhr t`c Ssc hj Nbjhrimtnhb mbf Ghiiubngmtnhb Vcg`bhehoy \NGVY jhr Mufntnbo/Msscssicbt [urphscs< V`c Nbtcrbmtnhbme Mggrcfntmtnhb Jhrui) Vcstc fc prhgnábgnm1 H tcstc fc prhgnábgnm gmendrm h fcscipcb`h fh pcsshme fh emdhrmt÷rnh c fhs mbmenstms ci prhgcssh quc rcmenzmi mbíensc ingrhdnhe÷ongm, quéingm hu jésngm fc nborcfncbtcs, imtcrnmns, prhfuth ci prhgcssh, prhfuths mgmdmfhs c midncbtc fc prhgcssmicbth phr icnh fc ghipmrmïócs nbtcremdhrmthrnmns.
Nbgeun prhfuths ocrmeicbtc bçh ghdcrths pcems econsemïócs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths bh pmés fc jmdrngmïçh hu vcbfm, c phfc nbgeunr icfngmicbths metcrbmtnvhs hu trmfngnhbmns bçh rcouemicbtmfhs bh pmés fc jmdrngmïçh hu vcbfm. Wupecicbths menicbtmrcs tmidîi phfci scr g`mimfhs fc prhfuths bmturmns fc smñfc hu tcr bhics metcrbmtnvhs, quc sc menb`mi ghi rcouemicbths cspcgéghs fh pmés fc jmdrngmïçh hu vcbfm.
Vrmtmicbth fc íoum1 H trmtmicbth ingrhdnhe÷ongh, quéingh c/hu jésngh fm íoum usmfm bh prhgcssmicbth hu enipczm, pmrm omrmbtnr sum phtmdnenfmfc c mfcqumïçh pmrm ush. Vrcnbmicbth M[[GG1 Vrcnbmicbth bhs prnbgépnhs c bm mpengmïçh fc ui snstcim M[[GG dmscmfh bh Mbcxh fhs [rnbgépnhs Ocrmns fc @noncbc fhs Menicbths fm Ghinssçh Ghfcx Menicbtmrnus. H trcnbmicbth fcvc scr1 =. Tcghb`cgnfh ghih ui trcnbmicbth M[[GG, usmfh cxtcbsnvmicbtc ci ui pmés. 4. Mfinbnstrmfh c inbnstrmfh phr uim nbstntunïçh rcghb`cgnfm. 7. H ghb`cgnicbth mfqunrnfh pceh gmbfnfmth fcvc scr mvmenmfh ghih pmrtc fh prhormim fc trcnbmicbth.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
>>
MBCPH 41 Oehssírnh
S Sbnfmfc1 H ehgme cspcgégh hbfc ui Wnstcim fc ]umenfmfc hu fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J î nipecicbtmfh phr uim ciprcsm fc menicbths, cbvhevnfm bm prhfuïçh, jmdrngmïçh, prhgcssmicbth, trmbsphrtc, mrimzcbmicbth, fnstrndunïçh hu vcbfm fc menicbths, dcdnfms, cidmemocbs, rmïçh mbnime hu menicbths pmrm mbnimns fc cstnimïçh.
Sbnfmfc gcbtrme1 Sim ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm W]J, bm qume mtnvnfmfcs sçh pembcamfms pmrm ghbtrhemr c ocrcbgnmr uim rcfc fc sudubnfmfcs gcrtngmfms W]J fcbtrh fc ui prhormim fc W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs (ghbsuetc hs rcqunsnths fh prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs fh W]JN). Sbnfmfc scecgnhbmfm W]JN1 Tcghb`cgnicbth bh gcrtngmfh fh W]JN pmrm uim ubnfmfc quc sc sudictcu vheubtmrnmicbtc m mufnthrnms mbumns fc rcgcrtngmïçh bçh mbubgnmfms (ghbsuetc ―mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm’).
Z Zmenfmïçh1 H cecicbth fc vcrngmïçh ghbgcbtrmfh bm ghectm c mvmenmïçh fc nbjhrimïócs gncbtégms c tîgbngms pmrm fctcrinbmr sc h pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths M[[GG (hu fc qumenfmfc), qumbfh nipecicbtmfh mfcqumfmicbtc, ghbtrhemrí cgmzicbtc hs pcrnohs (Ghfcx). Zcrngmïçh1 Mqucems mtnvnfmfcs, meîi fh ihbnthrmicbth, quc fctcrinbmi m vmenfmfc fh pembh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths M[[GG (hu fc qumenfmfc) c omrmbtci quc h snstcim cstcam hpcrmbfh fc mghrfh ghi h pembh (Ghfcx).
Znsntm nb ehgh1 Sim vnsntm bçh mbubgnmfm m uim ubnfmfc, phr ui mufnthr muthrnzmfh fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, pmrm vcrngmr m nipecicbtmïçh cjctnvm fc mïócs ghrrctnvms quc rcsuetmrmi fm suspcbsçh bm mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh mbtcrnhr. Fcpcbfcbfh fm gmusm fm suspcbsçh, m vnsntm ë ubnfmfc hghrrc fcbtrh fc trnbtm (7;) hu scsscbtm (:;) fnms mp÷s h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh rcgcdcr h pembh fc mïçh ghrrctnvm fm ubnfmfc.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;;
MBCPH 71 Tcorms fc ush fh ehohtnph W]J
Mbcxh 71 Tcorms fc ush fh ehohtnph W]J =
Nbtrhfuïçh
=.=
H ehohtnph W]J î fc prhprncfmfc fh W]JN. Ms ubnfmfcs bçh sc thrbmi prhprnctírnms fh
=.4
ehohtnph W]J. H W]JN fcecom uim hu thfms ms sums jubïócs fcsgrntms bcstc fhguicbth m ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh, ghbjhric cstnpuemfh ci scu Ghbtrmth fc Engcbïm fh Hrombnsih fc Gcrtngmïçh fh Wmjc ]umenty Jhhf Nbstntutc.
=.7
Cssms rcorms rcouemi h ush fh ehohtnph W]J mpcbms pcems ubnfmfcs gcrtngmfms. Cssms rcorms bçh rcouemi h ush fh ehohtnph W]J pceh W]JN, pcehs hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh hu phr hutrms cbtnfmfcs engcbgnmfms pceh W]JN, m icbhs quc fnsphsth fc hutrm jhrim bcstc hu ci hutrh nbstruicbth.
4
Ghbfnïócs fc ush
4.=
Ms ubnfmfcs quc hdtái c imbtái m gcrtngmïçh bhs Jubfmicbths fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J, bh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J c/hu bh G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc W]J rcgcdci pcrinssçh scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh pmrmhusmr h ehohtnph W]J. Mrqunvhs cectröbnghs fhfc ehohtnph W]J fcvci scr hdtnfhs ghi hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh.
4.4
Sim ubnfmfc tci h fnrcnth fc usmr h ehohtnph W]J mh ehboh fm furmïçh fc sum gcrtngmïçh. Bçh `mvcrí tmxm m scr pmom pcems ubnfmfcs pceh fnrcnth fc usmr h ehohtnph W]J, meîi fmqucems pmoms pmrm hdtcr c imbtcr m gcrtngmïçh.
4.7
Ciprcsms c ubnfmfcs sudsnfnírnms, bçh nbgeuéfms bh gcrtngmfh fc rconstrh, bçh sçh gcrtngmfms pmrm usmr h ehohtnph W]J.
4.6
Ms ubnfmfcs s÷ phfci usmr h ehohtnph W]J fc mghrfh ghi cstms rcorms, quc jhrmi grnmfms pmrm prhtcocr m nbtcornfmfc c muicbtmr h vmehr fh ehohtnph W]J.
7
Tcprhfuïçh
7.=
M rcprhfuïçh fh ehohtnph W]J fcvc scr gemrm, prcgnsm, fh imns meth pmfrçh c scounr ms fnrctrnzcs fc ush fm tmdcem mdmnxh. Jhrimth fc ghr
[mrm ush ci
Tcprhfuïçh m ghrcs1 fcsgrntm ci 7.4, mdmnxh. • Drhg`urms, jhe`cths, mbñbgnhs, ghiubngmfhs ë niprcbsm, wcdsntc fm ciprcsm, enb`ms fc mssnbmturm fc c-imne Hu Tcprhfuïçh ihbhgrhiítngm1 prcth c drmbgh. • Fhguicbths nbtcrbhs c imtcrnmns fc trcnbmicbth
7.4
Ms fnrctrnzcs m scounr rcoci m rcprhfuïçh m ghrcs.
[IW 7;;3G GI^L1 G9=;;, I976, ^9;, L94
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;=
MBCPH 71 Tcorms fc ush fh ehohtnph fc W]J
7.7
[mrm omrmbtnr m econdnenfmfc, bçh rcprhfuzm h ehohtnph W]J ci tmimb`h icbhr fh quc h nbfngmfh mdmnxh. Sim vmrnmïçh imnhr fcssms fnicbsócs î pcrintnfm, fcsfc quc scam prhphrgnhbme ës fnicbsócs jhrbcgnfms mdmnxh. 0 ii =0 ii
7.6
]umbfh jhr fcihbstrmfh quc m rcprhfuïçh metcrbmtnvm fh ehohtnph W]J ice`hrm h stmtus fh ehohtnph W]J c/hu fh W]JN, m metcrbmtnvm î pcrintnfm, fcsfc quc scam mprhvmfm pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. Vhfms ms shengntmïócs fcvci scr jcntms phr csgrnth pcem ubnfmfc gcrtngmfm mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c mh W]JN.
6
Hdrnomïócs fm ubnfmfc
6.=
M ubnfmfc fcvc1 m. Fnrcgnhbmr thfms ms fñvnfms shdrc h ush prctcbfnfh fh ehohtnph W]J mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh quc cintnu scu gcrtngmfh< d. Nbtcrrhipcr qumequcr ush fh ehohtnph W]J mh qume h W]JN hu h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh jmïmi uim hdacïçh rmzhívce< g. Hpcrmr thtmeicbtc fcbtrh fh csghph fc scu gcrtngmfh, nbgeusnvc h grhbhormim fc gcrtngmïçh< f. Fmr mgcssh mh W]JN, m scu hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh c/hu mhs scus mocbtcs pmrm cxminbmr thfhs hs ntcbs quc ecvmi hu nbfngmi h ehohtnph W]J, ghi h hdactnvh fc ghbrimr m ghbjhrinfmfc ghi cstms rcorms fc ush c ghi h gcrtngmfh.
3
Jubfmicbths pmrm m nbtcrrupï nbtcrrupïçh çh fh ush fh ehohtnph W]J
3.=
M pcrinssçh pmrm uim ubnfmfc usmr h ehohtnph W]J scrí suspcbsm c/hu rctnrmfm1 m. Wc m gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc jhr suspcbsm, rctnrmfm, rcbubgnmfm hu bçh rcbhvmfm< d. Wc m ubnfmfc vnhemr hu bçh guiprnr cstms rcorms fc ush< g. Wc m ubnfmfc usmr h ehohtnph W]J fc jhrim quc, bm hpnbnçh fh W]JN hu fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, scam prcaufngnme mh ehohtnph W]J hu mh prhormim W]J ghih ui thfh, scam cbombhsm pmrm h pñdengh hu ghbtrírnm ë ecn< hu f. Wc m ubnfmfc tnvcr ui mfinbnstrmfhr, mfinbnstrmfhr aufngnme, mfinbnstrmfhr aufngnme c ocrcbtc, ocrcbtc hgnme hu enqunfmbtc prhvns÷rnh bhicmfh shdrc hs scus mtnvhs hu sc ui pcfnfh jhr jcnth hu uim rcsheuïçh jhr mprhvmfm pmrm h jcg`micbth fc sum ubnfmfc (cxgcth pmrm bs fc jusçh hu rcghbstruïçh) hu m ubnfmfc fcnxmr fc rcmenzmr bco÷gnhs hu jmenr hu shengntmr h dcbcjégnh fc qumequcr ecn pmrm meévnh fc fcvcfhrcs jmenfhs hu nbshevcbtcs, hu zcr qumequcr mrrmbah hu ghiphsnïçh ghi scus grcfhrcs.
3.4
M ubnfmfc fcvc scr bhtngmfm phr csgrnth pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh sc h ush fh ehohtnph W]J tnvcr snfh suspcbsh hu rctnrmfh.
:
Nscbïçh fc rcsphbsmdnen rcsphbsmdnenfmfc fmfc
:.=
H W]JN phfc metcrmr cssms rcorms fc ush hu grnmr bhvms rcorms. Bcb`uim metcrmïçh hu bhvm rcorm mjctmrí h ush fh ehohtnph W]J phr uim ubnfmfc mtî quc scns (:) icscs tcb`mi trmbsghrrnfh m pmrtnr fm fmtm ci quc m metcrmïçh hu bhvms rcorms fc ush jhrci pudengmfms pcem prnicnrm vcz pceh W]JN ci scu sntc (sq.ghi), m icbhs quc cspcgngmfh pceh W]JN.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;4
611 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs MBCPH 6
Mbcxh 61 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtngmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs (Cidmemoci, fc prhfuths prniírnhs) imbnpuemïçh hu jmdrngmïçh =
Csghph
=.=
Cstc mbcxh fcsgrcvc hs rcqunsnths pmrm cstmdcecgcr c imbtcr m gcrtngmïçh fc ui prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs, ocrcbgnmfh phr uim ubnfmfc gcbtrme gcrtngmfm pceh W]J (cidmemfhr, imbnpuemïçh/cecvmfhr fc orçhs hu jmdrngmbtc fc prhfuths prniírnhs) quc, phr icnh fc uim mdhrfmoci dmscmfm bhs rnsghs, fctcrinbhu quc cstí cbvhevnfm ci mtnvnfmfcs fc dmnxh rnsgh.
4
Fcjbnïócs
4.=
Si prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs î ghiphsth phr uim ubnfmfc gcbtrme shd m qume mtnvnfmfcs sçh pembcamfms pmrm ocrcbgnmr c ghbtrhemr hs snstcims fc ocstçh fc qumenfmfc ghbtrmtume.c scourmbïm fc menicbths fc uim rcfc fc sudubnfmfcs shd vébgueh ecome hu
4.4
[mrm hs bs fcstc G÷fnoh, ms fcbnïócs fcsgrntms bh Mbcxh 41 Oehssírnh c ms scounbtcs fcbnïócs sc mpengmi.
4.7
M ubnfmfc gcbtrme î gcrtngmfm phr ui G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J (hu scam, nbstmemïçh fc jmdrngmïçh, cipmghtmicbth hu imbnpuemïçh fc orçhs) hu î cecoévce m tme gcrtngmïçh, tci uim rcfc fc sudubnfmfcs fc jhrbcgcfhrcs prniírnhs cecoévcns ë gcrtngmïçh phr ui G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J mprhprnmfh c cstçh thfms cbvhevnfms ci mtnvnfmfcs scice`mbtcs, fc mghrfh ghi 7.? mdmnxh. M ubnfmfc gcbtrme c thfms ms sudubnfmfcs cstçh ehgmenzmfms ci ui icsih pmés c hpcrmi shd m icsim econsemïçh fc scourmbïm fc menicbths.
7
Grntîrnhs fc cecondnenfmf cecondnenfmfc c pmrm m hrombnzmïç hrombnzmïçh h ghi iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
7.=
M ubnfmfc gcbtrme î m cbtnfmfc rcsphbsívce pceh prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs.
7.4
Ms sudubnfmfcs fcvci scr vnbguemfms ë ubnfmfc gcbtrme phr mghrfh ecome hu ghbtrmtume.
7.7
M ubnfmfc gcbtrme c thfms ms sudubnfmfcs bh prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs fcvci scr mufntmfms phr ui ñbngh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. M ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc tcr ui ghbtrmth ghi h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh. Ms sudubnfmfcs bçh prcgnsmi tcr ui ghbtrmth ghi h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh.
7.6
Ms ubnfmfcs gcbtrmns fcvci nipecicbtmr ui Wnstcim W]J quc nbgeum m ocstçh c m mufnthrnm nbtcrbm fms sudubnfmfcs. M ubnfmfc gcbtrme c ms sudubnfmfcs fcvci scr gcrtngmfms phr ui G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J.
7.3
Ms ubnfmfcs gcbtrmns phfci scr gcrtngmfms pceh G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc W]J, ims ms sudubnfmfcs bçh sçh cecoévcns m cssm gcrtngmïçh pceh G÷fnoh fc ]umenfmfc W]J. Ms sudubnfmfcs fcvci nipecicbtmr ui Wnstcim W]J suacnth m supcrvnsçh,
7.:
imbutcbïçh c ocstçh ghbtébuhs pcem ubnfmfc gcbtrme.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;7
MBCPH 6 611 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
7.?
M ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc ghbtrhemr h snstcim fc ocstçh fm scourmbïm fc menicbths fc thfms ms sudubnfmfcs, nbgeunbfh rmstrcmdnenfmfc, rcgemimïócs fc gencbtcs c nipecicbtmïçh fc mïócs ghrrctnvms, qumbfh bcgcssírnh ci qumequcr sudubnfmfc. M ubnfmfc gcbtrme tmidîi fcvc cintnr, imbtcr c rctcr thfm m fhguicbtmïçh rcecvmbtc msshgnmfm ës sudubnfmfcs. Nssh fcvc scr nbgeuéfh bh ghbtrmth cbtrc m ubnfmfc gcbtrme c ms sudubnfmfcs.
7.0
Hs prhfuths hu scrvnïhs jhrbcgnfhs gmfm uim sudubnfmfcs fcvci iîthfhs scr sudstmbgnmeicbtc fh icsih tnph cphr prhfuznfhs fc fms mghrfh ghi hs icsihs c prhgcfnicbths jubfmicbtmns. H tmimb`h c/hu ghipecxnfmfc fc gmfm uim fms sudubnfmfcs fcvc scr scice`mbtc.
7.>
M ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc cstmdcecgcr c imbtcr m gcrtngmïçh W]J pcem furmïçh fh prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs.
7.=;
H snstcim fc ocstçh W]J fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc scr mfinbnstrmfh shd ui pembh ghbtrhemfh gcbtrmeicbtc c cstmr suacnth ë mbíensc grétngm pcem metm fnrcïçh gcbtrme c ë mufnthrnm nbtcrbm fh snstcim W]J
7.==
M ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc fcihbstrmr quc `í gmpmgnfmfc tîgbngm c fc ocstçh sugncbtc c fnsphbévce pmrm1 n.
ghectmr c mbmensmr fmfhs fc thfms ms ubnfmfcs, nbgeunbfh m ubnfmfc gcbtrme<
nn.
nipecicbtmr c imbtcr ui prhormim fc mufnthrnm nbtcrbm pmrm m ubnfmfc gcbtrme c ms sudubnfmfcs< c nnn. muthrnzmr c nbngnmr m iufmbïm hrombnzmgnhbme, sc bcgcssírnh.
7.=4
M jubïçh fc mfinbnstrmïçh gcbtrme c ms sudubnfmfcs fcvci cstmr suacntms mh prhormim fc mufnthrnm nbtcrbm fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme, scbfh mufntmfms fc mghrfh ghi cssc prhormim. Mufnthrnms nbtcrbms fcvci scr ghbfuznfms bms sudubnfmfcs, mbtcs fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme, ci bñicrh sugncbtc pmrm pcrintnr quc h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh mvmenc sc m ubnfmfc cstí ci ghbjhrinfmfc c mpengmr m scecïçh fc mihstrm fc sudubnfmfcs (ghbsuetc 0.; mdmnxh). Vhfms ms sudubnfmfcs fcvci, fcbtrh fc ui mbh gnvne hu smjrm/gmipmb`m, pmssmr phr mufnthrnm nbtcrbm, fc mghrfh ghi 6.4 mdmnxh.
6
Mufnthrnms nbtcrbms
6.=
M ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc fhguicbtmr scu prhgcfnicbth fc mufnthrnm nbtcrbm c omrmbtnr quc cec phssm scr nipecicbtmfh cgmzicbtc. Cec fcvc nbgeunr1 n.
ui grhbhormim fc mufnthrnm nbtcrbm, ghi dmsc bh pcre fc rnsgh fms sudubnfmfcs c fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme< nn. hs iîthfhs c m rcsphbsmdnenfmfc pcem rcmenzmïçh fc mufnthrnms bms sudubnfmfcs c bm ubnfmfc gcbtrme< c nnn. uim jrcquábgnm quc omrmbtm quc thfh h snstcim W]J fms sudubnfmfcs c fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme scami ghbgeuéfhs mbumeicbtc.
6.4
Sim mufnthrnm nbtcrbm, quc nbgeum thfhs hs cecicbths rcecvmbtcs fc ui G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J c hs i÷fuehs fc Dhms [rítngms fc Morngueturm/Mqungueturm (D[M) hu Dhms [rítngms fc Jmdrngmïçh (D[J) mpengívcns ë gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths, fcvc scr ghbfuznfm pceh icbhs uim vcz phr mbh, furmbtc hs pcréhfhs fc mtnvnfmfc fc pngh, ci thfms ms sudubnfmfcs nbgeuéfms bm gcrtngmïçh fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;6
MBCPH 6 611 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
3
[csshme fm mufnthrnm nbtcrbm M mvmenmïçh fh pcsshme fm mufnthrnm nbtcrbm ci rcemïçh mhs ntcbs 3.= - 3.7, mdmnxh fcvc scr fhguicbtmfm pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh bm scïçh fc mufnthrnm nbtcrbm fh rcemt÷rnh fm mufnthrnm W]J fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme.
3.=
H pcsshme quc ghbfuz ms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms fcvc1 n. tcr ghbgeuéfh ghi sugcssh h gursh Nipecicbtmbfh Wnstcims W]J< nn. tcr ghbgeuéfh ghi sugcssh h trcnbmicbth fc mufnthr nbtcrbh< nnn. fcihbstrmr ghipctábgnm bm icsim gmtcohrnm fh scthr fc menicbths quc m mufnthrnm nbtcrbm, phr icnh fc cxpcrnábgnm prhssnhbme (iébnih fc 4 mbhs)< nv. Vcr fnpehim ubnvcrsntírnh hu jhrimïçh c trcnbmicbth cqunvmecbtcs
3.4
H pcsshme quc ocrcbgnm ms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms fm hrombnzmïçh ghi iñetnpems ubnfmfcs fcvc1 n. nn. nnn. nv.
scr scpmrmfh fh pcsshme quc ghbfuz ms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms< ghbgeunr h trcnbmicbth ci mufnthrnm nbtcrbm< mtcbfcr mhs grntîrnhs fc ui prhssnhbme W]J< Tcvnsmr c mvmenmr tcgbngmicbtc hs rcsuetmfhs fms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms, nbgeunbfh h trmtmicbth fc bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs< c
v. omrmbtnr quc hs mufnthrcs nbtcrbhs scami mvmenmfhs, gmendrmfhs, ihbnthrmfhs c nbstruéfhs m pcrimbcgcr nipmrgnmns.
3.7
Wc ms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms jhrci tcrgcnrnzmfms1 n.
h tcrgcnrh ghbtrmtmfh fcvc scr rconstrmfh hu mtcbfcr mhs rcqunsnths fc ui mufnthr hu ghbsuethr W]J< nn. m ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc scr rcsphbsívce pcems mïócs c pcem cgígnm fh trmdme`h ghbgeuéfh pceh tcrgcnrh ghbtrmtmfh< c nnn. hs ghbtrmths fcvci cstmr ci ghbjhrinfmfc ghi 4.7.4 fh G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J mpengívce.
:
Mufnthrnm c gcrtnjgmïçh fm hrombnzmïçh ghi iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
:.=
Ms mufnthrnms c m gcrtngmïçh W]J fc uim hrombnzmïçh ghi iñetnpems ubnfmfcs fcvci scr rcmenzmfms phr ui hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh engcbgnmfh pceh W]J c mgrcfntmfh. M mufnthrnm nbgeun1
n.
m mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme (nbgeunbfh m mufnthrnm fhguicbtme nbngnme c fms nbstmemïócs)< nn. m gcrtngmïçh fm sudubnfmfc scecgnhbmfm, mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc mpcbms< nnn. mufnthrnms fc imbutcbïçh< c nv. mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh.
:.4
M mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme c ms mufnthrnms fc imbutcbïçh c rcgcrtngmïçh sudscqucbtcs fm hrombnzmïçh ghi iñetnpems ubnfmfcs fcvci sc ghbgcbtrmr bm ubnfmfc gcbtrme, bm jubïçh fc mufnthrnm nbtcrbm c ci uim mihstrm fms sudubnfmfcs. Ms rcvnsócs fc rconstrhs pmrm ms mtnvnfmfcs fms sudubnfmfcs scrçh ghbgeuéfms bm mufnthrnm fm sudubnfmfc.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;3
MBCPH 6 611 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
?
Jrcquábgnm fms mufnthrnms
?.=
Ms mufnthrnms fc gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme c fc uim mihstrm (ghbsuetc 0.;) fms sudubnfmfc sçh ghbfuznfms m gmfm fhzc icscs.
?.4
Ms mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme sçh ghbfuznfms bh mbnvcrsírnh fh ñetnih fnm fm mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme, imns hu icbhs 7; fnms ghrrnfhs. [mrm hpcrmïócs smzhbmns,quc h grhbhormim pmrm ms sudubnfmfcs hrncbtmfh pcems fmtms fc ghe`cntm, phfci scr fcpcbfcbtcs fh genim,fcvc dciscr ghih h tciph bcgcssírnh pmrm m ubnfmfc gcbtrme ghbgeunr mfcqumfmicbtc h prhormim fc mufnthrnm nbtcrbm.
?.7
Fcbtrh fc gmfm gngeh fc mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh c rcgcrtngmïçh, m ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc scr mufntmfm mbtcs fm imnhr pmrtc fm mihstrm fc sudubnfmfcs. Î rcghb`cgnfh quc, pmrm hpcrmïócs smzhbmns, ms fmtms fc ghe`cntm c m fnsphbndnenzmïçh fh prhfuth pmrm m ubnfmfc gcbtrme phfci cxnonr quc meouims mufnthrnms fc sudubnfmfcs scami rcmenzmfms mbtcs fm mufnthrnm fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme.
?.6
Ms mufnthrnms fc imbutcbïçh sçh ghbfuznfms pmrm qumequcr ubnfmfc bh prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs quc rcgcdm m gemssngmïçh "G - Ghbjhric". Ms mufnthrnms fc imbutcbïçh sçh ghbfuznfms ci scns (:) icscs m pmrtnr fh ñetnih fnm fm ñetnim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh, imns hu icbhs trnbtm (7;) fnms ghrrnfhs, hu fc mghrfh ghi m pmrtc M 6.7 pmrm hpcrmïócs smzhbmns. ]umbfh uim sudubnfmfc cstnvcr suacntm m uim mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh fcvnfh m uim gemssngmïçh ―G - Ghbjhric’, m mufnthrnm nbtcrbm fcssm sudubnfmfc pcem ubnfmfc gcbtrme tmidîi fcvcrí scr rcvnsmfm. Wc m sudubnfmfc bçh cstnvcr ci hpcrmïçh fcbtrh fc scns (:) icscs pmrm m mufnthrnm fc imbutcbïçh, cem fcvcrí scr mufntmfm bms prnicnrms fums (4) scimbms mp÷s m ghe`cntm sudscqucbtc c scr muthimtngmicbtc nbgeuéfm bh gíegueh fc mihstrmoci fc sudubnfmfcs (ghbsuetc >.;).
?.3
Wc m ubnfmfc gcbtrme hu qumequcr sudubnfmfc bm mihstrm jhr nfcbtngmfm ghih tcbfh uim bçh ghbjhrinfmfc grétngm ci uim mufnthrnm, hu phr hutrh ihtnvh hdtnvcr mpcbms uim gemssngmïçh ―J ‗ Jme`m bm mufnthrnm’, hs gcrtngmfhs pmrm m ubnfmfc gcbtrme c VHFMW ms sudubnfmfcs fcvci scr suspcbshs mtî quc uim gemssngmïçh ―G ‗ Ghbjhric’ hu ice`hr scam hdtnfm ci uim rhfmfm mfngnhbme fc mufnthrnms bm ubnfmfc gcbtrme c ci uim mihstrm fms sudubnfmfcs. Ms sudubnfmfcs quc rcgcdci m gemssngmïçh ―J ‗ Jme`m bm mufnthrnm’ fcvci scr nbgeuéfms bh prhgcssh fc scecïçh fc sudubnfmfcs (ghbsuetc 0.;) pmrm h pr÷xnih gngeh fc mufnthrnm.
0
Wcecïçh fc sudubnfmfcs
0.=
M scecïçh fm mihstrm î rcsphbsmdnenfmfc fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh.
0.4
M mihstrm î pmrgnmeicbtc scectnvm, ghi dmsc bhs jmthrcs cstmdcecgnfhs mdmnxh, c pmrgnmeicbtc bçh scectnvm, fcvcbfh rcsuetmr bm scecïçh fc uim vmrncfmfc fc sudubnfmfcs fnjcrcbtcs, sci cxgeunr h cecicbth mecmt÷rnh fm mihstrmoci. [ceh icbhs vnbtc c gnbgh phr gcbth (43%) fms sudubnfmfcs scecgnhbmfms fcvci scr scecgnhbmfms mecmthrnmicbtc.
0.7
M mihstrm fc sudubnfmfcs fcvc scr scecgnhbmfm fc ihfh quc ms fnjcrcbïms cbtrc ms sudubnfmfcs scecgnhbmfms, furmbtc h pcréhfh fc vmenfmfc fh gcrtngmfh, scami ms imnhrcs phssévcns.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;:
MBCPH 6 611 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
0.6
Hs grntîrnhs fc scecïçh fms sudubnfmfcs fcvci nbgeunr, cbtrc hutrhs, hs scounbtcs mspcgths1 n. nn. nnn. nv. v. vn. vnn.
rcsuetmfhs fc mufnthrnms nbtcrbms hu mvmenmïócs fc gcrtngmïçh mbtcrnhrcs< rconstrhs fc rcgemimïócs c hutrhs mspcgths rcecvmbtcs fc ghrrcïçh c mïçh ghrrctnvm< vmrnmïócs snobngmtnvms bh tmimb`h fms sudubnfmfcs< vmrnmïócs bhs prhgcfnicbths fc trmdme`h< ihfngmïócs fcsfc m ñetnim mvmenmïçh fc gcrtngmïçh< fnspcrsçh ochorígm< c bhvhs jhrbcgcfhrcs mfngnhbmfhs mh prhormim (ghbsuetc =;.;).
0.3
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc nbjhrimr m ubnfmfc gcbtrme shdrc ms sudubnfmfcs quc ghiprccbfcrçh m mihstrm, c ci tciph `ídne, pmrm quc m ubnfmfc gcbtrme tcb`m tciph mfcqumfh pmrm sc prcpmrmr pmrm ms mufnthrnms.
0.:
M ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc omrmbtnr quc thfms ms sudubnfmfcs enstmfms ghih scbfh nbgeuéfms bh prhgcssh fc scecïçh fc mufnthrnm fms sudubnfmfcs scami rconstrmfms bh W]J (pmrtc M, =.7). M ubnfmfc gcbtrme tmidîi fcvc omrmbtnr quc h dmbgh fc fmfhs fh W]J scam mtumenzmfh, pmrm rcctnr ms sudubnfmfcs quc tcb`mi snfh rcihvnfms fh prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs fh mbh mbtcrnhr.
>
Fctcrinbmïçh fh tmimb`h fm mihstrm fc sudubnfmfcs
>.4
H bñicrh iébnih fc sudubnfmfcs m scrci mufntmfms ci uim mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh hu fc rcgcrtngmïçh î1
>.=
H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc rconstrmr m austngmtnvm pmrm m mpengmïçh fc ui tmimb`h fc mihstrm jhrm fh fcsgrnth bcstm geíusuem.
n.
qumbfh h bñicrh fc sudubnfmfcs jhr nbjcrnhr m ?3, m rmnz qumfrmfm fh bñicrh fc sudubnfmfcs ghi h ghcgncbtc =,3 (y 9 =,3∑x), mrrcfhbfmfh pmrm h bñicrh nbtcnrh imnhr, scbfh bh iébnih 3 pmrm sudoruphs ghi icbhs fc 4;< hu nn. sc h bñicrh fc sudubnfmfcs cstnvcr cbtrc ?3 c =;;, m rmnz qumfrmfm fh bñicrh fc sudubnfmfcs, ghi h ghcgncbtc 4,; (y94,;∑x)< hu nnn. sc h bñicrh fc sudubnfmfcs jhr imnhr quc =;;, cbtçh 4;% fms sudubnfmfcs.
H prhgcssh fc scecïçh fc sudubnfmfcs fcvc omrmbtnr quc thfms ms sudubnfmfcs scami mufntmfms ciscami ui pcréhfh fc 3 mbhs c quc, pceh icbhs, 4;% fm mihstrm mbume fc sudubnfmfcs sudictnfms m uim mufnthrnm bçh mbubgnmfm. >.7
Wc uim sudubnfmfc prniírnm tnvcr 6 hu imns ubnfmfcs scgubfírnms (phr cxcipeh, írcms fc guetnvh), m ehgmenzmïçh prniírnm c 3;% fms ubnfmfcs scgubfírnms fcvcrçh scr mufntmfms. Imns fc gnbqucbtm (3;) phr gcbth phfci scr mufntmfms sc `huvcr cvnfábgnm fc quc `í ihtnvhs pmrm austngmr h tciph mfngnhbme fc mufnthrnm.
>.6
H tmimb`h fm mihstrm fcvc scr muicbtmfh qumbfh m mbíensc fc rnsgh fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh pmrm m mtnvnfmfc ghdcrtm pceh snstcim fc ocstçh suacnth ë gcrtngmïçh nbfngmr gnrgubstäbgnms cspcgnmns ci rcemïçh m jmthrcs ghih1 n. nn.
ormbfcs vmrnmïócs bhs prhgcsshs rcmenzmfhs ci gmfm sudubnfmfc< rconstrhs fc rcgemimïócs c hutrhs mspcgths rcecvmbtcs fc ghrrcïçh c mïçh ghrrctnvm<
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;?
MBCPH 6 611 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
n. nn.
nbfngmïçh fc ui qucdrm ocrme fhs ghbtrhecs fc scourmbïm fc menicbths< hu mufnthrnms nbtcrbms nbmfcqumfms hu mïçh fcghrrcbtc fhs mg`mfhs fms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms.
=;
Wudubnfmfcss mfngnhbmns Wudubnfmfc
=;.=
Bm nbsgrnïçh fc uim bhvm sudubnfmfc, hu oruph fc sudubnfmfcs, pmrm pmrtngnpmr fc ui prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs aí gcrtngmfms ci W]J, gmfm bhvm sudubnfmfc, hu oruph fc sudubnfmfcs, fcvc scr nbgeuéfm bm mihstrm pmrm m pr÷xnim mufnthrnm fc rcgcrtngmïçh. Ms bhvms sudubnfmfcs fcvci scr mfngnhbmfms ës cxnstcbtcs, pmrm fctcrinbmr h tmimb`h fm mihstrm pmrm juturms mufnthrnms fc rcgcrtngmïçh. Ms sudubnfmfcs quc jhrci trmbsjcrnfms fc hutrh oruph fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs hu fc uim gcrtngmïçh nbfcpcbfcbtc bçh scrçh gemssngmfms ghih ―bhvms’ c bçh scrçh nbgeuéfms bm mihstrm fc sudubnfmfcs pmrm mufnthrnm, m icbhs quc scam pmrtc fh prhgcssh fc scecïçh mecmt÷rnm hu m grntîrnh fh mufnthr/hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh.
=;.4
Bhvms sudubnfmfcs bçh fcvci scr mfngnhbmfms ë enstm fc sudubnfmfcs, uim vcz quc m enstm tcb`m snfh vcrngmfm c mghrfmfm pcem ubnfmfc gcbtrme c pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh furmbtc h prhgcssh mbume fc scecïçh fc mihstrm fms ubnfmfcs. Cssms ubnfmfcs phfci tcr scus ghiphbcbtcs fc snstcims W]J (cecicbths fh snstcim fc scourmbïm fc menicbths W]J) ocrcbgnmfhs pcem ubnfmfc gcbtrme, ims scrçh gcrtngmfms ghih uim hpcrmïçh nbfcpcbfcbtc c cstmrçh suacntms mhs rcqunsnths fc gcrtngmïçh nbngnme.
==
Bçh ghbjhrinfmfc ghbjhrinfmfcss
==.=
]umbfh bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs jhrci cbghbtrmfms ci qumequcr sudubnfmfc ci uim mufnthrnm nbtcrbm fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme, fcvcrí scr jcntm uim nbvcstnomïçh pcem ubnfmfc gcbtrme pmrm fctcrinbmr sc ms hutrms sudubnfmfcs phfci scr mjctmfms. H hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc cxnonr cvnfábgnms fc quc m ubnfmfc gcbtrme thihu mïócs pmrm ghrrnonr thfms ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs cbghbtrmfms furmbtc ms mufnthrnms nbtcrbms c quc thfms ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs jhrmi rcvnsmfms pmrm fctcrinbmr sc nbfngmi uim fcgnábgnm ocrme fh snstcim, mpengívce m thfms ms sudubnfmfcs, hu bçh. Wc jhr fcsghdcrth quc sni, m mïçh ghrrctnvm mprhprnmfm fcvc scr thimfm tmbth bm ubnfmfc gcbtrme qumbth ci gmfm sudubnfmfc. M ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc fcihbstrmr mh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh m austngmtnvm pmrm thfms ms mïócs fc mghipmb`micbth.
==.4
]umbfh bçhfurmbtc ghbjhrinfmfcs jhrci cbghbtrmfms bm ubnfmfc gcbtrme hu ci uim sudubnfmfc uim mufnthrnm jcntm pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc thimr mïçh, ghbjhric fcsgrnth bm pmrtc M, 7.4.
==.7
]umbfh bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs ghi cecicbths fh snstcim jhrci cbghbtrmfms bm ubnfmfc gcbtrme, h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fcvc muicbtmr sum jrcquábgnm fc mihstrmoci mtî ghiprhvmr quc h ghbtrhec jhn rcstmdcecgnfh pcem ubnfmfc gcbtrme.
==.6
Bh ihicbth fm gcrtngmïçh nbngnme c fm sudscqucbtc rcgcrtngmïçh, ui gcrtngmfh bçh fcvcrí scr cintnfh pmrm m ubnfmfc gcbtrme c ms sudubnfmfcs mtî quc uim mïçh ghrrctnvm smtnsjmt÷rnm scam thimfm pmrm cbgcrrmr thfms ms bçh ghbjhrinfmfcs.
==.3
Bçh scrí pcrintnfh quc, pmrm supcrmr h hdstígueh ecvmbtmfh pcem cxnstábgnm fc bçh ghbjhrinfmfc ci uim ñbngm sudubnfmfc, m ubnfmfc gcbtrme prhgurc cxgeunr fh csghph fm gcrtngmïçh m sudubnfmfc ―prhdeciítngm’ furmbtc m mufnthrnm fc gcrtngmïçh, imbutcbïçh hu rcgcrtngmïçh.
G÷fnoh fc Wcourmbïm fc Menicbths W]J1 Jmdrngmïçh fc Menicbths, Cfnïçh >
=;0
MBCPH 6 611 Tcqunsnths pmrm m gcrtnjgmïçh W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
=4
Gcrtnjgmfh cintnfh pmrm uim hrombnzmïçh ghi iñetnpems ubnfmfcs
=4.=
Si gcrtngmfh fcvc scr cintnfh pmrm m ubnfmfc gcbtrme c sudubnfmfcs mufntmfms bm mihstrm fh prhormim W]J fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs. H gcrtngmfh fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc nbgeunr ui mbcxh, enstmbfh thfms ms sudubnfmfcs quc pmrtngnpmi fh prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs. M gcrtngmïçh fm sudubnfmfc fcvc fcgemrmr, ci scu csghph fc gcrtngmïçh, quc jmz pmrtc fc uim gcrtngmïçh fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs c enstmr thfms ms sudubnfmfcs c scgubfírnms. Hs prhfuths enstmfhs bhsfcsfc gcrtngmfhs fm sudubnfmfc phfciprniírnms scr fnjcrcbtcs fh gcrtngmfh fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme, quc h csghph fms hpcrmïócs mtcbfm mhs rcqunsnths fc 7.? c h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh tcb`m rcmenzmfh uim mufnthrnm nb ehgh furmbtc ms mtnvnfmfcs fc ghe`cntm fhs prhfuths bçh nbgeuéfhs bh prhormim fc iñetnpems ubnfmfcs. Hs hrombnsihs fc gcrtngmïçh phfci jhrbcgcr gmrtms fc ghbjhrinfmfc pmrm sudubnfmfcs bçh nbgeuéfms bh prhormim fc mihstrmoci c fcvci omrmbtnr quc qumequcr icidrh fm hrombnzmïçh ghi iñetnpems ubnfmfcs imbtcb`m ghiubngmïçh prcgnsm c trmbspmrcbtc ghi m gmfcnm fc jhrbcgnicbth shdrc h csghph c hs prhfuths scbfh gcrtngmfhs.
=4.4
M fmtm fc gcrtngmïçh fm ubnfmfc gcbtrme c fms sudubnfmfcs fcvc scr m fmtm fm ñetnim mufnthrnm rcmenzmfm bmqucec gngeh fc gcrtngmïçh. M fmtm fc vmenfmfc fh gcrtngmfh fcvc scr dmscmfm bm fcgnsçh fh gcrtngmfh fm ñetnim fmtm fm mufnthrnm fm sudubnfmfc.
=4.7
H thfm ubnfmfcs bh prhormim fc fc iñetnpems scrí rctnrmfh scgcrtngmfh m ubnfmfc pmrm gcbtrme, hums qumequcr sudubnfmfc, fcnxmr mtcbfcrubnfmfc mhs grntîrnhs bcgcssírnhs pmrm imbtcr scu gcrtngmfh.
=4.6
M enstm fc sudubnfmfcs fcvc scr mtumenzmfm pcem ubnfmfc gcbtrme. M ubnfmfc gcbtrme fcvc nbjhrimr h hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh fh jcg`micbth fc qumequcr uim fms sudubnfmfcs hu m mfnïçh fc bhvms sudubnfmfcs. Bçh jhrbcgcr tmns nbjhrimïócs scrí ghbsnfcrmfh pceh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh ghih ui ush nbfcvnfh fh gcrtngmfh, c h gcrtngmfh fm hrombnzmïçh ghi iñetnpems ubnfmfcs scrí suspcbsh mtî quc m qucstçh scam ghrrnonfm pmrm smtnsjmïçh fh hrombnsih fc gcrtngmïçh.
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