Spoken English

INDEX 1. Effective Communication

2-3

2. Parts of speech

4 – 10

3. How to Frame the sentences 11 – 14 4. Conjugation

14

5. TENSES

15 -18

6. Model Auxiliary Verbs

19 -23

Effective Communication 1. Grammatically Correct Sentences Eg: Imagine that you receive this telegram message SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you to  sell  their  car  car for them because they have gone to  France. We can add a few words: Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete, grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the same: Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE.

2. Pronunciation of Every word Eg: A way of speaking a word, especially a way that is accepted or generally understood.

3. Grammar Eg: The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences

4. Vocabulary Eg: All the words of a language. The sum of words used by, understood by, or at the command of a particular person or group.

5. Body Language Eg: communication via the movements or attitudes of the body

6. Variety of Sentences Eg: it means using a variety of sentences...not just the same tone and flow of words repeatedly.

7. Voice Modulati Modulation on Eg: A change in stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of the voice

8. Expressing Feelings Eg: ……….

9. Expressing More Ideas Eg: ………….

10. Honing Communic Communication ation Eg: ………….

11. Spontaneit Spontaneity y Eg: Spontaneous is an adjective that means seeming to occur through self-generation, by one's own means, or in a way requiring no outside influence or help.

12. Accent Eg: an accent is a manner of pronunciation of a language

Parts of Speech 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adverb 4. Adjective 5. Proposition 6. Conjunction 7. Interjection E.g.: Ravi and his best friend went quickly to Market Ravi - Noun (5), and - Conjunction (2) , his - Pronoun (10), best - Adjective (3) friend - Noun went - Verb (10) quickly - Adverb (13) to - Preposition (3) Market - Noun

Noun It is name of a Person, Place, thing, animal, bird and Idea . NOUN

CONCRETE NOUN

COMMON NOUN

PROPER NOUN

ABSTRACT NOUN

MATERIAL NOUN

COLLETIVE NOUN

Concrete Nouns are the names of persons, places and things which have a shape and which can be held. These are further divided into four. Common Noun: A name used in common or general E.g.: Market, Institute

Proper Noun: A name used for a particular person or place. E.g.: Ravi, Vani. Material Noun: Names of the metals or meterials from which things are made are called materials Nouns. E.g.: wood, iron, cement, steel Collective Noun: A collection taken together and spoken as a „whole‟ is called a collective nouns. E.g.: Sheep, fleet, army

Sir introduced new words: Posse (or) cordon ( Group of Police People) Constellation or Universal (Galaxy)

ABSTRACT NOUN: The things which can‟t see, feel and touch E.g.: Human - ity, Generous - ity, Public - ity, Electric - ity

ity - suffix - end small attachment

ity ment ster

ance aire hood

Suffixes & Abstract Noun ence ant ent sion ssion tion wood logy ism

ness ist

Pronoun It‟s a word used Instead of a Noun Personal Pronouns

I

We

You

He

She

It

They

Objective Pronouns

Me

Us

You

Him

Her

It

Them

Possessive Adjective

My

Our

Yours

His

Her

Its

Their

Possessive Pronoun

Mine

Ours

Yours

His

Her

Its

Their

Reflexive Pronoun

Myself

ourselves

Himself

herself

itself

themselves

Emphatic Pronoun

Myself

Our sleves

Himself

herself

itself

themselves

Yourself  yourselves Yourself  yourselves

I am a student - (Beginning of the sentence) Sir asked me (After verb) verb) It is my book (Before Noun) (Possessive - Ownership) Here Pronoun work as adjective Before Noun

This book is mine (At the end of the sentence) I blamed myself () I myself helped them ()

Other Pronouns Someone somebody something Somewhat anyone No one One of them none of them each of them This That These Each and Every one of them

Somewhere one every one of them Those

VERBS Definition: It Shows Action

Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs

Primary Auxiliary Verbs

Be am is are were be been bein

do do does did

Action Verbs (10000)

ModelAuxiliary Verbs

Regular Verbs (9800) Eg:

Irregular Verbs (200) Eg:

ask,Asked,Asked

Write,Wrote,Written

have have has had Will - would, Shall - should, Can - could May - Might, Used to, Ought to Need, Dare, must

Will Future Actions Talk about willingness Decided something to do (determination) Conditional Sentence.

Adverbs

It add meaning to Verb It adds meaning to Adjective It adds meaning to Adverb E.g.: Sit Straight

listen

Run

Carefully Silently attentively Actively

Fast Briskly(fast) Slow Slowly Steadily Quickly Carefully Cautiously Swiftly

E.g.: Ravi is Clever (Clever - adjective) Ravi is Very Clever Very, So, too (Adverb) E.g.: Ravi runs fast (fast - adjective) Ravi is fast run

Adjective

It adds Meaning Noun or Pronoun in adjective. There are three types

E.g. -1

E.g. - 2 E.g. -3

Positive Degree Little Much Good Well Bad Evil Ill Rich Beautiful

Comparative Degree Less More Better Better Worse Worse Worse Richer More Beautiful

Superlative Degree Least Most Best Best Worst Worst Worst Richest Most Beautiful

Note: Adjectives which have suffixes take more in comparative Degree, and most in superlative Degree Suffixes: ful, some, ish, ic, ical, ial, ive, our, ade, ible, ing, en, en, like

Prepositions

It shows relationship between Noun & Noun, Noun & Pronoun Single Preposition: for, form, since, against, with, by, at, on, in above, below, under, along, through, around, among, between, but, except, including, excluding, save. Compound Preposition: across, about, along with, not with standing, beneath, through out, into, onto upto, upon, Prepositional Phrase: in case of, in case of not, in spite of, because of, owing to, according to, instead of, in the place of, on behalf on, due to, on par with (equal to)

Conjunction

A word which joints 2 words, 2 phrases, 2 clauses, 2 sentences Ex: and Complex sentences: If, whether, Unless, that, so that, though, Although, Even though, As, Since, because, what, when, where, why, who, whose, whom, which, How. Compound Sentences: and, but, still, yet, or, nor, either…or, neither… nor, or, nor, so, and so, therefore, or else, otherwise, as well as, not only… but also, both … and. Simple Sentence: too… to

Interjection

Words are sentences which express sudden feelings E.g.: wow!, oh!, ah!, oops!, ouch! Hurrah! Bravo! Alas! What a nice painting! How costly the watch is!

How to Frame the sentences Base form = don‟t + Base form (Write - Don‟t + write) „s‟ form = doesn‟t + Base form (Writes = doesn‟t + write) Simple Past - did n‟t + Base form (didn‟t + write) There are 5 verb forms

Baseform „s‟ form Simple past Past Participle (V 3)

Do Does Did Have Has Had Have to Has to Had to Have + PP Has + PP Had + PP Used to

- Write - Writes - Wrote - Written

Don‟t do Doesn‟t do Didn‟t do Don‟t have Doesn‟t have Didn‟t have Don‟t have to Doesn‟t have to Didn‟t have to Haven‟t + PP Hasn‟t + PP Hand‟t + PP Didn‟t use to

Ing form - Writing

8 Communicative forms

1. Positive Sentences 2. Negative Sentences 3. Yes or no questions (Positive) 4. Yes or no questions (negative) 5. “wh” questions (Positive) 6. “wh” questions (negative) (negative) 7. Question tags (negative) 8. Question tags (Positive)

Examples on do, did, does Do We do home work  We don‟t do home work  Do we do home work Don‟t we do home work  What do we do? What don‟t we do? We do Home work? Don‟t we? We don‟t home work? do we?

Does She does Engineering She does n‟t do Engineering Does she do Engineering Does n‟t she do Engineering What does she do? What does n‟t she do? She does Engineering? Doesn‟t she? she? She does n‟t do Engineering? Does she?

Did He did two mistakes He didn‟t do two mistakes Did he do to mistakes Didn‟t he do to mistakes How many mistakes did he do? How many mistakes didn‟t he do? He did two mistakes, didn‟t he? He didn‟t two mistakes? Did he?

Examples on have, has, had Have We have many doubts We don‟t have many doubts How many doubts do we have? How many doubts don‟t‟ we have? Do we have many doubts? Don‟t we have many doubts? We have many man y doubts. Have n‟t we? We don‟t have many doubts. Do we?

Has

Had

She has three siblings She does n‟t have three siblings Does she have three siblings Does n‟t she have three siblings

He had urgent work  He didn‟t have urgent work  Did he have urgent work? Did n‟t he have urgent work?

How many siblings does she have? How many siblings doesn‟t she have? She has three siblings? Has n‟t she?

What type of work he had? What type of work he didn‟t have? He h ad urgent work? Had n‟t he

She doesn‟t have three siblings? Does she?

He didn‟t have urgent work? Did he?

Examples on Used to, has, had Used to

Has

We used to feel shy We didn‟t use to feel shy Did we use to feel shy Didn‟t we use to fell shy s hy How did we use to feel? How didn‟t we use to fell? We use to to feel shy? Didn‟t we? We didn‟t use to feel shy? Did we?

She has three siblings She does n‟t have three siblings Does she have three siblings Does n‟t she have three siblings How many siblings does she have? How many siblings doesn‟t she have? She has three siblings? Has n‟t she? She doesn‟t have three siblings? Does she?

Had He had urgent work  He didn‟t have urgent work  Did he have urgent work? Did n‟t he have urgent work? What type of work he had? What type of work he didn‟t have? He h ad urgent work? Had n‟t he He didn‟t have urgent work? Did he?

Examples on Base form, „S‟form, Simple Past

Base form

Simple Past

„S‟ form

We Learn Carefully We don‟t Learn Carefully Do we learn Carefully Don‟t we learn Carefully How do we learn How don‟t we learn We learn carefully? Don‟t we? We don‟t learn carefully? Do we?

She stays on the third floor She does n‟t stay on the third floor Does she stay on the third floor Does n‟t she stay on the third floor On which floor does she stay? On which floor doesn‟t she stay She stays on the third floor? Doesn‟t she? She doesn‟t stay on the third floor? Does she?

He wrote two letters He didn‟t writer two letters Did he write two letters Did n‟t write two letters Howmany letters did he write? Howmany letters didn‟t didn ‟t he write? He wrote two letters? Didn‟t he? He didn‟t write two letters? Did he?

Examples on “have to”, “has to”, “had to”

Have to We have to practice carefully We don‟t have to practice carefully Do we have to practice carefully? Don‟t we have to practice Carefully? How do we have to practice? How don‟t we have to practice We have to practice carefully? Don‟t we?

Has to

Had to

She has to come on time She does n‟t have to come on time

I had to help him I didn‟t have to help him

Does she have to come on time Does n‟t she have to come on time

Did I have to help him Did n‟t I have to help him

When does she have to come? When doesn‟t she have to come? She has to come on time? Does n‟t she?

Whom did I have to help him? Whom didn‟t I have to help him? I had to help him Didn‟t I?

We don‟t have to practice carefully? Do we?

She doesn‟t have to come on time? Does she?

I didn‟t have to help him? Did I?

Examples on “have + pp”, “has + pp”, “had + pp”

Have + PP

Has + PP

We have answered correctly

She has answered all questions

We haven‟t haven‟t answered correctly

She has n‟t answered all questions

Have we answered correctly

Has she answered all questions

Haven‟t we answered correctly

Hasn‟t she answered all questions questions

How have we answered? How haven‟t we answered?

Howmany questions has she answered? Howmany questions hasn‟t she answered? She has answered all questions? Has n‟t n ‟t she? She has n‟t answered all questions? Has she?

We have answered correctly? Have n‟t we? We haven‟t answered correctly? Have we?

Had + PP We had offered prayer before we came here We had n‟t offered prayer before we came here Had we offered prayer before we came here Had n‟t we offered prayer before we came here When had we offered prayer? When hadn‟t we offered prayer? We had offered prayer before we came here? here? Hadn‟t we? We had n‟t offered prayer before we came here? Had we?

CONJUGATION Using one verb in 12 Tenses. That is called Conjugation Conjugation of the Verb „Write‟ Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense: Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Simple Future Tense Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Continuous Tense

We wrote Letters We are writing Letters We have written Letters We have been writing Letters Since last year We wrote Letters We were writing letter letterss at 7‟o clock  We had written Letters before we came here We had been writing Letters for one hour before we came here We will write Letters We will be writing Letters Letter s at 7‟o Clock  We will have written Letters Letter s by 9‟o Clock  We have been writing Letters Letter s for one hour by 8‟o clock 

TENSES It shows time of the Action

Simple Present Tense ’s’ form Base form/ ’s’ Write (I, we, you, they) Writes (he, she, it)

Uses: 1. Universal Truth E.g.: A lion is the most ferocious Animal 2. Daily Activities 3. Habitual Actions 4. Future Fixed Action 5. With see, look, how E.g: See how the children fight Look, how this washing Machine works 6. With adverbs: daily, often, seldom, frequently, continuously, rarely, (very less number), Scarcely (very less quantity) 7. News Paper Headlines 8. Magazines 9. Running Commentary 10. Stories 11. Historical incidents 12. Proverbs Quotations Proverb E.g: All that Glitters is not Gold A sentence with two meaning i) Literal Meaning ii) Inner or implied meaning Literal Meaning: Any metal which looks like Gold is not Gold Implied Meaning: Meaning: Appearances are Desective

Present Continuous am/is/are + verb + ing Note: now, at present, presently, these days, now - a - days, at (adverbs), Uses: 1. Action which is happening now 2. Action which stops for sometime and continuous later 3. Immediate future action (going) E.g.: Sir is going to teach other tenses Sir is going to test our knowledge after some time I am going to have a cup of tea after the class 4. Arrangement of future fixed action E.g.: CM is visiting our institute day after tomorrow

5. Appointment (seeing) E.g.: She is seeing the Dentist to night

Present Perfect Have/has+ Past Participle Note: Since, for, recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, never Usage: Action is completed, but it‟s effect is seen in the presence Examples: 1. She has waited for the bus since 8‟o clock  2. She has waited for the bus for 30 minutes 3. Swamiji has already left 4. We have joined junior course recently 5. Sir has just completed present continuous Tense 6. I have n‟t started the work book yet book  yet 7. Have you ever visited a Birla Temple 8. No, I have never visited Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past? I have taken Breakfast - Present Perfect I took Break fast - Simple past

Present Perfect Continuous Tense Have/has + been + verb + ing Note: Since, For (Preposition) Usage: Action started in the past, continuing in the present and will continue in the future Examples:

We have been sitting in the t he class since 10‟0 Clock  We have been sitting in the class one and a half ours

For - Period of time - duration Since - Point of time

Simple Past Tense Usage: For any Completed action in the Past. Note: It is used with or without: Yesterday, day before yesterday, some time ago, in the beginning, Last month, Last week, Last night, Once upon a time, once it so happened, when I was coming, while I was coming, In the past on the first day, Before joining this level, Before leaving, in the Morning, In the afternoon Examples:

I met my friend before coming here I met my friend when I was coming here

Past Continuous Tense Was/were + verb + ing Usage: For any continuous action in the past at the particular given time. Note: at, when I was coming, while I was coming offering prayer at 10‟o clock  E.g.: we were offering prayer

A new lecturer was conducting prayer when we were standing in the prayer hall The lecturer was observing us while we were chanting the Prayer.

Past Perfect Tense had + Past Participle (V3) Usage: When there are two past actions, the first completed action in past perfect and the second completed action is in simple Past. E.g.: we had offered prayer before we came here We had stood in line before prayer bell was given

Past Perfect ContinuousTense had + been + verb + ing Usage: For any Past Continuous action in the past with period of time and one more past action E.g.: I had been standing in the Prayer hall for 15 minutes before we came here I had been travelling for half an hour before I got down at R.K. Math

Simple Future Tense Will/shall + Baseform Usage: For any future action with or without time adverb: Tomorrow, Day after tomorrow, on Monday, Next week, next month, next year, after sometime, as and you need. E.g.: I will come tomorrow He will deposit the money day after tomorrow

E.g.:

Usage: Conditional sentence If u help me now, I will help you later on If u save money, money will save you in emergency

Future Continuous Tense Will/shall + be + verb + ing Usage: For any continuous action in the future at a particular given time Note: at E.g.: we will be offering prayer at 10‟o clock on Tuesday. We will be waiting for bus at 12‟o clock 

Future Perfect Tense Will/shall + have + PP(V3) Usage: For any part of the action or full action which comes to an end by the future given time. Note: by E.g.: we will have completed three weeks junior course by Tuesday (Part of the action) We will have completed junior course by August (Full action)

Future Perfect Continuous Tense Will/shall + have + been + verb + ing Usage: For any part of the action with period of time (for) and one more future time. Note: by E.g.: we will have been sitting in the class for 90 minutes by 11.30 We will have been attending junior level classes for three weeks by Tuesday

Model Auxiliary Verbs 1. Can - Uses 1. Present Ability –  Ability – (Physical (Physical Strength is called) E.g.:

I can catch running Bus I can Speak Good English in three months

2. Capacity –  Capacity – (Area (Area or Space) E.g.:

This room can accommodate 60 students Qualis can carried 10 Passengers

3. To give and take Permission informal situation E.g.:

Informal –  Informal  – Family, Family, relative, friends We don‟t have any type t ype of restrictions Can I use your cell Phone? Yes, You can. Can I Use your vehicle in emergency Yes, You can

4. Direct and indirect speech sentences E.g.:

Ravi says, “I can solve your problems” Ravi says that he solve my problems

5. Conditional Sentence E.g.:

If you try again, you can understand better

2. Could - Uses 1. Past ability 2. Polite English

Past ability: ability: I went to bank I couldn‟t withdraw the mone y E.g.: I attended an interview last week, but I could n‟t clear first round itself.

Polite English: English: How to give respect others E.g.: Could I Know the Pronunciation please?

Could I know my feed back? Could I know the reason for delay?

3. Will - Uses 1. Future Action E.g.: I will come tomorrow 7799209353

He will deposit the money after sometime

2. Willingness E.g.: Sir will clear doubts

I will drop you at liberty

3. Determination (Firm Decision) E.g.: I will speak Good English by the End of Junior course

4. Sure E.g.: She will get a rank this time

My Friend will get admission in Bits Pilani The Baby will fall down

5. Direct & Indirect Speech Sentences

says “will you deposit the money tomorrow?” E.g.: Ravi says Ravi asks If whether I will deposit the money the next day.

6. Conditional Sentences E.g.: If you work hard, you will get success

If you read it again, you will understand better

4. Would - Uses 1. Polite English E.g.: Sir would Guide us

My Father would visit this institute. Amitab Bachan would get Ascar Award

2. Past habitual Action E.g.: When kalpana was six years, she would like to see in the sky.

Kalpana Chavla would like see into the sky ours together when she was six I would work on system ours together when I was a student

5. May - Uses 1. Chances are Possibility of Something happening happ ening E.g.: The doctors may save the patient

Swamiji may visit our class Sir may give us a chance for GD It may rain

2. To give and take Permission in formal Situation E.g.: May I come in?

Yes, You may come

Sir, May I know the Pronunciation of this word Please May I know, whether my sentence is correct

6. Might - Uses 1. Remote are very less Possibility of Something happening E.g.: Swamiji might visit our class

He might Go abroad They might allow me for fourth late coming

2. Polite English (might + like) E.g.: Sir might like to give us chance for individual Presentation

Swamiji might like to advice us on meditation Our Chief guest might like to have some refreshment

3. We hold someone responsible respon sible if some big mistake happens E.g.: The doctors might have saved the Patient

You might have avoided using cell Phone He might have reduced the speed of the vehicle You might have stopped the children from entering water

7. Shall - Uses 1. Future Action (I, we) E.g.: I shall come tomorrow

We Shall talk to sir after the class

2. Voluntary Help (I, we) E.g.: Shall I help you

Shall we assist them Shall we arrange the chairs Properly

3. Promise (You, he, she, it, they) E.g.: You shall get consolation Prize for 100 percent attendance

She shall get Promotion this time

4. Warning (You, he, she, it, they) E.g.: Those who take four leaves shall not be allowed attend he remaining classes

Those who wear tea shirts with some writing on it shall not be allowed to attend the class

5. Threatening (scaring by criminals) (You, he, she, it, they)

E.g.: The passengers shall be killed one by one, if our conditions are not fulfilled in 24

hours (*Screem –  (*Screem  – Shouting Shouting Loudly)

8. Should or “Ought to” 1. Duty E.g.: The soldiers should Protect our country

2. Obligation E.g.: We should respect others

We should maintain silence in the Prayer hall

3. Reference or Recommendation E.g.: You should advanced learners dictionary by oxford

She should see a dermatologist

4. Suggestion (Related to work) E.g.: You should arrange the class

The builder should increase the size of the rooms

5. Advice (related to a person or Person health E.g.: You should take care of your health

He should mind his language

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