Spoken English in Tamil and Without Grammar - NLRC's New Spoken English Book Low price edition

COGNITIVE SPOKEN ENGLISH

Rs. 150/-

ANOTHER QUALITY PRODUCT FROM NLRC SPOKEN ENGLISH

@ Comprehensive Self-study Spoken English Training in Tamil and without Grammar.

@ 1500 Spoken English Words Meanings in Tamil with Sentence Patterns.

@ PowerPoint Slides for Easy Understanding. @ Understanding Newspaper English. @ Personality Development Concepts. To read sample pages of this book and to purchase, please visit www.nlrc.in

About the Author Dr. K. S. Jayakumar was born and brought up in Selliamman Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu. He is a Mechanical Engineering graduate. He completed M.Tech and MS degrees in IIT-Delhi and Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA) respectively. He completed PhD degree in Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is currently working as a researcher in Natural Language Research Center (NLRC). His main research areas are Language Research, Machine Intelligence and Farm Machineries. Previously, he worked as an assistant professor at Department of Mechanical Engineering in Sona College of Technology, Salem.

Rs. 150/-

Spoken English in Tamil & Without Grammar

Main Features:

Cognitive Spoken English In Sentence Patterns to % 100 roach sh li p Ap Eng w n Ne oke Sp

Spoken English in Tamil & Without Grammar ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ Þ™ô£ñ™ îIN™ v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚Lv By

Dr. K. S. JAYAKUMAR, B.E, M.Tech, M.S, PhD. Natural Language Research Center(NLRC), Salem.

Target Learners: Engineers, Teachers, Professors, Graduates, Research Scholars, Nurses, IAS & TNPSC Aspirants, Tamil & English Medium Students and All

A Product of NLRC Spoken English www.nlrc.in

Cognitive Spoken English In Sentence Patterns ÜFè Fø¬ñ, ÜP¾, è®ù à¬öŠ¹, M죺òŸC ÝAò¬õèœ Þ¼‰¶‹, å¼ CPò ݃AôˆFù£™ î¡Â¬ìò º¡«ùŸø«ñ ð£F‚èŠð´Aø¶ â¡Á ⇎ðõ˜èÀ‚° ÞŠ¹ˆî般î êñ˜ŠH‚A«ø¡.

Ü¡¹ì¡ Dr. K. S. Jayakumar, B.E, M.Tech, M.S, PhD. Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) Salem-636111 Mob: +91 9894854413 Web: www.nlrc.in

A Product of NLRC Spoken English Head Office: Selliamman Nagar, M. Perumapalayam (PO), Salem (DT), Tamil Nadu, India – 636 111. Web: www.nlrc.in, Email: [email protected] Mob: +91 9994809099

Copyright @ NLRC Spoken English, 2010. First Edition 2010 Cognitive Spoken English in Sentence Patterns is copyright protected under the Copyright Act, 1957. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording otherwise, without prior permission, in writing, of the publisher.

݃Aôˆ¬î èŸÁ‚ªè£‡´ ï‹

Price Rs. 150

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݃Aôˆ¬î èŸÁ‚ªè£‡´ ï‹ î£Œªñ£Nò£‹ îI¬ö ð£¶è£Š«ð£‹ ð£¶è£Š«ð£‹. Ü¡¹ì¡ 죂ì˜. «è. âv. ªüò‚°ñ£˜

ÞŠ¹ˆî般î 𮂰‹«ð£¶ àƒèÀ‚° â¿‹ ꉫîèƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ 輈¶è¬÷ W›è‡ì ߪñJ½‚° ÜŠH ¬õ»ƒèœ. àƒèÀ¬ìò ꉫîèƒè¬÷ ï£ƒèœ Gõ˜ˆF ªêŒA«ø£‹.

ªð£¼÷ì‚è‹ (Table of Contents) 1. v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚L¬ú ðŸPò

å¼ è‡«í£†ì‹

(Spoken English – A Glance) ……........

1

2. v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚Lv èŸø½‚è£ù

[email protected] (OR)

www.nlrc.in

è™M, «õ¬ô õ£ŒŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ ªî£N™ ê‹ð‰îñ£ù Ý«ô£ê¬ùè¬÷»‹ õöƒ°A«ø£‹.

â¡.â™.ݘ.C-J¡ MFº¬øèœ

(NLRC Rules for Spoken English Learning) ....…...........

21

3. õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹èœ (Sentence Patterns) .....…....…............

33

4. ñQî˜è¬÷Š ðŸPò HóF ªðò˜ªê£Ÿèœ (Pronouns of Humans) ....…....….........

49

5. º‚Aòñ£ù ¹ô¡ê£˜‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ (Important Cognitive Words) .........…

63

6. 500 îI› õ£‚AòƒèO¡

݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹èœ (500 Tamil Situations into English Sentence Patterns) ....…..................… 171

1

ð£ì‹ - 1 v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚L¬ú ðŸPò å¼ è‡«í£†ì‹

Chapter – 1 Spoken English – A Glance

2

Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

1.

3

Cognitive Spoken English - in Sentence Patterns

â¡ø ¹ˆîèˆFL¼‰¶ cƒèœ â¡ù èŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ «ð£Al˜èœ? ñŸÁ‹ ÞŠ¹ˆîè‹ àƒèO¡ âšõ¬èò£ù Fø¬ñ¬ò õ÷˜‚°‹?

â¡ø ¹ˆîè‹ cƒèœ ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ðê èŸÁ‚ªè£´‚Aø¶. Þ¶ ݃Aô Þô‚è투î ðò¡ð´ˆî£ñ™ îIN™ v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚L¬ú àƒèÀ‚° èŸÁ‚ªè£´‚Aø¶. Cognitive Spoken English - in Sentence Patterns

Þ‰î ¹ˆîè‹ v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚LR¡ Ü®Šð¬ì «è£†ð£´è¬÷ M÷‚A, àƒèÀ‚° ªîK‰î ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬îè¬÷ ªè£‡«ì, àƒè¬÷ ݃AôˆF™ «ðê ¬õ‚°‹. àƒèÀ‚° ªîK‰î 輈¶è¬÷ cƒèœ âO¬ñò£ù ݃AôˆF™ ñŸøõ¼‚° ªê£™L ¹Kò ¬õ‚èîò Fø¬ñ¬ò Þ‰î ¹ˆîè‹ õ÷˜‚°‹. 2. Spoken English â¡ø£™ â¡ù?

â¡ð¶ âO¬ñò£ù ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ (Simple Sentences) ªè£‡ì‹. ݃A«ôò˜èœ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ âO¬ñò£ù ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶Aø£˜èœ. Spoken English

3. Written English â¡ø£™ â¡ù? Written English

â¡ð¶ èôŠ¹ ݃Aô

õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ (Complex Sentences) ªè£‡ì‹. å¼ èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòñ£ù¶ ÜFè Þô‚èí MFè¬÷ àœ÷ì‚A â¿îŠð†®¼‚°‹.

4

Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

݃Aô Þô‚è투î ï¡° ªîK‰¶ ªè£‡ì£™î£¡ èôŠ¹ õ£‚AòˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ 輈¶è¬÷ å¼õ˜ ªîOõ£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ º®»‹. Þ‰î èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòñ£ù¶ ¹ˆîèƒèœ, ªêŒFî£œèœ «ð£¡øõŸP™ ÜFèñ£è ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶. 4. Spoken English-‹ Written English-‹ å¡ø£? Spoken English-‹ Written English-‹

å¡ø™ô.

Þ¬õèœ Þó‡´‹ ªõš«õø£ù¬õ. Spoken English «ð²õ‹, Written English ⿶õ‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶. 5. ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ ã¡ âO¬ñò£ù ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒèœ (Simple Sentences) ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶?

 «ð²‹«ð£¶ «ò£Cˆî™, õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñˆî™, õ£‚Aòˆ¬î à„êKˆî™ «ð£¡ø ªêò™è¬÷ Iè °ÁAò è£ôˆF™ Ü™ô¶ «ïóˆF™ ªêŒA«ø£‹. å¼õ˜ êó÷ñ£è ݃AôˆF™ «ðê «õ‡´ñ£ù£™, Üõ˜ 臮Šð£è âO¬ñò£ù ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ (Simple Sentences) ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. ÜŠªð£¿¶î£¡ Üõ˜ «ò£Cˆî™, õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñˆî™, õ£‚Aòˆ¬î à„êKˆî™ «ð£¡ø ªêò™è¬÷ Iè °ÁAò è£ôˆF™ Ü™ô¶ «ïóˆF™ ªêŒòº®»‹. Ýù£™ å¼õ˜ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ èôŠ¹ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ (Complex Sentences)

5

ðò¡ð´ˆFù£™ õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñŠðF½‹ ñŸÁ‹ ܬî à„êKŠðF½‹ è£ô î£ñî‹ ãŸð´‹. Þ‰î è£ô î£ñîˆFù£™î£¡ å¼õ˜ ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ð꺮õF™¬ô.

6. ݃AôˆF™ â¿îõ ã¡ èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòƒèœ (Complex Sentences) ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶?

èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòƒèœ Iè ¸Ž‚èñ£ù ݃Aô Þô‚èí MFèÀ‚° à†ð†´ ܬñ‚èŠð´‹. èôŠ¹ õ£‚AòˆF™ å«ó õ£˜ˆ¬î e‡´‹ ܉î õ£‚AòˆF™ F¼‹ð õó£îð® 𣘈¶‚ªè£œ÷Š ð´Aø¶. Ýîô£™ °¬ø‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îè¬÷ ªè£‡´ G¬øò 輈¶è¬÷ èôŠ¹ õ£‚AòˆF¡ Íô‹ ªê£™ô º®»‹. Þîù£™ °¬ø‰î è£AîˆF™ ÜFè 輈¶è¬÷ Ãø º®»‹. å¼ ªêŒFî£O™ 20 ð‚èƒèO™ Þ¼‚°‹ ݃Aô èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ âO¬ñò£ù õ£‚AòˆF™ ñ£ŸP â¿F, Þ¬î ªêŒFî£O™ Ü„C†ì£™ °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ 40 ð‚èƒèœ «î¬õð´‹. ݃Aô Þô‚è투î ï¡° ªîK‰¶ ªè£‡ì£™î£¡ èôŠ¹ õ£‚AòˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ 輈¶è¬÷ å¼õ˜ ªîOõ£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ º®»‹. Ýù£™ âO¬ñò£ù õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£œ÷ ݃Aô Þô‚èí MFèœ «î¬õð죶. W›è‡ì â´ˆ¶‚裆´è¬÷ èõQ‚辋.

6

Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance Example: Complex Sentence: I buy the bag that is very big at Delhi that is capital of India which is democratic country.

Þ¶ å¼ èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aò‹ Ý°‹. Þ¬î ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ Iè è®ùñ£è Þ¼‚Aø¶. «ñ«ô ªê£¡ù 輈¬î âO¬ñò£ù õ£‚AòˆF™ W›è‡ìõ£Á â¿îô£‹. Simple Sentences: I buy the bag; The bag is very big; I buy the bag at Delhi; Delhi is capital of India; India is democratic country.

Þ¬õèœ âO¬ñò£ù õ£‚Aòƒèœ Ý°‹. Þ¬î ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ Iè âOî£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.  Þƒ«è º‚Aòñ£è èõQ‚è «õ‡®ò Mêò‹ â¡ùªõ¡ø£™, âO¬ñò£ù õ£‚Aòƒèœ âOî£è ¹KAø¶. Ýù£™ èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ¹K‰¶ ªè£œõ è®ùñ£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.  «ð²õ âO¬ñò£ù õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ðò¡ð´ˆFù£™î£¡, ï‹ñ£™ êó÷ñ£è¾‹ «ð꺮»‹, Ü«î êñòˆF™  «ð²õ¬î ñŸøõ˜èÀ‹ âOî£è ¹K‰¶ªè£œõ£˜èœ. 7. èì‰î 50 õ¼ì è£ôñ£è îI›ï£†®™ ݃Aô‹ èŸÁˆîóŠð´Aø¶. Ýù£™ ޡ‹ ïñ‚° ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ è®ùñ£è Þ¼Šð¶ ã¡?

 å¼ ªñ£N¬ò «ðê èŸÁ‚ªè£‡ì Hø°î£¡ Ü‰î ªñ£N¬ò ð®‚è ñŸÁ‹ â¿î èŸÁ‚ªè£œA«ø£‹.  îI› ªñ£NJ™ Þ‰î ñ£FK ªêŒA«ø£‹.

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

7

Ýù£™ ݃AôˆF™ â¡ù ïì‚Aø¶? ݃Aô ªñ£N¬ò â¿î ñŸÁ‹ ð®‚è èŸÁ‚ªè£‡ì Hø°î£¡ «ðê èŸÁ‚ªè£œA«ø£‹.  ªêŒ»‹ Þ‰î îõ¬ø êŸÁ C‰F»ƒèœ. 8. v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚LR™ ªð¼‹ð£¡¬ñ«ò£˜ ªêŒ»‹ îõÁ â¡ù?

݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ ¹ˆîèˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ÜŠð®«ò «ðê«õ‡´‹ â¡Á ªð¼‹ð£¡¬ñ«ò£˜ G¬ù‚Aø£˜èœ. Þ‰î CPò îõÁ Üõ˜èœ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ¬î è®ùñ£è Ý‚°Aø¶. ãŸèù«õ °PŠH†ì ñ£FK, cƒèœ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ âO¬ñò£ù õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ (Simple Sentences) ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õF™¬ô. Ü ñ£ø£è, ðô˜ «ð²õ èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ Üî£õ¶ ¹ˆîè‹ ñŸÁ‹ ªêŒFî£O™ Þ¼‚°‹ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ è®ùñ£è Þ¼‚Aø¶. 9. v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚Lv èŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ «î¬õò£?

v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚Lv èŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷, Üî£õ¶ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ «î¬õJ™¬ô.  ¬ìò Í¡ø£õ¶ õòFL¼‰«î îI¬ö êó÷ñ£è «ð²A«ø£‹. ⡬ø‚è£õ¶ îI› Þô‚è투î ðŸP «ò£Cˆî¶ à‡ì£? 臮Šð£è A¬ìò£¶.

8

Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance

Ýù£™ ݃AôˆF™ «ð²õ ñ†´‹ 㡠 ݃Aô Þô‚è투î I辋 A«ø£‹? ãŸèù«õ ªê£¡ùñ£FK, Written English-™ Þ¼‚°‹ èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œõ ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ è‡®Šð£è «î¬õ. Ýù£™ Spoken English- ™ Þ¼‚°‹ âO¬ñò£ù õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ¹K‰¶ªè£œ÷ ñŸÁ‹ «ðê ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ «î¬õ Þ™¬ô. 10.  îI¬ö êó÷ñ£è «ðê èŸÁ‚ªè£œÀ‹«ð£¶ îI› Þô‚è투î èŸøF™¬ô. Ü«î«ð£™ ݃Aô Þô‚è투î èŸè£ñ™ ݃AôˆF™ âŠð® êó÷ñ£è «ðê èŸÁ‚ªè£œõ¶?

݃Aô Þô‚è투î èŸè£ñ™ ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ðê¬õ‚°‹ º¬ø‚° õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø (Sentence Pattern Method) â¡Á ªðò˜. Þ‰î àôèˆF«ô«ò ºî¡ º¬øò£è õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆF ݃AôˆF™ «ðê èŸÁ‚ªè£´‚°‹ å«ó ¹ˆîè‹ Þ¶î£¡. 11. õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø (Sentence Pattern Method) â¡ð¶ â¡ù?

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø â¡ð¶  G¬ù‚°‹ 輈¬î îINL¼‰¶ ªñ£N ªðò˜‚è£ñ™ ݃AôˆF™ ÃÁõ‹. Ýù£™ ªð¼‹ð£¡¬ñ«ò£˜  G¬ù‚°‹ 輈¬î îINL¼‰¶ ªñ£N ªðò˜ˆ¶î£¡ ݃AôˆF™ õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚Aø£˜èœ. ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ð꺮ò£¬ñ‚° Þ¶¾‹ å¼ è£óí‹ Ý°‹.

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

9

12. îIN™  G¬ù‚°‹ å¼ è¼ˆ¬î õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬øJ¡ (Sentence Pattern Method) Íô‹ âŠð® ݃AôˆF™ ÃÁõ¶?

 îIN™ å¼ è¼ˆ¬î â´ˆ¶‚ªè£œ«õ£‹. 輈¶ ޶, “ ê ˜ ‚ è ¬ ó ã î £ õ ¶ e F Þ¼‚Aøî£?” Þ¬î ݃AôˆF™ âŠð® ªê£™õ¶? Þ¬î ݃AôˆF™ ªê£™ô, ªð¼ð£¡¬ñ«ò£˜ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ º¬ø ªñ£Nªðò˜ˆî™ Ý°‹. Üî£õ¶ îI› õ£‚AòˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ 嚪õ£¼ îI› õ£˜ˆ¬î‚°‹ Ü‡ì£ù ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬î¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆF õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñˆî™ Ý°‹. å¼õ˜ ªñ£Nªðò˜‚°‹«ð£¶ ãî£õ¶ å¼ îI› õ£˜ˆ¬î‚°‡ì£ù ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬î ªîKòM™¬ô â¡ø£™ Üõó¶ ñùF™ ðìð승 ãŸð†´ Üõó£™ ÝƒAôˆF™ õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚è º®ò£¶. Ü´ˆ¶ àƒèOì‹ ï£¡ «è†°‹ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù «èœM: ªñ£N ªðò˜‚è£ñ™ ݃AôˆF™ õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚è º®»ñ£? M¬ì: 臮Šð£è º®»‹. “ꘂè¬ó ãî£õ¶ eF Þ¼‚Aøî£?” â¡ø 輈F¡ õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹: “Is there any sth left?”. Þî¡ îI› ܘˆî‹: sth-â¡ø ªð£¼œ ãî£õ¶ eF Þ¼‚Aøî£? õ£‚Aò ܬñŠH™ sth â¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬î‚° ðFô£è ïñ‚° «î¬õò£ù ªðò˜ªê£™¬ô ̘ˆF ªêŒ»‹«ð£¶ â‡íŸø ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ à¼õ£‚èô£‹.

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Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance

輈¶: ꘂè¬ó ãî£õ¶ eF Þ¼‚Aøî£? õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹:

“Is there any sth left?”

݃Aô õ£‚Aò‹:

â¡Á õ£‚Aò ܬñŠH™ ̘ˆF ªêŒî£™ A¬ì‚°‹ õ£‚Aò‹: sth = Sugar

“Is there any Sugar left?”

ÞŠªð£¿¶ ïñ‚° ªñ£Nªðò˜‚è£ñ™ ݃Aô õ£‚Aò‹ A¬ìˆ¶ M†ì¶. “ÜKC ãî£õ¶ eF Þ¼‚Aøî£?” â¡ð¬î âŠð® ݃AôˆF™ Ãøô£‹? sth = Rice â¡Á õ£‚Aò ܬñŠH™ ̘ˆF ªêŒî£™ A¬ì‚°‹ õ£‚Aò‹ “Is there any Rice left?”.

“î‚è£O ãî£õ¶ eF Þ¼‚Aøî£?” â¡ð¬î ݃AôˆF™ Ãø “Is there any Tomato left?” õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆF ݃AôˆF™ õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñŠð¶ âšõ÷¾ âO¶ â¡Á 𣼃èœ. ݃Aô Þô‚è투î ñ ÜPò£ñ«ô«ò  õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ Íô‹ èŸÁ‚ªè£œA«ø£‹. ޶ à‡¬ñ. 13. îI› 輈¶èÀ‚° à‡ì£ù ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¬ðè¬÷ âŠð® ªîK‰¶‚ªè£œõ¶?

 G¬ù‚°‹ 嚪õ£¼ îI› 輈¶èÀ‚°‹ ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹èœ Þ¼‚Aø¶. ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ www.ldoceonline.com â¡ø ªõŠ¬ê†®L¼‰¶ Þôõêñ£è ªðøô£‹.

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

11

Ü«î«ð£™ www.nlrc.in â¡ø ªõŠ¬ê†®L¼‚°‹ Cognitive Spoken English â¡ø ¹ˆîèˆFL¼‰¶ 1500 ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬îèÀ‚° îI› Íôñ£è ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ ªðøô£‹. ð£ì‹ 3-™ õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ ðŸP ªîOõ£è 𣘊«ð£‹. 14. Þ‰î ¹ˆîèˆF™ ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ Þ™ô£ñ™ v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚Lv â¡Á â¿îŠð†®¼‚Aø¶. ÞŠ¹ˆîè‹ Íô‹ ݃Aô‹ èŸÁ‚ªè£‡ì£™ âù‚° Written English õó£¶ â¡Á ðô˜ G¬ù‚Aø£˜èœ. Þ‰î ßÁ êKò£?

cƒèœ Þšõ£Á G¬ùŠð¶ îõÁ. Tense ñŸÁ‹ Conjunction- è¬÷ ªîK‰¶‚ªè£œõ¶, õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ H¬öJ™ô£ñ™ ⿶‹ ðJŸC «ð£¡ø¬õèœî£¡ Written English â¡Á ðô˜ G¬ù‚Aø£˜èœ. Þ¶ îõø£ù ßÁ Ý°‹. Þ¬õèœ à‡¬ñJ™ Written English‚°‡ì£ù 輈¶è«÷ A¬ìò£¶. Þ¬îMì ޡ‹ 99 êîMî ¹¶¬ñò£ù 輈¶èœ Written English-™ Þ¼‚Aø¶. õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹èœ Íô‹ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚°‹ º¬ø¬ò ªîK‰¶‚ªè£‡ì£™î£¡ cƒèœ Written English-™ ¹ô¬ñ ªðøº®»‹. õ£‚Aò ܬñŠH™ ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ ñ¬ø‰F¼‚Aø¶. ݃Aô Þô‚è투î ñ ÜPò£ñ«ô«ò  õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ Íô‹ èŸÁ‚ªè£œA«ø£‹. ޶ à‡¬ñ.

12

Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance

15. Ý ƒ A ô ˆ F ™ ê ó ÷ ñ £ è « ð ² õ î Ÿ ° ª ê Œ F î £ ¬ ÷ ð®‚èô£ñ£?

݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ð²õ ªêŒF÷ ð®‚è Ã죶. ãªù¡ø£™ ªêŒFî£O™ Þ¼‚°‹ õ£‚Aòƒèœ èôŠ¹ õ£‚Aòƒèœ Ý°‹.

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

13

ï‹ â™«ô£¼‚°‹ îI› ï¡ø£è ªîK»‹. Ýîô£™ ïñ‚° ªîKò£î ݃Aôˆ¬î  ïñ‚° ªîK‰î îI› ªñ£N Íôñ£è àƒèÀ‚° èŸÁˆî¼A«ø¡. 18. Noun ñŸÁ‹ Adjective â¡ð¶ â¡ù?

cƒèœ ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ð²õ °ö‰¬îèœ ï®ˆî ݃Aô ý£L¾† F¬óðìƒè¬÷ ݃Aô ꊬ솮½ì¡ 𣼃èœ. ãªù¡ø£™ ÞˆF¬óðìƒèO™ Þ¼‚°‹ õ£ƒAòƒèœ Iè âO¬ñò£è Þ¼‚°‹.

ªðò˜ªê£™ Ý°‹. å¼ ªð£¼O¡ ªðò˜î£¡ ªðò˜ªê£™ Ý°‹. Adjective â¡ð¶ ð‡¹„ªê£™ Ý°‹. 嚪õ£¼ ªð£¼œèÀ‚°‹ ð‡¹èœ (Properties) Þ¼‚Aø¶. Þ‰î ð‡¹èO¡ ªðò˜î£¡ ð‡¹„ªê£™ Ý°‹.

16. ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ðê èŸÁ‚ªè£œðõ˜ ⊫𣶋 ݃AôˆF™î£¡ «ò£C‚è «õ‡´‹. îIN™ «ò£C‚è Ã죶 â¡Á ÜP¾ÁˆîŠð´Aø£˜èœ. Þ‰î ßÁ êKò£?

Üöè£ù, «õèñ£ù, M¬óõ£ù «ð£¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ Adjective‚° â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ Ý°‹. îIN™ “ù” â¡Á º®»‹ õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ AdjectiveÝè õ¼‹.

臮Šð£è îõÁ.  îIN«ô£ Ü™ô¶ ݃AôˆF«ô£ «ò£CŠð¶ A¬ìò£¶.  «ò£Cˆî™ â¡ø ªêò¬ô ¬ìò ͬ÷J¡ Physical Memory-J¡ Íôñ£è ªêŒA«ø£‹. ¬ìò 䋹ô¡èO¡ C‚ù™èOù£™ à¼õ£‚èŠ ð†®¼‚Aø¶. Physical Memory-J™ à¼õ£‚Aò 輈¬î  îIN«ô£ Ü™ô¶ ݃AôˆF«ô£ õ£‚Aòñ£è ܬñˆ¶ «ð²A«ø£‹. Physical

Memory- Ýù¶

17. 㡠݃Aô ªñ£N îIN™ èŸÁˆîóŠð´Aø¶?

å¼ ¹¶‚輈¬î  ñŸøõ¼‚° ªê£™½‹«ð£¶ Ü‰î ¹¶‚輈¬î Üõ¼‚° ªîK‰î å¼ è¼ˆ¶ Íôñ£è ªê£™½‹«ð£¶î£¡ Üõ˜ ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œõ£˜.

Noun â¡ð¶

19. Verb ñŸÁ‹ Adverb â¡ð¶ â¡ù? Verb â¡ð¶

M¬ùªê£™ Ý°‹. Þ‰î àôèˆF™ àœ÷ ªð£¼œèœ ⶾ‹ G¬ôò£è Þ¼ŠðF™¬ô. Þ‰î ªð£¼œèœ å¼ ÞìˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ ñŸªø£¼ ÞìˆFŸ° ïè¼Aø¶. Þ‰î ïè¼î™ Ü™ô¶ Þ슪ðò˜„C¬ò ªêò™ â¡Á ÃøŠð´Aø¶. å¼ ªêòL¡ ªðò˜î£¡ M¬ù„ªê£™ Ý°‹. ïè¼, «ð£, ÜŠ¹ «ð£¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ M¬ù„ªê£™½‚° â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ Ý°‹. â¡ð¶ ªêòL¡ ð‡¹„ªê£™ Ý°‹. 嚪õ£¼ ªêò½‚°‹ ð‡¹èœ (Properties) Þ¼‚Aø¶. Þ‰î ªêò™èO¡ ð‡¹î£¡ Adverb Ý°‹. Üöè£è, «õèñ£è, M¬óõ£è «ð£¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ Adverb‚° â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ Ý°‹. Adverb

14

Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance

îIN™ “è” â¡Á º®»‹ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ AdverbÝè õ¼‹.

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ

20. Cognitive Words â¡ð¶ â¡ù?  ¹Fî£è å¼ è¼ˆ¬î à¼õ£‚°õ‹ ñŸÁ‹ Ü¬î ªõOŠð´ˆ¶õ‹ â‰î Ü÷¾‚° Þ‰î Cognitive Words ïñ‚° àÁ¶¬íò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶?

â¡ð¬î îIN™ ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ â¡Á ܬö‚A«ø£‹. Cognitive Words

¹ô¡ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèÀ‚° à¼õƒèœ A¬ìò£¶. Ýù£™ Noun, Verb «ð£¡ø¬õèÀ‚° à¼õƒèœ Þ¼‚Aø¶. ªñ£ˆî‹ 260 ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ ÝƒAôˆF™ Þ¼‚Aø¶. Þ‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ è£ôƒèœ, Þìƒèœ, 輈¶èÀ‚° Þ¬ì«ò Þ¼‚°‹ ê‹ð‰îƒèœ «ð£¡ø¬õŸ¬ø M÷‚°Aø¶. Þ‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèO¡ ªð£¼œè¬÷ ªîOõ£è ªîK‰¶‚ ªè£‡ì£™, ¹Fî£è å¼ è¼ˆ¬î à¼õ£‚°õ‹ ñŸÁ‹ Ü¬î ªõOŠð´ˆ¶õ‹ Þ¬õèœ ïñ‚° I辋 àÁ¶¬íò£è Þ¼‚°‹. àƒèÀ‚° 1000 ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ ªîK‰F¼‰¶‹, ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ ªîKòM™¬ô â¡ø£™ àƒè÷£™ ݃AôˆF™ ¹ô¬ñ ªðø º®ò£¶. 21.  ñŸøõ˜èOì‹ ÝƒAôˆF™ «ðê£ñ«ô«ò, ï‹ñ£™ ݃Aô‹ «ðê‚èŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ º®»ñ£?

臮Šð£è º®»‹. Þ¶ âŠð® â¡Á MKõ£è 𣘊«ð£‹. cƒèœ èì‰î ÝÁ ñ£îƒèœ ⡪ù¡ù îI› õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ «ðCm˜è«÷£

15

Ü™ô¶ «ò£Cˆb˜è«÷£ ܬõè¬÷ å¼ î£O™ â¿î¾‹. °¬ø‰î¶ 1000 îI› õ£‚Aòƒèœ â¿î «õ‡´‹. Hø°, cƒèœ â¿Fò îI› õ£‚AòƒèÀ‚° ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ (݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒèœ Ü™ô) ªîK‰¶ ªè£‡ì£™ cƒèœ êó÷ñ£è ݃AôˆF™ «ðê Ýó‹Hˆ¶ M´i˜èœ. ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹èœî£¡ àƒè¬÷ ݃AôˆF™ «ðê ɇ´Aø¶. 22. ݃AôˆF™ «ð²ðõK¡ ñùG¬ô ñŸÁ‹ «è†ðõK¡ ñùG¬ô âŠð® Þ¼‚°‹? «ð²ðõK¡ ñùG¬ô: ¾

¹ˆîèˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ÜŠð®«ò «ðê «õ‡´‹.

¾

Þô‚èíŠ H¬öJ¡P «ðê «õ‡´‹.

¾

«õèñ£è «ðê «õ‡´‹.

«è†ðõK¡ ñùG¬ô: ¾

«è†ðõ˜ ݃Aô õ£‚AòˆF¡ ªð£¼¬÷ ñ†´‹î£¡ èõQŠð£˜. cƒèœ Þô‚èí H¬ö«ò£´ «ð²Al˜è÷£ Þ™¬ôò£ â¡Á èõQ‚èñ£†ì£˜.

¾

«ð²ðõ˜ M†´ M†´ ªñ¶õ£è «ðCù£™ Ãì, «è†ðõ˜ ªð£Á¬ñ»ì¡ Þ¼Šð£˜. «ð²ðõK¡ 輈¬î‚ «è†ðF™ ñ†´‹î£¡ °Pò£è Þ¼Šð£˜.

16 ¾

Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

«ð²ðõ˜ Þ‰î ñ£FK «ðCù£™ Ãì «è†ðõ˜ ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£œõ£˜. “I walk road thief hit fell”, Þ‰î ݃Aô õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ♫ô£¼‹ ¹K‰¶‚ ªè£œõ£˜èœ. ÞFL¼‰¶  â¡ù ¹K‰¶ ªè£‡«ì£‹ â¡ø£™, «ð²‹«ð£¶ Þô‚èí H¬öJ™ô£ñ™ «ðê «õ‡´‹ â¡ø ÜõCò‹ Þ™¬ô.

25. Communication Skill â¡ðî¡ à‡¬ñò£ù ªð£¼œ â¡ù?

23. ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ îI¬ö«ð£™ «õèñ£è «ðêôñ£?

݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ îI¬ö«ð£™ «õèñ£è «ðê‚Ã죶. ݃AôˆF™ «ð²‹«ð£¶ ªñ¶õ£è «ðê«õ‡´‹. ªñ¶õ£è 嚪õ£¼ õ£˜ˆ¬îò£è «ðCù£™ Ãì îõÁ 㶋 A¬ìò£¶. 24. Cognitive Spoken English â¡ð¶ â¡ù?

 ¬ìò Í¡ø£õ¶ õòF™ îI¬ö êó÷ñ£è «ð²A«ø£‹. Þ º‚Aò è£óí‹ ï‹¬ñ ²ŸP Þ¼Šðõ˜èœ ܬùõ¼‹ îIN™ «ð²õ¶ Ý°‹.  îI¬ö ¬ìò 䋹ô¡èœ Íôñ£è èŸÁªè£œA«ø£‹. Ü«î«ð£™, ݃Aôˆ¬î ¬ìò 䋹ô¡èœ Íôñ£è èŸÁ‚ªè£´‚°‹ º¬ø‚° Cognitive Spoken English â¡Á ܬö‚èŠð´Aø¶. õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø  ݃Aô ªñ£N¬ò ¬ìò 䋹ô¡èœ Íôñ£è èŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ I辋 àÁ¶¬íò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.

17

â¡ð¶ cƒèœ ªê£™ô G¬ù‚°‹ 輈¬î ñŸøõ¼‚° âOî£è ¹Kò¬õŠð‹. Communication Skill

cƒèœ å¼õKì‹ å¼ ¹¶ Mêòˆ¬î ªê£™½‹«ð£¶, Ü‰î ¹¶ Mêòˆ¬î «è†ðõ¼‚° ãŸèù«õ ªîK‰î Mêò‹ Íôñ£è ªê£™½‹ «ð£¶î£¡ «è†ðõ˜ ï¡ø£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œõ£˜. cƒèœ å¼ Mêòˆ¬î 𮂰‹«ð£¶, «è†°‹«ð£¶ Ü™ô¶ 𣘂°‹«ð£¶, Ü¬î ºîL™ cƒèœ ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Hø° cƒèœ Þ‰î ¹K‰î ªè£‡ì Mêòˆ¬î â‰î «ïóˆF½‹ ñŸøõ˜èÀ‚° âOî£è ¹Kò¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹ Ü™ô¶ ñŸøõ˜èÀ‚° ¹KAø ñ£FK ªê£™ô«õ‡´‹. Þ‰î Fø¬ñ àƒèOì‹ Þ™¬ôªò¡ø£™, cƒèœ â¡ù ð®ˆF¼‰î£½‹ Þ‰î àôèˆF™ â¬î»‹ ê£F‚躮ò£¶. Þ¶  Communication Skill-¡ º‚Aò «ï£‚è‹ Ý°‹. 26. ݃AôˆF™ 𮂰‹«ð£¶ ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œÀ‹ Cô˜ Ü¬î «ð²‹«ð£¶ Üõ˜èœ ã¡ î´ñ£ÁAø£˜èœ?

Cô˜ ݃Aô‹ 蟰‹«ð£¶ ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬î‚°‡ì£ù îI› ܘˆî¬î ñ†´‹ ªîK‰¶‚ªè£œAø£˜èœ. Ýù£™ Üõ˜èœ ܉î ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬îJ¡ ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ èŸÁªè£œõF™¬ô. Þîù£™î£¡, Üõ˜è÷£™ ¹K‰¶ªè£‡ì ݃Aôˆ¬î «ðê º®òM™¬ô.

18

Chapter 1: Spoken English - A Glance

Þ‰î Hó„ê¬ù¬ò «ð£‚è cƒèœ õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø¬ò 臮Šð£è H¡ðŸø «õ‡´‹. 27. ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ð®ˆîõ˜èœ Cô˜ â¡ù G¬ù‚Aø£˜èœ â¡ø£™ ïñ‚° G¬øò 𮊹 î°Fèœ Þ¼‚Aø¶ (B.E, M.Sc, M.A, PhD,...) . Ýù£™ â¡ù£™ ÜFèñ£è ê‹ð£F‚è º®òM™¬ô. Ýù£™ ⶾ‹ ð®‚è£îõ«ó£ Iè ÜFèñ£è ê‹ð£F‚Aø£˜ â¡Á ð®ˆîõ˜èœ Cô˜ ¹ô‹¹õ Ü®Šð¬ì è£óí‹ â¡ù?

ÞŠð® ð®ˆîõ˜èœ Cô˜ ¹ô‹¹õ º‚Aò è£óí‹ Communication Skill- â¡ø Fø¬ñ Þ™ô£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶ Ý°‹. Üî£õ¶, å¼ è¼ˆ¬î ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œÀî™ ñŸÁ‹ å¼ è¼ˆ¬î ñŸøõ¼‚° ¹K»‹ð® ªê£™½î™ «ð£¡ø Fø¬ñèœ Þ™ô£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶ Ý°‹. 28. ñ£íõ˜èœ ðœO, è™ÖKèO™ âŠð® ð®‚è «õ‡´‹? Üõ˜èœ â‰îñ£FKò£ù ÜP¬õ ªðø «õ‡´‹?

ÜFè ð£ìƒè¬÷ ñùŠð£ì‹ ªêŒ¶ ÜFè ñFŠªð‡ â´‚°‹ ñ£íõ¬ó Mì, °¬ø‰î ð£ìƒè¬÷ 𮈶 Ü¬î º¿¬ñò£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡´ Ü‰î ¹K‰î‚ªè£‡ì 輈¬î ï¬ìº¬øJ™ ªêò™ð´ˆ¶‹ ñ£íõ˜è«÷ ÞŠ«ð£¶ ®Ÿ° «î¬õ. ãªù¡ø£™ Þõ˜è÷£™ ñ†´‹î£¡ ®™ «õ¬ô õ£ŒŠH¬ù à¼õ£‚躮»‹. õÁ¬ñ¬ò åN‚è º®»‹. ݃Aô ªñ£N¬ò êó÷ñ£è «ðCù£™ ñ†´‹  â¬î»‹ ê£F‚è º®ò£¶.  𮂰‹ ð£ìƒè¬÷ ñùŠð£ì‹ ªêŒò£ñ™

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

19

¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡ì£™ ñ†´‹î£¡  â¬î»‹ ê£F‚è º®»‹. 29. «õ¬ô õ£ŒŠ¹ «ï˜è£íL™ àƒèOìI¼‰¶ â¡ù âF˜ð£˜‚èŠð´Aø¶?

«ï˜è£íL™ ïñ‚° ªîK‰î 輈¬î ñŸøõ¼‚° ¹K»‹ð®  ªê£™A«ø£ñ£ â¡ð¶‚°î£¡ ÜFè º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ ªè£´‚èŠð´Aø¶. 30. ݃AôˆF™ «ðê èŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ â‰î Dictionary-¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆîô£‹?

â¡ø ªõŠ¬ê†®™ Longman Dictionary- ¬ò Þôõêñ£è ªðøô£‹. Ü«î«ð£™ www.nlrc.in â¡ø ªõŠ¬ê†®L¼‚°‹ Cognitive Spoken English â¡ø ¹ˆîèˆFL¼‰¶ 1500 ݃Aô õ£˜ˆ¬îèÀ‚° îI› Íôñ£è ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ ªðøô£‹. www.ldoceonline.com

****** cƒèœ ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ð²õ àƒèÀ‚° I辋 àÁ¶¬íò£è Þ¼‚°‹ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù è£óE õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø (Sentence Pattern Method) Ý°‹.

20

ð£ì‹ - 2 v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚Lv èŸø½‚è£ù â¡.â™.ݘ.C-J¡ MFº¬øèœ

Chapter - 2 NLRC Rules for Spoken English Learning

22

Chapter 2: NLRC Rules for Spoken English Learning

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

23

v«ð£‚è¡ Þƒ‚L¬ú êó÷ñ£è «ð²õ â¡.â™.ݘ.C 䉶 MFº¬øè¬÷ à¼õ£‚AJ¼‚Aø¶. cƒèœ ܬõè¬÷ èõùñ£è ¹K‰¶‚ªè£‡´ ⊪𣿶‹ ë£ðèˆF™ ¬õˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. â¡.â™.ݘ.C MFº¬ø: 1 îIN™ àœ÷ 輈¬î ݃AôˆF™ õ£‚Aòñ£è ܬñ‚è õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø¬ò (Sentence Pattern Method) ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹.

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬øèœ Íôñ£è  G¬ù‚°‹ 輈¬î îINL¼‰¶ ªñ£Nªðò˜‚è£ñ™ ݃AôˆF™ õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚èô£‹. ð£ì‹ 1-™ Þ¼‚°‹ «èœM ⇠12 ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬ø¬ò ðŸP ªîOõ£è M÷‚°Aø¶. ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ º¬øè¬÷ ÜFèñ£è ªîK‰¶ ªè£œ÷ ð£ì‹ 3-¬ò 𣘂辋. â¡.â™.ݘ.C MFº¬ø: 2  G¬ù‚°‹ îI› 輈¶‚° ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ (Sentence Pattern) ªîKòM™¬ô â¡ø£™, Ü ݃AôˆF™ âŠð® õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñŠð¶?

ïñ‚° ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ ªîKò£î ð†êˆF™ W«ö ªè£´‚èŠð†ì MFº¬øè¬÷ H¡ðŸP  ݃AôˆF™ õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚èô£‹. 1. ªè£´‚èŠð†ì îI› õ£‚Aòˆ¬î è£AîˆF™ â¿î¾‹. 2. îI› õ£‚AòˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ è¬ìC õ£˜ˆ¬î¬ò ºîL™ â¿î¾‹. Þ‰î è¬ìC õ£˜ˆ¬î M¬ù Ü™ô¶ ªêò™ â¡Á ܬö‚èŠð´Aø¶.

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Chapter 2: NLRC Rules for Spoken English Learning

â¡.â™.ݘ.C MFº¬ø: 5 ¶Kîñ£è àƒè¬÷ ݃AôˆF™ «ðê¬õ‚°‹ º¬ø. W«ö ªè£´‚èŠð†ì ðJŸC¬ò Þ‰î ¹ˆî般î 𮂰‹ 嚪õ£¼ ñ£íõ¼‹ 臮Šð£è ªêŒò «õ‡´‹.

݃AôˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ â™ô£ õ£˜ˆ¬îèO¡ îI› ܘˆîƒè¬÷ ªîK‰¶ ªè£‡ì£™  ݃AôˆF™ êó÷ñ£è «ðêô£‹ â¡Á ðô˜ G¬ù‚Aø£˜èœ. Þ¶ îõø£ù 輈¶ Ý°‹. Þƒ° õ£˜ˆ¬îè¬÷ Mì, °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ 500 õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ ªîK‰¶‚ªè£‡ì£™, Þ¬õè¬÷ ¬õˆ¶  2000 Å›G¬ôèÀ‚° ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ ܬñ‚èô£‹. cƒèœ Þ‰î ¹ˆî般î ð®Šð«î£´ ñ†´ñ™ô£ñ™, èì‰î 6 ñ£îƒèœ îIN™ «ðCò ñŸÁ‹ G¬ùˆî õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ è£AîˆF™ â¿î¾‹. cƒèœ â¿Fò îI› õ£‚AòƒèÀ‚° Üî¡ ÝƒAô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ 臮Šð£è ªîK‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Þ¬î ªêŒî£™ ñ†´‹î£¡ àƒè÷£™ ¶Kîñ£è ݃AôˆF™ «ðê º®»‹. cƒèœ àƒèÀ¬ìò ÝCKò˜, ï‡ð˜èœ ñŸÁ‹ www.nlrc.in Íôñ£è cƒèœ â¿Fò îI› õ£‚AòƒèÀ‚° Üî¡ ÝƒAô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ ªîK‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ô£‹. ð£ì‹ 6-™ 500 îI› õ£‚AòƒèÀ‚° Üî¡ ÝƒAô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹èœ ªè£´‚èŠð†®¼‚Aø¶. ******

ð£ì‹ - 3 õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹èœ Chapter - 3 Sentence Patterns

34

Chapter 3: Sentence Patterns

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

35

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹ ªñ£Nªðò˜‚è£ñ™ ݃AôˆF™ õ£‚Aòˆ¬î ܬñ‚è ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶. Þ‰î õ£‚Aò ܬñŠH™ ݃Aô Þô‚èí‹ ñ¬ø‰F¼‚Aø¶. Þ‰î ð£ìˆF™ å¼ ÝƒAô õ£˜ˆ¬îJ¡ îI› ܘˆîˆ¬î âŠð® ¹K‰¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹ â¡Á‹, ñŸÁ‹ ï¬ìº¬øJ™  ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷»‹ 𣘂èô£‹. å¼ ÝƒAô õ£˜ˆ¬î‚è£ù õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹è¬÷ www.ldoceonline.com â¡ø ªõŠ¬ê†®™ cƒèœ Þôõêñ£è ªðøô£‹. cƒèœ W›è‡ì ݃Aô °Pf´èO¡ ܘˆîƒè¬÷ 臮Šð£è ë£ðèˆF™ ¬õˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. pat

-

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹

syn

-

å«ó ªð£¼¬÷ ªè£‡ì ñŸø õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ

(Pattern)

( Synonym ) /

-

Ü™ô¶

sb

-

ò£ó£õ¶ å¼ ïðK¡ ªðò˜

sth

-

ãî£õ¶ å¼ ªð£¼O¡ ªðò˜

do

-

M¬ù

doing -

(Somebody) (Something)

( Verb )

M¬ùJ¡

ing

ܬñŠ¹

(Verb-ing ,i.e. eating,

trying... ) done -

M¬ùJ¡

past participle

ܬñŠ¹ ( Verb-pp,

i.e. eaten, gone... )

â¡ø£™ ܬìŠHÂœ ( ) Þ¼‚°‹ õ£˜ˆ¬î¬ò ðò¡ð´ˆF»‹ Ü™ô¶ ðò¡ð´ˆî£ñ½‹ õ£‚Aò‹ ܬñ‚èô£‹. pat: wrong for (doing) sth -

Ýù¶ is, am, are, was, «ð£¡ø¬õèO™ ãî£õ¶ 塬ø °P‚°‹. pat: be able - be

were

48

Chapter 3: Sentence Patterns ( îI›

õ£‚AòˆF™ è¬ìC õ£˜ˆ¬î ªîKòM™¬ô ªîKòM™¬ô, Ýîô£™ ºî¡¬ñ M¬ù don’t know Ý°‹.) 57. âƒ«è «ð£õ¶?

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹: ݃Aô õ£‚Aò‹:

Where to verb? Where to go?

58. ꣊H´õ âƒ«è «ð£õ¶?

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹: ݃Aô õ£‚Aò‹:

Where to verb to do (sth)? Where to go to eat?

59. èP ꣊H´õ âƒ«è «ð£õ¶?

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹: ݃Aô õ£‚Aò‹:

ð£ì‹ - 4

Where to verb to do (sth)? Where to go to eat mutton?

ñQî˜è¬÷ ðŸPò HóF ªðò˜ªê£Ÿèœ

60. ⊪𣿶 ꣊H´õ¶?

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹: ݃Aô õ£‚Aò‹:

When to verb? When to eat?

61. â¡ù ꣊H´õ¶?

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹: ݃Aô õ£‚Aò‹:

What to verb? What to eat?

Pronouns of Humans

62. âŠð® ꣊H´õ¶?

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹: ݃Aô õ£‚Aò‹:

Chapter - 4

How to verb? How to eat?

[ °PŠ¹:

õ£‚Aò ܬñŠH™ «õÁ Mîñ£ù ªðò˜ªê£Ÿèœ ñŸÁ‹ M¬ùè¬÷ ¬õˆ¶ ð™«õÁ ݃Aô õ£‚Aòƒè¬÷ à¼õ£‚°ƒèœ] ******

50

Chapter 4: Pronouns of Humans

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

51

1. I Meaning 1: Þ¶ subject Ýè ñ†´‹ õ¼‹. Üî£õ¶ verb‚° º¡¹ õ¼‹. Þî¡ ªð£¼œèœ: , âù‚°, â¡Qì‹. a. I walk -  ïì‚A«ø¡. b. I want money - âù‚° ðí‹ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶. c. I have car - â¡Qì‹ è£˜ Þ¼‚Aø¶ Ü™ô¶

 裘

¬õˆF¼‚A«ø¡. 2. My Meaning 1: â¡Â¬ìò, Þ¶ ªðò˜ªê£™½‚° (noun) º¡¹ ñ†´‹

õ¼‹.

a. This is my car - Þ¶ â¡Â¬ìò b. My car price is 6 lacs - â¡Â¬ìò

裘 Ý°‹. è£K¡ M¬ô 6 ô†êƒèœ

Ý°‹. 3. Mine Meaning 1: â¡Â¬ìò¶ a. The car is mine - 裘 â¡Â¬ìò¶ Ý°‹. b. Mine is red car - â¡Â¬ìò¶ C芹Gø 裘 Ý°‹. c. Your book is big. Mine is small - àƒèÀ¬ìò ¹ˆîè‹ ªðKò¶.

â¡Â¬ìò¶ CPò¶ Ý°‹. 4. Me Meaning 1: ⡬ù, âù‚° (me / to me), â¡Qì‹, â¡Âì¡ (with me)

cƒèœ ⡬ù è£òŠð´ˆî£b˜èœ Ü™ô¶ ¹‡ð´ˆî£b˜èœ. b. You give me the book - cƒèœ âù‚° Ü™ô¶ â¡Qì‹ ¹ˆîè‹ ªè£´ƒèœ. c. You come with me - cƒèœ â¡Âì¡ õ£¼ƒèœ. a. You don’t hurt me -

52

Chapter 4: Pronouns of Humans

Phrase Meaning 1: It’s me / this is me / that’s me Þ¶  / ܶ .

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

°PŠ¹: Phrase Meaning â¡ø£™ Þ‰î õ£‚AòˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ õ£˜ˆ¬îè¬÷ îQîQò£è HKˆ¶ Þ‰î õ£‚AòˆF¡ ܘˆî¬î 𣘂è Ã죶.] Phrase Meaning 2: me too d. I am hungry. Me too -

7. Our

޶  /

[º‚Aò

âù‚°‹ Ü«î G¬ô¬ñ.

53

Meaning 1: âƒèÀ¬ìò / ¬ìò a. India is our country - Þ‰Fò£

¬ìò  Ý°‹ Ü™ô¶

Þ‰Fò£ ï‹ ï£´ Ý°‹ b. Our student passed the exam -

¬ìò ñ£íõ˜ «î˜M™

ªõŸP ªðŸø£˜.

âù‚° ðC‚Aø¶. âù‚°‹ Ü«î

G¬ô¬ñ.

8. Ours 5. Myself

Meaning 1: âƒèÀ¬ìò¶ / ¬ìò¶

Meaning 1: ï£ù£è«õ, ù Ü™ô¶  îQò£è (l myself),

⡬ù«ò,

a. The car is ours - 裘

âƒèÀ¬ìò¶ Ý°‹.

b. Ours is big car - âƒèÀ¬ìò¶

a. I hurt myself -  ⡬ù«ò è£òŠð´ˆF ªè£œA«ø¡. b. l myself walked long -  îQò£è ÜFè Éó‹ ï쉫î¡

Ü™ô¶ ù ÜFè Éó‹ ï쉫î¡.

ªðKò 裘 Ý°‹.

9. Us

Phrase Meaning 1: (all) by myself -

îQò£è ( syn: alone ).

Meaning 1: âƒè¬÷, âƒèÀ‚° (us / to us), âƒèOì‹, âƒèÀì¡, ï‹ºì¡ (with us)

c.

 «õ¬ô¬ò îQò£è

a. You don’t hurt us - cƒèœ

I do the work all by myself -

âƒè¬÷ è£òŠð´ˆî£b˜èœ Ü™ô¶

¹‡ð´ˆî£b˜èœ.

ªêŒA«ø¡.

b. You give us the food -

6. We

cƒèœ âƒèÀ‚° Ü™ô¶ âƒèOì‹

àí¾ ªè£´ƒèœ.

Meaning 1:  / èœ, âƒèÀ‚°, âƒèOì‹.

c.

a. We go to temple - èœ

Phrase Meaning 1: Let us do sth / Let’s do sth -  do â¡ø ªêò¬ô ªêŒòô£‹, all of us -  Ü™ô¶ ï£ƒèœ â™«ô£¼‹, ï‹I™ ♫ô£¼‹, some of us - ï‹I™ Cô˜

«è£M½‚° ªê™A«ø£‹ Ü™ô¶  «è£M½‚° «ð£A«ø£‹.

b. We need money - âƒèÀ‚° c.

We have the car - âƒèOì‹

ðí‹ «î¬õ. 裘 Þ¼‚Aø¶.

Phrase Meaning 1: we Indians / we Tamils ...  / îIö˜è÷£Aò .

Þ‰Fò˜è÷£Aò

Þ‰Fò˜è÷£Aò  «îCò åŸÁ¬ñ¬ò ð£¶è£‚è «õ‡´‹.

d. We Indians should save the national integrity -

You come with me -

d. Let’s go -

cƒèœ âƒèÀì¡ õ£¼ƒèœ.

 «ð£èô£‹.

e. All of us eat -

ï£ƒèœ â™«ô£¼‹ ꣊H´A«ø£‹. 10. Ourselves

Meaning 1: è÷£è«õ, è«÷ Ü™ô¶ ï£ƒèœ îQò£è ourselves), âƒèÀ‚°œ«÷«ò,

(we

62

Chapter 4: Pronouns of Humans

40. is Meaning 1: Ý°‹, Ýõ£¡, Ýõ£˜, Þ¼‚Aø¶. a. It is bus - Þ¶

ðv Ý°‹.

b. He is a thief - Üõ¡ c.

å¼ F¼ì¡ Ýõ£¡.

He is a good man - Üõ˜

ï™ô ñQî˜ Ýõ£˜.

d. The ball is on the table - ð‰¶

«ñ¬êJ¡ «ñ™ Þ¼‚Aø¶.

º‚Aò õ£˜ˆ¬îèO¡ ܘˆîƒèœ - â¡ù£™, â¡ Íôñ£è Íôñ£è, from me - â¡QìI¼‰¶, in me - â¡QìˆF™, to me - âù‚°, for me - âù‚è£è, with me - â¡Âì¡ â¡Âì¡, through me - â¡ Íôñ£è. by me

ð£ì‹ - 5 º‚Aòñ£ù ¹ô¡ ꣘‰î õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ Chapter - 5

(Þ«î Þ«î ñ£FK us, you, him, her, it, them «ð£¡Á ñŸø õ£˜ˆ¬îèÀ‚°‹ ªð£¼œ ªè£œ÷ô£‹. ªè£œ÷ô£‹.)

Important Cognitive Words ******

64

Chapter 5: Important Cognitive Words

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

65

1. About ðŸP, å¼ ªêò¬ô Ü™ô¶ ªð£¼¬÷ ðŸP °PŠH´õ¶ Meaning 1: ðŸP

Ý°‹.

¹ˆîè‹ ÜóCò¬ôŠ ðŸP Þ¼‚Aø¶ Ü™ô¶ MõK‚Aø¶.

a. The book is about politics b. He lies about his age -

Üõ¡ Üõ¬ìò õò¬îŠ ðŸP

ªð£Œ ªê£™Aø£¡. Meaning 2: ãøˆî£ö. ( syn: approximately / roughly ) c.

I live about 10 miles away -

 ãøˆî£ö 10 ¬ñ™èÀ‚°

܊𣙠õC‚A«ø¡.  ãøˆî£ö ñ£¬ô 10.30 ñE‚° i†¬ì M†´ A÷‹¹A«ø¡.

d. I leave the home about 10 PM -

Meaning 3: å¼ ªêò¬ô ªêŒò îò£ó£è Þ¼.

 A÷‹¹õ Ü™ô¶ ¹øŠð´õ îò£ó£è Þ¼‚A«ø¡.

e. I am about to leave ( syn: about to + verb ) -

Phrase Meaning 1: how / what about sth / sb - cƒèœ

ñŸÁ‹ àƒèœ ñ¬ùM Þ¼õ¼‹ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ i†®Ÿ° õ¼õî£è ÜõKì‹ ªê£™Al˜èœ. àƒèœ ñ¬ùM‚° àì™ ïô‹ êKJ™¬ô. Ýîô£™, cƒèœ ñ†´‹ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ i†®Ÿ° ªê™Al˜èœ. ÜŠ«ð£¶, àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ «è†Aø£˜, “ã¡ àƒèœ ñ¬ùM õóM™¬ô, Üõ¼‚° â¡ù ÝJŸÁ?”. Þ ݃AôˆF™ how about your wife / what about your wife â¡Á ܘˆî‹. cƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ Þ¼õ¼‹ «ðC‚ªè£‡®¼‚Al˜èœ. ÜŠ«ð£¶ àƒèÀ‚° ðC‚Aø¶. ÜŠ«ð£¶ àƒèœ ï‡ðKì‹ cƒèœ, “àƒèÀ‚°‹ ðC‚Aøî£?” â¡Á «è†ð how about you / what about you Ý°‹. Phrase Meaning 1a:

f.

I am feeling hungry, what about you -

âù‚° ðC‚Aø¶.

àƒèÀ‚°? g. I buy the house, what about you? -

cƒèÀñ£?

 i´ õ£ƒ°A«ø¡.

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Chapter 5: Important Cognitive Words

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

cƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ Þ¼õ¼‹ «ðC‚ªè£‡®¼‚Al˜èœ. ÜŠ«ð£¶ àƒèœ Þ¼õ¼‚°‹ êLŠ¹ ãŸð´Aø¶. ÜŠ«ð£¶ àƒèœ ï‡ð˜ àƒèOì‹ ï£‹ «õÁ ãî£õ¶ ªêŒòô£‹ â¡Aø£˜. Ü cƒèœ,  CQñ£õ‚° «ð£èô£«ñ â¡Á ªê£™Al˜èœ. Þ ݃AôˆF™ how about movie / what about movie â¡Á ܘˆî‹. Phrase Meaning 1b:

â™ô£õŸPŸ°‹ «ñô£è, Iè º‚Aòñ£è. ïñ‚° ° ªð£¼œèœ H®ˆF¼‚Aø¶. ÜF™ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù¬î Ãø Þ¶ ðò¡ð´Aø¶. ( syn: most of all /

Phrase Meaning 1: above all -

most importantly / particularly / primarily )

âù‚° ÝŠHœ, Ýó…² H®‚°‹, â™ô£õŸPŸ°‹ «ñô£è ävAK‹ H®‚°‹.

g. I like apple, orange and above all ice cream -

Phrase Meaning 2: that’s about it / that’s about all / that’s it - cƒèœ

°ö‰¬îèÀ‚° è¬î ªê£™Al˜èœ. è¬î º®‰î î¼íˆF™ “è¬î Üšõ÷¾  / è¬î º®‰¶ M†ì¶” â¡d˜èœ. Þ ݃AôˆF™ that’s it â¡Á ܘˆî‹.

67

â™ô£õŸPŸ°‹ «ñô£è,  ÜFè 裌èPè¬÷ ꣊H´A«ø¡.

h. Above all, I eat more vegetables -

3. According to 2. Above Meaning 1: «ñ«ô «ñ«ô, å¼ ªð£¼œ Þ¡ªù£¼ ªð£¼À‚° àò«ó

Þ¼Šð¶ Ý°‹. Ýù£™ Þ¼ ªð£¼œèÀ‹ 塬øªò£¡Á ªî£ì‚Ã죶. å¼ ªð£¼O¡ M¬ô å¼ ñFŠ¹‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼Šð¶. a. The fan is above the table -

I¡MCP «ñ¬ü‚° «ñ«ô

Þ¼‚Aø¶. b. The price is above Rs 5 c.

M¬ô 5 Ï𣌂° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚Aø¶.

You write the name above the address -

cƒèœ ªðò¬ó

ºèõK‚° «ñ«ô ⿶ƒèœ. Meaning 2: «ñŸªê£¡ùð® Ü™ô¶ «ñ«ô °PŠH†ì. Þ¶ è¬î

¹ˆîèƒèO™ ÜFèñ£è õ¼‹.

 «ñ«ô °PŠH†ì ñ£FK, i†®™ ªðKò ܬø Þ¼‚Aø¶.

d. As I mentioned above, there is a big room in the house -

ÜFèñ£ù îèõ½‚° «ñ«ô °PŠH†ì ºèõK‚° â¿î¾‹.

Meaning 1: å¼õ¬ó ªð£Áˆîõ¬ó. a. According to police, he is a thief ( pat: according to sb ) -

«ð£L¬ú ªð£Áˆîõ¬ó, Üõ¡ å¼ F¼ì¡. Meaning 2: 塬ø ªð£Áˆ¶. ( pat: according to sth ) b. The students are grouped according to age - ñ£íõ˜èœ

ªð£Áˆ¶ °¿‚è÷£è HK‚èŠð´Aø£˜èœ. c.

 MFº¬øè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ Ü™ô¶ H¡ðŸP AK‚ªè† M¬÷ò£´A«ø¡. I play the cricket according to rules -

å¼ ªêò™  G¬ùˆîŠð® Ü™ô¶ ï‹ F†ìŠð® ïì‚Aø¶.

Phrase Meaning 1: according to plan d. All went according to plan -

f.

 «ñ«ùü˜ ðîM‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚A«ø¡. Üî£õ¶, â¡Â¬ìò ðîM «ñ«ùü˜ ðîM‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚Aø¶. I am above the manager -

â™ô£‹  G¬ùˆîŠð®

ïì‚Aø¶. 4. Across

e. Write to the above address for further information -

Meaning 3: Þ¶ ðîMJ¡ õK¬ê¬ò °P‚Aø¶. Üî£õ¶ ܉î ðîM Þ‰î ðîM‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚Aø¶.

õò¬î

Meaning 1: °Á‚«è, å¼ ð‚èˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ Ü´ˆî ð‚èˆFŸ°. â‰îŠ ªð£¼œèÀ‚° ð‚è‹ Þ¼‚Aø«î£ ܬõèÀ‚° across õ¼‹. â´ˆ¶‚裆´‚° «ó£´, , ªî¼, ÝÁ «ð£¡ø¬õè¬÷ Ãøô£‹. a. I walk across the road -

 «ó£†®¡ °Á‚«è ïì‚A«ø¡.

b. I see across the valley -

𣘂A«ø¡.

 ðœ÷A¡ °Á‚«è

68 c.

Chapter 5: Important Cognitive Words There is a crack across the road -

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

«ó£†®¡ °Á‚«è MKê™

Þ¼‚Aø¶. ( °PŠ¹: over â¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬î‚°‹ °Á‚«è â¡Á ªð£¼œ. over ñŸÁ‹ across Þó‡´‚°‹ â¡ù MˆFò£ê‹ â¡ø£™ over ‚° å¼ ð‚èˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ Ü´ˆî ð‚èˆFŸ° ªî£ì£ñ™ ªê™õ¶ Ý°‹. I jump over the road â¡ø£™,  «ó£†®Ÿ°

e. I go to Salem. After (that) I go to Trichy ( pat: sent1, After (that) sent2 ) -  «êô‹ ªê™A«ø¡. Hø°  F¼„C

ªê™A«ø¡. Meaning 2: å¼õ˜ ñŸªø£¼õ¬ó «î´õ‹, ñŸÁ‹ å¼õ˜ ñŸªø£¼õ¬ó H¡ªî£ì˜õ¬î»‹ Þ¶ °P‚Aø¶.

°Á‚«è ´A«ø¡ â¡Á ܘˆî‹. Üî£õ¶ «ó£†®¡ å¼ ð‚èˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ Ü´ˆî ð‚èˆFŸ° ªî£ì£ñ™ ªê™A«ø¡. )

f.

Meaning 2: âF˜ð‚èˆF™ ( syn: on the other side / opposite ) , â™ô£ð°FèO½‹ ( syn: throughout / all over / everywhere in )

g. He goes after her / He follows her -

d. My friend lives across the road -

â¡Â¬ìò ï‡ð¡ «ó£†®¡

âF˜ ð‚èˆF™ õC‚Aø£¡. e. We conduct the election across the country - èœ

®¡

å¼ ªêò™ i†®™ Ü™ô¶ ®™ Þ¼‚°‹ ܬùõ¬ó»‹ ð£FŠð¬î Þ¶ °P‚Aø¶.

f.

Across the board, there is 10% pay increase -

♫ô£¼‚°‹

10 êîMî ê‹ð÷ àò˜¾ Þ¼‚Aø¶. 5. After

The police is after me ( syn: look for / search for ) -

Phrase Meaning 1: one after another / one after the other / one by one - å¡ø¡ H¡ å¡ø£è, Ü´ˆî´ˆ¶. h. I drink five glasses of water one after another - 

Þó¾ ꣊𣆴‚° Hø° 

b. After leaving the school, he works in the restaurant ( pat: after doing sth, sent1 ) - ðœO M†ìŠ H¡¹, Üõ¡ àí¾

M´FJ™ «õ¬ô ªêŒAø£¡. After 10 minutes, I go to college -

䉶 ì‹÷˜

c¬ó Ü´ˆî´ˆ¶ °®‚A«ø¡. å¼ ªêò¬ô ºîL™ cƒèœ ªêŒ»ƒèœ. Hø°  ªêŒA«ø¡. Üî£õ¶, cƒèœ ¬ðŠH™ î‡a˜ H®‚è ªê™Al˜èœ. Ü«î êñòˆF™ Þ¡ªù£¼õ¼‹ î‡a˜ H®‚è õ¼Aø£˜. Þ¼õ¼‹ å«ó êñòˆF™ °ìˆ¬î ¬õ‚Al˜èœ. ÜŠ«ð£¶ cƒèœ, “ºîL™ cƒèœ î‡a˜ H®»ƒèœ. Hø°  H®‚A«ø¡” â¡ð¬î after you âù‚ Ãøô£‹. Phrase Meaning 2: after you -

6. Again

Éƒè ªê™A«ø¡.

c.

Üõ¡ Üõ¬÷

H¡ªî£ì˜‰¶ ªê™Aø£¡.

Meaning 1: Hø°, H¡¹, Ü´ˆîî£è. a. After the dinner, I go to bed -

«ð£Lv

⡬ù H¡ªî£ì˜‰¶ «î® õ¼Aø¶.

â™ô£ ð°FèO½‹ õ£‚ªè´Š¹ ï숶A«ø£‹. Phrase Meaning 1: across the board - ♫ô£¼‚°‹,

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10 GIìˆFŸ° Hø° 

è™ÖK ªê™A«ø¡. cƒèœ ºèõK¬ò ªðò¼‚° Hø° Ü™ô¶ ªðò¼‚° Ü´ˆîî£è â¿î¾‹.

d. You write the address after the name -

Meaning 1: e‡´‹, ñÁð®»‹. a. I eat again / once again -  b. You do it again - cƒèœ

ñÁð®»‹ ꣊H´A«ø¡.

ܬî e‡´‹ ªêŒ»ƒèœ.

Phrase Meaning 1: all over again - e‡´‹ å¼ ªêò¬ô ¹Fî£è ªî£ì˜õ¶, start again - å¼ ªêò¬ô M†ì ÞìˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ e‡´‹ ªî£ì˜õ¶. c.

I write the essay all over again (syn: redo / repeat ) -

膴¬ó¬ò e‡´‹ ¹Fî£è ⿶A«ø¡.



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Chapter 5: Important Cognitive Words

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

d. I start again the essay writing ( syn: resume / take up again ) -

i.

 膴¬ó ⿶õ¬î e‡´‹ M†ì ÞìˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ ªî£ì˜A«ø¡.

The apple is tasty as against the orange ( pat: as against sth) / The apple is tastier than the orange - ÝŠHœ Ýó…¬ê Mì ²¬õò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶. ( syn: in comparison with / compared to / in contrast to )

Phrase Meaning 2: the same again - e‡´‹ Ü«î ªð£¼œ Ü™ô¶ ªêò™, again and again / over and over again / often -

Phrase Meaning 1: go against -

e‡´‹ e‡´‹, Ü®‚è®.

ºó‡ð£ì£è Þ¼Šð¶ Ý°‹.

f.

j.

 e‡´‹ e‡´‹ Ü™ô¶ Ü®‚è® ÝŠH¬÷ ꣊H´A«ø¡.

Phrase Meaning 2: have something against - å¼õ˜

I eat apple again and again -

7. Against Meaning 1: âFó£è, âFó£ù. a. He votes against him -

Üõ¡

Üõ‚°

âFó£è

b. He fights against her -

Üõ¡ ÜõÀ‚° âFó£è ꇬì

«ð£´Aø£¡. This is against the law -

ªê£™L âFó£è ªêò™ðì¬õŠð¶ Ý°‹. l.

¹ø‹ð£è Þ¼‚Aø¶. Üõ¬÷ ÜõÀ¬ìò M¼ŠðˆFŸ° âFó£è F¼ñí‹ ªêŒAø£¡.

e. India plays against England in cricket - Þ‰Fò£

AK‚ªè†®™

å¡Á âF˜F¬êJ™ ªê™Aø¶, ªêò¬ôè¬÷ Ü™ô¶ ªð£¼¬÷è¬÷ «õÁð´ˆF 裇Hˆî™ Ý°‹. f.

He leans against the wall / He is against the wall - Üõ¡

²õK¡

e¶ Ü™ô¶ ²õK™ ꣌‰¶ Þ¼‚Aø£¡. g. The ladder is against the wall - ãE ²õK™ ꣌‰¶ Þ¼‚Aø¶. h. I go against the wind ( syn: opposite direction of sth ) - 

裟P¡ âF˜ F¬êJ™ ªê™A«ø¡.

He turns my sister against me - Üõ˜ â¡Â¬ìò è¬ò âù‚° âFó£è ªêò™ðì¬õ‚Aø£˜.

8. All Meaning 1: â™ô£, â™ô£‹. ( syn: every / everyone ) a. I eat all the bread / I eat all of the bread -

 â™ô£

ªó£†®¬ò»‹ ꣊H´A«ø¡.

ÞƒAô£‰¶‚° âFó£è M¬÷ò£´Aø¶. Meaning 2: å¼õ˜ å¼ ªð£¼O¡ e¶ ꣌‰¶‚ªè£‡´ Þ¼Šð¶,

He has something against me - Üõ˜ ã«î£ ñùF™ ¬õˆ¶‚ªè£‡´ ⡬ù ªõÁ‚Aø£˜.

Phrase Meaning 3: sb1 turn sb2 against sb3 - sb1-Ýùõ˜ sb2-¬ò sb3-‚° âFó£è ªêò™ðì¬õ‚Aø£˜. Þ¶ ãî£õ¶ ªð£Œè¬÷

Þ¶ ê†ìˆFŸ° âFó£è Ü™ô¶

d. He marries her against her wish - Üõ¡

«ðŠð˜ ªêŒF»‹ ®M ªêŒF»‹ å¡Á‚ªè£¡Á ºó‡ð£ì£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.

The newspaper news goes against the TV news -

ã«î£ ñùF™ ¬õˆ¶‚ªè£‡´ àƒè¬÷ ªõÁŠð¶ Ý°‹. Ýù£™ Üõ˜ ã¡ ÜŠð® ªêŒAø£˜ â¡Á àƒèÀ‚° ⶾ‹ ¹Kò£¶.

k.

õ£‚èO‚Aø£¡.

c.

Þ¼ Mêòƒèœ å¡Á‚ªè£¡Á

ÝŠHœ ï™ô ²¬õò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶.  e‡´‹ Ü«î ÝŠH¬÷ M¼‹¹A«ø¡ Ü™ô¶ ꣊Hì M¼‹¹A«ø¡.

e. The apple is very tasty. I want the same again -

71

b. The boys watch the movies all day - ¬ðò¡èœ

 º¿õ¶‹

ðì‹ ð£˜‚Aø£˜èœ. c.

All girls stand on the ground - â™ô£

ªð‡èÀ‹ î¬óJ¡ «ñ™

GŸAø£˜èœ. Meaning 2: ñ†´‹ ( syn: only ) d. All I want is pencil and eraser ( pat: All I want / need / like verb sth ) / I want only pencil and eraser - âù‚° ªð¡C™ ñŸÁ‹

ÜNŠð£¡ ñ†´‹

«î¬õŠð´Aø¶.

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Chapter 5: Important Cognitive Words

ܶ Üšõ÷¾î£ù£?. Üî£õ¶, cƒèœ G¬ù‚°‹ ªð£¼œ cƒèœ âF˜ð£˜ˆî¬î Mì âOî£è A¬ì‚°‹«ð£¶ Þ¶ õ¼‹. Phrase Meaning 1: is that all? -

e. The pen is only Rs 20. Is that all? -

«ðù£ ªõÁ‹ 20 Ïð£Œ

Ý°‹. æ, ܶ Üšõ÷¾î£ù£? Phrase Meaning 2: All along sth - sth-¡ the time / during ) f.

â™ô£ «ïóº‹. ( syn: all

I work all along the day -   º¿õ¶‹ Ü™ô¶ ï£O¡ â™ô£ «ïóº‹ «õ¬ô ªêŒA«ø¡.

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in f.

cƒèœ ªð¡C¬ô «ñ¬üJ¡ «ñ™ ¬õ‚辋, ªð¡C¬ô ¬õ‚°‹ «ð£¶ Þ¬î ñŸø ªð¡C™èÀì¡ «ê˜ˆ¶ ¬õ‚辋. You put the pencil on the table along with other pencil -

å¼ ªêò¬ô å¼õ˜ ªêŒî ñ£FK Ü™ô¶ ªê£¡ù ñ£FK ªêŒõ‹. ( syn: similarly

Phrase Meaning 3: along the same lines / likewise )

g. He handled the situation very well. We should act along the same lines - Üõ˜ Å›G¬ô¬ò ï¡ø£è êñ£Oˆî£˜. ‹ Ü«î

ñ£FK ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. 10. Among

9. Along Meaning 1: õNò£è, Üîõ£¶ å¼ ªð£¼O¡ ð‚èˆF™ Þ¡ªù£¼

ªð£¼œ Ü‰îŠ ð‚èˆ¬î ªî£†´‚ªè£‡´ ªê™õ¶ Ý°‹.

 «ó£´ õNò£è ïì‚A«ø¡. ( °PŠ¹: å¼ ªð£¼œ Üî£õ¶ ð‰¶ ü¡ù™ õNò£è ªê™Aø¶ â¡Á‚Ãø the ball goes through the window Ý°‹ )

a. I walk along the road -

ñ‚èœ Ã†ì‹ «ó£´ õNò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶. Üî£õ¶ ñ‚èœ «ó£´ õNò£è Þ¼Šð¶ õK¬ê «ð£¡Á è£íŠð´‹.

Meaning 1: ñˆFJ™ Ü™ô¶ Þ¬ìJ™. Þ¶ Í¡Á Ü™ô¶ Ü «ñŸð†ì ªð£¼œèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™ ñŸªø£¼ ªð£¼œ Þ¼Šð¬î‚ °P‚°‹. ( °PŠ¹: between â¡ð¶ Þ¼ ªð£¼œèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™ ñŸªø£¼ ªð£¼œ Þ¼Šð¬î‚ °P‚°‹ ) a. I walk among the trees - 

Þó£Žõ ió˜èœ ♬ôJ¡ õNò£è Þ¼‚Aø£˜èœ Ü™ô¶ ♬ôJ™ Þ¼‚Aø£˜èœ. The army is along the border -

Phrase Meaning 1: come / go / get along «îPõ¼Aø¶, get along with sb - å¼õ˜

å¼õK¡ àì™G¬ô ñŸøõKì‹ ï¡ø£è

ðö°Aø£˜.

i´ ñ¬ôèO¡ ñˆFJ™

Þ¼‚Aø¶. Meaning 2: å¼ °¿M™ Þ¼‚°‹ ñ‚èœ ñˆFJ™, ãî£õ¶ å¡P™ ð£F‚èŠð†ìõ˜èO™ Þõ¼‹ å¼õ˜. c.

The problem gives more worries among the people -

Hó„ê¬ù

ñ‚èœ ñˆFJ™ ÜFè èõ¬ôè¬÷ î¼Aø¶. d. I am one among them - 

Üõ˜èO™ å¼õ˜ Ü™ô¶ ï£Â‹ Üõ˜èO™ å¼õó£è Þ¼‚A«ø¡.

e. The villagers are among the casualities ( syn: include ) -

âù‚° 裌„ê™ Þ¼‰î¶. ÞŠªð£¿¶ â¡Â¬ìò àì™G¬ô ï¡ø£è «îPõ¼Aø¶.

d. I had fever. Now, I get along well e. He gets along with me very well -

ñóƒèO¡ ñˆFJ™ ïì‚A«ø¡.

b. The house is among the hills -

b. The crowd is along the road -

c.

73

Üõ˜ â¡Qì‹ Iè ï¡ø£è

ðö°Aø£˜. å¼ ªð£¼¬÷ ñŸø ªð£¼Àì¡ «ê˜ˆ¶ ¬õ‚辋. Þƒ° sth -Ýù¶ ñŸø ªð£¼¬÷‚ °P‚°‹. Phrase Meaning 2: along with sth -

Aó£ñõ£CèÀ‹ Þø‰îõ˜èO™ Ü샰õ˜. Phrase Meaning 1: among the other things - º‚Aòñ£è, ( syn: specifically / importantly / particularly ) f.

°PŠð£è.

I discuss about lots of problems in meeting. Among the other things, I discuss about poverty -  ÆìˆF™ G¬øò

Hó„ê¬ùè¬÷Š ðŸP Mõ£F‚A«ø¡. ÜF™ º‚Aòñ£è,  㛬ñ¬òŠ ðŸP Mõ£F‚A«ø¡.

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Chapter 5: Important Cognitive Words

Natural Language Research Center (NLRC) - www.nlrc.in

Phrase Meaning 2: among yourselves / ourselves / themselves àƒèÀ‚°œ / âƒèÀ‚°œ / Üõ˜èÀ‚°œ g. They fight among themselves ( syn: with each other ) -

Üõ˜èœ

Üõ˜èÀ‚°œ ê‡¬ìŠ «ð£´Aø£˜èœ.

75

12. Ahead Meaning 1: º¡ù£® º¡ù£®, º¡ù£™ º¡ù£™, ( syn: in front of, before ) Þ¶ å¼ ªð£¼œ Þ¡ªù£¼ ªð£¼À‚° º¡ù£® Þ¼Šð¬î °P‚Aø¶. a. The car is ahead of me ( pat: ahead of sth/sb ) - 裘 âù‚° º¡ù£® Þ¼‚Aø¶ ( °PŠ¹: The car is ahead â¡ø£™

11. Ago

裘 ã«î£ å¼ ªð£¼À‚° º¡ù£® Þ¼‚Aø¶ ) º¡¹, Þ¶ è£ôƒèœ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì õ£˜ˆ¬îèÀ‚° Meaning 1: º¡¹ Ü´ˆîî£è ñ†´‹ õ¼‹. Ýù£™ before, earlier, previously, back «ð£¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬îèÀ‚°‹ º¡¹ â¡Á  ªð£¼œ. ago õ£˜ˆ¬î

Meaning 2: õK¬êJ™ å¼ ªð£¼œ Þ¡ªù£¼ ªð£¼À‚° º¡ù£® Þ¼Šð¬î °P‚Aø¶ °P‚Aø¶.

îQò£è¾‹ õ¼‹ ñŸÁ‹ è£ôƒèœ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì õ£˜ˆ¬îèÀì‹ õ¼‹.

b. Three people are ahead of me ( pat: ahead of sth / sb ) -

a. I ate food 2 hours ago ( syn: 2 hours before / earlier / back / previously ) -  Þó‡´ ñE «ïóˆFŸ° º¡¹ àí¾

c.

 ªó£‹ð è£ôˆFŸ° º¡¹

Þˆî£L «ð£«ù¡.

H Ýù¶ ã ‚°

º¡ù£® Þ¼‚Aø¶. å¼ ªêò™ ïì‚Aø¶.

d. There are big problems ahead/ ahead of us -

Phrase Meaning 1: a minute ago / a second ago / a moment ago / a short time ago / not long ago / just now - êŸÁ «ïóˆFŸ° º¡¹ (

ÞŠð ) c.

B is ahead of A ( i.e. A, B, C, D ———> ) -

Meaning 3: âF˜è£ôˆF™, ïì‚è«õ‡®ò «ïóˆFŸ° º¡ùî£è«õ

꣊H†«ì¡. b. I went to Italy a long ago -

Í¡Á

«ð˜ âù‚° º¡ù£® Þ¼‚Aø£˜èœ.

 êŸÁ «ïóˆFŸ° º¡¹ Ü™ô¶ ÞŠð î‡a˜ °®ˆ«î¡.

ïñ‚° G¬øò Hó„ê¬ùèœ Þ¼‚Aø¶. e. I think about the exam 4 months ahead ( syn: I think about the exam 4 months before ) -  ° ñ£îƒèÀ‚° º¡ð£è«õ

«î˜¬õŠ ðŸP «ò£C‚A«ø¡.

I drank the water a minute ago -

Phrase Meaning 2: a long ago/ a long time ago - ªó£‹ð

«ïóˆFŸ°

( è£ôˆFŸ° ) º¡¹. d. There was a king a long time ago -

âF˜è£ôˆF™

f.

I cooked the rice two hours ahead -  «ê£Á Þó‡´ ñE «ïóˆFŸ° º¡ð£è«õ ê¬ñˆ«î¡.

Phrase Meaning 1: ahead of schedule / ahead of time / early -

ïì‚è«õ‡®ò «ïóˆFŸ° º¡ùî£è«õ å¼ ªêò™ ïì‚Aø¶. ªó£‹ð è£ôˆFŸ° º¡¹

å¼ Üóê˜ Þ¼‰î£˜. è£ôˆFŸ° Ü™ô¶ «ïóˆFŸ° º¡¹ å¼ ªêò™ ïì‰î¶ âù °P‚Aø¶.

g.

Phrase Meaning 3: how long ago? - âšõ÷¾

e. How long ago did you buy the computer? - âšõ÷¾

«ïóˆFŸ°

( ÷‚° ) º¡¹ cƒèœ è‹HÎ†ì˜ õ£ƒAm˜èœ?

Ýù£™, when did you buy the computer? â¡ø£™ ⊪𣿶 è‹HÎ†ì˜ õ£ƒAm˜èœ? â¡Á ܘˆî‹.

I completed the work ahead of time -  «õ¬ô¬ò º¡ùî£è«õ º®ˆ«î¡. Üî£õ¶ õö‚èñ£ù «ïóˆFŸ° º¡«ð «õ¬ô º®‰¶ M†ì¶.

å¼õ˜ å¼ ªêò¬ô ªêŒò àƒèOì‹ ÜÂñF «è†Aø£˜. Ü‰î ªêò¬ô î£ó£÷ñ£è ªêŒ»ƒèœ â¡Á cƒèœ ªê£™½õ go ahead â¡Á ªð£¼œ.

Phrase Meaning 2: go ahead -

h.

Can I do this work? yes, go ahead - 

ªêŒòô£ñ£? Ý‹, î£ó£÷ñ£è ªêŒ»ƒèœ.

Þ‰î «õ¬ô¬ò

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Chapter 5: Important Cognitive Words

172. Yesterday Meaning 1: «ïŸÁ a. I come / came to Salem yesterday - 

«ïŸÁ «êô‹ õ‰«î¡.

173. Yet Meaning 1: Þ¶ å¼ ªêò™ ޡ‹ ïì‰îî£ Þ™¬ôò£ â¡Á Ãø ðò¡ð´Aø¶. Þ¶ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ «èœM ñŸÁ‹ âF˜ñ¬ø õ£‚AòƒèO™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶.

Üõ˜ õ‰¶ M†ì£ó£? Ü™ô¶ Üõ˜ ޡ‹ õóM™¬ôò£?

a. Has he come yet? -

b. Has the bus left (to) the Salem? not yet - ðv

«êôˆFŸ° A÷‹H

M†ìî£? ޡ‹ Þ™¬ô. c.

I haven’t told the news yet / I still haven’t told the news -



ð£ì‹ - 6 500 îI› õ£‚AòƒèO¡ ݃Aô õ£‚Aò ܬñŠ¹èœ

ޡ‹ ªêŒF¬ò ªê£™ôM™¬ô. Phrase Meaning 1: yet to do sth - do â¡ø ªêò¬ô ÞQ«ñ™î£¡ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. Üîõ£¶ do â¡ø ªêò¬ô ޡ‹

Chapter - 6

ªêŒòM™¬ô. d. I am yet to write the letter -

 ÞQ«ñ™î£¡ è®î‹ â¿î

«õ‡´‹. Üõ¡ «õ¬ô õ£ŒŠ¹ è®îˆ¬î ÞQ«ñ™î£¡ ªðø «õ‡´‹. Üî£õ¶ Üõ¡ ޡ‹ «õ¬ô õ£ŒŠ¹ è®îˆ¬î ªðøM™¬ô.a.

e. He has yet to receive the offer letter -

500 Tamil Situations into English Sentence Patterns

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Chapter 6: 500 Tamil Situations into English Patterns

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1. õ£ƒè õ£ƒè / i†®Ÿ° õ£¼ƒèœ - Welcome home 2. «êôˆFŸ° àƒè¬÷ õó«õŸA«ø¡ Ü™ô¶ õó«õŸA«ø£‹ - Welcome to Salem (Pat: welcome to Place Name)

3.

â¡ù ꣊H®Pƒè - What would you like to eat? (Pat: what would you like to do sth)

4. cƒèœ ðö‹ ꣊Hì M¼‹¹Al˜è÷£?- Would you like to eat fruit? (Pat: would you like to do sth)

5.

cƒèœ ãî£õ¶ ꣊Hì M¼‹¹Al˜è÷£?- Would you like to eat anything? (Pat: would you like to do anything)

6.

 pv °®‚è M¼‹¹A«ø¡ - I would like to drink juice (Pat: I would like to do sth)

7.

âŠð® Þƒè õ‰Fƒè - How did you come here / How you came here

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

 裘ô õ‰«î¡ - I came by car Üõ¡ 裘ô õó£¡ Ü™ô¶ õ¼Aø£¡ - He comes by car ã¡ Þƒè õ‰Fƒè - Why did you come here / Why you came here cƒè ÞŠð â¡ù ð‡Pƒè - What do you do now / what you do now cƒè âˆî¬ùò£õ¶ õ°Š¹ ð®‚APƒè - How many-ith class do you study? [NLRC Method] / What class are you in? [For Schools] / What year are you (in)? [For Colleges]

13. cƒè â‰î õ°Š¹ ð®‚APƒè - Which / What class do you study? / Which / What class you study?

14. â‰î è¬ìòô ¶E â´ˆFƒè - Which shop did you buy the cloth ? / Which shop you bought the cloth?

15. àƒè ªð£‡Ž‚° è™ò£í‹ ÝJ´„ê£ - Is your daughter married? / Does your daughter get married? / have your daughter got married?

16. àƒè ªð£‡Ž‚° è™ò£í‹ ÝA âšõ÷¾ ï£÷£„²? - How long has your daughter been married? (Pat: How long has sb been married)

17. âšõ÷¾ ï£÷£ Þƒè «õ¬ô ªêŒPƒè? - How long do you work here?

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Chapter 6: 500 Tamil Situations into English Patterns

18. âƒè ªð£‡Ž‚° è™ò£í‹ ÝA 䉶 õ¼ìƒèœ ÝAM†ì¶ - Our daughter has been married for 5 years / It is 5 years since our daughter got married.

19. Üõ¡ ñô¬ó è™ò£í‹ ªêŒ¶‚A†ì£¡ - He married (to) Malar / He is married (to) Malar / He got married (to) Malar

20. Üõ‚° C¡ù õòC«ô è™ò£í‹ ÝJ´„² - He married young / He got married young

21.  è™ò£í‹ ªêŒ¶‚莋 - I have to marry / I have to get married 22. Þ‰î «ðù£¬õ âšõ÷¾‚° õ£ƒAQƒè - How much is this pen?/ How much you pay for the pen?

23. àƒèA†ì âˆî¬ù «ðù£ Þ¼‚°¶ - How many pens (do) you have?

24. âˆî¬ù º¬ø Ü™ô¶ îì¬õ ᆮ «ð£J¼‚APƒè - How many times did you go to Ooty? / How many times have you been Ooty?

25.  «è£J½‚° «ð£øŠð™ô£‹  ܉î ñ󈶂° î‡a˜ áŸÁ«õ¡ - 1) Everytime / Whenever I go to temple, I pour water to that tree: 2) I go to temple. At that time, I pour water to that tree.

26.  «ïˆ¶î£¡ CƒèŠÌKL¼‰¶ õ‰«î¡ - I came from Singapore yesterday only.

27.  ÞóJ™«õ v«ìê‚° «ð£Œ «ê˜‰«î¡ - I reached the railway station.

28. ÞóJ™ v«ìê‚° Þó¾ 10 ñE‚° õ‰¶ «ê˜‰î¶ - The train arrived at the station at 10 PM.

29. ÞóJ™ v«ìê‚° Þó¾ 10 ñE‚° õ‰î¶ - The train came to the station at 10 PM.

30.  ï™ô «ê£Á ꣊H†´ 10 ï£œèœ ÝAø¶ - It is ten days since I eat good food (Pat: It is Time since Sent1) / It is ten days since I have eaten my fill.

31. àƒèÀ‚° ãî£õ¶ àîM «õ‡´ñ£? - Can I help you? / What can I do for you?

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32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Þ‰î ͆¬ì¬ò É‚A†´ «ð£ - You carry the luggage. ͆¬ì¬ò «ñ«ô É‚° - Lift the luggage up / above. «ñ«ô «ð£ - Go above / up ü¡ùL¡ ð‚èˆF™ Ü™ô¶ ð‚èõ£†®™ G™ - Stand by the window ü¡ùL™ ꣌‰¶ G™ - Stand against the window «ð¡ «ñ¬ü‚° «ñ«ô Þ¼‚Aø¶ - The fan is above the table ( Pat: sth1 is above sth2; st1= àòóˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ ªð£¼œ) 38. Üõ¬ù Þƒè Þ¿ˆ¶‚A†´ õ£ - You bring / pull him here 39. âšõ÷¾ ï£À‚° º¡ù£® cƒè «êô‹ «ð£mƒè - How long ago did you go to salem?

40. Üõƒè 弈° å¼ˆî˜ ªõ†®A†ì£ƒè - They hit / kill each other / They hit / kill among themselves

41. ù Üšõ÷¾ Éó‹ ïì‰«î¡ Ü™ô¶ ù îQò£ Üšõ÷¾ Éó‹ ïì‰«î¡ - I myself walk that much distance. 42. Þ¬î â¡A†ì ªê£™ô£«î - Don’t tell this 43. ⶂè£è c Üõ¬ù Ü®„ê - Why (What for) did you hit him? 44. c ⡬ù Ü®‚è àù‚° âšõ÷¾ ¬îKò‹ - How dare you (to) hit me?

45. ͆¬ìJ™ 膮J¼‚Aø èJˆ¬î ܾˆ¶M´ - You untie the robe that ties in the luggage / You untie the tying robe in the luggage.

46. ñ£†¬ì H®„C è‹HJô 膴 - Tie the cow in the bar 47. ñóˆF™ 膮J¼‚Aø ݆¬ì H®„C†´ õ£ - You bring the goat that ties in the tree / You bring the tying goat in the tree.

48. Üõ¬ù ÝvðˆFK‚° Æ®A†´ «ð£ƒè - You take him to hospital. 49. Üõ‚° ªó£‹ð Ü®ð†®¼‚° - He got injured (hurt) seriously / He was seriously injured (hurt)

50. Y‚Aó‹ 𴂬èJL¼‰¶ â¿ - Get up quickly from the bed. 51. è¬ì‚° «ð£øŠð Üõ¬ù 𣘈¶†´ «ð£ - You go to shop. At that time, you see him / When you go to shop, you see him

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459.  ݈ɘ õNò£è ªê™A«ø¡ - I go through (via) attur / I pass Attur on the way.

460.  Üõ¡ Íôñ£è ªêŒF¬ò «è†«ì¡ - I heard the news through / by him.

461. áªó™ô£‹ å«ó ðóðóŠð£ Þ¼‚Aø¶ - There is a tension all over / through out the town.

462. è¬ì 9 ñE õ¬ó Fø‰F¼‚°‹ - The shop opens till 9 o’clock / the shop is opened till 9 o’clock.

463. ܉î ܬøJ™ 10 «ð˜ õ¬ó Üñóô£‹ - Upto 10 people can sit in the room.

464.  è£H °®‚è ðöA ªè£‡«ì¡ - I am used to drink coffee.(pat: be used to do sth)

465.  º¡¹ è£H °®„CA†´¼‰«î¡, (Ýù£™ ÞŠ«ð£¶ è£H °®Šð¶ Þ™¬ô) - I used to drink coffee (pat: use to do sth) 466. Þ‰î õNJ™ «ð£ƒèœ - Go this way. 467. â‰î F¬ê õì‚° - Which way is north? 468. Üõ˜ õNJ™ õ‰¶‚ªè£‡®¼‚Aø£˜ - He is on the way. 469. â¡ù ¹ˆîè‹ àù‚° «õ‡´‹ - What book you want? 470. â¡ù ªêòø¶¡Â ªîKòô - Don’t know what to do. 471. Üõù Þƒè õóªê£™½ - Ask him to come here. 472. cƒè ªêòø¶  - What are you doing is wrong. 473. ÞŠð â¡ù ꣊Hìô£‹ - What to eat now? 474. Þ‰î 裟ø£® âîŸè£è? - What for this fan? 475. Þ¡Q‚° ñ¬ö ªðŒ…ê£ â¡ù ð‡ŽMƒè - What if it rains today. 476. ⊪𣿶 «êô‹ «ð£èô£‹ - When shall we go to salem? 477. âŠð™ô£‹ àù‚° «î£Â«î£ ÜŠð Þƒè õ£ - Whenever possible / felt, you come here.

478. âƒè «ð£õ¶ â¡Á ªê£™½ƒèœ - Please tell me where to go. 479. âƒè Þ¼‚Al˜è«÷£ ܃è Þ¼ƒèœ - Stay where you are / Don’t move.

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480. ò£¼‚° 憴 «ð£ìø¶? - Who to vote? 481. «èœM¬ò ò£˜A†ì «è†ð¶ - Who to ask the question? 482. Þ¶ ò£¼¬ìò¶? - Whose is this? 483. Þ¶ ò£¼¬ìò ¹ˆîè‹? - Whose book is this? 484. Þ‰î ¹ˆîè‹ ò£¼¬ìò¶? - Whose is this book? 485. ã¡ Üõ¡ «è£ðñ£è Þ¼‚Aø£¡ - Why he is angry? 486. ã¡ Üõ¡ ޡ‹ A÷‹¹ô - Why doesn’t he leave yet? / Why he doesn’t leave yet?

487. ã¡ Üõ¡ A÷‹¹ø£¡? - Why he leaves? 488.  à¡Âì¡ õ«ó¡ - I come with you. 489.  Üõ¬ó ñ£íõ˜ î¬ôõó£è ܃AèK‚A«ø¡- I acknowledge him as the student leader.

490. â¡e¶ °Ÿø‹ ²ñˆî£«î - Don’t accuse me. 491. ð£ˆFóˆF™ î‡a¬ó áŸÁ - Pour the water in the utensil. 492. ð£ˆFóˆF™ ñ£¬õ ªè£†´ - Put / pour the flour in the utensil. 493. ªïŒ áŸP M÷‚° «ð£´ - Light up the Vilakku using ghee. 494. î¬ó¬ò «îŒ‚裫î - Don’t rub the floor. 495. î‡E¬ò áŸP î¬ó¬ò 迾 - Clean the floor with water / Pour the water on the floor and clean it.

496. ⡬ù cƒèœ ñô˜ â¡Á ÊH´ƒèœ - Call me Malar. 497. Üõ¬ó Üõ¼¬ìò ñ£ñ£ õ÷˜ˆî£˜ - His uncle brought up him. 498. ꣊Hìø¶‚° ªõOJô «ð£ô£ñ£? - Can we go out to eat? 499. âù‚° ¹ˆF ⶾ‹ ªê£™ô£«î - Don’t advise me on anything. 500. îI› õ£›è - TAMIL VALGA. ******

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