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Answer aII questions. Jawab semua soalan.

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An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light iirtensity on the rate of photosynthesis of a Hydrilla sp. sprig. Satu eksperimen telah diialanka-i uituk m.enghaiikesan keamatan cahaya ke atas kadar fotosintesisbagi setangkai Hyd.ritta sp. The following steps were carried out. Langkah-langkah berihut telah.d,ijalankan. Step 1 : 50 m(' of 2%osodium hydrogen carbonate solution was placed in a boiling

tube.

Langh,ah 7

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ml. larutan ZYonatrium hidrogen karbonat telah d.imasukkan ke d.alam

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Step 2 Langkah 2

A sp..sprig was immersed in the sodium. hydrogen carbonate -Hy.dr:illa solution. setanghai Hyd'ritta sp. d,irend,amkanke d,alam larutan natrium hid,rogen karbonat.

Step 3

A light source from a 60 W bulb was placed at a distance of 60 cm from the boiling tube. Langh'ah 3 : Sa\ su,rnbercahaya d,aripad,a satu mentot 6a W dileta,kkanpada jarak 60 cm dari tabung didih. Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up used in this experiment. Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan rad,as-yangdigunakan-d,alam eksperimen ini. Retort stand Kaki retort

Boiling tube Tabungdidih \ 2% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution Laru,tan2%onatrium

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Paper clip

Hydrilla sp.

' Klip kertas 60 W bulb Mentol60.W

Rulei . Pembaris Diagrarn 1 Rajah t

1(a) In Table 1, list all the materials and apparatus labelled in Diagram dalam Rajah L' Dalam Jad,ual L, senaraikan semua bahan d.an radas yang berlabel

Apparatus Radas

Material Bahan

Table 1 Joduol t

[3 rnarks] 13 markahl

Table 2 shows the results of this experiment Jad.ual 2 Tnenunjukkankeputusan eksperimenini' Distance between light source and HYd'rilla sP. Ja,rak di antara surnber eahoYa d'an HYdrillo sP.

Total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes gelembung Yang bilanga,n Jumlah d.ibebaskan d'alann rnusa 5 minit

Bubble Gelembung

60 cm ' Hydrilla sp.

50 cm

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Table 2 Jad,ual 2 (b) Record the total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes in the boxes provided in Table 2. Rekod jumlah bilangan gelernbung yeng d.ibebaskan d.alam tna,sa S minit d,alam petak yang disediakan dalam Jadual 2. lB marksl lB markah,l (c) (t

state two different observations made from Table 2. Nyatakan daa pemerhatinn yang berbeza yang d.ibuat d,aripad,a Jad.ual 2. Observation 1 / Pemerhatian L:

Observation 2 I Pemerhatian 2:

l3 ntarkahl (ii) State the inference which corresponds to the observations in l(c)(i). Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan d,enganpemerhatian d,i r(d(i). Inference from observation L r lTtferens d,aripad,a pemerhatian L:

Inference from observation 2 | Inferens d,aripada pemerhatian 2:

[3 marksf [3 markah] (d) Complete Table 3 based on this experiment. Lengkaphan Jadual 3 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

Variable Pembolehubah

Method to handle the variable Cara mengendali pembolehubah

Manipulated variable P em bol ehub ah di m anip ulasikan

Responding variable Pembolehubah bergerak balas

Constant variable Pembolehubah dimalarkan

Table 3 Jad,ual 3 [3 marks] l3 markahl (e) State the hypothesis for this experiment. Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

l3 marksl l3 markahl

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Construct table and record all the data collected in this experiment. Bina satu jadual dan rekod,kan sernua d,ata yang d,ikumpul dalarn eksperirnew ini. Your table should have the following titles: Jadual anda hendakrah mengand,uigi tajuk-tajuk berikut: Distance between light source and Hydrilla sp. Jarak di antara sumber cahaya d,an-Hydrilli sp. Total number of bubbles released in b minutes Jumlah bilangan gerembung ydng d.ibebaskan d,aram masa 5 minit Light intensity Keamatan cahaya Use the formula:

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Light intensity = Gunakan formula: Keamatan cahaya = -;------JaraU

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,J'*:#l (ii) Use the graph paper provided on page 2L5 toa-nswer this part of the question. Using the data in l(f)(i), draw the graph or trt" total number oi bubbles against the light intensity. IB marksf Guna kertas graf yang d'isediakan d'i halaman 2L5 untuh menjawab ceraian soalan ini' Menggunakan data d'i 1(0(r), lukis graf iumlah bilangan gelembung melawan k'earnatan cahaya' tz tnarkahl (g) Based on the gTp! in l(f)(ii), explain the relationship between the total number of bubbles and the.light intensityBerdasarkan graf di L(DGi} terangkan hubungan antara jumlah bilangan gelentbung dengan keamatan cahaya.

[3 marksf [3 marhahl

(h) This experiment is repeated using two sprigs of.Hydrilla sp' predict the total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes by these two sprigs of Hydrilla sp. Explain your prediction. Eksperimen ini d,iul,angi d.engan nxenggunakan dua tangkai Hydrilla sp' Raiatkan jumlah bilingan gelembung yatug dibebaskan dalam. nxasa 5 minit oleh dua tangkai Hydrilla sp. ini. Terarugkan ramalan and'a.

[3 marhsJ 13 markahl

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Based on the result from this experiment, what can be deduced about photosynthesis? Berd.asarkan keputusan d,aripad.a eksperimen ini, apakah yang dapat dirumuskan tentang fotosintesis?

l3 rnarks) l3 markahl

Graph of the total number of bubbles against the light intensity bagi jumlah bitangan gerembung *ilo*on keaiatan cahaya 9"t

of glucose in Anaerobic respiration is the process of releasing energy from the breakdown glucose solution' the absence of oxygen. Yeast can carry out anaerobic respiration in a Zimase Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + EnergY Glucose glukosa tarupci'oksigen' Respirasi anaerab ialah prosespembebasan tenaga d.aripada penguraian glukosa. Y.s boleh menjalankan respirasi anaerob dalam larutan Zimase Etanol + Karbon dioksid'a + Tenaga Glukosa pH values The rate of anaerobic respiration is affected by'several factors such as temperature, and nutrients. nilai pH dan Kad.ar respirasi anaerob d,ipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti suhu, nutrien. to investigate Based on the above information and equation, design a laboratory experiment yeast' the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration in makmal untuk Berd,asarkan maklamat d.an persam,adn d.i atas, reka bentuk satu eskperimen yis. nxengkaji kesan suhu ke atas kad,ar respirasi anaerob d'alam The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects: Peraicangai ekiperimen and,a hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut: '

Problem statement Pernyataan rnasalah

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Aim of investigation Objektif kajian

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Hypothesis

iiiotesis '

Variables Pembolehubah

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List of apparatus and materials Senarai radas dan bahan

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Technique used Teknik yarlg d'igunakan

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Experimental procedure or method Kaedah atau Prosedur eksPerimen

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Presentation of data Cara data diPersembahkan

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Conclusion Kesimpulan

lL7 marks) [L7 markah]

Diagram 9.2 showsan ecosystemofrainforest. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms such as plant, monkey, deer, snail, butterfly interacting with one another ancl with the non-living environment such as water and temperature. In this ecosystem, the gteen plants act as producers which directly produce food for deer and the fruits for monkey as well. This ecosystem provides the plants and the animals with the basic resources of life such as shelter, living space,nesting and breeding sites, For example, a single tree can be a habitat for birds and monkeys. Rainforest provide biodensity. Green plants undergo photosynthesis which water, light and carbon dioxide gases are needed. During respiration process, animal releases carbon dioxide gases which is used for photosynthesis processby plants. Plants in tropical rainforest provide raw materials for medicine such as treatment of cancer andAIDS. At the same time, photosynthesis process produces oxygen gases which is used by animal during respiration process. This ecosystem has to be maintained to ensure the snail has space/habitat to live. Otherwise the snail will loss their habitat causing extinction of snail population. This ecosystem provide habitat for butterfly to ensure the population of butterfly maintained. Timber, rubber and organic oils play important role in the country's economies. Nitrogen cycle, pollination and regulation of atmosphere temperature are provided due to the diversity in plants and animals.

(b) _

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Material

Apparatus

2% sodiumhydrogen B o i l i n g tu b e ,6 W b u l b , carbonate solution, retort stand, ruler, paper clip Hyd,rilla sp.

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Distance between light source and Hyd.rilld ep.

lbtal number of bubbles released in 5 minutes

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Observation 1: The plant released a gas which is collected as a gas bubble in the boiling tube. Observation 2: The shorter the distance between light source andHyd.rilla sp., the higher the total numbe-. of bubbles releasedin 5 minutes in the boiling tube. (ir) Inference from observation 1: The gas bubble that is released indicates that the plant is undergoing photosynthesis. Inference from observation 2: The shorter the distance between light source and,Hyd,rilla sp., the gteater the light intensity. Hence, the higher the amount of oxygen gas released in the boiling tube, the higher the rate ofphotosynthesis.

(d) Variable

Method to handle the variable

Manipulated variable: Light intensity

Manipulates the variable by using different distance between light source and, Hydrilla sp. Light intensity

Respondingvariable: Tbtal number of bubbles released in 5 minutes.

Observesthe responding variable by counting the total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes in the boiling tube.

Constant variable: The concentration ofsodium hydrogen carbonate solution/ the concentration ofdissolved carbon dioxide, duration ofexposure to light source.

Sets the constant variables by maintaining the volume and the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonated solution, the duration of exposure to light source.

(e) (f)

The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate ofphotosynthesis.

(t

Distance between light sourceand Hydrilla sp. 60cm 50cm 40cm 30cm

Light intensity

0.017 0.020 0.025 0.033

Total number ofbubbles released in 5 minutes

10 72 L5 20

Technique used: Measure the different heights of coloured liquid in the manometers with a ruler. Method: 1. 5 boiling tribes are labelledA, B, C, D and E. 2. 15 ms of yeast suspension is poured in tube each boiling tubes. 3. 5 apparatus as shownindiagrambelowis setup. Rubber stopper Rubber tubing Glasstube Boiling tube containing yeast suspension

4. (g) The higher the light intensity, the higher.the total number of bubbles released. (h) When the number of'Hydrilla sp. sprig is increased, the total number of bubbles released in 5 minutes becomes higher/twice because the higher the the rate of - number of Hydrilla sp. sprig, the higher photosynthesis. (t The rate of photosynthesis increases with the increase of the light intensitY.

5. 6. 7.

A B C D E

Hypothesis: The rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast is optimal at a temperature of 37'C, *

Constant:

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List of apparatus and materials: ' Boiling tubes, glass tubes, clips, rubber stoppers, rubber tubings, retort stands, manometer tubes, strings, measuring cylinders, stopwatches, thermometers, ruler, yeast, suspension (4g of yeast in 100 cms of glucose solution), and coloured liquid

The boiling tubes are placed into water bath with temperatures set as follows. Boiling tubeA: 10"C. Boiling tube Bt,20"C Boilingtube C: 37"C Bciiling tube D: 50"C Boiling tube E: 70"C The stopwatchis activated. The height of coloured liquid in the manometer is measured after 10 minutes. Ttre dataobtainedarerecordedinatable.

Boiling water

Aim of investigation: Tb investigate the effect of tbmperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast.

Temperature Height of coloured liquid in 15" manometer. Volume of yeast suspension, pH, light intensity and time taken.

'coloured liquid

Data:

Problem statement: How does temperature affect the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Variables: Manipulated: Responding:

Initial height of liquid

Temperature

('c)

Height of coloured liquid inthe manometer(cm)

10 20 37 50 70

Conclusion: The rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast is optimal at a temperature of 37oC. The hypothesis is accepted.

HAKHTILIK MAKM,AL SATNS