Spoken Russian 1

1. M. Lesnin and Luba Petrova ,vi th lingui stic analysis by Leona r d Bloolnfield

SPOKEN RUSSIAN BOOK ONE

Spoke.n Language Services, Inc.

This is one of a series of self-teaching textbooks in more than thirty languages prepared under aegis of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Linguistic Society of America. There are four hours of recordings keyed to the printed text. © ©

1945 Linguistic Society of America

1981, 1990, 1992 Spoken Language Services, Inc. ISBN 0-87950-190-1

Published by Spoken Language Services, Inc. P.O. Box 783 Ithaca, N.Y.

14851

No part of this book may be reproduced in any f()rm or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.

INTRODUCTION 1. What We Are Trying to Do. This course in spo­ ken Russian is designed as a general introduction to the Russian language. It contains all the essential gram­ matical materials for learning to speak everyday Rus­ sian, and its vocabulary, though small, is built around a number of the most useful common situations and cur­ rent topics. It is based on the principle that you must hear a language if you are to understand it when spo­ ken, and that you must practice speaking it in order to master its sounds and its forms. A teacher of Russian will not always be available for those for whom this book is written. So the course has been made as nearly self-teaching as possible. This manual covers the course completely and requires the use of no other reference material. It explains in detail, step by step, how the work is to proceed, and sets the stage for the listening and talking which you are to do. 2. The Russian Language is spoken natively by about 200 million people in the constituent countries of the former Soviet Union. In addition, there are about 40 mil­ lion speakers of Ukrainian and 10 million speakers of Byelorussian. These two languages are closely related to

Russian; the people who speak them understand Russian when it is spoken to them, and learn the standard Russian language in school. Furthermore, there are some 20 mil­ lion people whose native languages (Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, and various Finnish, Caucasian, and Turkic dialects) are velY different from Russian who learn Russian as a second language. Altogether then, about 270 million people use Russian as their only language or as their most useful second language. Russian is also widely used as a commercial language in Mongolia and parts of Afghanistan, Persia and Sinkiang. Russian is one of the Slavic languages; the others are Ukrainian, Byelorussian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Serbo­ Croatian, Slovene, and Bulgarian. These languages are all very much alike, and a knowledge of Russian makes their acquisition relatively easy. Russian is also distantly related to English and most of the other languages of Europe, and you will find, after you have overcome its first apparent strangeness, that its general structure is not very different from that of English. Variations in language are perfectly. natural and are

iii

found in every language in the world. Americans from New England don't speak exactly like Americans from California, and Englishmen and Australians speak dif­ ferently from all Americans and from each other. In Russian the differences between different regions are much less than in English and to a foreigner are barely noticeable. All the people you meet in Russia will under­ stand the kind of Russian presented in this manual, and a great many of them, especially in the larger towns and cities and among the fairly well educated, will speak it exactly as you fmd it here. The people in the country areas and even some of the people in the cities may, however, speak a slightly different kind of Russian. So do not be surprised if the pronunciation you hear does not quite match what is given to you in this manual or what you hear in this course. Imitate the person with whom you are speaking. He, in turn, will do his best to pronounce so that he can be understood. Likewise, do not be surprised at the use of gestures; they are a normal accompaniment to the language; use the gestures your. self, if you can imitate them.

3. How to Use This Manual. To help you in learn­ ing to speak Russian, this course makes use of two tools: a native speaker of the language, and this book. The two must be used together, as neither one is of any use without the other. This manual has been so organized that it can be used to study by yourself or in a group. The group may or may not have a regular teacher; if you have no reguiv

lar teacher choose one of your own number (caUed th.

GroupLeader) to lead the oth:ef�"and to di:recftheir'work. 4. A Native Speaker is the only good source of first­ hand knowledge of the pronunciation and usage of any language. The method used in this manual requires the use of a native speaker of Russian, preferably a person who can be on hand through the course, or next best the voice of a native speaker recorded on cassettes that were prepared to accompany this manual. But even when a native speaker is present during the course, the cassettes can always be used for additional study. The native speaker of Russian is referred to as the Guide. The Guide's job is to act as a model for you to imitate, and as a check on your pronunciation; it is not his busi­ ness to be a teacher or to "explain" the language to you. The Guide should be, if possible, a person who speaks more or less the type of Russian found in this manual, not merely the dialect of a particular region; but he should speak this type of Russian naturally and without affectation. He should be neither overeducated nor too uncultured. 5. The Book is divided into two major parts, each containing five learning units and one unit devoted to reyiew. Each unit contains several sections, usually the following: A. Basic Sentences (with Hints on Pronunciation) B. Word Study and Review of Basic Sentences C. Review of Basic Sentences (Cont.)

D. Listening In E. Conversation F. Conversation (Cont.) These six sections are followed in each learning unit by a Finder List containing all the new words in the particular unit. At the end of the manual is included a summary of all word study material. All the words in the manual are included in two complete vocabu� larief>, Russian-English and English-Russian.

6. The Basic Sentences in each unit are arranged

so as to give you a number of new words and a number of new ways of saying things; first broken up into words or short phrases, and then combined in complete sen­ tences. On the printed page, they are presented in parallel columns, which contain on the left the English equivalent, in the center and on the right the Russian material. The Russian material is given both in the Aids to Listening in the second column and in the Con­ ventional SPelling in the third column. When you have your book open at whatever unit you are going to study, and when the Guide is ready to begin speaking the words for you, or the Group Leader is ready to start th� cassette; records, you can start working on the Basic Sentences for that unit. If the Group Leader is working with the Guide, the Leader will read the English out loud, and the Guide will pro­ nounce the Russian twice, each time allowing enough time for you to repeat the Russian after him. If you

are using the cassette records, two voices on the records will act as Leader and Guide for you. While you are listening to Guide, follow with your eyes the Aids to Listening. When you repeat the words and sentences after the Guide or cassette records, repeat them loud-good ,and loud. Never mumble. It is ab­ solutely essential that you repeat after the Guide or cassette record each time, and that you imitate as closely as you can, and learn by heart what you have imitated.

7. The Aids to Listening which are given in the first twelve units, presenta simplified spelling, which is design­ ed to help you in; remembering the Russian words as they sound. In the Aids to Listening, each Russian sound is represented by one letter or group of letters. Every letter (or group of letters) always stands for the same sound. Concentrate your attention first on the Aids to Listen­ ing, especially through Part I; in Part II you should pay more attention to the Conventual Russian Spelling. S. The Hints on Pronunciation are given you to help you improve your speech in Russian. No language has sounds exactly like those of any other; and in Russian you will find some sounds which are quite absent from English, and others which are somewhat but not exactly like English sounds. After you have been through the Basic Sentences of the unit at least once, read through the Hints on Pronunciation carefully, having the Guide repeat or playing on the cassettes the words and sounds which are being discussed. Then go back and V

listen again to the Basic Sentences, always repeating them after the Guide or cassette as you did before. Try to hear and imitate more precisely the sounds to which your attention has been called.

9. Pronouncing to Be Understood. Pronunciation is important for a number of reasons: if you expect to be understood when you speak a foreign language, you will have to pronounce it more or less the way the people .are used to hearing it. If you are too far off from the usual way of talking the language, people won't be able to understand you at all. Furthermore, the nearer you get to pronouncing the precise sounds, the easier it will be for your ear to catch the sound as spoken by a native, and the more rapidly you will pick up new words and phrases and make progress in learning the language. Learning to pronounce is really not hard, if you go about it in the right way. If you follow the suggestions and instructions given in this manual, and work care­ fully through all the hints, practices, and drills, you can expect to acquire the kind of pronunciation you need. Many students who are good mimics and who get into the spirit of speaking Russian will learn to talk like na­ tives. The only way to learn to pronounce like a native is to imitate. You must get a native to pronounce the words, then say them right after him, mimicking everything, even to the tone of his voice. This manual will make it easier for you by pointing out the sounds you need to observe, and by describing their peculiarities. vi

10. Each Word Study shows you new uses and new combinations of materials studied up to that point; you are taught how to take apart the words and phrases which you hear and how to make new words and phrases on the same model. Read each part of the Word Study carefully, and make sure you understand thoroughly everything which is said in them; then go back over the Basic Sentences with the Guide or cassettes, exactly as you did before. By this time you can start going through the Basic Sentences with your book closed, and you should now be able to understand the sentences without looking at the English equivalent. 11. The Listening In section gives you a number of conversations, anecdotes, or stories, which use the vo­ cabulary and constructions you have learned in each unit and in all those preceding. I ts. purpose is to give you practice in listening to and understanding the foreign language as you might overhear it in normal conversa­ tion among Russian-speaking people, and to furnish you with models for your own conversation practice. 12. The Conversation Practice represents the cen­ tral aim of the course. In order to converse well, you should know well everything that has been introduced in the unit you are working on, and everything that you have learned in previous units as well. When you take part in a conversation, do so as easily and naturally as you can. Don't try to bring in new words and phrases that you haven't learned in the material you have

studied in this course; stick to what you have learned and practice it thoroughly.

13. Talkin� Russian. In speaking Russian you should not first figure out what you want to say in English and then translate it into Russian, word for word. This will get you nowhere. You should apply, instead, the words and expressions you already know to the given situation. If you cannot immediately rattle off a word or expression to fit a particular situation, go on to another, or ask a question, but under no circum­ stances attempt to compose. As soon as you do, you lapse into English speech habits and stop learning Rus­ sia:-n and Russian speech habits. When people speak to you, they will frequently use words and expressions you do not know. If you can't guess their meaning, try to find out by asking questions in Russian, or by asking them to repeat slowly, or to explain in simpler terms. If you (and they!) are "good natured, and reasonable about it, you won't have any trouble. On the contrary you will constantly learn more

and will practice the Russian you already know in the process. Your learning of the language will not stop, therefore, when you have mastered this material. You will, rather, be able to get around among the people, practice what you know, and steadily pick up more and more words and phrases. Try to learn them thoroughly. Carry along a notebook to jot down what you want to remember; you can then review this material from time to time. You should not wait until you have finished this manual before you start using the language. Start prac­ ticing at once. When you have done the first unit, try out the expressions on as many people as possible. When you try out your Russian at this early stage, make it slide off your tongue as smoothly as possible. Be careful not to slip back into a careless English-like pronuncia­ tion. Listen closely to what the person says in response, trying to catch as much as you can. The first few times it may be hard to catch even the words you know, but you will improve rapidly if you keep on practicing every chance you get.

CONTENTS PART ONE

UNIT

Page

Aids to Listening. Buying things.

2. THE FAMILY. Cases. Nominative case. Masculine, Feminine, Neuter. Singular, Plural.

3, MEETING PEOPLE. Genitive case.

Page

4. WHERE ARE You FROM? Accusative case.

1. GETTING AROUND. Greetings and general phrases. Places and directions. Comment on

UNIT

1 29

Verb forms.

88

5. THE WEATHER. Locative case. Verbs.

112

6. REVIEW.

137

61

PART TWO 10. WRITING A LETTER. Regular verbs. Dura-

7. AT THE AIRPORT. Higher numbers. Time by the clock.

144

11. EATING AND DRINKING.

B. LAUNDRY AND BARBER. More n u m b ers. Imperative form. Reflexive form. Compound verbs. Dative case. 172

Viii

229

Ourative and

Punctual verbs. Actual and Iterative verbs.

12. REVIEW. SUMMARY OF RUSSIAN GRAMMAR

9. FINDING A ROOM. Short forms of adjectives. Instrumental case.

tive and Punctual verbs.

201

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH WORD LIST ENGLISH-RUSSIAN INDEX KEY To EXERCISES AND TESTS

264

295 300 327 365

PART ONE

UNIT

U

GETTING AROUND To the Group Leader: Each Unit of this course is divided into six Sections. It is suggested that the group spend not less than fifty minutes on each Section. Before you get the group together to work on this first unit, read carefully the following material up to the heading Useful Words and Phrases on page 4. When the group meets, read the material aloud to them or have some other member of the group do the reading. The students will follow the reading with their books open. Be sure that your Guide, or the cassettes and player, are ready before the group meets for work on Section A. You should look through all of the sections of the unit, reading the directions carefully, so that you will have in mind the general plan of the work. Always get clearly in mind the directions for a section before you take that section up in group meeting.

This unit gives you the most immediate and neces­ sary expressions that you will need in meeting people, asking your way, buying things, and counting. The amount of learning and memorizing required for the first unit is considerably greater than that for any later

unit. You are given such a large dose at the start be­ cause this unit is meant to be a kind of " language first aid" which gives you enough useful expressions to en­ able you to make ordinary wants known and to carry on a simple conversation in Russian from the very start.

SECTION A-U SEFUL WORDS In the list of Useful Words and Phrases which follows, the English equivalent of these words and phrases is given at the left of the page. Opposite, in the middle column, is a simplified spelling of the Russian which will help you in getting the sounds. In the third column

AND

P HRASES

is the ordinary or conventional Russian spelling. The Leader of the group will first read the English Equivalent and pause after the Guide to speak the Russian. Every

member of the group then repeats after the Guide. The Guide will then say the Russian a second time and

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everybody will repeat after him as before. The Leader will then read the next English equivalent and the Guide and group will follow the procedure indicated. If no guide is available, the cassette recordings pro­ vided for the course should be used. When the group is ready, the Leader will begin playing the appropriate recording and the group will repeat right after the Rus­ sian speaker during the silences on the cassette. The cassette recordings can be used with profit even in cases where a Guide is available because they can be heard between meetings of the group, whenever it is conve­ nient to you; they furnish additional practice in hearing Russian; you may listen only to those portions which you have found difficult and the cassette may be played as often as you wish. In case the speaker on the cassette has a Russian pronunciation different from that of your Guide, use the cassette recordings only for listening and understanding and not for imitating. Whether you are working with a Guide or only with the cassette Tecordings, you must repeat each Russian word and phrase in a loud, clear voice, trying at all times to imitate the pronunciation as closely as you can. Keep constantly in mind the meaning of the Russian you are about to hear, glancing at the English equivalent when­ ever you need to remind yourself. When you are hearing the Russian, keep your eyes on the Aids to Listening. But whenever the written form seems to you to differ from the spoken sound, follow the spoken sound always. Learning to understand and pronounce a language is not really hard. Every one of us learned to do this as

2

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a child, and all over the world children learn to speak all kinds of languages without any trouble. The diffi­ culty that an adult faces in learning a foreign language as you are now learning Russian, is that the adult al­ ready has a set of habits for pronouncing his own lan­ guage and this makes it harder for him to learn new ones than for a child who is starting from scratch. That is why it is so important that you should not be afraid of mimicking even when what you hear may sound strange to you. Don't be afraid to let yourself go. You will never learn to speak a language if you don't plunge right in as soon as you can. Never mind if you do make mistakes at first. The important thing is for you to try to say the words and phrases. Imitate your Guide with the same spirit and enthusiasm that you use in mimicking a person whose speech sounds peculiar to you. You will find that if you do this, your Guide will not think you are making fun of him; instead he will probably smile because what you have said to him sounds like Russian. In the first five units, do not attempt under any cir­ cumstances to pronounce the Russian before you have heard it. You will only make trouble for yourself if you try to guess the pronunciation by "reading" the Aids to

Listening.

If you are working with a Guide who does not under­ stand English, ask the Leader of your group to demon­ strate for you and the Guide what hand signals are to be used to let the Guide know when you want him to read more slowly or to repeat. They are as follows:

BEGIN 1. Index finger raised: 2. Hand raised, palm toward the Guide: STOP

3. Palm down, hand moved slowly in

semi-circle: 4. Beckoning with index finger: 5. Hand held palm up and moved quickly up and down:

else. You will learn fastest if, when your book is open, you follow these steps

1. Keep your eyes on the Aids to listening as you listen

SLOWER REPEAT LOUDER

Remember that each phrase you say has a real mean­ ing in Russian and hence you should always act as though you were really saying something to someone

to the Russian being spoken.

2. Repeat immediately what you have heard. 3. Keep in mind the meaning of what you are saying.

Begin the words and phrases as soon as your Guide is ready or when the Leader of your group is ready to play the first cassette.

To the Group Leader: Give the members of the group a chance to ask questions about the instructions. Make sure that every one understands just what he is to do. Then have the students go through the list of Useful Words and Phrases once with the books open, repeating in unison after the Guide. Following this first practice, read with the group the Comment on the Aids to Listening on page 7. Make sure that everyone understands it. Now go through the list a second time, much as you did before. And finally, go through it a third time, but let the students take turns repeating individually after the Guide-a sentence to a student. Indicate the order in which the repetitions are to go, who is first, who next, and so on. Continue this individual repetition as long as the fifty-minute period permits. Then, just before dismissing the group, read with them the paragraph headed Check Yourself on page 11. Here are some hints that will make the work of the group more effective.

1. Insist that everyone speak up. Don't allow any mumbling! Each member of the group must be able to hear what is being said at all times.

2. Indicate to the Guide that he is to repeat whenever the pronunciation is bad and to keep on repeating until he gets a pronunciation that sounds like Russian.

3. Urge ,everyone to mimic to the limit every sound, every inflection, even the mannerisms of the Guide. 4. Keep the work moving. Don't let it drag at any time. See that everyone is listening, not only to the Guide, but to himself and to the others as they repeat after the Guide.

5. Go through all the work yourself. Repeat with the others and take your turn at the individual repetitions.

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1. Useful Words and Phrases

Here is а list о! useful words and phrases уои wi1l need in Russian. Уоu should 100rn these Ьу noort. Greetings and General Phrases НОТЕ: Words enclosed ln brackets [ ] are not expressed ln the Russian. Words enclosed.in parentheses ( ) help to explaln the meanin� of the Russlan but are not necessary ln English. Words enclosed ln sln�le quotation marks' 'are literal or word-for-word equlvalents. �

ENGL/SH EQUl VALENTS -----,

.----

A IDS ТО L /STENING ---.

Неl10! (How do уои do?)

ZDRAstvuyji/

how уои (уои) are getting along How are уои? Fine оу аl1 right. Thanks. And уои?

КАК VI pazhiV4yiji КАК V$ pazhi VAyiji?

аlЭ0

well [I'm] fine too, thanks. Not [эо] v,rell. comrade оу friend Mr. lvanov. 4 [l-А]

xaraSHO. spa$Iba. а

VI?

TO zhi xaraSHO ТО zhi xaraSHO , spa$Iba. 1ji xaraSHO. ta VAJishch ta VAJishch ivaNO P .

r--

CON VENТlONAL SPELLING --.

Здравствуйте I RaR

вы поживаете RaR вы поживаете? Хорошо. Спасибо. А вы? тоже хорошо Тоже хорошо, спасибо. Нехорошо. товарищ Товарищ Иванов.

Mrs.

оу

Miss Ivanov.

ta VArishch ivaNOva.

Mr. Smith.

gaspaJ)IN SlJfIT.

Mr. Smith.

grazhdalfIN SlJfIT.

Mrs.

оу

Miss Smith.

graZHDANka SlJfIT.

Товарищ Иванова. Господин Смит. Гражданин Смит. Гражданка Смит. Понимаете? Понимаете по-русски? Да. Нет.

Do уои uпdегstапd?

pa1}iMAyiji?

Do уои understand Russian?

pa1}iMAyiji ра R Us�i?

УеБ.

DA.

No (оу There is по.)

lfET.

1 1 uпdегstапd. 1 don't understand.

УА pa1}iMAyи.

уа 1}i pa1}iMAyи.

[1] don't understand.

1}i pa1}iMAyи.

ЕхсиБе [те].

izyilflji.

понимаю. Я не понимаю. На понимаю. Извините.

what уои (уои) said What did уои Бау?

SHTO VI skaZAji SHTO v$ skaZAli?

что вы сказали Что вы сказали?

please оу you're welcome (уоu) speak slowly Please speak slowly.

paZHALsta gаvаjПji lJfEdlina, lJfEdjinna paZHALsta, gavaJUji lJfEdlinna.

пожалуйста говорите медленно Пожалуйста, говорите медленно. 5 [l-А]

УА

Я

я

(уои) !'epeat Please repeat.

paftaJUji paZHALsta, paftaJUji.

where restaurant Where [is the] restaurant? о, Where [is а] restaurant?

С!)Е ristaRAN С!)Е JistaRAN?

где ресторан Где ресторан?

here is hote! Here's [the] hoteI о, Here's [а] hote!. (railroad) station toi1et То [the] right. То [the] left. Here. There. ТЬе restaurant is to the right. ТЬе hotel is to t!le left. ТЬе toilet is here. 6 [1-А]

VOT ga$TI1Jica VOT ga$TI1Jica.

вот гостиница Вот гостиница.

повторите Пожалуйста, повторите.

Places and Directions

vagZAL uBORnaya , na PRAva.

па [.,Eva. г!)Е$. ТАМ. JistaRAN па РМм. ga$TI1Jica па [.,Ем. uBORnaya г!)Е$.

воиэал уборная. Направо. Налево. Здесь. Там. Ресторан направо. Гостиница налево. Уборная эдесь.

what this What [iз] \Ыв?

SHTO Еш SИТО Еta?

ТЫв [is the] station.

Еш vagZAL.

что это Что это?

Это ВОRЗRЛ.

After уои Ьауе gone through the Useful Words aпd Phrases опее, read the following: 2. Comment оп the Aids to Listening Notice tllat words like MISter, WILL, ТНЕ, HIS, IS ТЬе best way to learn апу language is to l isten to а are strongly aecented iC they stand аН alone, but they native speaker of it, and then сору exactly what Ье are ивиаНу not accented in а sentence. зауз. That is why we ask уои to listen carefully to уош Guide (ос the speaker оп the cassette) and imitate Ыт In the А ids to Listening уои will sometimes find ап as exactly as уои сап. It would .Ье ideal if уои could aecent mark over а втаН letter; for instance: а. ТЫэ сететЬес everything Ье says simply Ьу listening and means that the sound is а little louder than the sound repeating. However, most of из need to have зоте­ indicated Ьу other small letters, but less loud than that thing оп рарес to remind из of what we Ьауе heard. which is indicated Ьу capital letters. For example, we ТЫз is what the Aids 'о Listening are meant for. ТЬеу would write Cor English Mпd тв the РENcil,' or MADison асе simply ап attempt to put down systematicaOy оп street (but MADison AVenue). рарес the sounds that уои hear оп the tapes or that уош Also, in the A ids to Listening уои wШ вее that а good Guide will рсоЬаЫу зау. (Later оп, in Part 11, уои will тапу lettel's Ьауе соттав ul1der them ; for instance: learn to read the regular Russian spelling; рау по atten­ j, Т. Уои Ьауе probably noticed that where we place tion to it now.) Remember, however, that they are only these соттав the Russian Ьав а peculiar sound, тисЬ aids to listening. The listening itself is still the most аэ if the sound of у in yes were mixed in. ТЫв will Ье important thing; the printed material is j ust а reminder. explained later in this Unit; уои wil l do best if уои try to get the soul1d Ьу 1istel1ing al1d imitating before уои In the Aids 'о Listening capital letters асе used to read the explanatiol1. ТЬе soul1ds which we mark with show which зуllаЫез in а word or phrase are most а сотта are caHed palatal consonants. ТЬе soul1ds ch strongly accented, that is, spoken the loudest. For ех­ al1d у, which are тисЬ the вате аз in English church ample, we would write for Engl ish: mister JONES wi11 al1d yes, are also called palatal consonants. ТЬе remain. conD UCT the SERvice; ос: his CONduct is VERy BAD. 7 [l-А]

ing consonant sounds are called plain consonants; for in­ stance: t, sh. 1. We сап begin with the vowels. Russian has five vowels. In the Aids to Listening we иве the five letters а, е, i, о, и to indicate the Russian vowels. The sounds of the Russian vowels are plainest when they are loud1y stressed; this is when the Aid to Listening writes them with capital 1etters: А, Е, 1, О, U. Notice, first, that the Russian vowels are rather short; they are never drawled the way воте vowels are drawled in natural Eng1ish pronunciation. The Russian vowel sounds are quite different from ошв; уои will have to listen and imitate carefully. If уои have а chance to hear а Russian speak Eng1ish with an imperfect pronuncia­ tion, уои тау find it helpful to mimic шв E nglish; рroЬ­ аЫу шв Eng1ish веетв queer in part Ьесаиве he is using Russian vowe1 sounds instead of English ones. The Russian vowel sound which we write ав 1 or i has two varieties. When the Russian i-sound сотев at the beginning of а word, or after а palatal consonant (that is, after ch or у or after а consonant that we mark with а сотта under­ neath), it sounds like the Eng1ish vowe1 in eat, cheap, deep, or 1ike Eng1ish i in machine; only the Russian vowe1 is much shorter than ошв. When the Russian i-sound сотев anywhere е1ве (that is,_after а p1ain consonant), it has а sound that воте­ times веетв very queer to ош ears. It is something like ош i-vowel in Ьill, hill, but there is something muffled 8

[l-А]

about it. Тшв is Ьесаиве in the Russian vowe1 the tongue is drawn back in the mouth. Риll your tongue back, ав if уои were gagging. I mitate the Guide or the cassette recording and уои will soon get the right effect. ТЬе Russian vowe1 which we write ав Е or е is much like the E ng1ish vowe1 of bet. Before а pa1ata1 conso­ nant it is like1y to sound more 1ike the vowel of bait, on1y it is shorter. . The Russian vowe1 which we write ав А or а is 1ike the Eng1ish vowel infather, except that it is much shorter. The Russian vowe1 which we write ав О or о resembles the E nglish vowe1 of four or board (and is never like E ng1ish о in hot). On1y the Russian vowe1 is shorter and Ьав an odd sound Ьесаиве the Russian is slight1y round and sticks out шв lips when forming this vowel. Ве вше to imitate this. ТЬе Russian vowel which we write ав И or и resemble the English vowe1 of put, good, ри" (and never that of but, cut). On1y, the Russian и Ьав an odd sound Ьесаиве ав in Russian о, the lips are slight1y rounded and pro­ truded. Ве вше to i mitate this во ав to get the proper Russian effect. When the Russian vowels are loudly stressed we write them with capita1 1etters: А, Е, 1, О, U. When they are weakly stressed they still Ьауе the вате sounds, only 1евв 10ud; we write them with an accent mark: а, с, f, 6, u. When the Russian vowe1s are unstressed they are short­ ened and slurred, very тисЬ like unstressed vowels in Eng1ish; then we write p1ain, втаll а , е, i, и.

Now listen to the way your Guide (or the speaker оп the cassette) says the examp!es, and repeat after him. PRACTI CE

1

.--АIDS�r NEAREST ENGL lSH SO UNDi after palatal consonant, like our i in тachine, but shorter. i after p!ain consonant, like our i in Ыll, but риН back уош" tongue.

'

Ве sure (о make аН t!le vowe!s good and short, and try а rea! Russian sound into уоUl' words.

(о get

А I DS gaspa[JIN

господин

VI

БЫ

уои

это

this

R

1

,.--.-..--.

----- ,

CON VENТlONAL gentleтan

е

like our е in bet.

Еш

а

Iike our а in father, but shorter.

УА

о

like ош' о in foиr, board, but round уоис lips. (Never Iike о ill hot.)

SHTO

что

what

R Us�iy

русшtий

Russian

и

Jike our и in pиt, рull, but round your lips. (Never Iike и in cut.) 2. ТЬе Russiall consonant sounds are very тисЬ like the EngIish ones, except only the Russian r and х alld the pa!ataIized consonallts, and even these wil1 give уои по trouble опсе уои make а good start. ТЬе fo!lowing Russian consonant sounds are very тисЬ Iike EllgIish soullds; {ос еасЬ опе we give ап English word which has rough1y the вате sound as the Rt!ssian: Ь as in ыи с means ts аэ in hats (never as in cat or il1 cent)

ch as il1 chиrch d as il1 do f as i n four g as il1 go, get (never аэ il1 geт) k as in kit 1 аэ il1 weU т as in те! n as in net р as il1 ре! s as in sell

[1-А]

sh as in shell tas in {еn v as in very у as ! nyes Z as ш zero zh like Z in assure

Russian р, t, k sound а little different from English р, {, k: the RlIssian sOllnds have less of а pllff of breath after

them.

RlIssian {, d, n sound а 1ittle different from English {, d, n becallse the RlIssian sOllnds are made with the tip of

the tonglle tOllching the back of the lIpper front teeth.

RlIssian Ь, d, g, v, z, zh have more of а bllzz to them than do the similar English sounds. For instance, when а RlIssian says DА ('yes') it seems to Оllf ears almost as if he were saying nDA. RlIssian shand zh have less of а hiss lП them than the English sOllnds in shell and azure. In the RlIssian sOllnds the front of the tonglle is lower, and often the !ips are а bit rollnded.

RlIssian I has а hol1ow sOllnd; some speakers make it sOllnd a!most !ike ап English w. It is mllch like the Еп­ glish I-SОllпd in well or wool, and differs from the higher pitched English I-sollnd in less or 'еаn. 3. Russian r. The first thing to note about this sound is that it is never anything !ike Оllf American r. If УОll lIse Оllf r in RlIssian, УОll will make it hard for RlIssians to lInderstand УОll. 80 get rid of УОllf American r right fюm the start. The Russians use а trilled sOllnd, like the ттг that сЫ!­ dren say in imitating а te!ephone Ьеll or а running motor. The tip of the tonglle vibrates, making а few rapid taps against the rollnded ыlрp in the pa!ate right аЬоуе and behind the lIpper gllms. УОll сап find the р!асе Ьу рro­ nOllncing ап Eng!ish d as in did. In ап English d the tip of the tonglle makes а rea! contact Ьщ in а RlIssian r it makes оп!у а vibration at this point. 4. RlIssian х. The RlIssian sOllnd which we write with the !etter х is а strong, very breathy h-sollnd. Мапу speak­ ers of English have а simi!ar sOllnd at the beginning of words like hue, huge, huтan.

Now !isten to the Guide (or the speaker оп the (аре) and repeat right after Ыт. PRACTICE

pa1JiMAyu то zhi

ll::X

[l-А]

2

.1 1

J

понимаю тоже ЕаЕ

1 understand also how

I

I

1 .�

ладно LAdna молоко mашКО вокзал vagZAL Us�iy R русский хорошо xaraSHO Now go through the Usefu! Words and Phrases again with your book ореп, following the same procedure as before. Repeat each word and phrase, immediate!y after hearing it, in а !oud, c!ear voice. Let yourse!f go and say the phrases right out. Go through the Usefu! Words and Phrases опсе more with уош book ореп, but this time, take turns !etting each member of уош group repeat individually until everybody has taken part. Кеер оп the a!ert. If the

agreea milk railway station Rиssian good, well Guide asks уои to repeat, do so with enthusiasm and try to mimic Ыт as best as уои сап until he is satisfied with уош pronunciation. When уои have satisfied Ыт, уои сап Ье sure that уои are speaking understandable Russian. Continue this individua! repetition as !ong as time permits. If уои are using оп!у the cassette re­ cordings, уош Leader will see to it that уои repeat and that everyone gets the most out of this individua! performance.

4. Check Yourself

Did уои go through the Usefu! Words and Phrases at !east twice in unison and at least опсе more individually? Did уои repeat each word and phrase in а !oud, c!ear voice immediate!y after hearing it? Did уои follow the pronunciation уои heard even when it was different from that shown in уош book?

f I

(

Did уои keep in mind the meaning of each word and phrase as уои heard and spoke the Russian? If уои have failed at апу point to carry out the instruc­ tions, go over the Usefu! Words and Phrases опсе again as soon as уои сап, being carefu! to follow every step in the procedure outlined.

SECTION B-USEFUL WORDS AND РНiRЛВЕВ (Cont.)

Here are other useful words and phrases which уои will want to use immediately if уои are in а country in which the реор!е speak Russian. These are being given

to уои as а "!anguage first aid." Learn them ьу heart. In working with this material, fol1ow the same рro­ cedure that уои used with the Usefu! Words and Phrases

[l-БJ

11

go through tlle list а second and а thi l d time, э.s in in Section А. After уои Ьауе gone through the list опсе, Section А. repeating in unisol1, read the following Hints оп Pronиn­ ciation. Rtш through thc Pronиnciation Practices. ТЬеп 1. Useful Words and Phrases (Саnе.) '

Buying Things

how (to) say in Russian How [do уои say] this il1 Russial1?

КАК skaZAT ра R UsM КАК Eta ра R UsM?

How [do уои] say this in Russial1?

КАК skaZAT Eta ра R Us�i?

(уои) wal1t What do уои want?

xaTlji SHTO vf, ха ТIji?

[1] want cigaIette* 1 want [а] cigarette.

хаСН U papiROsи уа xachu papiROsи.

Ьу те there is cigarettes 1 Ьауе some cigarettes.**

и rttiljA УЕ$Т papiROsi и 1piljА уе§} papiROsi.

matches 1 haven 't any matches. ('Ву те there are по matches ' )

SPlchik и 1pi1Ja ljET Splchik.

---

*Not оп the tape.

12

[l-В]

** ТЬе tape, Ьу mistake, has "1 Ьауе а cigarette."

ЕаЕ СRазать ПО-РУССRИ Еак это ПО-РУССRИ? I\:aR сказать это ПО-РУССRИ? хотите Что вы хотите? хочу папиросу Я хочу папиросу . у меня есть папиросы 11 меня есть папиросы. спичеI� 11 мен.я нет СIШчеR.

give

те

[а] match Give те а match.

DA Yji M!jE SPI CHku DA Yji m1jc SpICHku.

to eat*

K Ushij уа хаеМ K Ushij.

some soup*

Supu уа хаеМ SUpu.

1 want [something] to eat. 1 want some soup. Do уои want some soup? Please give

те

some soup.

some bread some butter some meat some potatoes some coffee some tea some sugar some mi1k sоше beer some water СоНее or beer?

xajiji SUpu? DA Yji m1jc SUpu, paZHALsta. XI.rEba MAsla }.fAsa karTOsh�i KOfi СНА уu SAxaru mагаКА plva vaDI KOfi iji РIva?

дайте мне спичку Дайте мне спичку. куша,ть Я хочу кушать. супу Я хочу супу. Хотите супу? Дайте мне супу, пожалуйста. хлеба масла мяса картошЮI кофе чаю сахар у MoJ1oKa

пива воды Rофе или пива?

*Not оп the cassette.

[ l-В]

1Э

I1

,

1

Ij\ �1

,>

';:,

how тисЬ it is worth оу it costs How much does it cost?

SKO{.ka STOy it SKO{.ka ею STOyit?

сколыю стоит Сколько это стоит?

1 t costs two roubles.

ею st6yit D VA уuВ{.А.

Это стоит два рубля.

one rouble two roubles three roubles four roubles ten kopeks [I1's] two ten.

atJIN RUB{. D VA уuВ{.А TJUruB{.A chiTlri уuВ{.А tJE§ij kapEyik DVA l)E§ij.

один рубль два рубля три рубля четыре рубля десять копеек Два десять.

orie two three four five six seven eight nine ten will Ье How much are two and two?

atJIN D VA TJU chiT1ri РА Т SHE§T $ЕЦ VO§im tJEyij tJE§ij BU{lit SKO{.ka bU{lit D VA i D VA r

один два три четыре пять шесть семь восемь девять десять будет Сколы�о будет два и два?

Two and two [are] four. 14 [l-В]

D VA i D VA , chiT1ri.

Два и два - четыре.

�

Three and буе [are] eight. Good-bye!

TflI i PA T, VO§im. da syiDA 1Jya!

Три и ПЯТI, восемь. До свиданья ! -

2. Comment оп the Basic Sentences Forms о] address. 111 talking to а foreigner whom they Ав soon ав Russians know anyone at аН weH, they stop

do not know very weH, Russians are likely to иве tlle foreign title, saying, for instance, }.fISter S}.fIT, }.fI§is S}.fIT, }.fIS S}.fIT. Or else, they rпay иве the very formal Russia11 word gaspa!)IN and саН а тап gaspa!)IN S}.fIТ. The corresponding word for ' Mrs.' is gaspaZHA , but they rarely 1lве this, and there is по corresponding word for ' Miss'. In talki11g to each other, when they аге 110t weH acquainted, Russians иве two titles. One is ta VArishch ' comrade'; it is used regardless of sex: ta VArishchivaNOF ' Comrade Ivanov' , ta VAr ishch ivaNOva ' Mrs. Ivanov' or ' М iss 1 vanov'. The other title is ' ci tizen' , grazhdaljIN for men, graZHDANka for women : grazhdaljIN ivaNOF ' Mr. 1.' graZHDA Nka ivaNOva'Mrs. 1.' or ' Miss 1.' Notice that воте Russian family names have an cxtra endi11g -а whe11 they are used of а woman. No ' the' or ' а' : [the] hotel, [а] hotel "No ' do' : [Do] уои шidегstапd ? Often по pronoun with verb : [Do уои] understand?

using the family пате; instead they саН people Ьу the combination of first пате and father's first пате : ' John Peter's�son' , ' Mary Peter's-daughter' . Ivanov. The speaker о п the record stresses the last вуНаЫе of this family пате ; he ваув Mr. ivaNOF, Mrs. ivaNOva. Mostly this family пате is prop':>unced i VAnaj, i VAnava. Ве, do, have, the, а. Each language has its own machin­ ery for saying things. In English, such words ав Ье, is, are, have, has, do, does, the, а perform а great deal of work. In Russian there are по words to match these; the вате work is done Ьу entirely different forms of expression. Don't waste your time puzzling over this ; just learn how one ваув things in Russian. Observe the foHowing types of pht'ases which have appeared in the Basic Sentences.

гостиница Вы понимаете? pa1JiMAyiJi?

Поним::tете? [l-B]

15

No verb ' to Ье': Here is the hotel. There is воте beer. There is по beer. There are по matches. Where [is the] station? The station is thel·e.

VOT ga.JTI1}ica. YE.JT pIva. ljET pIva ljET Splchik. СРЕ vagZAL? vagZAL ТА М.

Вот гостиница. Есть пива. Нет пива. Нет спичек. Где вокзал? Вокзал там.

No verb 'to have':

1 have some cigarettes.

и tpiljA YE.JT paPiROsi. have the cigarettes. papiROsi и tpiljA. 1 have по matc11es. и tpiljA ljET Splchik. Notice that Russian words like VOT, YE.JT, ljET do not match ир with

1

V меня есть папиросы.

Папиросы у меня. !ЩТ спичек. is or has or апу other English word. V меня

After уои have gone through the Useful Words аnа Phrases and through the Comment оп tJte Basic Sentences, read the following: 3. Hints оп Pronunciation То the Сгоuр Leader: The

folIowing section is divided into two parts, and eacll part is (о Ье taken up separately. First, read through with (Ье group (Ье introductory material and tlle explanations given in (Ье first part. ТЬеп Ьауе the Guide read the Examples with (Ье group repeating after him, first in unison, and tllen individually. Don't go оп to (Ье next part until everyone has а reasonable control over the items of pronunciation that are being taught. Follow this procedure with each of (Ье two parts. You will find that the Examples are аН given оп the cassettes.

Аэ уои have already noticed, Russian has а lot of sounds that are almost like ош English ones, but sti1l not quite the same. Also, there are а few sounds that are totally different from anything we have in English. 16

[l-В]

If уои want to speak understandable Russian, уои will of course have (о learn (о say these two kinds of sounds. The only way to learn them is to listen to the way уоиr Guide (or the speaker оп the cassette) says

them and to imitate him as well as уои сап. То Ье!р уои imitate him we shall give уои а few Hints оп Pronuncia­ tion. These will cover, in small doses, the sounds that differ comp!ete!y from those we use in Eng!ish, as well as the ones that differ оп!у а litt!e. Pa/ata/ consonants.

Уои have probably noticed and imitated the pecu!iar Russian sounds which we mark in the Aids 'о Listening Ьу putting а сотта under the !etters. These sounds are ра/а­ 'а/ consonants. Уои will have to practice them until уои recognize them without fai! when уои hear them, and unti! уои pronounce correct!y the words and phrases in which they occur. Otherwise уои cou!d not understand what а Russian is saying, and Ье cou!d not understand уои. Russian pa!ata! consonants sound as if а у (as in yes) were mixed into the ordinary consonant sound. ТЬе PR A C T I C E

1

�AIDS�,

NEARESТ ENG L lSH SO UND

р

j !J, f f'

"

�

у

§

like р and у run together like t and у run together like d and у run together like f and у run together like v and у run together like s and у ГlШ together

midd!e part of the tongue is raised ир against the high­ est part of the pa!ate whi!e the consonant is being pro­ nounced. Р!асе your tongue as if уои were saying уее and keep it in this position whi!e уои produce the consonant sound. Some Russian consonants occur in pairs, p/ain and ра/а­ 'а/. We mark the pa!ata! опе Ьу p!acing а сотта under the !etter in the Aids 'о Listening: Ь d g f k l т n р r s t v x z !;!J,r:f�

l tfl t} P I § j y � & Two other Russian pa!ata! consonants have по сопеsponding p!ain consonant Ьу their side. These are ch (as in Eng!ish church) and у (as in English yes). Note that these count in Russian as pa!ata! consonants because the tongue is in the characteristic pa!ata! position. Now !isten to the Guide (or the cassette) and imitate. EXAMPLES

'

- А fDS

,--

-----., r

РА Т xaTlji J)Eyij КОЛ izyiljlji

ПЯ'l'Ь хотите девять :i\ офе извините

$ЕЦ

семь

CON VENТlONAL five уоu want nine coJJee excuse seven

[l-В]

17 .

� tp 1J J r

like z and у run together like т and у run together like n and у run together 1ike 1 and у run together like r and у run together

�iMA MAsa ljET па J.,Eva

тр.!

Some olher consonanls.

ТЬе Russian x-sound is something like а strong, breathy h-sound. Three Russian plain consonants have по corresponding palatal consonant Ьу their side. These are sh (ш in Еп­ glish shell), zh (like z in azure), and с (like ts in hats). ТЬе Russian sh and zh have а duller, less hissing sound than the nearest English consonants. ТЬе front of the tongue is lower in Russian, and the lips are slightly rounded.

зима мясо нет налево три

х

friction

sh sh shch

1ike English sh in harsh 1ike English z in azure like English shch in fresh chips

[l-В]

ео the left three

EXAMPloES

�АIDS� г�--- НОW ТО МАКЕ ТНЕ SO UND --�·

18

110

When Russian sh and ch соте together in the сотЫпа­ tion shch, the sound is тисЬ as in ап English combination like fresh chips. ТЬе whole combination is palatal. Мапу Russians, however, pronounce this combination more as if it were sh-sh (as in English fresh ships), but they always keep the combination palatal, Ьу raising the middle of the tongue in the usual way. Imitate уош Guide or the cassette.

PRACTICE 2

sound in the back of

winter теае

the mouth

.--

A
DS -----,r�-C -- ON VENTIONAL---___..

XJ.,Eba SAxaru хаСНU SHTO TO zhi taVArishch

хлеба сахару хочу ч'rо

тоже товарищ

some bread some sugar I want what a/so сотуоое

4. Check Yourself

Did уои go through the Useful Words аml Phrases at least twice in unison and at least оп се more in­ dividually? Did уои apply what уои learned about the vowel sounds in Hints оп Pronunciation? Did уои Collow the pronunciation уои heard еуеп ",-Ьеп it was different from that shown in your book?

Did уои keep in mind the meaning оС each word and phrase ав уои heard and spoke tl1e Russian? If уои Ьауе Cailed at апу point to carry out the in­ structions, go over the Useful Words and Phrases onct: again ав вооп ав уои сап, being careCul to Collow every step in the procedure outlined.

SECTION C-REVIEW OF U SEFUL WORDS AND If your group Ьав time Cor outside assignments, весtions marked Individual Study mау Ье done between

РИRASЕS

meetings of the group. Otherwise иве them ав independent study during а group meeting.

1. Covering the Engl1sh (Individual Study)

Go back to the Useful Words and Phrases in Sections А and В. Cover ир the English. Read the Russian aloud. Кеер your voice down if уои are working with the rest ос the group. Follow your Guide's pronunciatiol1 ав nearly ав уои сап remember, and test yourselC to вее iC уои сап

recall the meaning оС еасЬ word al1d phrase. Check the expressions уои are not sure about and after уои Ьауе gone through the whole list, ul1cover tl1e English and find their meaning. Repeat this procedure at least three times or ul1ti1 уои are satisfied that уои know every expression.

2. Review о! Useful Words and Phrases

Read again {or your informa:tion the numbered suggestions just preceding Useful Words аnа Phrases оп page 3. Your Guide Ьаз been directed in Ыв manual to рау particular a'ttention to the correct pronunciation of the sounds. Не тау ask members оС the group to repeat words or phrases а gooIN R UBI,. (по ending ; vowel i Р!urа! : mау1 r1$mа (епdiпg -1) inserted before n) -

48

[2-В]

,

Feminine: aDNA kafE Yka (ending -а) Neuter : aDNO SLOva (ending -о) Не, she, it, they : MascuIine : С!)Е vagZAL?- VOT ON (по ending) Feminine : G!)E ga$T11Jica?- VOT aNA (ending -а) Neuter : С!)Е mаТаКО?- VOT aNO (ending -6) Plural : С!)Е SfICH�i?-VOT a!'fI (Plural stem a1J-, ending -1,) Ordinary adjectives with accent оп endings : Masculine : ba]SHO Y DOM (ending -6у) Femlnine : ba]SHAya ga$TI1Jica (ending -ауа) Neuter : ba]SHOya ZDA1Jiya (ending -6уа) Plural : ba]SHlya ga$TI1Jici (ending -iya)

Feminine : xaRO�hiya papiROsa (ending -iya) Neuter : xaROshiya malaKO (ending -iya) PluraI : xaROshiya ristaRA ni (ending -iya) If the stem ends in k, g, х, these sounds Ьесоте palatal before the vowel i. After k, g, х, тапу speakers (including the one оп оиг records) have the ending -iy for the м asculine , instead of -ау. Masculine : R Us�iy yiZIK (ending -iy) Feminine : R Uskaya ga$TI1Jica (ending -ауа) Neuter : R Uskaya SLOva (ending -ауа) PluraI : R Us�iya sla VA (ending -iya) But many speakers use -ау in the Masculine: R Uskay yiZIK.

After other plain consonants (that is, after аН except о and i are weakened to а when unstressed : Masculine : TR Udnay yiZIK (ending -ау) Feminine : TR Udnaya raBOta (ending -ауа) Neuter : TR Udnaya SLOva (ending -ауа) Masculine : xaROshiy SUP (ending -iy) Plural : TR Udnaya raBOti (ending -ауа) ------ON R Us�iy. Не is а Russian. Он русский. aNA R Uskaya. She is а Russian. Она русская. They are Russians. a!'fI R Us�iya. Они русские. иBORnaya па J.,Eva. The toilet is to the left. Уборная налево. Notice that some words which we should expect to Ье nouns are in Russian adjectives. 49 [2-В]

Ordinary adjectives with accent оп stem : When the accent is not оп the endings, the vowels о and а are weakened to i after palatal consonants or sh, zh, and to а after other consonants.

sh, zh, k, g, х) , the vowels

lrregular nouns. Study the following sentences in the usual way unti1 уои сап say them fluently. Read the explanations ; they тау Ьеlр. Еш nasha DOCH. This is ol1r daughter. Это наша дочь. These are our daughters. Еш nashi DOchiri. Это наши дочери. ТЬе Feminine noun DOCH has an irregu!ar form in the Nominative Singu!ar. ТЬе stem in аН other forms is DOchir-. There is also а regu!ar noun DOCHka (p!ura! DOCH�i) . VOT vash KOfi! Here's your coffee ! Some Masculine nouns do not end in а consonant.

В ОТ IЩШ кофе !

ТАМ bajSHlya ММА . Там большие дома. There are big houses there. Some Masculine nouns Ьауе the ending -а (instead of -i) in the Nominative P!ura!. GpE vashi muZHYA ? Где ваши мужья? Where are your husbands? mayt sanaYYA v AR1Jliyi. Мои сыновья в армии. Му sons are in the army. ZDRAstvuYJi, gaspaDA/ 3дравствуйте, господа ! How do уои do, gent!eme n !

Some Nouns Ьауе different stems in the Singu!ar and in the P!ura!. We Ьауе sееп three such поuпs, аН Masculint: : Siпgu!аг stem : P!ura! stem : muzh- (MUSH, MUZH) muzhy- (muZHYA) sin- (SIN) sanayy- (sanay YA) gaspar)in- (gaspaJ)IN) gaspad- (gaspaDA) ProtlOUnS. ТЬе Nominative forms of the pronouns are УА , MI, VI, КТО, SHTO. Learn the following sentences: КТО ТА М? Who's there? Кто там? Eta УА . It's I . Это я. КТО V!? Кто вы? Who are уои? [2-В] 50

What's this? Here's what it is ! Where are уои? I 'm here. We're here. We're in the army.

SHTO Еш? УОТ SHTO! G!)E VП уа �!)E$. mt �!)E$. т'" v AR1]tiyi.

Что это? В от что ! Где вы? я здесь. Мы здесь. Мы в армии.

2. Covering English and Russian of Word Study

Read a!oud severa! times the examp!es given уои in the Word Study. Then cover the Eng!ish and see if уои know the meaning of every item. Repeat operation unti! уои are sure that уои know every expression. As а fina!

test, cover the Russian and see if уои сап speak out the Russian expressions Ьу simp!y !ooking at the Eng!ish. Skip about and test yourse!f thoroughly.

3. Review of Basic Sentences Review the first ha!f of the Basic Scntences with уош Guide or the cassette recording. Go through them as many times as уои сап, taking turns repeating the Russian indi­ vidually. Try it with books c!osed and see how уои get a!ong without the he!p of the Aids to Listening. A!ways

keep in mind the meaning of the Russian уои are hearing and speaking. As уои go through he Basic Scntences Ье оп the !ookout for examp!es of the points in Word Study уои have just covered.

SECTION C-REVIEW OF ВЛSIС SENTENCES (Cont. ) 1. Review of Basic Sentences (Соn/.) Review the second ha!f of the Basic Sentences with уош Guide or the cassette recording. For the detai!ed proce-

dure to Ье followed � read again the instructions for the review of the first ha!f of the Basic Sentences.

2. Covering the English of Basic Sentences (Individual Study) Here is уош chance to find out just how well уои have !earned the meaning of the Russian expressions уои have

had ир to this point. Go back to the Basic Sentences in Section А and cover the English. Read the Russian

[2-С]

5'1

aJoud and вее whether уои сап supply the English equivalents of the words and phrases. Mark those уои are not sure about and after reading the list through, uncover

the English and look ир their meaning. Cover the English again and repeat the procedure until уои сап go through the entire list giving аН the meanings without difficu!ty.

3. What Would You Say ? For еасЬ of the following situations, three Russian situation. Ве sure уои know why the other choices are sentences are given. Аll three of the sentences make not suitable. At the next meeting of the group уои wШ perfectly good sense and are written in correct Russian, Ье asked to эау what уои Ьауе chosen, and уои wi1l but only опе of them fits the situation. Read аН three Ьауе а сЬапсе to test your answers. Оо not write апуthing down. of them оиt loud and pick out the опе that fits the

1. Уои meet Mrs. Ivanov оп the street al1d greet her. Уои эау : а . ZDRAst'l.luyji, grazhda1Jin ivaNOF/ Ь. ZDRAstvuyji, grazhdanka ivaNOva/ с. ZDRAst'l.luyji, gаsрщUn i'l.laNOF/ 2 . Уои introduce your friend Mr. IIyin. Уои say : f,zyi!flji, УА ta VArishch iJ., YIN. Ь. grazhda1Jin iJ., YIN па 'I.IagZA]i. с. Eta grazhda1Jin iJ., YIN.

Ь. т 1Ji chi VO 1Ji pa1JiMAyiji ра R US/ii. с. '1.11, 1Ji xaraSHO ga'l.laFlji ра R US/ii.

S. She asks where your frjend js. She says :

а. еРЕ vash SIN? Ь. еРЕ vasha zhiNA? с. еРЕ vash ta VArishch?

а.

3. Mrs. Ivanov asks where уои are going. She says : а. kuDA '1.11, i!)Oji? Ь. 'I.IasM zhiNA v ristaRA 1Ji? с. еРЕ vasha zhiNA ? 4. She compliments уои оп your speaking Russian. She says : а. т xaraSHO gavaj{Iji ра R US/ii,

52

[2-С]

6. Уои want to teH her Ье is il1 the army. Уои say :

а. оп па vagZA]i. Ь. 6n '1.1 ARt)tiyi. с. m6у SIN па vagZA]i.

7.

Уои ask Ilyin whether Ье wants а cigarette. Уои say: а. vi xaJiJi papiROsu? Ь. GQE mayt papiROsi? с. u 'I.Ias ус§} papiROsi?

8. Не wants опе. Не says:

а. DA , paZHALsta; DA Yji т1je SpICHku. Ь. DA , paZHALsta; DA Yji т1je papiROsu. с. DA , paZHALsta; DA Yji т1je vaDI.

9. Mrs. Ivanov tells уои she is driving to the railway station. She says: а. уа xachu KUshij. Ь. уа YEdu па vagZAL. с. уа iD U па vagZAL.

10. She says her husband is going to meet her there. She says: а. тi1ja taт FSТJШjit т6у MUSH.

Ь. т1je skaZAJi sht6 m6у MUSH ТАМ. с.

VOT т6у MUSHI

1 1 . Уои are driving to the station too. Уои say : а. уа ТО zhi юи v listaRAN. Ь. уа ТО zhi хаеМ FSТJШjij vashiva МUzha. с. уа ТО zhi YEdu па vagZAL. 12. Your friend is gоiпg to meet уои there. Уои say : а. тi1'}li Мт FSТJШjit а{Иn т6у ta VAlishch. Ь. уа xachu Мт РSТJШjij тауи DOCH. с. тi1J1i Мт FSТJШjit т6у SIN.

SECTION D-LISTENING IN 1. What Did You Say ? ТО the Суоuр Leader: Read the English describing the situations in What Would Уоu Say? of Section С, and саН оп different

students, not in any fixed order, to speak the Russian which the situation саllэ fd/r . Encoura�e the students to give the Russian, if they сап, without re ading it from the simplified spelling in their books. Then ask different membe'rs of the group to give the meaning in English of the different Russian expressions listed for еасЬ situation.

Go back to the Iast exercise in the preceding section. The Leader wiII ask different members of the group to speak the Russian to Ье used in each of the situations given. Other members of the group wilI criticize the

choices made if they do not agree with them. TI1e Leader wiIl aIso ask for the EngIish equivalents о! аН tI1e other expressions offered as choices, taking turns around the group.

2. Word Study Check-Up То the суоuр Leader: Аэ а further check оп the students' understanding of tIJe Word Study, read the EnglisIJ equivalent of tIJe Russian expressions given in еасЬ comment under Word Study. СаН оп different students, not in апу fixed

(2-D]

5Э

order, to �ive the correct Russian {or the English. For instance, вау to А: "КАК skaZA T ра R Us�ij ту son, уо", son? ' and 80 оп. ТЬе Guide will at this point indicate Ьу а negative sign whenever Ье hears а Russian expressidn that is wrong. If there is по Guide, the other members of the group will signal that they do not agree. Immediately ask воmеопе еlве to give the right answer. Апу member of the group who Ьав difficulty in giving the correct Russian should Ье told to review tl1e Wora Stuay thorough1y before the next meeting of the group. Do not take time in this exercise to talk about the why. Stick to the how.

ТЬе Leader wШ ask different members of the group to give the correct Russian for the English equivalents of the expressions уои studied in the Word Study. If уои give the wrong answer, the Guide will let уои know Ьу making а negative sign ; or, if there is по Guide,

the other members of the group wi1l indicate that they think your answer is wrong. ТЬе Leader wi1l then immediately саН оп вотеопе else for the right answer. If уои have difficulty in giving the correct Russian, review the Word Study thoroughly.

3. Listening In То the суоuр Leaaer: Re-read the note То the Суоuр Leader in Section D l of Unit 1. Fol1ow the вате procedure a.s outlined there. ТЬе first time уои go through the conversations, check ир оп the meaning at the end of еасЬ conversation . ТЬеп go through аН of them а second time without stopping. Final1y, assign parts and Ьауе tl1e students read the conversatiO'l1s. Get them to do а little acting if уои сап. Encourage them to speak loudly and clearly and to get into the spirit of the situation.

Кеер уоис book closed while the Guide reads the fol­ lowing conversations and repeat after him in unison. If уои have по Guide, уои should use the cassette record­ ing, repeating the Russian immediately after уои hear it. At the end of еасЬ conversation take time out to check ир оп the meaning of any word or phrase about wblch уои are in doubt. Ask some other member of the group to

give уои the English equivalent or. in case по one knows, go back to the Basic Sentences of tbls unit and make sure that уои understand everytblng before уои proceed any further. ао through the conversations а second time, re­ peating after the Guide individually. Then take parts in the conversations. This exercise contains almost аН the new words уои Ьауе learned in tbls unit.

1 . Аnna aпd Marya talk about Mrs. Ivanov's children. Anna : КТО eta graZHDANka? Marya: grazhdanka ivaNOva. 54 [2-D]

Anna: АХ, DA/ Marya : v! yiy6 ZNAyiji?

Anna:

ljET.

n6 тay� l)Eji mt}e skaZAJi sht6 yiy6 SIN v AR1fZiyi. Marya : DA . и t}iy6 SIN i DOCH. Anna: GpE yiy6 DOCH? Marya: аnа ZPE$ v ristaRAt}i. v� xajtji FSTjШjij yiy6?

2. Smith aпd Ivanov have а eouple 01 beers. Smith : ZDRAstvuyji еа VArishehl Ivanov: ZDRAstvuyjil КАК V!? Smith : xaraSHO, spa$Iba. УА хаеhИ plva. а V!? 1vanov: УА ТО zhi. УЕ$Т ristaRAN па J.,E1Ja? DA . Smith : хаТIji papiROsu? Ivanov: DA . spa$Iba.. in;iljlji; и 1fZit}a ljET Splehik. Smith :

Anna:

DA.

n6 уа УБdu па vagZAL. m6у M USH Мт. а kuda V1 iPOji? Marya: f) ristaRAN. da syiDAt}ya, graZHDANka. Anna: da syiDAt}ya.

t}i ehiVO. ZPE$ ristaRA.N. Waitress : ZDRAstvuyjil SHTO ха Tlji? Ivanov: УА xaehu plva, paZHALsta, i Splehik. Smith : paZHALsta, DAYji mt}e ТО zbl РIva. а КАК vasha zhiNA , taVArisheh? Ivanov : xaraSHO, spa$Iba. Smith : т ZNAyiji sht6 MUZH mоуеу DOchiri ZPE$? Ivanov: DA . а GpE va�h SIN? 6n ТО zhi ZPE$. Smith : [2-D]

Ivanov:

55

Ivanov: Smith : Ivanov:

ON 1}i v ARtpiyi? DA , n6 и 1}i'IJ6 OTpusk. xaraSHO. , graZHDANka! SКдf.,kа еш STOyit?

3. А stranger asks directions jrom Green. Stranger: ZDRAst'IJuyji еа VArishch! т pa1}iMAyiji ра R Us/}i? Green : DA , уа pa1}iMAyu: n6 pazhtf.lsta gavajUji }.fEdjinпa. Stranger: 'IJt ZNAyiji gge uBORпaya? .DA . Green : fJ ga$TI1}ici уе§} uВОЯ.пауа. Stranget: G!;>E ga$TI1}ica? Green : ga$TI1}ica па J.,E'lJa а! vagZAla.

1s there апу word or phrase in these conversations that уои do not understand now? If there is, Ье sure to find out its meaning Ьу asking members of your group or looking it ир in the Basic Sentences. Go through the conversations again following the вате plan аз before. Imitate carefully and keep in mind the meaning of everything уои are saying in Russian. Finally go through the conversations а third time. (2-Р] 56

Waitress: chiT1ri plva, aJ)IN RUBJ.,. spa$Iba. da syiDA1}ya. Ivanov and Smith : da syiDA1}ya. Stranger: vf, skaZAJi sht6 eta ga$TI1}ica? еш 1}i ga$TI1}ica. еш 'IJagZAL. paZHALsta, pajtajUji. Green : Stranger: еш 'IJagZAL, t}i ga$Tlt}ica. Green : 'IJagZAL па J.,E'lJa , а ga$Tlt}ica па J.,E'lJa at vagZAla. Stranger: АХ, izyi!jlji paZHALsta. еш t}i chiVO. Green : Take turns speaking the parts and continue until every­ body has had а chance to speak at least опе of the parts. Кеер this exercise going аз long аз уои have time. Get the most out оС this individual performance and when your turn сотев, speak clearly and with feeling. ТЬе Guide will correct аnу errors. he hears Ьу asking YOtl to repeat. Make every effort to satisfy Ыт with your pronunciation.

SECTION E-CONVERSATION 1 . Covering, the Russian of Basic Sentences (lndividual Study)

Go back to the Basic Sentences of this unit. Cover ир test is hard, but if уои succeed in saying the Russian for аН the sentences Ьу merely looking at the English, the Russian. Read the English silently and test your� self to see how many words and phrases уои сап эау in уои are doing weH indeed. То make sure of this, after. Russian. Check the words you are uncertain about and you are certain уои knoVII the m:aterial, pick out expresafter уои Ьауе gone through the whole list, uncover the sions at random and эее if уои сап still speak the RusRussian and review them. Go through the list once sian quickly. As уои practice, уои must always speak more and continue for at least three times or until уои the RUBsian aloud and try to imitate the pronunciation сап give the Russian readily for аН the expressions. This of your Guide a�,wel1 as уои сап гесаll it. 2. Vocabulary Check-Up То the Group Leader:. Go to the Basic Sentences. Rea'd to the gюuр the English equiva!ents of the Russian expressions. Call оп different students, nat in апу fixed order, asking far the correct RU8sian for the English. This check-up is to be conducted in the вате way аэ the Vocabulary Check- Up of Section Е '1 of Unit 1. If уои have апу question about the proper prooedure, review the note То the Group Leader in that section. Remember not to spend апу time ta!king about the why of the Russian; stick to the how.

ln this section уоц are going to have your second chance to engage in conversation in Russian. Remember that this is the most usefu1 part of уоиг study. Therefore, you should make the greatest effort to do this part as well as уои possibly сап. Get perfectly clear what уои are to do and then plunge into it with enthusiasm. Before уои begin the СЩlvегsаtiоn, check yourself оп your ability to speak the Russian уои have learned up to this point. As in the Vocabulary Сhесk- ИР of Unit 1,

the leader о! the Group wil1 ask уои to supply in turn the Russian expressions {ог the English equivalents which Ье reads from the Basи Sentences. Figure out how to вау the Russian {ог еаф English phrase or sentence whether it is your turn to speak ог not. Only in this way сап уои, get the most value out of the Check- ИР. If there is тисЬ of the Russian ",ЫсЬ уои don't know, review the Basic Sentences at the ' first opportunify out· side of the group meeting.

3. Conversation

То the Group Leader: This section represents the real purpose оС th� entire unit. ТЬе course is lntended to teach уои to speak Russian and to understand it when you hear it spoken. Follow the instructions and give аН the time уои сап to (ree conversation practice. Апу members of the group W!1O have specia! difficu!ty recalting the Russian wcirds

[ 2-Е]

57

i

il

I and phrases they need to express а meaning should Ье told to do more work with the Uscful Words and Phrascs and T hey need, in particular, more practice in covering the Russian and recalling it when they read the English. Practice in getting the meaning of the Listcning ln tapes will also help. Arrangements should Ье made for students to play and listen to the tapes whenever they сап between meetings of the group. Then turn to the outlined conversations which follow. Assign parts and ask the students to act them out. Vary the situations and suggest (о the students that they vary the Russian slightly as they gain confidence in their speaking. Remember to keep the speaking loud enough so that everyone сап hear. See that everyone is listening and trying to understand the Russian that is being spoken. Basic Scntcnccs.

will assign parts and will .ask уои to conversational situations wi1ich follow. Don't Ье afraid to vary· the conversation of your Russian and use. the Russian уои

Ьауе learвcd iB Unit 1 as well as that of Unit 2. Соп­ tiBue this practice until everYOBe сап speak апу part of the cOBversations еуеп though slight changes in the situations al'e introduced.

1 . Two friends meet, А asks В if he'd like а beer. В asks where there is а restaurant. А tells Ыт where there is 6пе (to the right or left of the hotel, station, etc.). В says he is driving to the station to meet i1is daughter's husband, and asks where А is headed for. А says Ье is going to the hotel to the right of the station. ТЬеу go off together. 2 . At tl1e station the daughter's husband is not there. ТЬеу go into the restaurant and tl1e waitress asks what they want. ТЬеу order beer Щ.1.d cigarettes. В asks А about i1is family. А says i1is wife and little Ьоу are getting оп бпе ; i1is older son is in the агту. В says i1is daughter's husband is in the army but Ье has а furlough. Не calls the waitress and asks Throw yourself into these conversations. Do the best уои сав with pronunciatioB aBd with the Russian, but dOB't worry too тисЬ about mistakes. Think more of acting your part and speaking smoothly and as thougl1

' How тисЫ' She says two beers and cigarettes are опе roubIe. ТЬеу рау, she thal1ks thеш апd say goodbye. 3. А Ьоу and git-l meet. Не asks her if sl1e'd like SОIШ�­ ti1ing to eat. She accepts. ТЬеу go to а геstаuгапt and the waitress asks what they want. ТЬе girl orders tea and bread апd buttel' ; the Ьоу ordel's milk, meat, and potatoes. ТЬе waitl'ess is hard of heal'ing and asks if she wal1ts meat 01' butter. TI1e Ьоу says to give him some meat and the girl эауэ she wal1ts butter. ТЬе waitl'ess asks mт to repeat, and Ье I'epeats tЬе whole order. She thanks him and leaves.

ТЬе Leader reproduce the A"t УОШ' part. if уои are sure

58

[ 2-Е]

уои must теап wЬаt уои are sayil1g. ТЬе Gt1ide wil1 help уои correct your errors. lf уои сав do ti1is work well, it теапэ that уои are actually cOBversing iп Russian, and that is your chief aim iп this course.

SECTION F-CONVERSATION Read again the instructions given in Section F of the preceding unit. ТЬеп continue the conversations which уои started in Section Е of this unit (2). Take every opporttlnity between now and the next meeting of the group to try out your Russian оп other

(Cont.)

members of the group or оп native speakers around уоtl. Carry оп conversations with them whenever уои get а сЬапсе. Ask questions. At this stage of the game, don't try to use phrases or ::;entences which are different from those уоu Ьауе learned thus far in this course.

FINDER LIST This is а complete alphabetical list ос а1\ the words and expressions used in this unit which are in апу way new or ипивиаl. The conventional spe1!ing is enclosed in parentheses after each entry. From now оп we shal1 not repeat words which have Ьееп dri11ed sufficiently in previous units. This list is for reference опlу, but уои should know а1\ these before going оп to the next unit.

aNA , a!jI, aNO, see ON AR1}'tiya (армия) army ; v AR1}'tiyi in the army ае (ОТ) from, of; па PRAva ае vagZALa , to the right of the station АХ (ах) оь ! ba/SHO У (большой) big chi VO (чеro) of what : t}i chiVO (ничеro) iIOthing; it's nothing ; never mind !)Eji (дети) children ; FSTFEjij {liTE Y (дитей) to meet the children пОСН (дочь) daughter; DOCHiji (дочери) daughters ; MUSH тауеу DOchiri (дочери) ту daughter's husband DOCHKA (дочка) daughter пОМ (дом) house ; мМА (дома) houses

FSTFEjij (встретить) to meet FSTFEjit (встретит) Ье will meet iIIOji (идете) уои are going (оп foot) т u (иду) 1 ат going (оп foot) i".& YIN (Ильин) Ilyin (family пате) КТО (ICТO) who kuDA (куда) whereto ".& U{li (люди) people тalaDO Y (молодой) young MA".&chik (мальчик) Ьоу MAlinlyiy (маленький) smaH МI (мь,) we МО У (мой) ту MUSH, M UZH (муж) husband ; тuZHYA (мужья) husbands [2-·F] 59

NA (на) оп, at NAS (нас) иэ, и NAS we have NASH (наш) our 1}iVO, ljIX, 1}i YO, эее yiVO NO (110) Ьие ON (он) he, it; aNA (она) she, it ; aNO (оно) it; alj1 (онн) they OTpusk (отпуск) furlough pi§MO (письмо) letter; fI$ma (письма) letters R Us�iy (русский) Russian

SIN (сын) son ; sanay УА (сыновья) sons skaZHlji (скажите) tell SLOva (слово) word ; sla VA (слова) words STARshiy (старший) older TRUdnay (трудиый) difficult

60

[2-F]

V (8) in ; v /istaRA 1}i in the restaurant VAS (вас) уои ; и VAS уои have VASH (ваш) your xaLODnay (холодный) соld xaROshiy (хороший) good УЩiji (едете) уои are riding or driving, УБdи (еду) 1 аm riding or driving yi VO (еro) Ыm ; u 1}i VO (у неro) he has YIX (их) them ; и ljIX (у них) they have yi YO (ее) her ; u 1}i YO (у Ilee) she has уiZП( (язык) tongue, language ; yiziI}:I (языки) languages ZDA1}iya (здание) building zhiNA (жена) wife ; ZHOni (жены) wives ZNAyit (знает) knows ZNAyiji (знаете) уои know

UNIT M EETI NG PEOPLE

�

SECTION A-BASIC SENTENCES То ем Group Leader: R�ad careCul1y the note to the Leader in Section А оС Unit 2. Then go through the Basic Sentences once, and take ир the Hints оп руоnunсюиоn. Со through the Basic Sentences at least twice more in'dividual1y, paying especial attention to pronunciation. Go throl1gh the Basic Sentences, in unison, in the same way уои did for Section А оС the preceding unit. Ве sure to put plenty of lifе into your repetitioll of the selltences. After уои have gone through the Basic Sen­ tences once in ul1ison and have dOl1e the Hints оп Pro-

nunciation, соте back to the Basic Sentences. Рау par­

ticular attention to the points of pronullciation уои have just been working оп and go through the sentences at least twice more individually.

1. Basic Sentences

Mrs. Smitlt meets the Ilyins and they talk about their frieпds. A IDS ТО L/STENING ----, .--- ENGL /SH EQUIVALENTS ----.

girl Mrs. Ilyill, do уои know that girl? (female) friend Yes, she's one of ту son!s friends.

Mrs. Smith

!)Evushku grazJuМnka i'[., Y1N,* т ZNAyiJi etu !)Evushku?

Mrs. Ilyin

Pri УАJф,]iса DA; aNA Pri YAJi/YJica mayivo S1na. *Not usual. ТЬе wife or daughter of Mr. i[., Y1N is commonly called iJyiNA .

,--

CONVENТlONAL SPELLING --.

девушку Гражданка Ильин, вы знаете эту девушку? приятельница Да, она приятельница моего сына.

(3-А]

61

уои*

with her to make acquaintcd , to intгoduce** 1 want to make witl1 hcr. **

уои

acquainted

VAS

вас

s ljE Y paznaK01]ti}

с ней ПО8наномить

уа хаСНU vas s ljE Y paznaK01]ti}.

1 t's he1' olde!" brother.

Mrs. Smith Ееае malaDO Y chilaYEK КТО etat mаlаД6у chilaYEK s fjE Y? Mrs. Ilyin ВМ Т Eta yiy6 stdrshiy ВМ Т.

with wllat Ье is occupied What does Ье do?

M rs. Smith СНЕМ za1}iMAyitsa СНЕМ 6n za1}iMAyitsa?

that о, this YOllng РС!"БОП

Who is tlle young

тап

with ller?

brotller

doctor He's а doctor.

----

о,

is busy

DOKtar ON, DOKtar.

[3-А]

этот молодой человен Кто этот молодоi1: человен с ней!

БРа'r Это ее старший брат.

чем заНИМается Чем он занимае'rся?

M rs. Ilyin

*Not оп the cassette. **Тhe English оп the tape is an error.

69.

л ХОЧУ вас с ней познаI\ОМИТЬ.

ДOI�тор ОН ДOI�тор.

sister (female) teacher Eng1ish (of)- language His sister is ап English teacher.

§iSTRA uCHljilt}ica anGf.,I Yskava yiziKA yiv6 §iSTRA , uCHljilt}ica anGf.,I Yskava yiziKA .

сестра учительница английского языка Его сестра - учительница английCIЮГО язьша.

ту boys (she) speaks in Eng1ish Му Ьоуэ told те Ihat she speaks Eng1ish well.

тау!' MAf.,chi�i gavajUT ра anGf.,I Ys�i тау!, MAf.,chi�i тt}e skaZA/i sht6 аnа xaraSHO gavajUT ра anGf.,I Ys�i.

мои мальчики говорит по-английски Мои мальчики мне сказали, что она хорошо говорит по-английски.

Please introduce п,е to ner.

paZHALsta, paznaKOAfJi тit}a s JjE Y.

Пожалуйс'га, познаномьте меня С ней.

wait for ту husband I want to wait for ту hlisband.

padaZHDA T тayiv6 MUzlxa уа xachu padaZHDA т тayiv6 MUzha.

подождать моего мужа Я хочу подождать моего мужа.

Не doesn' t know that I'm Ьеrе.

6n t}i ZNAyit sht6 уа г!)Е$.

ОН не знает, что я здесь.

tЬет Your ЬusЬапd knows tЬет too?

YIX vash MUSH yix ТО zhi ZNAyit?

Mrs. Smit}}

Mrs. Smit}}

их Ваш муж их тоже ЭJlШет?

[3-А]

Mrs. Ilyin

together (they) work in the hospital* Уеэ, they work together in the hospital.

v },fE§ji raBOtayиt v GOspitaji DA ,. a1J{, v },fE§ji raBOtayиt v GOspitaJi.

вместе работают в госпитале Да, они вместе работают в госпитале.

Here's ту husbancl, there, ,оп the rigllt! Ье110 (familiar)* Boris (тап'э name)* Неllо, Boris !

VOT m6y MUSH; ТА М, па PRAva!

Вот мой муж, там направо !

ZDRAstvuy baJUS ZDRAstvиy bafl.IS!

здравствуй Борис Здравствуй, Борис !

Vera (woman s пате)* Hel1o, Vera!

YEra ZDRAstvuy УЕт!

уои

Mr. Ilyin

Mrs. Ilyin

(familiar) (уо и ) know (familiar) Do уои know Mrs. Smith?

ТI ZNAyish ti ZNAyish grazhdankи S},fIT?

уои (familiar) 1 want уои to meet her (' 1 want to make уои acquainted with her').

уа хаСНU Щ}(! s !fE У paznaKOt]'tij.

Mrs. Smith-my lшsЬапd.

t]'ti§is S},fIT; m6у M USH.

*Not оп the cassette.

64

[3-А)

Щ3А

Вера Здравствуй, Вера I ты знаешь Ты знаешь гражданку Смит? тебя

Я хочу тебя с ней познакомить.

Миссис Смит - мой муж.

Mr. Ilyin

very pleasant* Very pleased to meet уои (' Very pleasant').

Ochi1J pri YAtna Ochit} Pri YAtna.

How do уои do, Mr. Ilyin !

ZDRAstvuyJi, grazhdat}tn iJ., YINI

(Ье) wants

Mrs. Smith Mrs. Ilyin

(with the) sister (of) Dr. Ivanov to get acquainted** Mrs. Smith wants to meet Dr. Ivanov's sister.

XOchit s §iSTRO Y d6ktara ivaNOva paznaK01j'titsa grazhdanka SMIT x6chit paznaKOtpitsa s §iSTRO У DOKtara ivaNOva.

they Where are they?

al'fI а G!)E at}t?

(Ье) went away

to the hospital** She is in the restaurant, but Ье went off to the hospital.

очень приятно Очень приятно.

Mr. llyin

Здравствуйте, гражданин Ильин , хочет с сестрой доктора Иванова познакомиться Граждаш�а Смит хочет позна­ Комиться с сестрой доктора ИЕанова. они

А где они?

Mrs. Ilyin

uSHOL v GOspita] aNА v ristaRA t}i, v GOspita].

а

*Тhe Eng1ish оп the tape is an епоr. **Not оп the cassette.

ON uSHOL

ушел в госпиталь Она в ресторане, а он ушел госпиталь.

(3-А]

D

65

Mr. IIyin

пить Вы хотите пить или Rушать?

to drink Would уои like [something1 to eat or drink?

PIT vf, xaj�ji рIТ �li к Usblj?

(we) want We'd like some tea or coffee, thank уои.

mi xaTIM mi xajtm СНАуu �li KOji, spa$Iba.

мы хотим Мы хотим чаю или Rофе, спасибо.

let's go Good i let's go into the . restaurant.

pay!)OMji xaraSHO. pay!)OMji v ristaRAN.

пойдемте Хорошо, пойдемте в ресторан.

What do уои want?

SHTO v� ха тIji?

to us Bring us some tea, рlеаве.

NAM DA Yji пат СНАуu, paZHALsta.

1 want some milk and sugar, please.

УА хаеhИ ташКА i SAxaru, paZHALsta.

АН right.

xaraSHO.

we'H meet We'l1 meet Miss Ivanov at the hospital. 66 [3-А]

FSTftEjim · mi FSTftEjim grazhdanku ivaNOvu v GOspitaji.

Mrs. I1yin

Mr. I1yin Waitress

Mrs. I1yin

Ml·S. Smith Waitress Mrs. I1yin

Что вы хотите? нам Дайте нам чаю, пожалуйста.

я хочу МОЛОRа и сахару, пожалуйста. Хорошо. встретим Мы встретим граждаНR;V Иванову в госпитале.

we'll go* with уоu (familiar) there (' to that place') We'll go there with уоu. Dr. Ivanov is there too.

mt pay!)OM s еаВО У tuDA mt рау!)ОМ tuDA s t.aBO Y.

мы пойдем с тобой туда Мы пойдем туда с тобой.

DOKtar ivaNOF ТО zhi ТА М.

Доктор Иванов тоже там.

Mrs. Smith

Here's our tea. It's so l1ice to meet уои here ! with те Му husband al1d children aren't with те, уоu know.

VOT nash СНА У.

В о'!' наш ч;аЙ.

Mk PJi YAtna FSТJШjij vas Z!)E$I

Как приятно встретить вас здеСl !

sa MNO Y

т ZNAyiji, MUSH i !)Eji 1Ji sa

MNO Y.

Mrs. Ilyin

Where are they?

G!)E аnа

ТЬеу are in the hospi.tal.

a1Jt v GOspitaji.

too bad (we) knew Тоо bad ! No; we didn't know.

ZHALka ZNAji ZHALkal

Excuse те ;

izyiJYlji;

Mrs. Smith Mr. Ilyin

JYET; т� 1Ji ZNAli.

Mr. Ilyin

ео мной Вы знаете, муж и дети не со мной. Где они? Они в госпитале. жалко знали Жалко ! Нет, мы не знали. Извините ;

*Not оп the cassette.

[3,-А]

67

I'т going to the hospital.

to go ог соте '" Wotild уоц like to соте with те? Good; we'll go together.

уа iди fI GOspitaJ.

я иду в госпиталь.

рауТ! xaT!ji рауТ! sa MNO Y?

пойти Хотите пойти со мной?

Mrs. Ilyin xaraSHO; тt раурОМ fI },fE§ji.

Хорошо, мы пойдем вместе.

"'Not оп the cassette. Before уои go through the Bos;c Sentences а second time study the following: 2. Hints оп Pronunciat.1on

1. Palatal, t, 8, �. ТЬе palatal sounds t, 8, � occur only before the vowels е and i, and never in any other position. The plain consonants k, g, х never occur before е and i. N р висЬ rule wil1 hold good for the other consonants. Whether а consonant (other than k, g, х) is plain or palatal does not depend оп the sound that соПiеs after it. It depends simply оп what word is being spoken. Thus, we have РА Т ' five', but РА Т in "аааРА Т ' waterfall'. vagZAL: vagZAli ' station : stations' : the i Ьав fЮ effect оп the 1; MAf.,chik: MAJ.,chi�i ' Ьоу : Ьоув' : when the i is added the k becomes palatal 8. PRACTI CE

VI МI 68

[3-Аl

Compare аlso: vagZAU ' stations', with plain 1 before il' па vagZAji ' at the station', with palatal 1 before i.

2. The vowel ; after plain consonants. Remember that Russian ; after а plain consonant has а special sound; to our ears it sounds queec and muffled. This effect is оЬщiпеd Ьу drawing the tongue back, almost as though one wece gagging. ТЬе muffled effect comes out clearest after р, Ь, v ; foc instance, the wocds М/ 'we" and V/ 'уои' sound almost as they were MW/, VW/. Now carefully and vigorously imitate the Guide ос the cassette.

1 ВЫ

уou

мы

we

ЕЛа

было ты воды сын язык

ТI vaDI SIN yiZIK zhiNI VAshi RIba

жены ваши

р ыб а

3 . Russian i. Remember that Russian i at the beginning of а word or after а pa!ata! consonant sounds 1ike the i in mocltine, on!y shorter. We now give some practice оп this sound, contrasting it PRACTICE

a!fI vaDI flva VI YIX ТI

xaTIJi МI ра аnGJ.,I Уsфi SIN

2

они воды пиво вы их ты хотите мы по-английски сын

it was уои (familiar) some water son langиage (ту) wife's уои, fish

with the sound of i after p!ain consonants. Listen to the way your Guide (or the speaker оп the tape) says these sounds. Repeat each word right after him, imitating Ыт as weB as уои сап.

they some water Ьее, уои them уои (familiar) уои want we in English son

(З-А]

69

ИЭВИНИ1'е

izyi/jIji zhiNI paftaJUji yiZIK ga$TT1Jici uCHljil1Jici §iSTRI

жены повторите яэык гостиницы учительницы сестры

4. Russian о and u. ТЬе Russian о lesembles our vowe! in four and the Russian и resembles our vowe! in рull. Stil1 there is а big difference. ТЬе way а Russian makes these sounds is especial1y noticeable if Ье uses them in speaking English imperfectly. ТЬе Russian vowels о and и are made with rounded liрв ; tbls is the main cause of P R A C T I CE

КТО VOT DOCH ON TVO Y SKO[.,ka Sl'Oyit R UBJ., SUPU MUSH, MUZH 70

(З-А]

excuse (те) (ту) wife's repeat language hotels (woman) teachers (ту) sister' s

their peculiar sound. English spoken with Russian vowels is hard to understand ; Russian spoken with English vowels mау Ье quite unintelligible. Therefore practise careful1y оп Russian о and u. Notice that Russian о never occurs unstressed. Now imitate as well as уои сап.

3

ItTO

вот дочь он твой сколько стоит рубль супу муж

who here it is daughter he, it уоuу (Jamiliar) hmu much it costs уоuЬТе some sou!' husband

,-;

�

;;

.�

iJ

i

.�

ра R Us�i K Ushij

по-русски кушать

in Russian to eat

Now go through the Basic Sentences опее more indi­ Finally, go through the BaJ'ic Sentences at least опсе vidually, and with your book ореп. As уои repeat after again individually. Кеер your book closed, listen eare­ your Guide., keep your eyes оп the А ids to Listening and fully to your Guide and make sure that your pronuneia­ tibn satisfics him. note in particuJar the exampJes of the sounds discussed. Again do not hcsitate to ask your Guide to repeat if yo� are uncertain about апу sound. 3. Check Уourself Are уои sure that уои make them good and short and Сап уои шаkе а clear differencc Ьеtwееп plain and never drawl them ? palatal consonants? Сап уои pronounce the Russian vowels?

SECTION B-WORD STUDY AND REVIEW OF BASIC SENTENCES 1. Word Study ( Iпdividuаl Study) which follow each list. When уои have fil1ished the АБ in Section Вl of Unit 2, read the words аncl expres­ Word Study ask other members of the group about points sions in each list and make sure that уои understand wl1ich are not clear to уои. the meaning of the Russian. Тl1еп read the comments

А. COMM ENT ON ТНЕ BASIC SENTENCES they always иБе VI. Уои will have occasion to use the Familiar уоu. Mr. and M rs. I1yin in i:alking to each word ТI only if уои ta!k to а child-or if уои get very other use the intimate word ТI ' уои' instead of VI. 1п intimate with Russian people, and Ьу the time уои do talking to а near relative or а very intimate friend , that, уои won't l1eed tl1is book апу 10l1ger. Russians use this prol1t>Un TI. They also use it in talk­ When опе says Т1 опе also uses T VO У ' your' i'1stead ing to а child or to апу 110n-human being, БиС!1 as а dog оЕ VASH. The verbs, too, are different : ZDRAstvuy or hor�e. 111 talking to two or more sllch persol1S or beings,

IЗ-ВJ

71

I

stance уа хаеМ paznaKOtpij vas s maytm BRAtam • 1 Ъе1l0' (literally ' Ье well') instead of ZDRAstvuyji; XOehish 'уои wai1t' instead of xaTlJi; ZNAyish ' уо и ' want to make уои acquainted with (introduce you to) ту brother'. know' instead of ZNAyiji. ТЬе word T VQ у takes the same endings as МО У. ТЬе longer word paznaKO'flitsa means • to get ас­ quain ted (with someone) ; to Ье introduced (to someone)'. v lifE§Ji means ' together', but lifEsta means ' рlасе' : For instance : уа хаеМ paznoKOtpitsa s vashim BRAtam VOT vam 1vJEsta ' here is а рlасе (or seat) for you'. Непсе • 1 want to get acquainted with' (to Ье introduced to) f) lifE§ji literally means ' in [the or а] рlасе'. Different your brother'. languages say things in entirely different ways. Reflexive ending. We see in the Basie Sentenees that ТЬе syllable -sa or -§а tacked оп to the end оЕ а уегЬ paznaKOtpij means ' to make (someone) acquainted (with is called the reftexive eпding. It has тапу different щеап­ 50meone) j to introduce (sотеопе to someone)'. For inings. For instance : That is not said (Опе doesn't say Ееа 1Ji gavaF./Tsa. Это не говорится. it tl1at way). m-t yiv6 FSTFEjim. We'll meet Ыт. Мы его �стретим. We'll meet (еасЬ other) at the mt FSTFE.#msa па vagZAJi. Мы встретимся на вокзале . station. m1Je x6ehitsa р[Т. Мне хочется пить. 1 Сее! Jike drinking. (the usual way of saying ' I'm thirsty'). vam x6ehitsa К ИshiJ? Do уои feel like eating? (that is: Вам хочется кушать? ; Are уои hungry?') /

After а vowel the reflexive ending is shorter : -§ or -s: Get acquainted with Mr. Ivanov. paznaKOtpJi§ s gaspa4inam ivaNOvam. СНЕМ т za1JiMAyiJi§?

Познакомьтесь с господином Ивановым. Чем вы занимаетесь?

With what are уои busying yourself? Ncw nouns. Here are the Nominative case forms, Singular and Plural, of the new nouns in the Basie Sentences. 11 [3-В]

Feminine :

Masculine : baft.IS (Boris, man's given пате ; по Plural) BRA T-ВRAjуа (brother-brothers) chilaYEK (person, тап ; по Plural) DOktar-daktaRA (doctor-doctors) GOspitaj-GОspitаji (hospita!-hospitals) Notice that the Plural Nominatives BRAjya and daktaRA Ьауе the irregular ending -а. ТЬе word ВМ Т Ьаэ а longer stem brajy- in the РIш·аl. В . GEN lТIVE

PEvushka-рЕvush�i (girl-girls) Pri УAjil1jica-Pri УAjil1Jici (friend-friends, female) .§iSTRA-$Оstri (sister-sisters) uCHljil1Jica-uСНljij1jiсi (teacher-teachers, female) УЕуа (Vera, woman's given пате ; по P!ural)

Neuter : },fEsta-1fliSТА (place, seat'-places, seats)

CASE Masculine and Neuter nouns .

aNA , §iSTRA тayiv6 ta VArishcha . She is the sistel' of ту friend. Она -- сестра моего товарища. Give те а glass of milk. DA Yji т1je staKAN тагаКА . Дайте мне стакан молока. Observe that the worcls ta VArishcha, таюКА are used like English phrases with the word ' оС : ' of ту frient1' , ' of milk'. Observe that these two Russian words Ьауе the ending -а. This case form is cal1ed the Genitive. Masculine nouns (ta VArishch) and N euter nouns (тагаКО) Ьауе the ending -а in the Genitive case form. Feminine nouns. Он - брат моей жены. Не is the brothe� of ту wife. 6n ВМ Т тауеу zhiNI. Give те а glass оС water. Дайте мне станан воды. DA Yji т1je staKAN vaDI. Feminine nouns Ьауе the ending -i in the Genitive case form. Plural nouns. She is the sister of ту friends. аnа §iSTRA тayix ta VArishchiy. Она - сестра моих товарищей. She is the teacher of our children. аnа uCHljej1jica nashix 4iTE У. Она - учительница наших детей. Plural nouns ending in а pa!ata! consonant (except у) Ьауе the ending -еу in the Genitive саэе. Unstressed -еу is weakened to -iy. [З-В]

73

г!)Е$ MNOga balSHIX daMOF. Эдесь много больших домов. There are lots of big Ьоиэеэ here. ТА М MNOga ristaRAna/. Там много ресторанов. There are lots of restaurants there. ON, ta VArishch тayix BRAJyi/. Он - товарищ моих братьев. Не is а friend of ту brothers. Plura!s of MascuIine nouns ending in а p!ain consonant or in у have the ending -о/ in the Genitive case. ТЬе vowe! ' о is weakened to а (and after у to i) when unstressed.

Ьауе 10ts of cigarettes. и тi!jA MNOga papiROS. У меня много папирос. Не knows lots of Russian words. 6n ZNAyit MNOga R Us�ix SLOF. Он знает много русских слов. Там много больших :щаниЙ. ТА М MNOga bajSHIX ZDA1}iy. There are !ots of big bui1dings there. Plura!s of Feminine and Neuter nouns ending in а p!ain consonant or in у Ьауе по ending in the Gel1itive саБе. 1

She is the teacher of these girls. аnа uCHIJil1}ica eJix !)Evushik. Она - учительница этих девушек. 1 have lots of letters. и тi!jA MNOga j>I§iт. У меня много писем. When а word has по ending added (аэ in these Genitive p!ura! forms) , а stem ending in two COl1sonant.s inserts а vowel between them. This ho!ds true of аН consonant combinations except а уегу few, such аэ st: the Genitive Plural of MEsta is MEST. Гостиница налево от вокзала. ga$TI1}ica па [.,Eva at vagZAla. Tlle hote! is to the left of the station. Письмо у моего брата. М у brother has the letter (' The pi§MO и тayiv6 BRAta. letter is with ту brother') . The Genitive case form is used after tlle prepositions ОТ (unstressed : at) and U. Дайте мне молока. Give те some (оС the) miIk. DA Yji т1}е тalaKA . The Genitive form means part о/ soтething, as against the who!e оС it ; compare : Дайте мне МОЛОКQ, Give те the mi1k. DA YJi тt}e тalaKO. There is по mi1k. МОЛQка нет. таюКА ljET. 74

[3-В]

Му children aren't here. maytx �iTE Y �J)E$ l'fET. Моих детей здесь нет. 1 have по matches. 'у меня нет спичек. и 1)til'fA l'fET Sflchik. The Gепitivе denotes something оС which there isn't аnу or something which is not in а place.

уа 1}i f YU mаШКА . Я не пью молока. Я не знаю этого слова. уа 1}i ZNAyu etava SLOva. Я не знаю этих русских слов. уа 1}i ZNAyu eJix R Us�ix SLOF. The Genitive denotes something to which опе does not ао something or other.

1 don't driпk milk. 1 don't know this word. 1 don't know these Russian words.

How тапу children have уои? SKOJ.,ka и VAS �iTE Y? Сколько у вас детей? Не has lots оС cigarettes. и 1Ji VO MNOga papiROS. 'у него много папирос. 1 have few cigarettes. 'у меня мало папирос. и 1)til'fA МАш papiROS. There is little water here. Здесь мало воды. �PE$ MAla vaDI. ТЬе Genitive is used after words of quantity: SKOJ.,ka (how тапу, how тисЬ) , MAla (few, little) , MNOga (тапу, тисЬ). Здесь нет большего госпиталя. There is no big hospital here. �PE$ !jET bajSHOva GOspita]a. Там нет хорошего доктора. There is по good doctor there. ТАМ l'fET xaROshiva DOKtara. Я не понимаю этого русского слова, уа 1}i pat}iMAyu etava R Uskava 1 don't uпdеrstапd this Russian w01·d. SLOva. The Genitive of adjectives in the М авсиliпе and Neuter Ьав the ending -6va: the о Ьав the ивиа! weakening when unstressed. Она - жена моего брата. a1Jd zhiNA mayiv6 BRAta. She is ту brother's wife. 'у мена нет ни одного рубля. и 1)ti!jA l'fET t}i ааna VO ruBJ.,A . 1 haven't еуеп опе roub!e. Здесь нет ни одного места. There isn't еуеп опе seat here. �PE$ l'fET t}i мna VO AfEsta . ТЬе specia! adjectives МО У and aJ)IN have the ending ·av6 in the Masculine and N eu ter Genitive. [3-В]

75

Здесь нет большой гостиницы. [,J)E$ ijET bajSHO Y ga$TI1Jici. There's по big hotel here. There's not even one good hotel Здесь нет ни одной хорошей [,J)E$ ijET 1Ji aDNO Y xaROshiy ga$TI1Jici. here. гостиницы . Там нет уборной. tam ijET uBORnay. There's по toilet there. The Genitive оС adjectives in the Feminine has the ending -оу (with the иеиаl weakening when unstressed) . Note that uBORnaya is an adjective, not а noun. Не is ту sister's husband.

6n MUSH mауеу §iSTRI. The special adjective МО У has the ending -еу in the Genitive Feminine.

Он муж моей сестры.

Здесь нет больших гостиниц. [,J)E$ ijET bajSHIX ga$TI1Jic. There are по big hotels here. Здесь нет хороших ресторанов. There are по good restaurants here. ['J)Е$ ijET xaROshix listaRAnaf. Она приятеnьница моих дочерей. She is а friend of ту daughters. аnа Pli УAji11Jica mау1х dachiftE, У. ['J)Е$ MNOga TR Udnax SLOF. There are lots оС hard words here. Здесь много трудных сnов. The Genitive Рlшаl form оС adjectives Ьае the ending -ix, weakened to -ах when unstressed after а plain consonant (other than с, sh, zh) . 1 don't шidеrstапd tllese words.

я не понимаю этих слов. уа 1Ji pa1JiMAyи ejix SLOF. The Geniti"'e Plural form о! the special adjective Etat is Ejix (plural stem ej-).

и 1JtiijA D VA rиB�A . 1 Ьауе two roubles. у меня два рубля. VOT D VA pi§MA! Here are two letters ! Вот два письма ! и 1Ji VO DYE §iSTRI. Не has two sisters. У него две 9естры. VOT TJU MEsta! Вот три места ! Here are tht'ee places ! There are four big hotels over there. Там четыре больших гостиницы. ТА М chiT1ri bajSHIX ga$TI1Jici. These two Ietters are from ту Эти два письма от моего брата. eji D VA pi§MA at mayiv6 BRAta. brother. After the Nominative forms of the numbers 2 , 3 , 4 а noun is in the Genitive Singular case form, and an adjec­ tive in the Genitive Plural case form. An adjective before the number is Nominative Plural. 76

[З-В]

ТЬе Nominative forms of the питЬег 2 аге Masculine and Neuter D VA , but Feminine DYE. и 1jtilfA lfET D VUX ruBl.-Е У. 1 haven 't two roubles. У меня нет двух рублей. г!)Е§ lfET ТJЮХ bajSHIX ТЬеге aren't theee big hоtеlз Ьеге. Здесь нет трех больших гостиниц. ga$Tlr}ic. и NAS ljET ejix chitijZOX ruBl.-Е У. We haven't got those fош гоиЫеэ У нас нет этих че'гырех рублей. ТЬе Genitive forms of the numbers 2 , 3 , 4 аге D VUX, TjZOX, chitijZOX. With these numbers, adjectives and hOUnS аге in the Genitive Plurat. .

и 1Ji VO РА Т ruBl.-Е У. Не has five roubles. У него пять рублей. и 1ji YO !)E:jij kapEyik. У нее десюь нопеен. She has ten kopeks. ТА М VO:ji1jt bajSHIX GOspitajiy. Там восемь больших Госпиталей. ТЬеге аге eight big hospitals there. VOT vashi !)E:jij ruBl.-Е У/ Вот ваши десять рублей ! Here are уоиг ten roubIes ! Aftel' the Nomi11ative forms of 5 a11d l1igher 11шпЬегs, 110U11S and adjectives аге i11 the Gellitive Рlшаl fо гт. Ап adjective Ьеfоге the питЬег is Nomi11ative Рluгаl. и 1Ji VO ljET ejix piTI ruBl.-Е У. у него нет Э'rих пя'ги рублей. Не has11't those five [oubIes. и 1ji YO ljET lji:jiTI kapEyik. у нее I-Ie'r десяти I�опееI�. She hasn't te11 kopeks. ТА М ljET va:jJl.fI bajSHIX Там нет восьми больших ТЬеге агеп' t eig11t big hospitals GOspitajiy. ГОСПИ'l'алеЙ. thеге. VO:ji1jt is ап iпsегtеd vowel (and tЬet'еfоге will Ье abse11t With the Genitive forms of 5 and l1igЬег пuтЬегs, i11 the Genitive) : piТl , shi$TI, :jiJl.fI, vщJl.fI, ljiyiTI, 11ОППS апеl adjectives ш'е in tЬе Gепitivе Рlпгаl form. lji:jiTI. Note the wеаkе11iпg of П11stl'еssеd vo,vels. ТЬе Gel1itive fol'rпs of tЬе numbel's from 5 to 10 have tЬе e11ding -i. Tl1e second vowel in tЬе N отiпаtivе

Wlю 1щs the lettel'? 1 have the lettee. We have the letter. Have уои the letter?

pi:jMO и ka VO? pi:jMO и 1jtilfA . pi:jMO и NAS. pi§MO и VAS?

Письмо у Письмо у Письмо у Письмо у

IЮГО? меня. нас. вас?

[3-В]

71

yiVO гРЕ$ lfET. Не isn't there. yi VO гРШj lfET. I t isn't here. , yiYO гРЕ$ lfET. She isn't here. YIX гРЕ$ lfET. They aten't here. Eta 1}i chi VO. That's nothing. а1}1, 1Jti1}a 1}i pa1}iMAyut. They don't understand те. 6n nas 1}i pa1}iMAyit. Не doesn't understand us. 1 don't understand уои. уа vas 1}i pa1}iMAyu. 1 don't understand Ыт. уа yiv6 1}i pa1}iMAyu. уа yiy6 1}i pa1}iMAyu 1 don't understand her. уа yf,x 1}i pa1}iMAyu. 1 don't understand them. The Genitive forms of the pronouns аге as follows: Nominative Genitive .

.

Его здесь нет. Его здесь нет. Ее здесь нет. их здесь нет. Это ничего. Они меня не понимают. Он нас не понимает. Я вас не понимаю. Я его не понимаю. Я ее не понимаю. Я их не понимаю.

Nominative Genitive aNA yi YO she (it) alfI they we YIX уои who ka VO КТО chi VO SHTO wlшt he (it) it уои (fami1iar) jij3A ТI у него пять рублей. и 1}i VO pA T ruBf.,E Y. Не has five roubIes. She has three roubles. у нее три рубля. и 1}i YO ТjП ruBf.,A . Here's а letter from them . Вот письмо от них ! VOT pi§MO at lfIX/ The Genitive forms yi VO, yi YO, YIX have 1} instead of у after а preposition (at, и) ; an exception to this ар�аtБ in the next sentences. She is his sister. aNA yiv6 §iSTRA . Она его сестра. ON yiy6 BRA Т. Он ее брат. Не is her brother. Here) their h6use ! Вот их дом ! VOT y1,x DOM/ 78 [3-В] 1

УА МI VI ON aNO

1JtilfA NAS VAS yi VO yi VO

Here's а letter from his brother ! Here's а letter from her brother ! Here's а letter from their son !

УОТ pi§MO at yiv6 BRAta! VOT pi§MO at yiy6 ВМеа! VOT pi§MO at ytx SIna!

There are по adjectives for ' his, her, its, their' to match the adjectives МО У, llASH, VASH. For ' his, her, its, their' one uses the Genitive forms yi VO, yi YO, YIX.

Вот письмо от его брата ! Вот письмо от ее брата ! Вот письмо от их сына !

In this use these Genitive forms keep their initial у after а preposition.

Irregular Genitive forms.

DA Yji т1Je staKAN СНАуи Дайте мне cTaIEjiIr YO? a � Вам надо будет посчитать бельё? т uzbl pashckiTAji 1>iIr УО? Ь . выI уже посчитали бельё? с. выI ищете хор6шую прачку? т Ishckiji xaROshuyu PRA CHku? Уоu have twelve soiled shirts. Уоu say: и 'l}ti1'}a DYE §li GFAznix rиBAskik. а. У меня двести грязных рубашек. и 'l}ti1'}a D VA Tcij G]Uznix rиBAskik. Ь . у мени двадцать грязных рубашеlt. с. у меня двенадцать грязных рубашек. и 1fli1'}a dyiNA Tcij G]Uznix rиBAshik. Уоu ask her when вЬе сап bring back your laundry. Уоu вау : т Pli1'}i$Oji MNOga PiIr УА? а. выI принесёте мн6го бельЯ? kaGDA т yir1'iOji тау6 PiIr YO? Ь. Rогда выI вернёте моё бельё? с. Rогда выI вернётесь? kaGDA т yir1'iOji§? She can't bring back the laundry sooner than in а week. She says: уа 1'}i maG U yirNUT PiIr YO RA1'ishi 1'}iJ)Eji. а. Я не могу вернуть бельё раньше недели. m1'}е KAzhitsa sht6 т осм1'} G]Uznay смгаУЕК. Ь. Мне кажется, чт6 вы 6чень грязный человек. с. Я не хочу стирать это бельё. уа 1'}i хаСНU §jiRA T eta jJiIr YO. Уои want her to bring the laundry to the second floor when she returns it. Уоu say : kaGDA т yir1'iOji jJiIr YO, Pri1'}i$Iji raSplskи. а. Rогда вы вернёте бельё, принесите распИску. Ь. Rогда вы вернёте бельё, дайте мие девян6сто kaGDA т yir1'iOji jJi",- УО, пА Yji m1'}е #;iyiNOsta копеек. kapEyik. [8-С]

1 93

с.

Rогда выI веi>нёте бельё, принесите его на второй этаж.

kaGDA т yirljOji friI- УО, Pli1Ji$Iji yiv6 пa jeaRO Y eTASH.

1 1 . She asks whether уои live оп the second floor. She ваув : т zhiYOji �{M; пa jtaROM etaZHE? а. Вы живёте эдесь на :втором этаже?

Ь. выI живёте на третьем этаже этого дома? с. Bbr живёте в большой гостинице?

т zhiYOji па ТJШjуim etaZHE Etava DOma? т zhiYOji v baJSHO Y ga$TI1Jici?

1 2 . Уои tell her that of course уои live here. Уои вау: а. Rонечно я живу в большой гостинице. Ь. Rонечно я хочу раСЦИСRУ С. Rонечно я эдесь живу.

kaljEshпa уа zhi VU v baJSHO Y ga$TI1Jici. kaljEshпa уа хаСНU raSfIskи. kaljEshпa уа �!#; zhiVU.

SECTION D-LISTENING IN 1. What Did Уои Say?

Give уош answers in Russian for еасЬ of the exer­ cises in the preceding section, when the Leader calls for them. Then, as the Leader calls for them, give the E ng1ish equivalents of аН the expressions in the exercise.

2. Word Study Check-Up

As уои have done in the previous units, go back to the

Wопi Study and give the correct Russian for each English

expression, without having to read it from the book. ТЬе [8-D] 194

Leader or опе of the members of the group should read the English.

3. Listening In With уош book closed, listen to the following conver­ sations as read Ьу the Guide or cassette recording. Repeat the Russian immediately after hearing it. After the first repetition of еасЬ conversation, check ир оп the meaning of anything уои do not understand, Ьу asking someone else or Ьу going back to the Basic Sentences if по опе knows. Repeat again if necessary, then take parts and сапу оп the conversation.

1. Boris has .iust moved into Mrs. Semeonov!s house.

Boris : Здравствуйте, граждающ Семе6нова ! Landlady : Здравствуйте l Boris : Мне всё здесь нравится. Скажите, пожалуйста : где А могу найти прачку? 'у менА нет ЧИС'fОГО бельJi. Landlady : выI хотИте прачечную или прачку? Boris : Л хочу праюtу. Landlady : Хорош6, А вам пришшо Пашу. Boris : Паша прачка? Landlady : Да, она 6чень хор6шая прачка. Я вам её пришшо сег6дня. Boris : Я буду на B'fOp6M этаже. Candlady : Она вас там наЙдёт. 2. Pasha comes in to get Boris 's laundry.

ZDRAstvuyji, graZHDANka §iAfOnava/ ZDRA stvuyji! mt}e Р$О �r)e§ NRAyitsa. skaZHlji paZHALsta: СJ)Е уа magrt naуТI PRA CHku? и 1jtiljA 1jET CHIstava jJiJ., YA . v1, xajfji РRAehishnuyu 1# РRA CHku? уа хаеhИ РRA CHku. xaraSHOi уа Vam:PliSHJ., U PAshu. PAsha, PRA CHka? DAi аnа Oehit} xaROshiya PRA CHka. уа vam yiy6 PriSHJ., И §i VO r)t;a. уа bUdu na jtaROM etaZHE. аnа vas ТА М nауJ)ОТ.

Boris : Кт6 там? Pasha : Это А, Паша. Boris : Пожалуйста, входите. РавЬа : Гражданка Семе6нова мне сказала, чт6 BbI ищете прачку.

КТО ТАМ? eta УА , PAsha. paZHALsta, jxaJ)Iji. graZHDANka §i}.fOnava mt}e skaZAla sht6 vi Ishehiji PRA CHku. [8-DJ

-

1 95

Boris : Да, у меня мн6го грязноrо бельЯ. Pasha : Ничег6. Где ваше бельё? Boris : В6т там на постели. Pasha : Я посчитаю. Двенадцать носовых платк6в. ПАть рубашеl�. Шесть пар нос6к. Boris : Еогда выI вернёте моё бельё? Pasha : Не раньше недели. Boris : Пожалуйста, постарайтесъ поранъше. Я остался без чистого белья. Pasha : Это ничег6 ! вы
будете здесь? ГраждаНl�а Семе6нова мне сказала, чт6 вам всё здесь 6чень нравится. Boris : А кт6 пойдёт раб6тать в г6спитале? Pasha : Г6спиталь подождёт ! Boris : Нет ! Мне надо туда пойти. Pasha : Ну, хорош6 1 Верну ваше бельё в три дня * . .,.......,.,*Not tlle usual expression. [8-D] 1 96

DA , и 1}tit}(i MNOga G]Uzпava jJit YA. t}i ckiVO. G!)E vaska 9it УО? v6t ТАМ па pa$TEJi. уа paskckiTАуu. dyiNA Tcij пasa VIX рШТКОР. РА Т ruBAskik. SHE$T рау naSOK. kaGDA vf, yirIYOji may6 9it YO? t}i RAIYski t}i!)E/i. paZHALsta, pastaRA Yji; paRAljski. уа aSTAL§a jJis CHIstava jJit YA . eta t}i cki VO/ V$ b#iJi �!)E$? graZHDANka §iДfOnava mt}8 skaZAla sht6 vam Р$О �!)E$ Ochit} NRAyitsa. а кто рау!)ОТ уаВОш} v GOspitaji? GOspitaj padaZH!)OT/ lYET/ mt}8 NAda tuDA рауТ!. NU, xaraSHO/ yirNU vasha 9it YO f ТРI DIYA •

Bori$ : Спасибо, спасибо. Скажите, пожалуйста : далеlt6 парикмахерская?

spa$Iba, spa$Iba. skaZHlji, paZHALsta: dajiKO parikMA:firskaya?

Pasha : Нет, недалекб. Boris : Я хочу хорбшего парикмахера. Мне надо постричься и побриться. Pasha : Парикмахерская недалек6. А почему вам не найти гражданку Петр6ву? Она всё знает.

IYET, t}i da]iKO.

Boris :

Я

её не знаю. т6лько недавно с ней познакомился. . Pasha : Она не ваша приятельница? Boris : Нет, но мыI познакомились на аэродр6ме. Она мне 6чень нравится, и она нашла мне эту гостиницу. Я

Pasha : Это хорошб, чт6 выI здесь. выI гражданке Семебновой T6�Ke нравитесь. Boris : Спасибо, Паша. выI хороший чеЛовек. РаsЬа : Ну, хорош6. Я принесу бельё IЩК м6жно скорее.

уа хаеМ xaROshiva parikMA:fira. mt}e ndda paSTJUCHsa i paBJUTsa.

parikMA:firskaya t}i dajiKO. а ра ehiMU vam t}i пауТI graZHDANku piTROvu? аn4 F$O ZNAyit. уа yiyo t}i ZNАуи. уа t6jka t}i DAvпa s IYE Y pazпaKOtpil§a. аnа t}i VAsha Pri YAji]t}iea?

IYET, по mt pazпaKOtpiji§ па airaDROtpi. аn4 mt}e Oehit} NRAyitsa, i аnа пaSHLA mt}e Etu ga$Tlt}ieu. ееа xaraSHO shto т .zPE$. vt graZHDAN�i §ilJfOпavay ТО zhi NRAf}iji§. spa$Iba, РAsha.

vt xaROshiy ehilaYEK.

NU xaraSHO. уа Prit}iSU Pil- YO kak MOzhпa skaft.Eyi. [8-О]

1 9')'

SECTION E-CONVERSATION 1. Covering the Russian in Basic Sentences (Individua! Study) Cover the Russian о! the Basic Sentences and practice saying the Russian equiva!ents о! the English expressions.

2. Vocabulary Check-Up Give the Russian expressions for the English equiva!ents in the Basic Sentences as the Leader са1lэ for them. 3. Conversation As уои have done in the Conversation in tha previous units, begin to converse Ьу following the models outlined be!ow fair!y c!ose!y ; then change the situations somewhat. Invent new combinations о! subject matter.

1. Уои ask the land!ady where уои сап find а !aundry

or laundress, because уои need to have some c!othes washed. S!1e tells уои there is а laundry not far away, and that а laundress wil1 соте today, at ten o'c!ock. Уои thank her and эау that уои wil1 bring the dirty c!othes when she comes. УЬи say уои need а shave and а haircut, too, and the landlady tells уои where уои сап find а barber. 2. Уои are watching а friend pack and trying i:6 he!p Ыт. Уоu are both counting things as уои put them away, and commenting оп whether they are с!еап or dirty, good or not so good. Socks, shirts, shoes (needing repairs or not) , handkerchiefs. When he gets packed уои ask Ыт where he is going. Не tells уои and adds that his train leaves at quarter past four. Уои tell Ыт to hurry, and эау goodbye.

I

Ih'

1 98

[8-Е]

3. Уои meet а friend оп the street. Не tells уои that he is going to Ьиу а pail' of shoes. Уои ask ЫIД why he doesn't go to the cobbler ; he repairs shoes. Your friend says he can't find his second pair and he'd left without апу shoes. Уои ask if he has оп!у two pair. Не says yes, his brother has опе pair of his shoes and didn't return them when he told him he wou!d. Уои say that then he really needs а pair. 4. The laundress comes апа уои give her your soiled c!othes. She counts them, and уои ask her when she'll bring them back. She says she wi11 try to get them to уои before а week's time. Уои ask if she сап hurry. She says she сап bring them tomorrow, but that costs three rubles seventy. Уои . say that уои wil1 wait. (N umbers are perhaps the hardest things to learn in а

foreign language. If уои теаНу want to Iearn how to handle Russian numbers, do аН your counting in Russian. Уои will Ье surprised how тапу times each day уои have

to do а bit оС simple counting. Do this counting in Russian and уои will quickly get the hang оС Russian numbers. )

SECTION F-CONVERSATION ( Cont.) Continue the conversations started in Section Е , with а review of parts 1 and 2 о! the section if necessary. FINDER LIST

белъё [Pi.{. УО] washable clothing, linens ; clothing to Ье

washed, washing

ботИнка [baTINka] shoe вернуть [yirNUТ1 to bring back ; вернуться '.:0 соте

back, to go back

входить [!харIТ1 to соте in, to go in грязный [GjUznay] dirty далеко [dajiKO] it is far искать [iSKA т1 to look for IC

to ; IC парикмахеру [k pa!ikMA�iru] to the barber's

казаться fkaZA TsaJ to веет

найти [naу тI] to find недалеltО [1Ji dajiKO] not far неделя [1Ji.pEJa] v/eek носовой [nasa VO У] for the nose ; НОСОВОЙ платок [nasav6y ршТОК] halldkerchief

носок [naSOK] sock остаться [aSTA Tsa] to Ье left, to remain пара [РАуа] pair парикмахер [pa!ikMA�ir] ЬатЬет парикмахерсlWl [pa!ikMA�irskaya] barber shop Паша [PAsha} woman's nickname плат6к [ршТОК] piece of cloth, kerchief побрить [раВjUТ1 to give а shave ; побриться [paBjUTsa] to give oneself а shave ; to get а shave пойтИ [paYTI] to go to а place пораньше [paRAJYshi] а bit earlier поспешИть [раspiSНIТ1 to hurry постараться [pastaRA Tsa] to make а hard try постель [ра$ТЕ.{.] (Feminine) bed постричь [PQSTjUCН] to give а haircut ; постричься [paSTjUCHsa] to get а haircut

{8-F]

1 99

ПОС'Iитать [pashchiTA rJ to count ир починИть [pachi!jIТJ to repair почистиТJ> [paCHI§Jij] to clean прачка [PRA CHka] laundress прачечиая [PRAchishnaya] laundry прииести [PJi1}i$TI] to bring прислать [priSLA т1 to send раllЬше [RA!jshi] earlier, sooner

200

[8-FI

расписка [raSpIska] receipt рубашка [ruBAshka] shirt сапожник [saPOzh1}ik] shoemaker скорее [skaftEyi] faster, sooner сшрать [§}iRA rJ to wash (clothes) чИстый [CHIstay] clean этаж [вТАSЩ storey

UNIT

J:.� I NDING А ROOM

�

SECTION A-BASIC SENTENCES Go опсе through the Basic Sentences in unison, соп­ centrating оп the Aids to Listening, as уои have done before. ТЬеп go through the Hints оп Spelling and Pronunciation. Go опсе through the Basic Sentences

individually trying to follow the Conventional Spelling as тисЬ as possible. ТЬе last time through individually, уои should Ье аЫе to follow, the Conventional Spelling without апу trouble.

1 . Basic Sentences

Smith, in Moscow, asks at the information desk about а room. .-- CON VENTIONAL SPELI.ING ----, r-- ENGI.ISH EQUI VALEN TS ----

room (А.) Теll те, please, Miss, where сап fшd а room?

1

(уои) are looking for (in а) boarding house (L.) Are уои looking for а room in а hotel or (in) а boarding ЬоиБе?

Smith I�6MHaTY Скажите, пожалуйста, граж­ дающ, где fI могу найти I�6MHaTY? Clerk ищете в панси6не выI ищете к6мнату в гостинице UЛИ

в

пацси6це?

.---

AIDS ТО I.ISTENING --

KOmnatu skaZHlji, paZHALsta, graZHDANka, GJ)E уа magи nayji KOmnatu? Ishchiji f pan$YO'l}i v� Ishchiji KOmnatu v ga$TI'l}ici iji f pan§YO'l}i?

[9-А]

201

..#4 .

cheaper than more (it is) comfortable А boarding house is cheaper than а hotel, but (in) а hotel (it) is (more) comfortabIe. street (L.) 1 know а very comfortable boording Ьои!'е оп ту street. if too [тисЬ] (it is) expensive I'd like а room there, if it's not too expensive. address Here's the address. Thanks. Goodbye. Не goes to the aМress.

' The girl at the station gave (те) the address of your boarding Ьоиэе. 202 [9-А]

дешевле чем б6лее уд6бно Панси6н дешевле чем гости­ ница, н6 в гостинице б6лее уд6бно. улице Я знаю один 6ченъ хор6ший: панси6н на мщSй: улице. Smith если СЛИШRом д6рого Я бы хотел Е6мнату там, если там не СЛИШRОМ дорого. Clerk адрес В6т адрес. Smith Спасибо. До свидания. Smith ДевуШRa на ВОRзале дала мне адрес вашего паllси6на.

ff,iSHEvji СНЕМ BOjiyi uDOBпa pan$YON ff,iSHEvji сМт ga$TI1Jica, n6 v ga$TI1Jici BOjiyi uDOBna. UJici уа znayu a.rlin Ochi1J xaROshiy pan$YON па тауеу UJici. YE§ji $J.-Ishkam DOraga уа ы xaTEL KOmпatu ТАМ, ye§li ТАМ 1Ji $l.-Ishkam DOraga. A dris УОТ Adris. spa$Iba. da syiDAnya.

!)Evushka па vagZAli daLA тис A,dris vashiva раn$ УОna.

соте in free, vacant* floor (L.) Соте in ; 1 Ьауе а vacant room оп the second floor. (take а look) эее Look, this is а good room.

Landlady войдите свободный э та�де Войдите ; у менЯ есть своб6днал l�OMHaTa на втором этаже.

vay!)I}i svaBOdпay etaZHE vay!)IJi,' и 1}'ti1j(i уе§} svaBOdпaya KOmnata па jtaROM etaZHE.

посмотрите Посмотрите, это хор6шая I�6MHaTa.

pasmaTjUji pasmaTjUji, Eta xaROshiya КOmnaш.

The bed is very comfortabIe.

Постель очень удобная.

ра$ТЕ!; Ochi1J uDObnaya.

(1) see (it is) furnished (F.) Yes, 1 see (that) it's furnished

Smith вижу обставлена Да, я: вижу, чт6 она очень хорош6 обставлена.

Ylzhu aPSTAvjina DA , уа Ylzhu sht6 аnа Ochi1J xaraSHO apSTA vjiпa.

стол стулья одна Мне нравится - ст6л, СТУЛЪJI и три больших ОIща.

STOL STUjya aKNA m1JB NRApitsa-SТОL, ST Ujya, i TJU bajSHIX aKNA .

vcry wclI.

tabIe chairs window (G.) 1 likc [the w1101e thing], thc table, tl1e chairs, and the three big windows. *Not оп the cassette.

[9-А]

203

bathroom next door dining room downstairs ТЬе bathroom is next door, and the dining rOOlll is downstairs. (we) have lunch* (we) Ьауе dinner We Ъауе lunch* and dinner there. we'll look at kitchen (А.) living rOOlll (А.) fJet's look at the kitchen and thel1 go to the living rOOlll. I

like аll this very llluch. How lllисЬ does this rOOlll coet? per lllonth including IUl1ch оу breakfast dinl1er *The English оп the tape is 204

i

I

[9-А]

Landlady

ванная рядом стол6вая внизу Ванная рядом, а стол6вая внизу.

VANnaya мааm staLOvaya v 1}iZ U VANnaya м ааm, а staLOvaya v 1}iZ U.

завтракаем обедаем мыl там завтраlшем и обедаем.

ZAjtrakayim aJ3Edayim m1 еаm ZAjtrakayim i aJ3Edayim.

посм6трим кухню гостиную Посм6трим кухню, а пот6м пойдём в гостиную.

paSMOtJim К UХ1}и ga$Tlnuyu paSMOtJim К UХ1}и, а ра ТОМ рауJ)ОМ v ga$Tlnuyu.

Slllith

Мне всё это 6чень нравится.

m1}е Р$О ееа ОСМ1} NRAyitsa.

Ск6лыю ст6ит эта к6мната?

SKOJ.,ka STOyit ееа КОmnaеа?

в месяц включая завтрак обед an

eIТor.

Lal1dlady

v AfE;ic jk1uCHAya ZAjtrak аJЗЕТ

Fifty roubIes а пюпth ; а hundred roubIes including lunch* and dinner.

pid r;li$A Т ruBJ..E У 7} ME}ic; STO ruBJ..E У jkluchdya ZAjtrak i аIЗЕТ.

That's expensive, but 1 like this rooffi.

ПятьдесЛт рублей в месяц ; ст6 рублей ВI{лючая завтрак и обед. Smith Это д6рого, н6 мне нравится эта к6мната.

тауЬе М ауЬе уоu have than this.

м6жет БыIьь М6жет Быlьь у вас есть к6мната дешевле этой.

MOzhid Ы} MOzhid Ы} и VAS уе}} КОтnaш r;liSHEvji ЕШу.

а

cheaper room

such (N.F.) Уев, 1 have, but it's not ав comfortabIPv. (1) wШ take Wel1, o.k. ; Гl1 take this room. Without lunch alld dinner* that's fifty roubles? Yes, that's llot too expensive. let's sigll papers Let's sigll the papel'S. *Тhe English оп tlle tape is an elТOC.

eta DOraga, n6 т1Je NRAyitsa еШ KOтnata.

Lalldlady 'гакаЯ Да, есть, н6 она не такая уд6бная. Smith возьмУ Ну, хорош6 ; я возьму эту к6мнату. Без завтран:а и обеда она ст6ит пятьдесЯт рублей? Да ; это не слишком д6рого.

jJiz ZAjtraka i aj3Eda аnа st6yit рш r;li$A Т rив.т.,Е У? DA; Eta 1Ji $J..Ishkaт DOraga.

Smith подпишем бумаги Подпишем бумаги.

patpIshim buMA�i patpIshim buMAlJi.

taKAya DA , УЕ$Т, n6 aNA 1Ji шКАуа uDObnaya. va�MU nu xaraSHO; уа va�MU etu KOтnatu.

[9-А]

205

ОС course. Here they are. Before

уои

Landlady I\онечно. В6т они.

ka!fEshna. УОТ at}'b.

go through the Bas-ic Sentences а second tiше, read the following :

2. Hints оп Pronunciation and Spelling

1. Double consonants. Notice that where our Aids 'о Listening write а double consonant the Russian speaker really pronounces а long or doubled sound. In Ещ;1ish we do this when two words

соше together, as il1 'еn nights or pen-knife with double n; hot time with double t; this side with double s. Observe the diffеrепсе between dotlble апd siпglе Russian СОI1sOl1al1ts апd try to iшitаtе:

PRACTICE 1

ванная ресторана оттуда пот6м шестьс6т час6в cынa медленно одиннадцать ботинок

VANnaya fistaRAna а! T Uda ра ТОМ

shis SOT chiSOF SIna l{Edjina, l{Edjinna aJ)INnacij baTlnak

2. Russian [ts] and [tc]. Russian [с] is like Епglish ts in hats. Russial1 [ts] has а s1ight separation Ьеtwееп tlle [t] and the [s], sошеwhаt 206

[9-А]

Ьаtht"Oош оС the restaurant frош there after that six hUl1dred of hours of а sоп slowly elevel1 оС shoes as il1 that summer. There is also а сошЫпаtiоп of [t] with [с]; it sotll1ds 1ike а lопg [t] with ап [s] closely j oined оп at the епd, Listеп апd iшitаtе :

PRACTICE 2

отсюда отца двадцать браться от сьша от супа от саПОЖНИl\а

at SUda, at $ Uм atCA D VA Tcij BRA Tsa at SIna at SUpa at saPOzht}ika

З . Russian [у] after consonants. Russi,щ [у] occurs after both p!ain and pa!ata! con­ sonants. These сошЫпаtiопs are quite different fгош pa!ata! consonants that are not followed Ьу [у]; the litt!e [y]-like glide sound оп а pa!ata! consonant is шuсh weaker and shorter than а full-fledged [у].

from here of the father twenty to take hold from the son {гош the soup fгош the shoemaker Notice the conventiona! Russian spel1ing: after а plain consonant [у] is represented Ьу the !etter ъ, and 'aJter а palatal consonant Ьу the letter ь, and the following vowe! is written я, е, и, 10. Sошеtiтеs they write и instead of ь.

P R AC T I CE 3

чья час пьёт Пётр рубля для отъезд _

,

i

�" '

СНУА CHAS Р УОТ POTR ruBJ:-А lJJ:-А at YEST, at YEZD

whose (F.) hour Ье drinks Peter of а rouble for departure [9-А]

2 07

$

аТЕС а]3ЕТ, a]3ED аЬ YEST, аЬ YEZD ра]3 УОТ аЬ УОМ

отец обед объезд побьёт объём

! ,'

4. VoweI spe!lings. Most Russian consonants occur in both plain and palatal varieties. Whether а conso11ant is plain or palatal is shown i11 Russian conventional spelling Ьу the choice of the letter which represents the 11ext vowel. Ву way of review, we give the fol1owing table: we take [6] ав ош­ ватрlе consonant : Plain consonant: В И] ВО В1 ВЕ sound: [ВА бо бы бу бэ spelling : ба Palatal consonant: sound : []3А ]3Е ]31 ]30 13 И] spe1ling : бя бе би бё бю When по vowel folIows, palatal consonants are marked Ьу the Ietter ь : (РА Т] пять ' five' , [MAZ,chikJ мальчин ' little Ьоу'. ТЬе consonants [у, ch, schJ exist only in palatal form. ТЬе conventional spemng of [у) was explained in Unit 8 . After [ch] and [shch] the conventional Russian spelling uses the vowel letters а, е , и , е , у : СНИ] sound : [СНА СНЕ СН! СНО чи че чё speJ1ing : ча чу 208

Г9-Аl

(ather dinner detour he will beat circumference Examples : [СНА У] чай ' tea' , [СЯЕК] чеI( ' check', [SHCHI] щи ' cabbage soup', [а СНОМ] о чём ' about what', [иСНИ] учу ' 1 teach' . A t the end о{ воте words the conventional spelling adds the sign ь after [ch, shch]. ТЬеу do this оп the Nominative form of Feminine nouns: [DOCH] дочь ' daughter', [YESHCH] :вещь ' thing ' ; also оп infinitives : [STj{ICIIJ стричь ' to cut (hair) '. Оп other words they do not write ь : [кz, ИСНJ нточ (М.) ' key' , [BORSHCH] борщ (М .) ' beet soup'. Ап entirely irregular sреШпg is that of [DOSHCH, DOZHDZHJ дождь СМ .) ' rain ' . ТЬе consonants [С, sh, zh] exist опlу in plain form. After [с} the conventionaI speIling uвев the vowel letters а, е, Ы, о, у : sound : [СА СЕ С1 со СИ1 spelling : ца ЦО цу це цы Examples: [at atCA ] от отца ' from tlJe fatlJer , [аЬ atCE] об отце ' about tlJe fatlJer', [atC!] отцы ' fatlJers' , [а' atCOF] от отцов ' from tlJe fatlJers' , [k аtСИ] ' I( ОТЦУ to tlJe fatlJel-' . lп а few words tlJey write и iш\tеаd of ы : [CIRK] ЦИРК ' c.ircus'.

After [sh, zh] Щlssiап conventional spelling ивев the vowel letters а, е, и, е, у. sound : [SHA SHE SHI SHO SHUj sреШпg : ша ше ши ше шу Ехатрlев : [ZHARka] жар:ко ' it is ьое, [uZHE] уже ' already', [ZHIrJ жить ' to live', [SHOL] шел ' Ье was going' , [SHUM] шум ' поisе'.

At the end оЕ воте words they add the letter ь to [sh, zh}. ТЬеу do this оп the Nominative form of Femi­ nine поипв: [MISR] мышь ' тоusе'. AIso on the famiIiar form of verbs : [iIJOSHj идешь ' уои are going'. Оп most words they do not write ь : [D USHl душ (М.) ' shower bath'. То indicate [у] after [sh, zh], they write :ь iustead of ъ : [SHYOT] шьет ' Ье sews' [ruZHYO] ружье ' gun',

SЕСТЮN B-WORD STUDY AND REVIEW OF BASIC SENTENCES 1 . Word Study

(Individual Study)

А . COM M ENT ON ТНЕ BASIC SENTENCES ТЬап . In Unit 8 we saw опе way of saying ' older than' or the like . .We now вее а second way, which is more ивиаl : the word [СНЕМ] : 6n STARshi t]titjd. Он старше меня. Не is older than 1. 6n STARshi сМm уа. Он старше чем А:. Insteacl of the comparative form оЕ ап adjective, the Russians often иве the word [BOjiyi] ' more' "rith the ordinary . form, just as we вау kinder and mоуе kind: Этот стул уд6бнее. Ешt STUL uDOB1}iyi. ТЫв chair is more comfortabIe. Ешt STUL BO[.,iyi uDOBnay. Этот стул б6лее уд6бныЙ. ТЫв is а very expensive hotel. 1 сап't live in such ап expensive hotel.

Short forms о! fLdjectives. Это 6чень дорогая гостиница. Я не могу жить в так6й дорог6й гостинице.

Еш Ochi1} daraGAya ga$TI1}ica. уа 1}i magu ZHIT f шk6у daraGO Y ga$TI1}ici.

[9-В]

209

ТЬеу раста.

In noun-like ивеэ ст6 has also Р. forms оС the third declension : N. ста, G. с6т, D . стам, 1 . стами, L. стах.. 120. ТЬе питЬегз двести '200', трИс'.t'а. '300', че­

тьхреста '400', плтьс6т '500', шестьс6т '600', семъс6т ' 700', }Юсемьс6т '800', девлтьс6т '900' illflect both parts v:ith noun-l ike Р. forms of С'1'6, accented : G. двухстах, D . двумстам, 1. двумлстами, L. Д'Qухстах: 121. When exprcssions with the numbers {rom 5 to 9РО (except thoie that end ih 1, 2, 3, 4), or longer numbers ending in these, аге in the N. case, pronominal

adjectives before the number аге N.P. and other ad� jectives and ПОШIS аге G . P. : эти шi'lъ больших {Jтол6в 'thelDe fivc Ы� tabIcs'� The А. of such expressions is l ike the N., cvcn for апiп.щtеs, except {or pronominal adj �tivelO : мыI IIИДели этих пЯть девочек 'we saw those i.ve little �irli'. In CHi\!4J othcr than N. &nd А. аН the words аге in a�r�::;l(\e!a t: под этими :ая'l'ЬЮ большими столами 'under thcie five bi� tabI�'. 1!2. Larger шnits, &uch 1.8 тьщлча 'thощщпd ' (§23) , милли6У 'miIl ion\ миллиард 'thousand millions, (АЮJl.сгicщий, даёмый, давал. ТЬе othet' two are �знавать, �CTaBaTЬ, §181. 160. Some verbs of Class 3 drop {nи] in the past: мёрзнуть 'to freeze', мёрзну, м ёрзнеТ i мёрз, мёрзла,

брить 'to эЬауе'; брею, бреет ; брей ; брил ; бритый Быlьь 'to Ье' ; present (punctual, with future теап­ ing) буду, будет ; будь ; бъш, была (не был, не БыJl)i ; -бЪIТЫЙ . ТЬеге is по durative present', b u t compare есть 'there is, there are', вет 'there isn 't, there aren't'. ТЬе compound заБыIьь 'to forget' is regular in the past:

Some уегЬв with present о! Туре 1 аге entirely' irregt1lar; only а few of tllese Ьауе stems of тоге than опе вуllаЫе: _ eXaTI, 'to ride' has present еду, едет ТЬе imperative is supplied {гот а longer verb : поезжай; similarly in compounds: yeXaTb 'to depart', уезжай ; сотраге §185. RОЛбть 'to prick', IЮЛIО, R6лет ; past passive par­ ticiple I�6лотый умереть �to die' умру', умрёт; past with accent D : умер, умерла, умерло, Умерли 162. Quite а few verbs whose infinitive stem Ьаэ only опе эуllаЫе (apart Егот prefixes) аге irregular. We give the infinitive, the present '1' and 'he' Согтв, the imperative, апd the past М i we add other past Согmв al1d the past ,passive pat"ticiple only when these are irregular. 163. ТЬе following Ьауе опе-вуllаЫе infillitive stems ending in a vowel : бить 'to Ьеае ; бью, бьёТj бей; бил, битый брать 'to take'; беру, берёт; бери; бра.тl, брала; бралсл

взЯть Р 'to tal